108 Sentences With "flint glass" | Random Sentence Generator

But after about a decade there, running the Long Island Flint Glass Works and the Greenpoint Flint Glass Works, he had become so exhausted that physicians advised him to retire to his hilltop farm in White Mills.

On view inside were the latest representatives of American innovation, from cut bowls by Brooklyn Flint Glass Company to a hollow-back violin created by painter William Sidney Mount.

One hundred and fifty years ago, the Brooklyn Flint Glass Company was tugged through New York's waterways to Corning, N.Y., transforming an upstate town 215 miles northwest of Manhattan into an artistic hub for glassmaking.

Its arrival is a bit of a homecoming: Corning, the glass manufacturer, began as the Brooklyn Flint Glass Company, and GlassBarge's voyage commemorates the 26th anniversary of the business's relocation to Corning, N.Y. The barge, which offers 226-minute glass-blowing demonstrations every hour on the hour (timed tickets are free, but reservations are strongly encouraged), is not alone; ships from the Lake Champlain Maritime Museum are accompanying it on its journey.

The Flint Glass Makers' Sick and Friendly Society, often known as the Flint Glass Makers' Friendly Society (FGMFS) was a trade union in the United Kingdom. The union was founded in 1844 as the United Flint Glass Makers Society.Arthur Marsh and Victoria Ryan, Historical directory of trade unions, Volume 6, p.86 This union was bankrupted by an unsuccessful strike at the Five Ways Flint Glass Works in 1848, and it was therefore reorganised as the FGMFS at a meeting in Manchester the following year.

Since the Anglo-American War of 1812 had stopped the importation of fine cut glass from abroad, American factories progressed in the making of flint glass. Glassworks such as the South Boston Crown Glass Company manufactured flint glass in South Boston. Another flint glass manufacturer, the New England Glass Company, was established in 1818. Glassmakers often worked for a number of companies; many split off to form their own glassworks.

Santera Tequila bottles have a rectangular shape made of white flint glass and a cork top stopper.

Pakulski, Gary T. "Toledo, Ohio-Based Flint Glass Workers Vote to Merge with Steelworkers." Toledo Blade. June 4, 2003.

Flint glass, commonly known as "crystal",Flint glass consists of three parts of silica, two parts of red oxide of lead, one part of potassium carbonate, and trace amounts of arsenic, manganese, and niter. was made in closed pots to protect the glass from impurities (unlike green glass), and generally the flint glass workforce was more highly skilled. The AFGWU formed in Pittsburgh in 1878, and within four short years had locals throughout West Virginia and Ohio and was spreading east.Skrabec, Edward Drummond Libbey, American Glassmaker, p. 42.

Initially, it included members from Lancashire, Yorkshire, the West Midlands, Edinburgh and Dublin. By 1850, the union had nearly 1,000 members.Takao Matsumura, The Labour Aristocracy Revisited: The Victorian Flint Glass Makers 1850-80, pp.87-88 The union's Central Secretary had considerable power, including the ability to appoint the entire Central Committee. However, they were initially subject to election every three years, and only one Secretary was ever re-elected: T. J. Wilkinson in 1870. The union also published the monthly Flint Glass Makers' Magazine,Takao Matsumura, The Labour Aristocracy Revisited: The Victorian Flint Glass Makers 1850-80, pp.89-91 and was supportive of George Potter and the early Trades Union Congress (TUC), Wilkinson serving as its President in 1869.Takao Matsumura, The Labour Aristocracy Revisited: The Victorian Flint Glass Makers 1850-80, pp.

167 In 1899, the union was renamed as the National Flint Glass Makers' Society of Great Britain and Ireland. A group of members in Leeds left in 1903 to form the rival National Glass Bottle Makers' Society.University of Warwick, "National Glass Bottle Makers' Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 1903-1925" The remaining union against changed its name in 1935, becoming the National Flint Glass Makers' Friendly Society of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1948, it merged with the National Union of Glass Cutters and Decorators, and changed its name to the National Union of Flint Glass Workers.

William Yuile retired in 1903, and the Diamond Glass Company was reorganised to allow further expansion. A new ownership group of previous owners David Yuile and Ralph King, as well as new owners Norman MacLeod Yuile (son of William Yuile), James Watt King (Ralph's brother), George Arthur Grier, and David Alexander Gordon started the new Diamond Flint Glass Company Limited, with David acting as the secretary-treasurer from February onwards and president from August onwards. The Diamond Flint Glass Company bought the Diamond Glass Company for $1,938,309. At this time the Diamond Flint Glass Company was the largest glass manufacturer in Canada, employing some one thousand people.

In that application, it gives better image quality and a round exit pupil. An achromatic doublet, which combines crown glass and flint glass. A concave lens of flint glass is commonly combined with a convex lens of crown glass to produce an achromatic doublet. The dispersions of the glasses partially compensate for each other, producing reduced chromatic aberration compared to a singlet lens with the same focal length.

In 1852, Thomas Vickers joined the company and William Yates left in 1862. After this, the company became known as Percival Vickers British and Foreign Flint Glass Works. It made a large range of glassware that included tumblers, wine glasses, decanters, vases, celery vases, salts and cake stands. One of the buildings in Ancoats, the Flint Glass Works, still exists today and has been converted into serviced offices.

Robert Brodie (died 1939) was a Scottish trade unionist and political activist. Born in Edinburgh, Brodie became a flint glass worker and was active in the Flint Glass Makers' Sick and Friendly Society. From 1888, he represented the society on Glasgow Trades Council, and he also joined both the Scottish Labour Party and the Scottish United Trades Councils Labour Party. In 1891, he stood for Glasgow School Board for the latter party.

167-168 The FGMFS was the richest union of its day, and was able to pay pensions and ill health benefits to its members.Takao Matsumura, The Labour Aristocracy Revisited: The Victorian Flint Glass Makers 1850-80, p.105 It campaigned for the repeal the Master and Servant Act, but the revised 1867 Act met most of its demands, and it ceased political intervention.Takao Matsumura, The Labour Aristocracy Revisited: The Victorian Flint Glass Makers 1850-80, p.

