Mike self-flagellated with a dishtowel as he told me about riding lakers.
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The self is flagellated ("the market is telling us we are wrong, wrong, wrong about almost everything").
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Thanks to Heller and Manjoo's articles, "hypocritical" liberal San Franciscans were flagellated on the internet all last week.
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Some of the penitents flagellated themselves while walking for hours, beseeching the Madonna to heal them or to cure their sick children.
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I arrive at Therapist #5's office sweating, having just self-flagellated myself by running for 45 minutes in the hot California sun.
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In a recent interview, he self-flagellated over the fact that, among the 80-odd books he'd read so far this year, there hadn't been enough female authors.
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While none of them are even close to being as popular or influential as the "reason for the season," I'd take them over seeing Jim Caviezel get flagellated any day.
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The Orange spent so much time waiting for the other sneaker to drop that they flagellated themselves before the N.C.A.A. could do it, pre-emptively barring themselves from the postseason last year before any ruling was handed down.
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The people from the Atlanta organizing committee can be flagellated for the clogged traffic and the rampant greed and tackiness of these Games, but Billy Payne and his colleagues must be praised for their innate understanding that Muhammad Ali, the former Cassius Clay, was the perfect symbol for the ceremony.
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Species of Euduboscquella have two to four different flagellated spore types: mono-flagellated spores, bi-flagellated spores, spherical spores without flagella, and cystic spores without flagella, which are either oval or spindle shaped. Cystic spores are the most common spore type, especially near the end of their seasonal cycle. The lengths of these spores range from 2 micrometers to 20.5 micrometers, where mono- flagellated spores tend to be the shortest type and bi-flagellated tend to be the longest type. Euduboscquella lack chloroplasts, as they acquire nutrition exclusively through phagocytosis of their host’s cytoplasmic contents.
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However, the flagellated form was not observed in their research.
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In 1989, De Jonckheere also discovered a temporary flagellated stage of Willaertia. During the 5 year span in which Willaertia had been described, but no flagellated stage was known, R. Michel and W. Raether also performed research on Willaertia without knowing it. They were able to induce a flagellated stage in an amoeba, but they determined it to be a separate genus because one of the key features of the original Willaertia description was its lack of a flagellated stage. Michel and Raether named this genus Protonaegleria and the organism Protonaegleria westphali.
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The life cycle of many planctomycetes involves alternation between sessile cells and flagellated swarmer cells. The sessile cells bud to form the flagellated swarmer cells which swim for a while before settling down to attach and begin reproduction.
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The genus Psalteriomonas has amoebaflagellates with a predominant flagellated form but also has an induced limax-amoeboid form. The ability of the flagellated Psalteriomonas to transform into a limax amoeba (amoebae which are consistently monopodial) is typical for the class Heterolobosea. Cysts are not known for this genus. The flagellated form could vary significantly, but all species except P. magna have a complex mastigote system.
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Multicilia is a flagellated genus of Amoebozoa. It includes the species Multicilia marina.
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H. meleagridis is a microscopic, pleomorphic protozoan, and can exist in two forms, amoeboid and flagellated. Within the tissue, it is present as an amoeboid protozoan, while in the lumen or free in the contents of cecum, it lives as an elongated flagellated form. The amoeboid form is typically 8-15 μm in diameter, whereas the flagellated form can reach up to 30 μm in diameter.Griffiths HJ (1978).
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This is unlikely, however, as flagellated opisthokonts, as well as some flagellated Amoebozoa, including Breviata, actually have two basal bodies, as in typical 'bikonts' (even though only one is flagellated in most unikonts). This paired arrangement can also be seen in the organization of centrioles in typical animal cells. In spite of the name of the group, the common ancestor of all 'unikonts' was probably a cell with two basal bodies.
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They include filaments (trophic stages), spores, motile but non-flagellated cells, and biflagellated swarmer cells. The non-flagellated motile cells resemble the sporozoites of other apicomplexans, while the spores contain structures that resemble the rhoptries of the apical complex, another typical apicomplexan feature.
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These produce flagellated anisogamous gametes that are released into the water to find each other.
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Flagellated bacteria such as Bacillus, Acinitobacter, Salmonella, Enterobacter, and Enterococcus are found abundant in gut of M. convulsionarius.
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The genus Psalteriomonas was first discovered and named by Broers et al. in 1990. They isolated the flagellated cells from freshwater anaerobic sediment from a sewage treatment plant near Nijmegen in the Netherlands. Based on the ability of the flagellated cells to transform from the flagellated state into the limax amoeboid stage when 1.5% oxygen is added into the headspace of the culture containers, they identified Psalteriomonas as a genus in the class Heterolobosea, with P. lanterna as the model species of this genus.
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The flagellated cell in culture has a rounded anterior end and a pointy posterior end. The cell is about 15 × 25 mm in size. Transverse cross-section of the flagellated cell shows a four-fold rotational symmetry with 4 grooves. The length of a groove is about two-thirds of the body length.
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Cyanothece species are not flagellated. A twitching motility protein for sp. PCC 8802 is annotated on the protein database UniProtKB.
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S. rosetta has a sexual cycle during which it transitions between haploid and diploid stages. When nutrients become limiting, haploid cultures of S. rosetta become diploid. This ploidy shift coincides with mating during which small, flagellated cells fuse with larger flagellated cells. Evidence has also been obtained for historical mating and recombination in S. rosetta.
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The amoeboid form is mononucleated and the mastigote systems are not retained in this form. The transition from flagellated form to the amoeboid form can be induced by introducing 1.5% of oxygen to the top space of a culture bottle. It is not certain whether Psalteriomonsa can transform from amoeboid state back to the flagellated form since there were no successful attempts in converting amoebae to flagellated form in the type species P. lanterna. This suggests that not everything about the life cycle of this organism is understood.
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Tetraselmis species have three life stages which includes a flagellated stage, a vegetative non-motile stage, and a cyst stage. The vegetative non-motile stage is the dominant life-stage of most species. The only structural difference between the flagellated and vegetative stage is the number of scale layers in the thecal-wall; the flagellated stage only ever has one layer, while the vegetative state has two or more. Cells in the cyst stage lose their flagella, and are termed as being aflagellate, and they produce a thick thecal-shell for protection.
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In biology, solenocytes are flagellated cells associated with excretion, osmoregulation and ionoregulation in many animals and in some chordates under the sub-phylum Cephalochordata. These are the cells which form subtypes of protonephridium along with the other type i.e. flame cells. Flame cells can be distinguished from solenocytes as the former is usually ciliated whereas the latter is flagellated.
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This ploidy shift coincides with mating during which small, flagellated cells fuse with larger flagellated cells. There is also evidence of historical mating and recombination in S. rosetta. S. rosetta is induced to undergo sexual reproduction by the marine bacterium Vibrio fischeri. A single V. fischeri protein, EroS fully recapitulates the aphrodisiac-like activity of live V. fisheri.
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In leuconoid sponges the atrium is replaced by a proliferation of mesohyl and a complex network of water channels and flagellated chambers.
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Once inside the nasal cavity, the flagellated form transforms into a trophozoite. The transformation of flagellate to trophozoite occurs within a few hours.
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Additionally, the most significant difference in between these two layers is the abundance of Cyclotella comta, which occurs much less in the DCM. Much more of the DCM community are flagellated (e.g. cryptophytes and pyrrophytes) compared to those of the epilimnion. As flagellated species are better swimmers, this could explain how they are able to reside at their desired depth, the DCM.
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Within the mosquito midgut, the female gamete maturation process entails slight morphological changes, becoming more enlarged and spherical. The male gametocyte undergoes a rapid nuclear division within 15 minutes, producing eight flagellated microgametes by a process called exflagellation. The flagellated microgamete fertilizes the female macrogamete to produce a diploid cell called a zygote. The zygote then develops into an ookinete.
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Gruberellidae is a family of Heterolobosea, Its nucleolus fragments during mitosis, can be uni or multinucleated, has flagellated forms in genera Stachyamoeba. Gruberella, Stachyamoeba.
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Bartonella bacilliformis is a proteobacterium, Gram negative aerobic, pleomorphic, flagellated, motile, coccobacillary, 2–3 μm long, 0.2–0.5 μm wide, and a facultative intracellular bacterium.
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Vegetative reproduction usually takes place by fragmentation. Asexual reproduction is by flagellated zoospores. And haplospore, perrination (akinate and palmellastage). Asexual reproduction by mytospore absent in spyrogyra.
