French derived warfare terms such as (saddle-bow), (helmet), (battalion), (coat of mail), (hardened leather), (troop), (vanguard) and (crossbow bolt) became part of the language along with other French vocabulary such as (godmother), (breakfast), (stern, grim), (annoy), (gooseberry), (rascal), (means), (furniture) and (provisions). The vocabulary of Scots was augmented by the speech of Scandinavians, Flemings, Dutch and Middle Low German speakers through trade with, and immigration from, the low countries. From Scandinavian (often via Scandinavian influenced Middle English) came at (that/who), byg (build), bak (bat), bla (blae), bra (brae), ferlie (marvel), flyt remove, fra (from), gar (compel), gowk (cuckoo), harnis (brains), ithand (industrious), low (flame), lug (an appendage, ear), man (must), neve (fist), sark (shirt), spe (prophesy), þa (those), til (to), tinsell (loss), (valiant) and wyll (lost, confused). The Flemings introduced bonspell (sporting contest), bowcht (sheep pen), cavie (hen coop), crame (a booth), (flint striker), (a gross), howff (courtyard), kesart (cheese vat), lunt (match), much (a cap), muchkin (a liquid measure), skaff (scrounge), wapinschaw (muster of militia), wyssill (change of money) and the coins , and .
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