Jacob Crimmel remained with the Fostoria Glass Company for many years. He was one of the founders of the American Flint Glass Workers Union, and wrote articles published in the union's journal, American Flint.

That's Manchester is a local television station serving Greater Manchester. It is owned and operated by That's TV and broadcasts on Freeview channel 7 from studios at The Flint Glass Works in the Ancoats suburb of Manchester.

Yuile helped organise the formation of the Dominion Textile Company in 1905 from several smaller cotton mills, and was elected the president of the firm upon its creation. In 1906 the Diamond Flint Glass Company obtained exclusive rights to the use of the Owens automatic bottle machine in Canada. Yuile was made a member of the Montreal Board of Trade in 1908. Yuile remained president of the Diamond Flint Glass Company until his death on June 21, 1909 in Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, Maryland, where he had travelled to undergo an operation.

The formulation of flint glass using lead, alumina, and thallium to increase RI and dispersion began in the late Baroque period. Flint glass is fashioned into brilliants, and when freshly cut they can be surprisingly effective diamond simulants. Known as rhinestones, pastes, or strass, glass simulants are a common feature of antique jewelry; in such cases, rhinestones can be valuable historical artifacts in their own right. The great softness (below hardness 6) imparted by the lead means a rhinestone's facet edges and faces will quickly become rounded and scratched.

Glasgow Trades Council is an association of trade union branches in Glasgow in Scotland. The trades council was founded in 1858 as the Glasgow United Trades Council.Archives Hub, "Records of Glasgow District Trades Council, trades council, Glasgow, Scotland" Future MP Alexander MacDonald of the miners played an important role, but did not hold any prominent post, and was able to attend only as an honorary member of the Flint Glass Makers' Sick and Friendly Society.Takao Matsumura, The Labour Aristocracy Revisited: The Victorian Flint Glass Makers, 1850-80, p.

In 1765 Peter Dollond (son of John Dollond) introduced the triple objective, which consisted of a combination of two convex lenses of crown glass with a concave flint lens between them. He made many telescopes of this kind. The difficulty of procuring disks of glass (especially of flint glass) of suitable purity and homogeneity limited the diameter and light gathering power of the lenses found in the achromatic telescope. It was in vain that the French Academy of Sciences offered prizes for large perfect disks of optical flint glass.

Diagram of Petzval's 1841 portrait lens - crown glass shaded pink, flint glass shaded blue The lenses of the very earliest cameras were simple meniscus or simple bi convex lenses. It was not until 1840 that Chevalier in France introduced the achromatic lens formed by cementing a crown glass bi-convex lens to a flint glass plano-concave lens. By 1841 Voigtländer using the design of Joseph Petzval manufactured the first commercially successful two element lens. Carl Zeiss was an entrepreneur who needed a competent designer to take his firm beyond just another optical workshop.

The Western Flint Glass Company was a glass house based near Denver, Colorado which was founded in 1899, and was in operation until late 1900, when its ownership and product line was changed and it became the Western Glass Manufacturing Company.

Courier Dover Publications, a new plant was set up to manufacture crown and flint glass for lighthouse optics, telescopes and cameras.Derry, Thomas Kingston & Williams, Trevor Illtyd (1993) A Short History of Technology: from the earliest times to A.D. 1900; p. 20.

That's TV is a local television network in the United Kingdom, licensed to operate services in several conurbations. That's Television Ltd is owned by That's Media Ltd, which is based at The Flint Glass Works in the Ancoats neighbourhood of Manchester.

Thomas Haden Richardson (4 July 1865 -- 10 December 1923) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1895. Richardson was born at Tutbury, Staffordshire, the son of John T. H. Richardson and his wife Sarah Richards. His father was a flint glass manufacturer in the long- standing family business founded by Benjamin RichardsonStaffordshire Past Track - Crystal Glass, Royal Castle Flint Glass Works, Hatton and in 1881 was based at Marston on Dove.British Census 1881 Richardson appeared in a first- class match for the first time in 1888, playing in an England XI against a team of touring Australians.

The origins of crystal production in Waterford date back to 1783 when George and his nephew William Penrose started their business. It produced extremely fine flint glass that became world-renowned. Their Waterford company closed in 1851, and re-opened 100 years later.

The town had a problem with eighth grade students deciding to not continue their education into high school. This was especially a problem for boys, who may have been lured by work available in a city enjoying a "boom" because of the abundant natural gas. In the 1890s and the following decade, Hartford City had numerous glass works – nine glass factories are listed in a 1906 city directory.Page 120 of George Dale’s 1902 Hartford City directory lists two American Window Glass plants, Blackford Glass Co., Clelland Glass Co., Clelland and Thomas (glass factory), Diamond Flint Glass Co., Johnston Glass Co., Hartford City Flint Glass Co., and Sneath Glass Company.

Thomas Sweeny or Sweeney, (Mar. 6, 1806 – May 9, 1890) was a prominent glass manufacturer in what became Wheeling, West Virginia during the American Civil War, who before that war served in both houses of the Virginia General Assembly and ran the North Wheeling Flint Glass Works.

One element, a concave lens made out of Flint glass, has relatively high dispersion, while the other, a convex element made of Crown glass, has a lower dispersion. The crown lens is usually placed at the front due to the higher susceptibility of flint glass to atmospheric attack (exception: Steinheil doublet). The lens elements are mounted next to each other and shaped so that the chromatic aberration of one is counterbalanced by the chromatic aberration of the other, while the positive power of the crown lens element is not quite equaled by the negative power of the flint lens element. Together they form a weak positive lens that will bring two different wavelengths of light to a common focus.

Unit focusing Tessar 50/2.8 of Zeiss Ikon Contaflex Super B. The front element of this Tessar can be replaced with Tele Pro Tessar or Wide angle Pro Tessar. The Tessar is a photographic lens design conceived by the German physicist Paul Rudolph in 1902 while he worked at the Zeiss optical company and patented by Zeiss in Germany; the lens type is usually known as the Zeiss Tessar. A Tessar comprises four elements in three groups, one positive crown glass element at the front, one negative flint glass element at the center and a negative plano-concave flint glass element cemented with a positive convex crown glass element at the rear.