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The flagella possess the 9+2 structure, common in flagellated eukaryotes. A single distinct nucleus is in the very anterior region of the body near the cytoplasm.
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These are small (< 20 μm in diameter) flagellated protists. The life cycle of consists of two main stages: flagellated trophozoites and cysts, which are the reproductive stage in the life cycle. Morphologically the trophozoites of Colpodella are similar to Perkinsus zoospores, although the two taxa are not specifically related. The motile stages of both genera have a pair of anterior orthogonal flagella, vesicular mitochondrial cristae, inner alveolar membranes and micropores.
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Diacronema is a genus of haptophytes. It includes the species D. vlkianum. The Diacronema genus also includes the marine alga Diacronema lutheri. D.lutheri is a flagellated mobile microalga.
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Roseovarius litoreus is a species of bacteria. It is gram-negative, non- flagellated and ovoid- to rod-shaped. Its type strain is GSW-M15T (=KCTC 23897T = CCUG 62218T).
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A recent study found cells with the capacity to undergo phagocytosis in the nematosomes. These phagocytotic cells appear to be the same as the "flagellated cells" described previously.
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Pseudomonas koreensis is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, motile, multiple polar flagellated, yellow-white, rod bacterium isolated from farming soil in Korea. The type strain is LMG 21318.
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A clear distinction from Naegleria is the absence of the interzonal bodies during nuclear division. As of yet, no sexual reproduction has been observed, but asexual reproduction has been described in both the flagellated and the amoeboid stages. The temporary flagellated stage is often between 16.5 and 25 μm in size with a mean cell volume of 2500 μm3. It usually features 4 flagella and lacks a cytosome, however their size and structure can vary.
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The uniflagellated sperm cells (with one flagellum) of animals are referred to as spermatozoa, and are known to vary in size. Motile sperm are also produced by many protists and the gametophytes of bryophytes, ferns and some gymnosperms such as cycads and ginkgo. The sperm cells are the only flagellated cells in the life cycle of these plants. In many ferns and lycophytes, cycads and ginkgo they are multi-flagellated (carrying more than one flagellum).
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Furthermore, the syncytial theory cannot explain the flagellated sperm of metazoans. Since the ciliate ancestor does not have any flagella and it is unlikely that the flagella arose as a de novo trait in metazoans, the syncytial theory makes it almost impossible to explain the origin of flagellated sperm. Due to both the lack of molecular and morphological evidence for this theory, the alternative colonial theory of Haeckel, is currently gaining widespread acceptance.
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There are several types of isogamy. Both gametes may be flagellated and thus motile. This type occurs for example in algae such as some but not all species of Chlamydomonas.
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Microgametes of some species are flagellated. Locomotion of other gametes and any other motile stages is by gliding or body flexion. Some species possess pseudopodia but use them only in phagocytosis.
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Pseudomonas jinjuensis is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, motile, single polar flagellated, yellow-white, rod bacterium isolated from soil in the Jinju Region of Korea. The type strain is LMG 21317.
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Phylogenetic analysis has been used to support the view that during the Cambrian explosion, metazoans (multi-celled animals) evolved monophyletically from a single common ancestor: flagellated colonial protists similar to modern choanoflagellates.
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The genus Coccomyxa has a simple parietal chloroplast, but lacks a pyrenoid and flagellated stages. Coccomyxa are haplontic, meaning they spend a majority of their life cycles as haploids, and generally reproduce asexually.
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Daughter cells can develop into flagellated cells or remain non-motile, depending on environmental conditions. Additionally, vegetative cells whether flagellate or immotile are anchored to the thecal wall by four microtubule contact points.
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The only known species in this genus was found in South Africa. It infects the garden millipede (Archiulus moreleti). Merogony, gamogony and sporogony occur within the host's blood cells. Microgametes are not flagellated.
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Rhynchopus is a genus of flagellate excavates in the class Diplonemea. They usually have flagella of different lengths and a single subapical opening with the flagellar pocket openings and adjacent feeding apparatus merging into one. When food is scarce, mobile flagellated cells are produced, suggesting the presence of a fully flagellated and dispersive phase in the life cycle, serving to distinguish Rhynchopus from Diplonema. Most species are free- living, others are symbionts and R. coscinodiscivorus is an intracellular parasite of diatoms.
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Since the time of their description, nematosomes have been known to be populated by abundant cnidocytes (also known as nematocytes) and "flagellated cells". Two of the three types of cnidocytes found in N. vectensis are commonly found in nematosomes: basitrichous isorhizas and microbasic p-mastigophores. The flagellated cells are known only to have a long motile cilium. Although they arise from a portion of the mesenteries that also contains abundant gland cells, no gland cells have ever been found in nematosomes.
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Pseudomonas umsongensis is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, motile, single polar-flagellated, yellow-white, rod-shaped bacterium isolated from the soil in the Umsong region of Korea. The type strain is LMG 21317.
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The species is not flagellated and therefore non- motile. Endospores are not formed. On trypticase soy agar the cells forms very small colonies. Their diameter is 1.0 mm after 5 days at 30 °C.
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Pseudomonas aureofaciens is a yellowish, aerobic, Gram-negative, motile, polar-flagellated, rod-shaped bacterium isolated from clay near the River Maas. Based on 16S rRNA analysis, P. aureofaciens has been placed in the P. chlororaphis group.
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Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica is a subspecies of Salmonella enterica, the rod-shaped, flagellated, aerobic, Gram-negative bacterium. Many of the pathogenic serovars of the S. enterica species are in this subspecies, including that responsible for typhoid.
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Subsequently, they emended the phylum Amoebozoa to include both the subphylum Lobosa and a new subphylum Conosa, comprising the Archamoebae and the Mycetozoa. Recent molecular genetic data appear to support this primary division of the Amoebozoa into Lobosa and Conosa. The former, as defined by Cavalier-Smith and his collaborators, consists largely of the classic Lobosea: non-flagellated amoebae with blunt, lobose pseudopods (Amoeba, Acanthamoeba, Arcella, Difflugia etc.). The latter is made up of both amoeboid and flagellated cells, characteristically with more pointed or slightly branching subpseudopodia (Archamoebae and the Mycetozoan slime molds).
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Rhodelphis is a single-celled archaeplastid that lives in aquatic environments and is the sister group to red algae. While red algae have no flagellated stages and are generally photoautotrophic, Rhodelphis is a flagellated predator containing a non-photosynthetic plastid. This group is important to the understanding of plastid evolution because they provide insight into the morphology and biochemistry of early archaeplastids. Rhodelphis contains a remnant plastid that is not capable of photosynthesis, but may play a role in biochemical pathways in the cell like heme synthesis and iron-sulfur clustering.
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Parenchymella is a type of larva of a demosponge composed of an envelope of flagellated cells surrounding an internal mass of cells.Parenchymella at portol.org/thesaurus Demospongiae develops directly into solid stereoblastula. It then develops flagellae to form parenchymella.
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At a moist surface or in a thin liquid film, flagellated bacteria will exert another pattern, which is called swarming motility.Kearns, D. B. (2010). A field guide to bacterial swarming motility. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 8(9), 634-644.
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Most Parabasalia are flagellated endosymbionts of animals. They lack a distinct cytostome, which means they must use phagocytosis to engulf food. There are two subgroups: Trichonympha and Trichomonadida. Trichonympha are obligate mutualists of wood-eating insects such as termites.
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Phalansterium is a genus of single-celled flagellated organisms comprising several species, which form colonies. Phalansterium produces tetraspores. Phalansterium is hard to classify; it has a distinctive ultrastructure of its pericentriolar material. Molecular evidence places it in the Amoebozoa.
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The difference in phytoplankton composition between the epilimnion layer and the DCM are consistent throughout several bodies of water. The DCM tends to harbour more flagellated organisms and cryptophytes, whereas the epilimnion layer tends to have a larger centric diatom abundance.
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Presence of nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, vesicles, food vacuole, mitochondria with tubular cristae, two flagellated basal bodies and two unflagellated basal bodies, three major microtubular roots, four major fibers, one Microtubule organizing center (MTOC), several internal microtubules and absence of Golgi apparatus.
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Legionella cherrii is an aerobic, flagellated, Gram-negative bacterium from the genus Legionella. It was isolated from a heated water sample in Minnesota. L. cherrii is similar to another Legionella species, L. pneumophila, and is believed to cause major respiratory problems.
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Reproduction in Trebouxia can occur by zoospores or autospores. Zoospores are flagellated motile stages within lichens that migrate and settle near fungal spores when liquid water is present.Archibald, P. A. (1975). Trebouxia de Pulmaly (Chlorophyceae, Chlorococcales) and Pseudotrebouxia gen. nov.
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The genus Aplanochytrium was identified as a member of the Labyrinthulomycetes because of the formation of non-flagellated and thus non-motile spores, which Bahnweg & Sparrow named "aplanospores". These specific spores formed the base of the name of the genus.
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Eisenack considered initially that these were protozoans, perhaps related to the thecamoebians (Rhizopoda). Later he suggested an affinity to the Euglenoidea, a group of freshwater flagellated protozoans.EISENACK, A. 1932. Neue Mikrofossilien des baltischen Silurs II. Paltiontologische Zeitschrift, 14, 257-277.
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Asaia bogorensis is a species of acetic acid bacterium. It is Gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped and peritrichously flagellated. It was first isolated from specimens of Bauhinia purpurea and Plumbago auriculata. Its type strain is 71T (= NRIC 0311T = JCM 10569T).
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The genus is composed of gammaproteobacterial, secondary- endosymbionts which are gram-negative. Cells are non-flagellated, non-motile, non-spore forming and form long to highly filamentous rods. Cellular division is exhibited through septation. The name 'Arsenophonus nasoniae gen. nov.
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Science (Washington), 1970, 170, 1416-1418. T. acidophilum was originally isolated from a self- heating coal refuse pile, at pH 2 and 59 °C. Its genome has been sequenced. It is highly flagellated and grows optimally at and pH 1.8.
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The choanoderm is a type of cell layer composed of flagellated collar cells, or choanocytes, found in sponges. The sponge body is mostly a connective tissue; the mesohyl, over which are applied epithelioid monolayers of cells, the outer pinacoderm and the inner choanoderm.
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Chlorodendrales are an order of green, flagellated, thecate, unicellular eukaryotes, within the green algae class Chlorodendrophyceae.Becker, B., Marin, B. and Melkonian, M. 1994: Structure, composition, and biogenesis of prasinophyte cell coverings. Protoplasma. 181: 233-244. 10.1007/BF01666398See the NCBI webpage on Chlorodendrales.
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Brown algae are unique among heterokonts in developing into multicellular forms with differentiated tissues, but they reproduce by means of flagellated spores and gametes that closely resemble cells of other heterokonts. Genetic studies show their closest relatives to be the yellow-green algae.
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Pedobacter cryoconitis is a species of bacteria. It is facultatively psychrophilic, Gram-negative, aerobic and rod-shaped strain, having been first isolated from alpine glacier cryoconite. It is also non-flagellated and non- spore-forming, with type strain A37T (=DSM 14825T =LMG 21415T).
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Alternatively, both of the gametes may be non-flagellated. The latter situation occurs in some algae and plants. In the red alga Polysiphonia, non- motile eggs are fertilized by non-motile sperm. In flowering plants, the gametes are non-motile cells within gametophytes.
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Conosa is divided into the aerobic infraphylum Semiconosia (Mycetozoa and Variosea) and secondarily anaerobic Archamoebae. Lobosa consists entirely of non-flagellated lobose amoebae and has been divided into two classes: Discosea, which have flattened cells, and Tubulinea, which has predominantly tube-shaped pseudopodia.
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They also are flagellated and swim, they use their flagella and lists to wrap around another gamete cell for conjugation. Although the gametes are part of a dimorphic sexual cycle, sex cysts do not play an active role in the seeding of Dinophysis populations.
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Petalomonas is a genus of phagotrophic, flagellated euglenoids.Guiry, M. D.; Guiry, G. M. (2002). “Petalomonas F.Stein 1859”. Retrieved February 10, 2019, from Phagotrophic euglenoids are one of the most important forms of flagellates in benthic aquatic systems, playing an important role in microbial food webs.
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Dientamoeba fragilis is a type of trichomonad. Trichomonads are flagellated organisms but D. fragilis lacks flagella, having secondarily lost them over evolutionary time. Thus, it is an amoeba of flagellate ancestry. In point of ultrastructural and antigenic view, Dientamoeba is reclassified as a flagellate.
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The Oxymonads are a group of flagellated protozoa found exclusively in the intestines of termites and other wood-eating insects. Along with the similar parabasalid flagellates, they harbor the symbiotic bacteria that are responsible for breaking down cellulose. It includes Dinenympha, Pyrsonympha, and Oxymonas.
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As mentioned above, the flagellar pocket is another site of endocytosis in flagellated protozoa. The flagellar pocket is an invagination that is formed around the extracellular flagellum. The flagellar pocket is a site of both endocytosis and exocytosis in cells.Eger, Iriane, and Maurilio José Soares.
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This use of the O and H symbols is based on the historic observations of Edmund Weil (1879–1922) and Arthur Felix (1887–1956) of a thin surface film produced by agar-grown flagellated Proteus strains, a film that resembled the mist produced by breath on a glass. Flagellated (swarming, motile) variants were therefore designated H forms (German Hauch, for film, literally breath or mist); nonflagellated (nonswarming, nonmotile) variants growing as isolated colonies and lacking the surface film were designated as O forms (German ohne Hauch, without film [i.e., without surface film of mist droplets]).See also :de:Kauffmann-White-Schema in the German Wikipedia.
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Pseudomonas knackmussii is a Gram-negative, polarly flagellated, motile, short rod bacterium isolated from a sewage treatment plant in Göttingen, Germany. It is the first bacterium used to study the degradation of haloaromatic compounds. It is named after Hans-Joachim Knackmuss. The type strain is DSM 6978.
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Pseudomonas reptilivora is a fluorescent, yellow-green, Gram-negative, rod- shaped, non-spore-forming, multiple polar flagellated, motile bacterium that is pathogenic to reptiles. It was originally isolated in Gila monsters (Heloderma suspectum), horned lizards (Phrynosoma solare), and chuckawallas (Sauromalus ater). The type strain is ATCC 14836.
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Thermoanaerobacterium aotearoense is a slightly acidophilic, anaerobic, thermophile first isolated from hot springs in New Zealand, hence its name. It is Gram-negative, peritrichously flagellated, rod-shaped forming oval terminal endospores. Strain JW/SL-NZ613T (= DSM 10170) is its type strain. Its genome has been sequenced.
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Pseudomonas tremae is a white, Gram-negative, non-fluorescent, motile, flagellated, aerobic bacterium that infects Trema orientalis, from which it derives its name. It was formerly classified as a pathovar of Pseudomonas syringae, but following ribotypical analysis, it was instated as a species. The type strain is CFBP 3229.
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Cells of the genus Aplanochytrium multiply by forming aplanospores in a spherical sporangium. The spores are then released and they move away by crawling along their own ectoplasmic thread. The aplanospores are non-flagellated asexual spores. Aplanochytrium is found exclusively in marine environments and lives on diverse host organisms.
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Once the flagellated cells reach the surface, they may lose their flagellae and form aplanospores, or thick-walled resting cells, or they may function as gametes, fusing in pairs to form zygotes. Many species feed on C. nivalis, including protozoans such as ciliates, rotifers, nematodes, ice worms and springtails.
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L. donovani undergo further development only in the digestive tract of the female sandfly. Hence only females are responsible for transmitting the infection. Once the amastigotes are ingested, they enter the midgut of the sandfly. Then they undergo structural modification into flagellated promastigotes, becoming larger and considerably elongated.
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One of the key features of the flagellated cell in genus Psalteriomonas is the four complex mastigote systems, which can be observed in the flagellated stage. A set of the mastigote system consists of 4 basal bodies (or kinetosomes) of the four flagella with associated structures. At the anterior end of the mastigote system, the kinetosomes are arranged in pairs (left/right anterior kinetosomes and left/right posterior kinetosomes). Two microtubular rows, with 6 to 8 microtubules are attached to the right region of the right anterior and the right posterior kinetosomes, and a separate row of about 6 microtubules is attached to the left anterior kinetosome on the left side of the flagellar aperture.