Around 1663, George Ravenscroft developed flint glass, a colourless and translucent glass with many desirable working properties. The original recipe was subject to crizzling.Moretti, C. 2005 "English Lead Crystal: A Critical Analysis of the formulation attributed to George Ravenscroft." In Annales du 16º Congrès de l'Association internationale pour l'histoire de Verre London 2003.

The idea of widely separating the color correcting elements of a lens dates back to W. F. Hamilton's 1814 catadioptric Hamiltonian telescope and Alexander Rogers' 1828 proposals for a dialytic refractor.The Petzval Telescope & Sub-Aperture Color Correctors The goal was to combine a large crown glass objective with a much smaller flint glass downstream to make an achromatic lens since flint glass at that time was very expensive.Peter L. Manly, Unusual Telescopes, page 55 Dialyte designs were also used in the Schupmann medial telescope designed by in German optician Ludwig Schupmann near the end of the 19th century, in John Wall's 1999 "Zerochromat" retrofocally corrected dialytic refractor and the Russian made "TAL Apolar125" telescope which uses 6 elements arranged in three widely separated groups.

United States Industrial Commission, p. 172. The GBBA, with the consent of the American Flint Glass Workers' Union (AFGWU), affiliated the Prescription Glass Blowers' department of the AFGWU.Ulman, p. 319. In 1906, one scholar of trade union activity noted that the GBBA tended to hold regional or national strikes, and only rarely struck individual employers.

Glass container manufacturing can be traced back for at least 400 years. However, it was only in the 19th century that commercial companies appeared on the scene. Amongst them, in 1867, the Edinburgh and Leith Flint Glass Company was established. Alexander Dixson Jenkinson took over the business upon the death of his father in 1880.

Dollond patented the achromatic doublet, which combines crown glass and flint glass. John Dollond was the first person to patent the achromatic doublet. However, it is well known that he was not the first to make such lenses. Optician George Bass, following the instructions of Chester Moore Hall, made and sold such lenses as early as 1733.

A filar micrometer attached to the main telescope, 1890s. The primary telescope is a refractor with a aperture objective and focal length of . The lens was figured by John Brashear following the design of Charles S. Hastings. The crown glass was made by Mantois of Paris and the flint glass by the optical works at Jena in Germany.

During the summer of 1892, workers at Factory H were notified that after the summer shutdown, their jobs would be vacant. Those that desired to work at the plant would need to apply to the new factory manager. On October 12, 1893, the American Flint Glass Workers began a strike. Glass was not produced at Factory H, although inventory was still being sold.

346 He was a major producer of kerosene lamps. Along with his sons Adolphus and William, he produced numerous artistic table glassware designs. They also made such unusual items as glass plow-shares, washboards, and coffins. John Adams also served on the Pittsburgh City Council, was a director of the Iron & Glass Dollar Savings Bank, street railway companies and Flint Glass Association.

Eventually, glass production moved to the Ouseburn area of Newcastle. In 1684 the Dagnia family, Sephardic Jewish emigrants from Altare, arrived in Newcastle from Stourbridge and established glasshouses along the Close, to manufacture high quality flint glass. The glass manufacturers used sand ballast from the boats arriving in the river as the main raw material. The glassware was then exported in collier brigs.

Members of the American Flint Glass Workers Union went on strike at the Indiana Glass plant in Dunkirk on October 8, 2001. At the time, the country was experiencing a small recession. Negotiations for a new labor agreement were still ongoing by mid-December, and several confrontations between workers and company guards happened during the strike. The strike lasted three months.

Stölzle Flaconnage have a glassmaking site in the City of Wakefield district of West YorkshireCompanies House, where it has been since 1994 on the A645, and makes glass containers (around 100 million a year) and flint glass. The site had been founded as J.W. Bagley and Co in 1871.Bagley Glass The site provides spirit (Scottish whisky) bottles for Diageo. Another site of Bagley became Rockware Glass.

Gerard was the second Canadian to head the United Steelworkers, after Lynn R. Williams (1983-1994). In his first two terms in office, Gerard oversaw in a significant number of union mergers with the USW. The USW merged with the 12,000-member American Flint Glass Workers Union in 2003,Ashack, Elizabeth A. "Major Union Mergers, Alliances, and Disaffiliations, 1995-2007." Bureau of Labor Statistics. September 24, 2008.

"National Flint Glass Makers' Friendly Society of Great Britain and Ireland", Modern Records Centre, University of Warwick The new union did not affiliate to the Trades Union Congress or any other trade union organisations. Although it had members across the UK, its small membership was concentrated in Stourbridge, where it had its headquarters.Arthur Marsh and Victoria Ryan, Historical Directory of Trade Unions, vol.1, p.

The Jordan Archaeological Museum is located in the Amman Citadel of Amman, Jordan. Built in 1951,Visit Jordan information. it presents artifacts from archaeological sites in Jordan, dating from prehistoric times to the 15th century. The collections are arranged in chronological order and include items of everyday life such as flint, glass, metal and pottery objects, as well as more artistic items such as jewelry and statues.

It was under the first rector, Rev. Samuel Hazlehurst, the church came to serve an industrial landscape. Two blocks east of the church were the Reading Railroad Coal Wharves on the Delaware River and one block west was Aramingo Canal. Also in the immediate vicinity were John T. Lewis & Brothers Lead Works, Jefferson Flint Glass Works, Port Richmond Drain Pipe Works, and Philadelphia Foraging Works.

Rummer with coat of arms of John III Sobieski and the City of Gdańsk by George Ravenscroft's glassworks, engraved by Willem Mooleyser, 1677–1678, National Museum in Warsaw George Ravenscroft (1632 – 7 June 1683) was an English businessman in the import/export and glass making trades. He is primarily known for his work in developing clear lead crystal glass (also known as flint glass) in England.

Civil War veteran Henry Crimmel brought over 25 years of glass making experience to the company, having learned and sharpened his skills in Bellaire, Fostoria, and Tiffin, Ohio. Henry's brothers, Johannes (a.k.a. John) and Jacob, worked in glassmaking—and Jacob also helped found the American Flint Glass Workers Union. Both Henry and Jacob Crimmel were considered key craftsmen in the early days of the Fostoria Glass Company.