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Trophocytes are binucleated and have large Golgi apparati composed of many dictyosomes. Instead of fully functioning chloroplasts, they possess etioplasts and small underdeveloped plastids. Thus, trophocytes perform limited photosynthesis despite being highly metabolically active. Unlike the typical dinoflagellate morphology, trophocytes are multicellular and composed of hundreds of non-flagellated cells.
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The mucron is broadly funnel shaped with papillae around its rim The gamonts are elongate, with longitudinal striations and with many protrusible filaments emerging from beneath the pellicl The gametocysts have numerous many oocysts The gametes dissimilar: the male gametes not flagellated The oocysts ellipsoidal or ovoid and have 8 sporozoites.
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It is resistant to the antibiotics chloramphenicol, penicillin and streptomycin. A. aceticus differs from A. saccharovorans, the only other recognized species in the genus, in two major respects: it is non-motile whereas A. saccharovorans is flagellated; and it is capable of growth on a much narrower range of substrates.
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T. vaginalis protozoa.SEM Trichomonas vaginalis is an anaerobic, flagellated protozoan parasite and the causative agent of trichomoniasis. It is the most common pathogenic protozoan infection of humans in industrialized countries. Infection rates in men and women are similar but women are usually symptomatic, while infections in men are usually asymptomatic.
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The patterns of bacteria collective motion are very different from the motion pattern of an individual bacterium. When flagellated bacteria are moving in bulk liquid, where the locomotion of one individual doesn’t affect the others, this movement is called swimming. single Escherichia coli bacterium swims in a ‘run-and-tumble’ motion.
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On cytology, C. fetus appears as a gram-negative rod. A distinguishing feature of C. fetus is the unique "S-shape" of the rod that may resemble thin, helical spirochetes. C. fetus are flagellated and motile, non-spore forming and anaerobic organisms. C. fetus is also both catalase and oxidase-positive, but nonfermentative.
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D. congolensis is facultative anaerobic actinomycete. It has two morphologic forms: filamentous hyphae and motile zoospores. The hyphae are characterized by branching filaments (1-5 µm in diameter) that ultimately fragment by both transverse and longitudinal separation into packets of coccoid cells. The coccoid cells mature into flagellated ovoid zoospores (0.6-1 µm in diameter).
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Chlamydomonas has all three types of sexual reproduction. They share many similarities with the higher plants, including the presence of asymmetrical flagellated cells, the breakdown of the nuclear envelope at mitosis, and the presence of phytochromes, flavonoids, and the chemical precursors to the cuticle.Raven, Evert and Eichhorn. The Biology of Plants 7th edition, pg. 335.
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When in 1989 De Jonckheere discovered the flagellated stage of Willaertia, he determined that P. westphali and W. magna were in fact the same species. In 1999 genetic analysis confirmed that De Jonckheere was correct. Since then the two names are considered synonyms, Willaertia magna being the correct name for use because of priority reasons.
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All of the different species in genus Psalteriomonas are all free-living amoeboflagellates living worldwide in freshwater anaerobic sediments. Both the amoeboid stage and the flagellated stage of Psalteriomonas can feed on bacterial prey, like most heteroloboseans. Psalteriomonas forms an symbiotic relationship with methanogenic bacteria. This was first observed in the type species P. lanterna.
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Like other Legionella species, L. anisa is a thin, aerobic, pleomorphic, flagellated, non-spore-forming, Gram-negative bacterium. A distinguishing characteristic is the ability of colonies to exhibit blue-white autofluorescence when viewed under ultraviolet light. Thus, L. anisa, along with several other species of Legionella, is sometimes referred to as "blue-white" Legionella.
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Eudorina colonies typically consist of 16, 32 or 64 cells, each of which is similar to Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. These cells are bedded within an extracellular matrix composed of glycoproteins. Colonies are spherical and motile, with motility derived from the flagellated individual cells. Eudorina is facultatively sexual, meaning colonies can reproduce either sexually or asexually.
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Similar to animals, fungi are heterotrophs, that is, they acquire their food by absorbing dissolved molecules, typically by secreting digestive enzymes into their environment. Growth is their means of mobility, except for spores, which may travel through the air or water (a few of which are flagellated). Fungi are the principal decomposers in ecological systems.
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During the haploid phase, the thallus forms male and female gametangia that release flagellated gametes. Gametes attract one another using pheromones and eventually fuse to form a Zygote. The germinated zygote produces a diploid thallus with two types of sporangia: thin-walled zoosporangia and thick walled resting spores (or sporangia). The thin walled sporangia release diploid zoospores.
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Blastodinium are typically motile and bi-flagellated. These organisms exhibit three life stages; a parasitic stage (also known as trophocyte), a trophont stage, and a sporocyte (dinospore) stage. Most trophonts and dinospores are greenish brown in color, indicating the presence of a plastid. These stages also have thecal plates, which contain trichocyst pores scattered along the surface.
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There is a high degree of diversity in reproductive strategies in different foraminiferal groups. In unilocular species, the A form and B form are still present. As in the microspheric morph of multilocular forams, the asexually reproducing B form is larger than the sexually reproducing A form. Forams in the family Spirillinidae have amoeboid gametes rather than flagellated.
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Salpingoeca rosetta is a species of Choanoflagellates in the family Salpingoecidae. It is a rare marine eukaryote consisting of a number of cells embedded in a jelly-like matrix. This organism demonstrates a very primitive level of cell differentiation and specialization. This is seen with flagellated cells and their collar structures that move the cell colony through the water.
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Prymnesium parvum is a species of haptophytes (=Prymnesiophyta). The species is of concern because of its ability to produce a toxin, prymnesin. It is a flagellated alga that is normally found suspended in the water column. It was first identified in North America in 1985 and it is not known if it was introduced artificially (e.g.
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Several stages occur in its lifecycle. The feeding form has a stiff, rounded body with cellular extensions used in feeding. Cells can transform into mobile flagellated cells with stiff tripartite hairs typical of the Stramenopiles. Cells can also grow and divide to form a cluster of cells which may become a sorus that produces biflagellated zoospores.
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Yamagishiella is a genus of colonial green algae in the family Volvocaceae.See the NCBI webpage on Yamagishiella. Data extracted from the Yamagishiella differs from Eudorina by its isogamous sexual reproduction, but the vegetative morphology and asexual reproduction characteristics of these two genera (especially Y. unicocca and E. unicocca) are indistinguishable.Nozaki, H. Flagellated Green Algae: Volvocaceae, Yamagishiella.
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The motile flagellated form is gymnodinioid and athecate. The relative dimensions of the epicone and hypocone differ among species. The alveoli are most visible in the motile phase but lack fibrous cellulosic structures found in thecate ("armored") dinoflagellates. Between the points of origin of the two flagella is an extensible structure of unknown function called the peduncle.
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The mature trophozoite undergoes binary fission and up to 16 immature trophozoites are produced. These stay in the host animal and infest its tissues, or are released into the water in the feces or from a dead host. Trophozoites in the water mature and release flagellated zoospores. The most economically important host is the eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica).
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Flagellated (swarming, motile) variants were therefore designated H forms (German Hauch, for film, literally breath or mist); nonflagellated (nonswarming, nonmotile) variants growing as isolated colonies and lacking the surface film were designated as O forms (German ohne Hauch, without film [i.e., without surface film of mist droplets]).See also :de:Kauffmann-White- Schema in the German Wikipedia.
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Laws , Otter Chaos at Rodeo Lagoon, Bay Nature, July–September 2007 The lagoon is ringed by emergent aquatic vegetation, such as willows and cattail, and has submerged aquatic vegetation like sago pondweed and widgeon grass in the shallow areas. The phytoplankton community includes diatoms, chlorophytes, flagellated protozoa, Microcystis aeruginosa, and Nodularia spumigena. Microcystis sp. and Nodularia sp.
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After fertilization, S. officinalis embryos develop in choanosomal tissue of the female sponge. Cleavage of cells begins after fertilization, around November, and is total and equal. By May, a stereoblastula, or a blastula without a clear central cavity, forms. From May to July, parenchymella larva, or larva which is a mass of cells enveloped in flagellated cells, develop.
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Isogametes of two different individuals fuse in pairs to form zygotes. These are then develops into microspheric form. The life cycle of Elphidium may be summarized as follows: the microspheric forms produce amoebulae by asexual fission which develops into megalospheric forms. The megalospheric forms produce flagellated isogametes which after syngamy produce zygotes that develop into microspheric forms.
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Thaumatomastix is a protist genus of the order Thaumatomonadida, within the phylum Cercozoa and the class Imbricatea. Its species are aquatic, feeding on algae and appearing in waters of a wide range of temperatures and salinities, and are 15-50 micrometers long. They can interchange between flagellated and amoeboid forms, and are notable for being covered in both spiny and flattened siliceous scales.
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Ceratiomyxa is a genus of plasmodial slime mould within the Eumycetozoa, first described by Pier Antonio Micheli. They are widely distributed and commonly found on decaying wood. The plasmodium often appears as white frost-like growth or thin watery layers on wood. Pillar or wall-like sporangia bud from the plasmodium and develop spores that undergo multiple divisions before they release flagellated zoospores.
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Pollen is contained in sacs of two to four at the tips of sporophylls on the strobiloid. Ovules of Ginkgo trees come from stalks from leaf axils on the short shoots, each containing two ovules. The ovule is fertilized by the flagellated male gametes, which can move about freely. This fertilization process begins on the tree itself in the spring.
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All members of the clade have motile flagellated swimming cells. While most species live in freshwater habitats and a large number in marine habitats, other species are adapted to a wide range of land environments. For example, Chlamydomonas nivalis, which causes Watermelon snow, lives on summer alpine snowfields. Others, such as Trentepohlia species, live attached to rocks or woody parts of trees.
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Giardia ( or ) is a genus of anaerobic flagellated protozoan parasites of the phylum metamonada that colonise and reproduce in the small intestines of several vertebrates, causing giardiasis. Their life cycle alternates between a swimming trophozoite and an infective, resistant cyst. Giardia were first described by the Dutch microscopist Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in 1681. The genus is named after French zoologist Alfred Mathieu Giard.
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When the flagellated cells were squashed, many rod-like bacteria were expelled from the globule of the cell. Under epifluorescence microscopy, these bacteria fluorescence in bluish colour, which is characteristic of methanogenic bacteria. Later, the methanogenic bacteria were identified as Methanobacterium formicicum in both P. lanterna and P.vulgaris . The endosymbiotic relationship between Psalteriomonas and the methanogenic bacteria is believed to be mutually beneficial.
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Fourth Annual IEEE Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications and Workshops, March 2006 This type of molecular communication can also be achieved by using E. coli bacteria as chemotaxis.M. Gregori and Ian F. Akyildiz, "A New NanoNetwork Architecture using Flagellated Bacteria and Catalytic Nanomotors," IEEE JSAC (Journal of Selected Areas in Communications), Vol. 28, No. 4, pp. 612–619, May 2010.
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Helicobacter pylori electron micrograph, showing multiple flagella on the cell surface Flagellin is a globular protein that arranges itself in a hollow cylinder to form the filament in a bacterial flagellum. It has a mass of about 30,000 to 60,000 daltons. Flagellin is the principal component of bacterial flagellum, and is present in large amounts on nearly all flagellated bacteria.
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There are two genera within the order Chlorodendrales, Tetraselmis and Scherffelia. Both species are green, photoautotrophs, flagellated, and thecate. The difference between the two genera is the presence or absence of pyrenoids; Tetraselmis contains pyrenoids and Scherffelia does not. Flagella within the two genera are distinct in composition and morphology from species to species, which can be used to infer taxonomy and identification.
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Angomonas deanei is a flagellated trypanosomatid. It is an obligate parasite in the gastrointestinal tract of insects, and is in turn a host to symbiotic bacteria. The bacterial endosymbiont maintains a permanent mutualistic relationship with the protozoan such that it is no longer able to reproduce and survive on its own. The symbiosis is similar to that found in another protist Strigomonas culicis.
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However, because Leuconia has more than 2 million flagellated chambers whose combined diameter is much greater than that of the canals, water flow through chambers slows to 3.6 cm per hour, making it easy for choanocytes to capture food. All the water is expelled through a single osculum at about 8.5 cm per second, fast enough to carry waste products some distance away.
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To prevent contamination, avoid any possibly contaminated water, and if contaminated water is the only thing available to drink, a slow sand filter should be used. A study found that the chlorination of water and nutritional intervention had no effect on childhood giardia infection. Only handwashing and hygienic sanitation interventions reduced infection rates in children. Hexamita salmonis is a common flagellated fish pathogen.
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Carpediemonas is genus of Metamonada, and belongs to the group Excavata. This organism is a unicellular flagellated eukaryote that was first discovered in substrate samples from the Great Barrier Reef. Carpediemonas can be found in anaerobic intertidal sediment, where it feeds on bacteria. A feature of this species is the presence of a feeding groove, a characteristic of the excavates.
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Pseudomonas cannabina is a gray, Gram-negative, fluorescent, motile, flagellated, aerobic bacterium that causes leaf and stem rot of hemp (Cannabis sativa),Smith, Dunez, Lelliot, Phillips and Archer (1988) European Handbook of Plant Disease. Blackwell Scientific Publications. from which it derives its name. It was formerly classified as a pathovar of Pseudomonas syringae, but following ribotypical analysis, it was reinstated as a species.
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It is resistant to the antibiotics chloramphenicol, penicillin and streptomycin. A. saccharovorans differs from A. aceticus, the only other recognized species in the genus, in two major respects: it is flagellated whereas A. aceticus is non-motile; and it is capable of growth on a wider variety of substrates, including many sugars and polysaccharides. Its name refers to this property of its metabolism.
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Vegetative cells of the reinhardtii species are haploid with 17 small chromosomes. Under nitrogen starvation, vegetative cells differentiate into haploid gametes. There are two mating types, identical in appearance, thus isogamous, and known as mt(+) and mt(-), which can fuse to form a diploid zygote. The zygote is not flagellated, and it serves as a dormant form of the species in the soil.
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Dinophysis acuta is a species of flagellated planktons belonging to the genus Dinophysis. It is one of the few unusual photosynthetic protists that acquire plastids from algae by endosymbiosis. By forming massive blooms, particularly in late summer and spring, it causes red tides. It produces toxic substances and the red tides cause widespread infection of seafood, particularly crabs and mussels.
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They are flagellated eukaryotes that combine photoautotrophy when light is available, and heterotrophy via phagocytosis. Dinoflagellates are one of the most diverse and numerous species of phytoplankton, second to diatoms. Dinoflagellates have long whip-like structures called flagella that allow them to move freely throughout the water column. They are mainly marine but can also be found in freshwater environments.
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After digestion of their host Euduboscquella produces flagellated spores, which release from their host and search for new Tintinnid hosts. Euduboscquella species can produce either macrospores or microspores and some produce both, but only one type per infected host. Formation of a zygote by gametic spores and the presence of meiosis have also been reported. During sporogenesis Eudobosquella produces characteristic “chains” of spores.
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Once in the marine environment, the dinospores can be ingested by a new host, and subsequently develop into an adult trophont and attach themselves to the gut of their new host. Dinospores were described in Haplozoon dogieli. Sporocytes were observed detaching from adult trophonts and developing into small flagellated dinospores. They were 12 μm in length and similar to the dinospores of Oodinium, Apodinium, and Blastodinium.
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He had also abducted Thomas, one of the Abbot's own clerks, and flagellated him through the streets of Preston. Thanks to the involvement of the Abbot of Westminster, who was the head of the Cistercian Order in England, Clifton was forced to surrender himself to the Abbot in supplication. Abbot Peter received his tithe money and an oath of good behaviour from the errant knight. .
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Halo blight of bean is a bacterial disease caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola. Halo blight’s pathogen is a gram-negative, aerobic, polar- flagellated and non-spore forming bacteria. This bacterial disease was first discovered in the early 1920s, and rapidly became the major disease of beans throughout the world. The disease favors the places where temperatures are moderate and plentiful inoculum is available.
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Fossilized spores suggest that land plants (embryophytes) have existed for at least 475 million years. Early land plants reproduced sexually with flagellated, swimming sperm, like the green algae from which they evolved. An adaptation to terrestrialization was the development of upright meiosporangia for dispersal by spores to new habitats. This feature is lacking in the descendants of their nearest algal relatives, the Charophycean green algae.
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The genome of Reticulomyxa is repetitive and approximately 320 Mbp in size. The genome contains genes for flagellar components, despite no flagellated form observed. Also, genes coding for proteins associated with meiosis are present in the Reticulomyxa genome but are not actively transcribed. The presence of flagella and meiosis related genes suggests that there is a possibility of sexual reproduction and gamete production in this genus.