Sakolski, p. 55-56. Disputes with the AFGWU did not end, however. Mechanization tended to eliminate the skill differences between flint glass and green glass workers, and the two unions clashed repeatedly over who should represent glass industry workers. Bottle and fruit jar manufacturing had long been "green glass work", but now the two unions enter into a bitter dispute over who should represent workers in this section of the industry.

Then, depending on the end use and local processing capabilities, it might also have to be separated into different colors. Many recyclers collect different colors of glass separately since glass retains its color after recycling. The most common colours used for consumer containers are clear (flint) glass, green glass, and brown (amber) glass. Glass is ideal for recycling since none of the material is degraded by normal use.

Two glass furnaces were erected at the Montreal site, one for flint glass and one for green glass, and the company made prescription bottles, fruit jars, telegraph insulators, and some pressed glass pieces. The brothers also acquired the Foster Brothers Glass Works the same year, and moved its operations to their Montreal factory. The company was reorganised in 1883 to finance further expansion and the hiring of expert European glass blowers.

In November 2011 the album Remixed was released - the collection of remixes of Theodor Bastard's songs. Such artists from all over Europe as Riz Maslen, Animals on Wheels, Up, Bustle and Out, Robin Rimbaud, State of Bengal, Geomatic, Flint Glass and others took part in the work on the collection. All 2011 Theodor Bastard worked on the new album. They recorded it in several studios at the same time.

He also became a talent scout for the Senators and worked in the flint glass industry in Ohio. Alfred Henry Spink described him as "one of the real foxy fellows of the baseball world. He could field beautifully and was never better than when being hard driven." Padden retired to Martins Ferry, Ohio where in 1912, he tried to secure the Democratic Party nomination for the mayoral race.

Glass types included flint glass, blue and green glass, and artistic colored swirls, used for decoration and paperweights often made by the glass workers during their lunch hour. Whitall Tatum mass-produced special-order prescription bottles for hundreds of pharmacies, such as Smith & Hodgson in downtown Philadelphia, embossed with their names and addresses and also marked "W.T. & Co." on the base. These mostly date from 1875 up to 1900.

Possibly the least known, but vitally important, industry in Ancoats was the manufacture of flint glass. More than 25 glassworks have been identified in Manchester, all built during the 19th century, and many of these were in Ancoats. Thomas Percival and William Yates established one of these on Union Street (now Redhill Street) in 1844. The works was equipped with two furnaces (later three), an annealing house, workshops, a warehouse and offices.

White is the result of the combination of two opposite colors because their inactivity, or darkness, is removed when the two active parts of the retina combine. According to Newton, refracted light must appear colored. With the achromatic refractor, however, this is not the case. Newtonians explain this by saying that the achromatic refractor's crown glass and flint glass refract light as a whole with equal intensity but disperse individual colors differently.

And the original highly transparent flint glass was no longer available in the appropriate dimensions. But these differences are not visible to the naked eye (unlike some others - see below). These have to do with modern standards such as construction regulations, durability, double glazing (without losing transparency, so no heat-absorbing coating was used) and other energy savers. For this it won the Nationale Renovatieprijs (National Renovation Award) in the Utiliteitsbouw category.

Between then and 1951, the maps do not indicate what was located there, but by 1951 there was an engineering works and a clothing factory. The engineering works was making lift equipment in 1953. Beyond the arm, the west bank contained Canal Street Dye Works and a dockyard with a dry dock in 1851. The end of the basin was quite large, and the Manchester Flint Glass Works was located beyond it.

Disturbance of some of the mounds by grave robbers was readily apparent. Both complexes contained burial chambers covered by roof slabs and heaps of pebbles. Within one of the chambers, a skeleton was discovered, but it had decayed beyond the point of recognition, and no further information could be discerned. Artifacts recovered from the chamber include a little circular bead made of dark transparent flint glass and fragments of a bronze or copper bowl.

Initial cup plates were made by blowing the glass into the appropriate size and depth (three to four inches diameter, 3/8 to 1/2 inch depth). Later cup plates were produced in pressed glass forms with myriad designs in flint glass, and later in soda glass, before the decline in popularity of tea parties which occurred after the Civil War era. The English Staffordshire potteries also produced large numbers in blue and white transferware, for export.

Pocket bottle attributed to Henry William Stiegel and the American Flint Glass Manufactory, 1769-1774 After arriving, Stiegel took a job in Philadelphia with Charles and Alexander Stedman, most likely as a clerk or bookkeeper. In 1752, Stiegel moved to what is now Lancaster County, Pennsylvania to work with Jacob Huber, an ironworker. He married Huber's daughter, eighteen-year-old Elizabeth, the same year. The couple had two daughters, Barbara (born 1756) and Elizabeth (born 1758).

The lens was a doublet with a flint glass by Chance Brothers and a plate glass cast by Thames Plate Glass Company. In 1872 the company provided glass samples to Professor Barff. He had a lecture published about this in the Journal of the Society of the Arts in April 1872. He also noted statistics provided by the Thames Plate Glass Company, which state that the U.K. was producing 7.5 million feet of plate glass per year.

Many were produced, in a variety of designs, from flint glass, the only glass produced by early American glass factories. They are a uniquely American invention for American tea parties, as proper European manners forbade the 'slurping' of cooled tea from tea saucers. European glass factories (Baccarat, Val St. Lambert) produced cup plates for the American market, but the great majority were of American manufacture. Cup plates were also used to commemorate historical figures, including George Washington and Henry Harrison.

The materials that make up a particular glass composition have an effect on how quickly the glass corrodes. Glasses containing a high proportion of alkali or alkaline earth elements are more susceptible to corrosion than other glass compositions. The density of glass varies with chemical composition with values ranging from for fused silica to for dense flint glass. Glass is stronger than most metals, with a theoretical tensile strength estimated at to due to its ability to undergo reversible compression without fracture.

Reversed achromatic lens Charles Chevalier's Paris optical firm produced lenses for both Niépce and Daguerre for their experiments in photography. In 1829Frizot 2008, p. 21., Chevalier created an achromatic lens (a two-element lens made from crown glass and flint glass) to cut down on chromatic aberration for Daguerre's experiments. Chevalier reversed the lens (originally designed as a telescope objective) to produce a much flatter image plane and modified the achromat to bring the blue end of the spectrum to a sharper focus.

The most well known products of the Western Flint Glass Company are their telegraph insulators. They are known to have manufactured consolidated design (CD) numbers 106, 121, 134, and 162. Evidence also strongly suggests that CD numbers 145, 190/191, 288, and 298 were produced, although none have been found to date marked with the company name. It has been shown, by close inspection of insulators, that all marked molds used by W.F.G. Co. had been previously used by the Valverde Glass Company.

Sometimes it even encouraged it. The importance of Altare revolves around this difference. For example, it appears that Giobatta Da Costa's invention of flint glass took place in London, while he worked for the Ravenscroft manufactory in 1674. Thorpe, W.A: A history of English and Irish glass, London, 1929 Altarist glassmakers operated in France, at Olréans and Nevers and one of them, Bernard Perrot went on to become master of the Royal Glassworks in Orléans, after patenting many innovative techniques.

In collaboration (1827–1832) with optician George Dollond, Barlow built an achromatic lens that utilized liquid carbon disulfide. (Achromatic lenses were important optical elements of improved telescopes.) In 1833, Barlow built an achromatic doublet lens of joined flint glass and crown glass. A derivative of this design, named a Barlow lens, is widely used in modern astronomy and photography as an optical element to increase both achromatism and magnification. In 1823, he was made a fellow of the Royal Society.

A small portion of Dunkirk, Indiana, is located in Blackford County—and Dunkirk was the location of numerous glass factories. The Dunkirk factories were not located within Blackford County, so they are not listed in the table below. Seven Dunkirk glass factories, employing a total of 1,108 people, were inspected by the state in 1898. Those factories were: Bates Window Glass Company, Beatty- Brady Glass Company, Dunkirk Window Glass Company, Enterprise Window Glass Company, Gem Window Glass Works, Maring, Hart and Company, and Ohio Flint Glass Company.

Although it was only long it was, in its prime, an important industrial branch and it had its own short arm leading to private wharfs. It was lock free and throughout its working life it was extensively used. It had coal, sand and salt wharfs, a scrap iron wharf and various works along its banks.Ashton Canal: Islington Branch Retrieved on 2008-06-29 An interesting works was Molineux, Webb, & Company’s Glass Works situated at the head of the branch where flint glass products were made.

Returning to London, in 1850 Gravatt was selected by the Reverend John Craig to design and construct the Craig telescope. Living in an apartment at 34 Parliament Street, his neighbours included the portrait photographer Richard Beard, who in 1852 came to take pictures of the instrument for the Illustrated London News. Designed as a great refractor, it was a refracting telescope with an achromatic doublet, giving an aperture of . The doublet was made with flint glass by Chance Brothers, and plate glass by Thames Plate Glass Company.

Whitall Tatum produced bottles, jars, and vials throughout much of the 19th century. Antique bottle collectors prize the Whitall Tatum druggist, perfume, chemical, reagent bottles, and other types of bottles. The company developed several innovations in formulas used to make the glass, and in the manufacturing methods for bottles. At first, bottles were cast in metal molds, which left a casting line, and later ceramic and wood casts were developed for flint glass which allowed the glass to be molded without a casting line.

The new national union slowly disintegrated over the following quarter century, but glass blowers met again in 1866 and affirmed their affiliation to the Glass Blowers' League and its 1842 constitution. The reinvigorated union also changed its name to the Druggists' Ware Glass Blowers' League. Membership was largely centered in the states of New Jersey and Pennsylvania, then the center of the glass industry in the U.S.Fones-Wolf, p. 14. The glass blowers faced a major challenge in the 1880s from a new union, the American Flint Glass Workers' Union of North America (AFGWU).

The grateful King bestowed the motto "Fortiter Defendit Triumphans" ("Triumphing by a brave defence") upon the town. Charles I was imprisoned in Newcastle by the Scots in 1646–7. Newcastle city centre, 1917 In the 18th century, Newcastle was the country's fourth largest print centre after London, Oxford and Cambridge, and the Literary and Philosophical Society of 1793, with its erudite debates and large stock of books in several languages, predated the London Library by half a century. Newcastle also became a glass producer with a reputation for brilliant flint glass.

True fluorite is not a glass but a crystalline material. Lenses or Optical groups made using this low dispersion glass as one or more elements exhibit less chromatic aberration than those utilizing conventional, less expensive crown glass and flint glass elements to make an achromatic lens. Optical groups employ a combination of different types of glass; each type of glass refracts light in a different way. By using combinations of different types of glass, lens manufacturers are able to cancel out or significantly reduce unwanted characteristics; chromatic aberration being the most important.

The best of such lens designs are often called apochromatic (see above). Fluoro-crown glass (such as Schott FK51) usually in combination with an appropriate “flint” glass (such as Schott KzFSN 2) can give very high performance in telescope objective lenses, as well as microscope objectives, and camera telephoto lenses. Fluorite elements are similarly paired with complementary “flint” elements (such as Schott LaK 10). The refractive qualities or fluorite and of certain flint elements provide a lower and more uniform dispersion across the spectrum of visible light, thereby keeping colors focused more closely together.

Alexander Jenkinson died in 1909 and the business was inherited by Stanley Noel Jenkinson. 1921 saw Thomas Webb and Sons Limited of Stourbridge, West Midlands, buy Edinburgh Crystal which continued to trade under its own name. 1955 brought a name change from the Edinburgh and Leith Flint Glass Company to The Edinburgh Crystal Glass Company. Further corporate activity took place in 1964 when Crown House Limited acquired The Edinburgh Crystal Glass Company and Thomas Webb and Sons. During 1969, there was a move to a site of over in Penicuik, Midlothian some from Edinburgh.