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Sphingosinicella humi is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium that is a member of the genus Sphingosinicella. It is strictly aerobic, flagellated, and motile. Colonies are white, convex, circular, and slightly transparent. S. humi grows in the presence of arsenic and sodium chloride. The optimum temperature for growth is 28˚C, but S. humi can grow within the temperature range of 16-42 ˚C.
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Astrephomene gubernaculifera is a colonial, flagellated volvocine green algae. It consists of 16, 32, 64 or 128 cells, 2 to 7 of which are small and oriented such that their flagella form a rudder (Stein 1958). Each cell is surrounded by a gelatinous matrix and contains an eyespot, two flagella and 1-3 contractile vacuoles at the anterior end. Astrephomene gubernaculifera can reproduce sexually or asexually.
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Red volcano sponge (Acarnus erithacus, Poecilosclerida). Spermatocytes develop from the transformation of choanocytes and oocytes arise from archeocytes. Repeated cleavage of the zygote egg takes place in the mesohyl and forms a parenchymella larva with a mass of larger internal cells surrounded by small, externally flagellated cells. The resulting swimming larva enters a canal of the central cavity and is expelled with the exhalant current.
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Legionella pneumophila is a thin, aerobic, pleomorphic, flagellated, non- spore-forming, Gram-negative bacterium of the genus Legionella. L. pneumophila is the primary human pathogenic bacterium in this group and is the causative agent of Legionnaires' disease, also known as legionellosis. In nature, L. pneumophila infects freshwater and soil amoebae of the genera Acanthamoeba and Naegleria. The mechanism of infection is similar in amoeba and human cells.
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The Central Italian confraternities became identified as one of two types. The first type of confraternity, called Laudesi, processed through their towns singing songs in praise of God; the second kind of confraternity, known as battuti or disciplinati, flagellated themselves during somber public processions. With the advent of this second type of confraternity, flagellation became commonly associated with the Central Italian confraternities of the later Middle Ages.
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The generic name Pseudomonas created for these organisms was defined in rather vague terms by Walter Migula in 1894 and 1900 as a genus of Gram-negative, rod-shaped, and polar-flagellated bacteria with some sporulating species,Migula, W. (1894) Über ein neues System der Bakterien. Arb Bakteriol Inst Karlsruhe 1: 235–238.Migula, W. (1900) System der Bakterien, Vol. 2. Jena, Germany: Gustav Fischer.
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The location of the cytostome in most flagellated protozoa is strongly conserved. The cytostome is located on the anterior end of the cell close to a structure known as the flagellar pocket. The flagellar pocket is also an invagination in the cell and also serves as a site of endocytosis. The opening of the cytostome is approximately level with the opening of the flagellar pocket.
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Species in this subgenus develop in a similar fashion as those in subgenus Microsynchytrium, except that the resting spore functions as a sporangium during germination. In these species, the zoospores can develop into either a prosori, as in Microsynchytrium, or they can fuse to form a flagellated zygote. The zygote infects a host cell and becomes a resting spore. Synchytrium endobioticum is included in this subgenus.
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Under conditions of starvation or desiccation, the amoebae differentiate reversibly into dormant spores with cell walls. When immersed in water, amoebae differentiate reversibly into flagellated cells, which involves a major reorganization of the cytoskeleton. The plasmodium is typically diploid and propagates via growth and nuclear division without cytokinesis, resulting in the macroscopic multinucleate syncytium. While nutrients are available, the network-shaped plasmodium can grow to a foot or more in diameter.
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Primary flagellates form directly from trophozoites and tend to initially present as spheres and slowly assume a more ovoid shape while often slightly flattening posteriorly as they become motile. During the maturation of the flagellated stage, the flagella emerge in 2 pairs. By the time the cell is approximately half of its mature size, the four flagella are equal in length. Like the amoeboid stage, they are capable of asexual division.
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Willaertia /ˈwɪləɹʃə/ is a genus of non-pathogenic, free-living, thermophilic amoebae in the family Vahlkampfiidae. Originally discovered in 1984 by Johan De Jonckheere, their life cycle, like that of other heterolobosians, has been found to alternate between 3 distinct stages: a cyst, amoeba, and temporary flagellated stage. Willaertia lives in a variety of environments and in recent years has been researched to potentially become a biocide for Legionella pneumophila.
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Zymomonas mobilis is a Gram negative, facultative anaerobic, non-sporulating, polarly-flagellated, rod-shaped bacterium. It is the only species found in the genus Zymomonas. It has notable bioethanol-producing capabilities, which surpass yeast in some aspects. It was originally isolated from alcoholic beverages like the African palm wine, the Mexican pulque, and also as a contaminant of cider and beer (cider sickness and beer spoilage) in European countries.
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In trypanosomes, a group of flagellated protozoans, the kinetoplast exists as a dense granule of DNA within the large mitochondrion. Trypanosoma brucei, the parasite which causes African trypanosomiasis (African sleeping sickness), is an example of a trypanosome with a kinetoplast. Its kinetoplast is easily visible in samples stained with DAPI, a fluorescent DNA stain, or by the use of fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) with BrdU, a thymidine analogue.
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A characteristic that places fungi in a different kingdom from plants, bacteria, and some protists is chitin in their cell walls. Similar to animals, fungi are heterotrophs; they acquire their food by absorbing dissolved molecules, typically by secreting digestive enzymes into their environment. Fungi do not photosynthesize. Growth is their means of mobility, except for spores (a few of which are flagellated), which may travel through the air or water.
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Christ, angry at this betrayal, follows Dorotheus as he is imprisoned in a cave and flagellated by a group of angels, led by Gabriel. Dorotheus endures this punishment and is pardoned by Christ, who again posts him at the gate. This gives him the inspiration for a song, for which he thanks Christ (143–177). God expresses doubts about Dorotheus' reputability, but Gabriel and Christ come to his defense (178–197).
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The nurse and the four monks are also invited into the hatter's room. While the guests are socializing, the hatter's assistant dons a dominatrix outfit with a whip. The hatter, who is wearing bottomless trousers, proceeds to be masochistically flagellated by his assistant in front of the other guests who are shocked and leave. The nephew returns to his aunt, who is now willing to make love with him.
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Motile male gametes will exit the antheridia and are chemotactically attracted to oogonia. A single sperm cell will pass through a pore opening in the oogonial cell wall, allowing fertilization. Zygotes (oospores) are initially green but will gradually become an orange-red colour and develop a thick multilayered cell wall with species specific surface adornments. Meiosis occurs in the zygote prior to germination, producing four multi-flagellated cells after germination.
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Cochlosoma is a genus of flagellated protozoa in the order Trichomonadida created by Kotlán (1923). Some of their typical features include a prominent adhesive disc, axostyle, costa, and 6 flagella – one of which is attached to an undulating membrane that runs laterally along the body. Cochlosoma species are parasites found in the intestines of birds and mammals. They are known to cause runting and enteritis in young turkey and ducks.
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His jailers were then subsequently converted to Christianity after they found Cucuphas in his cell illuminated with heavenly light. The next day, he was flagellated with iron whips. By means of heavenly intervention, the prefect Maximianus was killed when his carriage caught on fire. Rufus, the new prefect, prudently decided not to practice torture of any kind on the saint and instead ordered his immediate execution by sword.
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In addition to a large anterior nucleus, Thaumatomastix possess one or more vacuoles. Cylindrical structures similar to ejectosomes, contained within vesicles just below the plasma membrane, have also been observed in some species. Thaumatomastix can produce pseudopodia from the ventral surface of their body in order to feed and will sometimes change from flagellated cells to amoeboid cells and back. As amoeboids, they possess branching pseudopodia which they can use to move across a substrate.
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To the far right is a relative rare scene of Cortés being flagellated, which depicts a story from Texcoco. According to the story, an Indian missed mass and was punished by public flogging, prompting an angry response from the native community. To pacify the situation, Cortés arranged with the friars to arrive late to Mass and to receive the flogging in front of the natives. The idea was to show that the punishment was impartial.
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Except for one man, who then moved to neighbouring Hüttisheim, the whole population perished and the village was abandoned until 1649 when the abbot of Wiblingen Abbey sent new settlers to repopulate the village. The village church is dedicated to St Theodolus. In 1749, tailor Mathias Eberle returned from a pilgrimage to Steingaden Abbey with a replica of the flagellated Christ. The following year Bihlafingen became a place of pilgrimage and has been ever since.