Franz Tieze (1842–1932) was a late 19th-century Dublin-based forger. An exiled Bohemian glass engraver, he worked in Dublin in the studios of the Pugh Brothers (Thomas and Richard Pugh) at The Potters Alley Glass Works, the only manufacturers of flint-glass in Ireland. Tieze had been recruited, with other Bohemian glass engravers, by the Pugh Brothers and he arrived in Dublin in 1865 to engrave glass in the 'antique style'. Cork historian Robert Day and Franz Tieze collaborated in supplying goblets to a ready market of glass collectors.

The National Glass Bottle Makers' Society was a trade union representing workers involved in the manufacture of glass bottles in the United Kingdom. The union was founded in Leeds in 1903 as a split from the National Flint Glass Makers' Society of Great Britain and Ireland.University of Warwick, "National Glass Bottle Makers' Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 1903-1925" It affiliated to the Trades Union Congress (TUC), at which time it was led by F. Swann and had 987 members.John B. Smethurst and Peter Carter, Historical Directory of Trade Unions, vol.

Born in Carnegie, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, USA, Zihlman moved to Maryland with his parents, who settled in Cumberland in 1882. He attended the public schools, and entered a glass factory in 1890 as an apprentice glass blower. He was later president of the local flint-glass workers' union from 1904 to 1909 and was a member of the national executive board in 1905 and 1906. He served as president of the Allegany Trades Council from 1904 to 1909, and as president of the Maryland State Federation of Labor in 1906 and 1907.

More artifacts were discovered in the other chamber, including a cylindrical- shaped agate bead, two circular flint glass beads, pieces of bronze and copper rings, and an intact bronze and copper ring. Further items were found beneath the mound, including a stone mortar and fragments of pottery. There was little consistency in the planning of these burial chambers and the accommodations for their inhabitants. For instance, some were built to accommodate bodies in a contracted position, while others seemed to have been built to house more than one corpse.

Exterior view of the New England Glass Company from the east, c. 1855 The New England Glass Company was originally founded in Cambridge, Massachusetts by Amos Binney, Edmund Munroe, Daniel Hastings, and Deming Jarves on February 16, 1818. The company produced both blown and pressed glass objects in a variety of colors, which had engraved, cut, etched, and gilded decorations. The firm was one of the first glass companies to use a steam engine to operate its cutting machines, and it built the only oven in the country that could manufacture red lead, a key ingredient in the making of flint glass.

Craig did not have the lens re-figured and the telescope struggled to achieve his modest goals, which included observations of Earth's Moon and Saturn. It was eventually demolished and Craig moved on to other projects, including opening one of the first indoor skating rinks. The doublet was made with flint glass by Chance Brothers and a plate glass by Thames Plate Glass Company. The mounting was designed by William Gravatt, and featured a 19.5 meter tall brick tower with a 24.5 m long cigar shaped telescope tube (built by Messrs Rennie) slung from the side.

The lens had the reverse concave flint glass side facing the subject and an f/16 aperture stop at its radius of curvature, making it reasonably sharp over a wide field of about 50°.Michael R. Peres, Focal encyclopedia of photography: digital imaging, theory and applications, page 158 Reversing the lens did increase chromatic aberration, but this fault could be lessened by adjusting the achromat to bring colors at the blue end of the spectrum into focus to match the blue-sensitive nature of the photographic emulsion.Kingslake 1989, p. 25. This design was copied by other lens makers.

From the point of view of the glass workers' union, United States Glass Company "took advantage of the hard times and slack business to get rid of the union." The reality of the situation was the U.S. Glass trust was formed to "oppose the union and to introduce the automated equipment." The American Flint Glass Workers Union was naturally opposed to mechanization or concessions, and it was strong enough that a single glass works could not oppose it. U.S. Glass built two large works (Gas City, Indiana and Glassport, Pennsylvania) that were highly automated—and could oppose unions at the other 16 plants.

A piece of "crystal" glassware Lead glass, commonly called crystal, is a variety of glass in which lead replaces the calcium content of a typical potash glass. Lead glass contains typically 18–40% (by weight) lead(II) oxide (PbO), while modern lead crystal, historically also known as flint glass due to the original silica source, contains a minimum of 24% PbO. Lead glass is often desirable for a variety of uses due to its clarity. The term lead crystal is, technically, not an accurate term to describe lead glass, as being an amorphous solid, glass lacks a crystalline structure.

Its major imports were pearls, gold, dates from Arabia, slaves, Italian wines, tin, lead, topaz, storax, sweet clover, flint glass, antimony, gold and silver coins, singing boys and girls (for the entertainment of the royalty) from other lands. Trading in horses was an important and profitable business, monopolised by the Arabs and some local merchants.Altekar (1934), p358–359 The Rashtrakuta government levied a shipping tax of one golden Gadyanaka on all foreign vessels embarking to any other ports and a fee of one silver Ctharna ( a coin) on vessels travelling locally. Artists and craftsman operated as corporations (guilds) rather than as individual business.

James Meek II was born in 1890 in Brompton, Northallerton; he came to York in 1803 to serve an apprenticeship with Joseph Agar, currier. After working in various cities he returned to York on his marriage, setting up his own business in Goodramgate, York. He was a partner in the York Flint Glass Company and chairman of York City and County Bank. For a time he was also chairman of Hudson's York and North Midland Railway and of the Newcastle and Berwick Railway, but as a staunch Methodist, he resigned in a controversy regarding Sunday travel on the railway.

By 1696, after the patent expired, twenty-seven glasshouses in England were producing flint glass and were exporting all over Europe with such success that, in 1746, the British Government imposed a lucrative tax on it. Rather than drastically reduce the lead content of their glass, manufacturers responded by creating highly decorated, smaller, more delicate forms, often with hollow stems, known to collectors today as Excise glasses. The British glass making industry was able to take off with the repeal of the tax in 1845. Evidence of the use of the blown plate glass method dates back to 1620 in London and was used for mirrors and coach plates.

The elixir's fourteen reagents, given in exalted code names such as "White-Silk Flying Dragon" for quartz, are: cinnabar, realgar, milky quartz, azurite, amethyst, graphite, saltpeter, sulfur, asbestos, mica, iron pyrite, lead carbonate, Turkestan salt (desert lake precipitates containing gypsum, anhydrite, and halite), and orpiment (Bokenkamp 1997: 334). Based upon these ingredients, Schafer says the end product was probably bluish flint glass with a high lead content (1978: 37). The alchemist can either leave the crucible closed and proceed to the next stage or break it open and consume the langan elixir that is said to yield marvelous results. > The efflorescence should have thirty-seven hues.

In Kim Newman's short story "The Gyspies in the Wood" (2005), Charles Beauregard, an agent of the Diogenes Club, mentions that he owns a copy of the book. In Dracula 3: The Path of the Dragon a copy of the De Vermis Mysteriis can be found while looking at the many books in library sections located at the back of Irina Boczow's office after returning to Budapest for the second time. "De Vermis Mysteriis", a song by Industrial Music act Flint Glass. In the visual novel/anime/manga series Demonbane, De Vermis Mysteriis appears as the grimoire possessed by the lich-like sorcerer Tiberius.

Monocentric eyepiece diagram A Monocentric is an achromatic triplet lens with two pieces of crown glass cemented on both sides of a flint glass element. The elements are thick, strongly curved, and their surfaces have a common center giving it the name "monocentric". It was invented by Hugo Adolf Steinheil around 1883. This design, like the solid eyepiece designs of Robert Tolles, Charles S. Hastings, and E. Wilfred Taylor,Handbook of Optical Systems, Survey of Optical Instruments by Herbert Gross, Hannfried Zügge, Fritz Blechinger, Bertram Achtner, page 110 is free from ghost reflections and gives a bright contrasty image, a desirable feature when it was invented (before anti-reflective coatings).

One of the first optic headlamp lenses, the Corning Conaphore. Selective yellow "Noviol" glass version shown. Corning Glass Works was founded in 1851 by Amory Houghton, in Somerville, Massachusetts, originally as the Bay State Glass Co. It later moved to Williamsburg, Brooklyn, New York, and operated as the Brooklyn Flint Glass Works. The company moved again to its ultimate home and namesake, the city of Corning, New York, in 1868 under leadership of the founder's son, Amory Houghton, Jr. Over 147 years later, Corning continues to maintain its world headquarters at Corning, N.Y. The firm also established one of the first industrial research labs there in 1908.

In 1811, he constructed a new kind of furnace, and during his second melting session when he melted a large quantity of glass, he found that he could produce flint glass, which, when taken from the bottom of a vessel containing roughly 224 pounds of glass, had the same refractive power as glass taken from the surface. He found that English crown glass and German table glass both contained defects which tended to cause irregular refraction. In the thicker and larger glasses, there would be even more of such defects, so that in larger telescopes this kind of glass would not be fit for objective lenses. Fraunhofer accordingly made his own crown glass.

John P. Bakewell got a patent for "glass furniture (knobs)" in 1825, and in 1826, Robinson and Whitney got a patent for glass doorknobs. However, due to the Patent Office fire on December 17, 1836, there are no records to show whether or not those were the first patents in that type of glassware or if there were more patents on certain glass products. The same year John P. Bakewell patented glass knobs, he also developed the first glass-pressing machine for commercial use, resulting in reduced cost of pressed glass. The following year, Bakewell's company (still known as Bakewell, Page, & Bakewell) worked with Stourbridge Flint Glass Works to make glass affordable.

He was granted a protective patent in 1673, where production moved from his glasshouse in the precinct of the Savoy, London, to the seclusion of Henley- on-Thames. In 1676, having apparently overcome the crizzling problem, Ravenscroft was granted the use of a raven's head seal as a guaranty of quality. In 1681, the year of his death, the patent expired and operations quickly developed among several firms, where by 1696 twenty-seven of the eighty-eight glasshouses in England, especially at London and Bristol, were producing flint glass containing 30–35% PbO. At this period, glass was sold by weight, and the typical forms were rather heavy and solid with minimal decoration.

When the Chicago club entered the American League, a major league, the following season, he moved on to play one season for the St. Louis Cardinals, before becoming Captain of the St. Louis Browns from and 1905. In total, Padden played in 874 games, and collected 814 hits in 3545 at bats, for a lifetime batting average of .258. He finished in the league's top-ten finishers in being hit by pitches six times, including a league-leading 18 in 1904. Padden's post-career activities included duties as a talent scout for the St. Louis Browns and the Washington Senators, as well a lengthy career in the flint glass industry in Ohio.

For example, this could result in extremely long telescopes such as the very long aerial telescopes of the 17th century. Isaac Newton's theories about white light being composed of a spectrum of colors led him to the conclusion that uneven refraction of light caused chromatic aberration (leading him to build the first reflecting telescope, his Newtonian telescope, in 1668.) There exists a point called the circle of least confusion, where chromatic aberration can be minimized. It can be further minimized by using an achromatic lens or achromat, in which materials with differing dispersion are assembled together to form a compound lens. The most common type is an achromatic doublet, with elements made of crown and flint glass.

During the spring of 1900, rumors circulated that American Window Glass planned to move production from smaller plants in nearby Dunkirk and Redkey (factories 17, 30, 34, and 41) to the large southside Hartford City plant. If the Hartford City plant would have its capacity expanded equal to the capacity of the plants to be consolidated, then Hartford City would have "become the greatest window glass town in the world." The plant would have employed nearly 1000 people, equaling the largest window glass plant in the world in capacity. That plant in combination with Hartford City's two other window glass factories, not even considering the flint glass plants or bottle plants, would make the city's window glass capacity the highest in the world.

With the aid of Venetian glassmakers, especially da Costa, and under the auspices of the Worshipful Company of Glass Sellers of London, Ravenscroft sought to find an alternative to Venetian cristallo. His use of flint as the silica source has led to the term flint glass to describe these crystal glasses, despite his later switch to sand. At first, his glasses tended to crizzle, developing a network of small cracks destroying its transparency, which was eventually overcome by replacing some of the potash flux with lead oxide to the melt, up to 30%. Crizzling results from the destruction of the glass network by an excess of alkali, and may be caused by excess humidity as well as inherent defects in glass composition.