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This biased random walk is a result of simply choosing between two methods of random movement; namely tumbling and straight swimming. The helical nature of the individual flagellar filament is critical for this movement to occur. The protein structure that makes up the flagellar filament, flagellin, is conserved among all flagellated bacteria. Vertebrates seem to have taken advantage of this fact by possessing an immune receptor (TLR5) designed to recognize this conserved protein.
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The kinetoplastids were first defined by Bronislaw M. Honigberg in 1963 as the members of the flagellated protozoans. They are traditionally divided into the biflagellate Bodonidae and uniflagellate Trypanosomatidae; the former appears to be paraphyletic to the latter. One family of kinetoplastids, the trypanosomatids, is notable as it includes several genera which are exclusively parasitic. Bodo is a typical genus within kinetoplastida and including various common free-living species which feed on bacteria.
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Anisogamy (also called heterogamy) is the form of sexual reproduction that involves the union or fusion of two gametes, which differ in size and/or form. (The related adjectives are anisogamous and anisogamic.) The smaller gamete is considered to be male (a sperm cell), whereas the larger gamete is regarded as female (typically an egg cell, if non-motile). There are several types of anisogamy. Both gametes may be flagellated and therefore motile.
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Experimental Lecture is an English pornographic book published in 1878 by the pseudonym "Colonel Spanker" for the "Cosmopolitan Society of Bibliophiles", an imprint of Charles Carrington. The Colonel and his circle have a house in Park Lane where genteel young ladies are kidnapped, humiliated, and flagellated. Henry Spencer Ashbee describes it as "coldly cruel and unblushingly indecent"; Bloch describes it as "completely sadistic"; Simpson describes it as focussed on anti-female violence.
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This species is motile, flagellated, slender, slightly curved, not spore-forming, slowly growing, nonfermenting, capsule forming, Gram-negative aerobe of the family Alcaligenaceae. This species is most commonly found in the alimentary tract as a harmless saprophyte in 5% – 19% of the normal population. Systemic infection with this organism is very uncommon. It has been reported to cause sepsis, meningitis, peritonitis, enteric fever, appendicitis, cystitis, chronic suppurative otitis media, abscesses, arthritis, pneumonitis, and endocarditis.
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Painting of Eulalia with the X-shaped "cross saltire" in Barcelona Cathedral Relief of Eulalia in Barcelona Cathedral The daughter of a noble family, Eulalia lived near the city of Barcelona. During the persecutions under Diocletian, governor Dacian arrived in the city intent on enforcing the decrees. Some time later, Eulalia entered the city and confronted the governor for his merciless persecution of Christians. Unable to dismiss her eloquent appeals, Dacian had her stripped and flagellated.
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T. lutea is a flagellated microalgae with ovoid shape, measuring 4 to 6 μm in diameter. It is equipped with two flagelles thanks to which it moves according to a helical movement. T. lutea is one of the most widely used species in aquaculture to feed oyster and shrimp larvae. It has an interesting composition for this application because of its high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), stearidonic acid and alpha-linolenic acid.
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Sphaeroforma arctica, is a unicellular eukaryote with a pivotal position in the tree of life. It was first isolated from the arctic marine amphipod Gammarus setosus. Like other Ichthyosporeans such as Creolimax and Abeoforma, Sphaeroforma arctica are spherical cells characterized with their capacity to grow into multi-nucleated coenocytes (multi-nucleates cell). However, a unique feature of S. arctica, is that no obvious budding, hyphal, amoeboid, sporal or flagellated growth stages have been observed in laboratory growth conditions.
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Euglenophytes are a group of common flagellated protists that contain chloroplasts derived from a green alga. Euglenophyte chloroplasts have three membranes—it is thought that the membrane of the primary endosymbiont was lost, leaving the cyanobacterial membranes, and the secondary host's phagosomal membrane. Euglenophyte chloroplasts have a pyrenoid and thylakoids stacked in groups of three. Photosynthetic product is stored in the form of paramylon, which is contained in membrane-bound granules in the cytoplasm of the euglenophyte.
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When Postelsia release their spores, they tend to fall within a few meters of the parent sporophyte for two reasons. The first is that though spores are flagellated and can swim, they are often released at low tide and are deposited directly to the substrate below. Secondly, Postelsia gametophytes need to be close to each other in order for fertilization to occur. As such, sea palms tend to live very close to each other in large aggregations.
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Sponges have no true tissues or germ layers. While the cells are loosely organized, different cells are responsible for different functions within the animal but have the ability to transform into different cell types. Anheteromeyenia are the leuconoid stage of progression which means their form is of many collected channels and chambers clustered together so water moves throughout the specimen. The tissue is called the mesohyl and the water movement occurs through flagellated cells called choanocytes.
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Pacific oysters have a pelagic veliger larval stage which lasts from 14–18 days. In the hatcheries, they are kept at temperatures of 25-28 °C with an optimum salinity between 20 and 25%. Early-stage veligers (<120 nm shell length) are fed daily with flagellated algal species (Isochrysis galbana or Pavlova lutherii) along with diatom species (either Chaetoceros calcitrans or Thalassiosira pseudonana). The larvae are close to a settlement stage when dark eye spots and a foot develop.
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Balamuthias lifecycle, like the Acanthamoeba, consists of a cystic stage and a non-flagellated trophozoite stage, both of which are infectious, and both of which can be identified in the brain tissue on microscopic examination of brain biopsies performed on infected individuals. The trophozoite is pleomorphic and uninucleated, but binucleated forms are occasionally seen. Cysts are also uninucleated, possessing three walls: an outer thin irregular ectocyst, an inner thick endocyst, and a middle amorphous fibrillar mesocyst.
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Some are harmless or beneficial to their host organisms; others may be significant causes of diseases, such as babesia, malaria and toxoplasmosis. Isotricha intestinalis, a ciliate present in the rumen of sheep. Association between protozoan symbionts and their host organisms can be mutually beneficial. Flagellated protozoans such as Trichonympha and Pyrsonympha inhabit the guts of termites, where they enable their insect host to digest wood by helping to break down complex sugars into smaller, more easily digested molecules.
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Leuconia, for example, is a small leuconoid sponge about 10 cm tall and 1 cm in diameter. It is estimated that water enters through more than 80,000 incurrent canals at a speed of 6 cm per minute. However, because Leuconia has more than 2 million flagellated chambers whose combined diameter is much greater than that of the canals, water flow through chambers slows to 3.6 cm per hour.See Hickman and Roberts (2001) Integrated principles of zoology — 11th ed.
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Male gametocytes (microgamonts) divide to form flagellated microgametes, while female gametocytes (macrogamonts) concurrently differentiate into macrogametes, sometimes even within the same host cell. These gametes then fuse forming zygotes within the epithelial layer of the duodenum of the host. Subsequently, zygotes transition to an oocyst stage. This transition is marked by the formation of large refractile bodies within the oocysts, soon followed by the appearance of developing sporozoites. The mature octonucleate oocyst is a characteristic phase of Schellackia’s lifecycle.
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Chilomastix is a genus of pyriform excavates within the family Retortamonadidae All species within this genus are flagellated, structured with three flagella pointing anteriorly and a fourth contained within the feeding groove. Chilomastix also lacks Golgi apparatus and mitochondria but does possess a single nucleus. The genus parasitizes a wide range of vertebrate hosts, but is known to be typically non-pathogenic, and is therefore classified as harmless. The life cycle of Chilomastix lacks an intermediate host or vector.
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Willaertia has 3 distinct life stages including an amoeboid stage, a temporary flagellated stage, and a cyst stage that it alternates between. Willaertia amoebae are large, often between 50-100 μm. As typical heteroloboseans they have eruptive pseudopods when moving, and as typical vahlkampfiids they form a prominent uroid due to cytoplasmic shifts. Willaertia amoebae have been observed to have spherical and elongated mitochondria that show an unusual crista formation characterized by perforated plates that are either in parallel or alternately packed tubes.
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Eukaryotic flagella or cilia, probably an ancestral characteristic, are widespread in almost all groups of eukaryotes, as a relatively perennial condition, or as a flagellated life cycle stage (e.g., zoids, gametes, zoospores, which may be produced continually or not). The first situation is found either in specialized cells of multicellular organisms (e.g., the choanocytes of sponges, or the ciliated epithelia of metazoans), as in ciliates and many eukaryotes with a "flagellate condition" (or "monadoid level of organization", see Flagellata, an artificial group).