7, footnoted in Cresswell However, in 1924, the People's party, formed two years earlier and composed largely of former Citizens' party supporters, took over.Minute Books, Star City Town Council, Star City town hall, I:163 (1919), II:63 (1922) and 133 (1924), footnoted in Cresswell Until that time, the Socialists were a mainstay of this working-class town, organizing the Workingmen's Co-operative Store and creating community pillars with Local Twenty-six of the American Flint Glass Workers' Union and the Young People's Socialist League.Morgantown Weekly New Dominion, 7 October 1914; Morgantown New Dominion, 12 June 1913, 7 January and 27 December 1915 and Barkey, Frederick Allan, "The Socialist Party in West Virginia from 1898 to 1920: a Study in Working Class Radicalism" (Ph.D. diss.

In 1880, British silver designer Thomas Pairpoint (1838-1902) resigned his position as head designer at the Meriden Brittania Company and founded the Pairpoint Manufacturing Company, which was established in New Bedford as a silver manufacturer supplying Mount Washington with silver-plated metal mounts for its glass lamps and other products.Danielle Arnet, "Correct identification key to pricing vintage lamp," Chicago Tribune, June 15, 2012.Jay Moore, "What's it worth: silver-plated castor set, Incolay jewelry box," Richmond Times- Dispatch, February 14, 2015.Diane Tobin, The Meriden Flint Glass Company: An Abundance of Glass, Charleston, SC: The History Press, chapter 4, 2012."The Smart Collector: Pairpoint name no guarantee of high-flying price for ruby swan dish," Orlando Sentinel, March 27, 2011. In 1894, the two companies merged and in 1900 were renamed the Pairpoint Corporation.

The abbey premises were acquired by Josef von Utzschneider, who in 1805 set up an experimental glassworks here, known as the Optical Institute. He was joined by Joseph von Fraunhofer, who was able here among other things to develop flawless or "waveless" flint glass and discover the Fraunhofer lines which have become of importance in the development of spectroscopic analysis. In 1818 the Bavarian State took over the buildings, which from then on were used for military purposes, initially as a stud-farm for the rearing and training of cavalry horses, and thereafter as a barracks, invalid home, military convalescent home and prison. In 1901 Freiherr von Kramer-Klett, the restorer of several Bavarian monasteries, offered five and one-half million marks for the property, but was met by a demand for twelve millions, which he refused.

A Cyclopaedia of Biblical Literature: Ibz-Zuz edited by John Kitto pg 211 Due to its high quality and rarity at the time in Ancient Rome, the imported cinnamon was typically deposited in the Romans' Royal Treasury. According to classical writers such as Pliny, the inhabitants of Mosylon imported flint glass and glass vessels from Ancient Egypt, unripe grapes from Diospolis, unmilled cloths for the Berberi markets, including tunics and cloths manufactured at Arsinoe, as well as wine and tin. The main export items were gums, tortoise shells, incense and ivory.A System of Geography, popular and scientific, or a Physical , Political and Statistical Account of the World and Its Various divisions Volume 6 By James Bell pg 434 Pliny also indicated that, en route to the cinnamon hub of Mosylon, the Egyptian Pharaoh Sesostris led his forces passed the Port of Isis.

The light is positioned to give a waypoint for vessels passing along the English Channel coast. Originally the light was illuminated by a Douglass multi-wick mineral oil burner, set within a large (first order) revolving 14-panel dioptric optic by Chance Brothers & Co. It was the first example of a significant new design of lighthouse optic, whereby (through the use of dense flint glass in the upper and lower portions) the height of a Fresnel lens could be significantly increased, dispensing with the need for additional reflective prisms above and below; the lenses alone stood high. The lamp was also specially designed for Anvil Point by James Douglass; it was subsequently used in other large coastal lighthouses, a series of international patents having been granted.US Patent grant 1883. An explosive fog signal was established at the lighthouse in February 1894, which in foggy weather sounded once every ten minutesLondon Gazette, Issue 26487, Page 1091, 20 February 1894 (later altered to every five minutes).

The 46,000 members of the Aluminum Workers of America voted to merge with the budding steelworker union that was the USW in June 1944. Eventually, eight more unions joined the USW as well: the International Union of Mine, Mill and Smelter Workers (1967); the United Stone and Allied Product Workers of America (1971); District 50, the Allied and Technical Workers of America (1972); the Upholsterers International Union of North America (1985); the United Rubber, Cork, Linoleum & Plastic Workers of America (URW) (1995); the Aluminum, Brick and Glass Workers Union (ABG) (1996); the Canadian Division of the Transportation Communications International Union (1999); and the American Flint Glass Workers Union (AFGWU) (2003). In June 2004, the USW announced a merger with the 57,000 member Industrial, Wood and Allied Workers of Canada (IWA Canada), a major Canadian forestry workers union. In 2005 it then announced an even larger merger with the Paper, Allied-Industrial, Chemical and Energy Workers International Union (PACE).

There is currently an ongoing archeological excavation of shards from the original glasshouse being run by the museum in the cornfield directly next to the house, where deposited by one of the early owner's, Rufus Chamberlain in order to "sweeten, and aerate the soil". There are many other glass factories as well that the museum studies, and preserves the history of. These include those such as the Pitkin Glassworks in modern-day Manchester, previously part of East Hartford, which was in business from 1783 to approximately 1830, the Mather Glassworks, also in what was once part of East Hartford which ran from 1806 until 1821, the West Willington Glass Co., in West Willington, which was in business from 1814 to 1872, the Glastonbury Glassworks, in Glastonbury which was running from 1816 until about 1827/1833, the New London Glassworks, in New London, which was in business from 1856 until after 1868, the Westford Glass Co., in Westford, which was running from 1857 to 1873, and the Meriden Flint Glass Co., in Meriden which was in business from 1876 to 1888. The Museum is currently restoring the Turner House, and is also working on creating a solar- based glassmaking operation called “Sun-Fired Glass”, the first of its kind in the world.