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Unlike other parasitic protozoa (Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica etc.), Trichomonas vaginalis exists in only one morphological stage, a trophozoite, and cannot encyst. The T. vaginalis trophozoite is oval as well as flagellated, or "pear" shaped as seen on a wet- mount. It is slightly larger than a white blood cell, measuring 9 × 7 μm. Five flagella arise near the cytostome; four of these immediately extend outside the cell together, while the fifth flagellum wraps backwards along the surface of the organism.
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Most aspects of sponge biology, including feeding, reproduction, and gas exchange, depend on a low pressure flow of water generated by the flagella of the choanoderm. Three grades of organization, asconoid, syconoid, and leuconoid, reflect the degree of elaboration of the choanoderm layer and mesohyl. In the asconoid plan the interior water space, or atrium, is large and unpartitioned. In the syconoid plan the periphery of the atrium is divided into numerous small flagellated chambers with increased surface area for choanocytes.
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Mackie captured insects on fly papers and examined them for stages of the parasite. He found flagellated forms of the parasite in sand flies of the genus Phlebotomus. The topographical distribution of kala-azar closely matched the distribution of the sand flies. This pointed to sand flies as the blood-sucking insects that serve as vectors for the disease. Other workers were engaged in similar investigations elsewhere in India, and it was unclear who had priority, but it was eventually accepted that “F.
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Polytomella is a genus of green algae in the family Dunaliellaceae. Polytomella is a free-living, flagellated, nonphotosynthetic green alga with a highly reduced, linear fragmented mitochondrial genome. Polytomella, as it exists today, bears evidence of once having a functional photosynthetic plastid which has over evolutionary time changed such that it would appear now to have no genome or gene expressing mechanisms remaining to it. Having transitioned completely to heterotrophy, Polytomella uses organic acids, alcohols and monosaccharides as its carbon source.
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When an oogonial mother cell divides it forms a swollen oogonium bound by a supporting cell. Oogonial cells may exist in a series along the filament, and so division may also occur in a series; resulting in each oogonium containing a single egg. Production of an egg causes swelling of the cell wall, responsible for the name given by Hirn in 1900 – oedos (swelling) and gonos (seed/offspring). Antheridia are short and disk-shaped, containing 1 to 2 multi-flagellated sperm cells.
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In the light, the zygote undergoes meiosis and releases four flagellated haploid cells that resume the vegetative lifecycle. Under ideal growth conditions, cells may sometimes undergo two or three rounds of mitosis before the daughter cells are released from the old cell wall into the medium. Thus, a single growth step may result in 4 or 8 daughter cells per mother cell. The cell cycle of this unicellular green algae can be synchronized by alternating periods of light and dark.
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Pseudomonad literally means false unit, being derived from the Greek pseudo (ψευδο – false) and monas (μονος – a single unit). The term "monad" was used in the early history of microbiology to denote single-celled organisms. Because of their widespread occurrence in nature, the pseudomonads were observed early in the history of microbiology. The generic name Pseudomonas created for these organisms was defined in rather vague terms in 1894 as a genus of Gram-negative, rod-shaped, and polar- flagellated bacteria.
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This was further supported through phylogenetic analysis, which discovered that diplonemidae possess a functional splice leader RNA that is characteristic of the kinetoplastids. Additionally, the amino acid tryptophan is encoded by codon TGA in kinetoplastids and diplonemids, whereas in euglenids, the regular codon is used instead. Nevertheless, despite the similarities between kinetoplastids and diplonemids, the two taxa are still distinct form each other. Diplonemidae still lack a kinetoplast, and have a unique bi-flagellated trophic phase not seen in kinetoplastids.
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All animals are posited by biologists to have evolved from a flagellated eukaryote. Their closest known living relatives are the choanoflagellates – collared flagellates whose cell morphology is similar to the choanocyte cells of certain sponges. Molecular studies place animals in a supergroup called the opisthokonts, which also include the choanoflagellates, fungi, and a few small parasitic protists. The name comes from the posterior location of the flagellum in motile cells, such as most animal spermatozoa, whereas other eukaryotes tend to have anterior flagella.
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An example of a flagellated bacterium is the ulcer-causing Helicobacter pylori, which uses multiple flagella to propel itself through the mucus lining to reach the stomach epithelium. An example of a eukaryotic flagellate cell is the mammalian sperm cell, which uses its flagellum to propel itself through the female reproductive tract. Eukaryotic flagella are structurally identical to eukaryotic cilia, although distinctions are sometimes made according to function or length. Fimbriae and pili are also thin appendages, but have different functions and are usually smaller.
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The genus Labyrinthula is part of the group Labyrinthulomycetes and contains thirteen species. The major feature of this genus is the formation of an ectoplasmic net secreted by specialized organelles called bothrosomes which surrounds the colony, which is also used by Labyrinthula for moving. The protist reproduces by zoosporulation as it sets some flagellated spores free from a sporangium. Zoospores prove the belonging of Labyrinthula in the Heterokont phylum due to the distinct flagellar morphology, in which the anterior one is covered in mastigonemes.
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Tetraselmis is a genus of phytoplankton. Tetraselmis is a green algal genus within the order Chlorodendrales, and they are characterized by their intense green colored chloroplast, their flagellated cell bodies, the presence of a pyrenoid within the chloroplast, and a scale-produced thecal-wall.Norris, R.E., Hori, T., and Chihara, M. 1980: Revision of the Genus Tetraselmis (Class Prasinophyceae). Bot. Mag. Tokyo. 93: 317-339. 10.1007/BF02488737Becker, B., Marin, B. and Melkonian, M. 1994: Structure, composition, and biogenesis of prasinophyte cell coverings. Protoplasma. 181: 233-244.
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Diatoms are mostly non-motile; however, sperm found in some species can be flagellated, though motility is usually limited to a gliding motion. In centric diatoms, the small male gametes have one flagellum while the female gametes are large and non-motile (oogamous). Conversely, in pennate diatoms both gametes lack flagella (isoogamous). Certain araphid species, that is pennate diatoms without a raphe (seam), have been documented as anisogamous and are, therefore, considered to represent a transitional stage between centric and raphid pennate diatoms, diatoms with a raphe.
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The mouth is a mid-ventral pore leading to a gastral cavity, and there is no anus: waste is dispelled through the same opening as food is taken in. The nervous system is composed by a net of interconnected neurons beneath the epidermis, without any concentration of neurons forming ganglia or nerve cords. Species of Xenoturbella also lack a respiratory, circulatory and excretory system. In fact, there are no defined organs, except for an anterior statocyst containing flagellated cells and a frontal pore organ.
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The term protista was first used by Ernst Haeckel in 1866. Protists were traditionally subdivided into several groups based on similarities to the "higher" kingdoms such as: ;Protozoa: These unicellular "animal-like" (heterotrophic, and sometimes parasitic) organisms are further sub-divided based on characteristics such as motility, such as the (flagellated) Flagellata, the (ciliated) Ciliophora, the (phagocytic) amoeba, and the (spore-forming) Sporozoa. ;Protophyta: These "plant-like" (autotrophic) organisms are composed mostly of unicellular algae. The dinoflagelates, diatoms and Euglena-like flagellates are photosynthetic protists.
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Flatworm flame cell A protonephridium (proto = "first") is a network of dead-end tubules lacking internal openings, found in the phyla Platyhelminthes, Nemertea, Rotifera and Chordata (lancelets). The ends are called flame cells (if ciliated) or solenocytes (if flagellated); they function in osmoregulation (ionoregulation). The terminal cells are located at the blind end of the protonephridium. Each cell has one or more cilia and their beating inside the protonephridial tube creates an outward going current and hence a partial pressurization in the blind of the tube.
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The heterokonts or stramenopiles (formally, Heterokonta or Stramenopiles) are a major line of eukaryotes. Most are algae, ranging from the giant multicellular kelp to the unicellular diatoms, which are a primary component of plankton. Other notable members of the Stramenopiles include the (generally) parasitic oomycetes, including Phytophthora of Great Famine of Ireland infamy and Pythium which causes seed rot and damping off. The name "heterokont" refers to the type of motile life cycle stage, in which the flagellated cells possess two differently shaped flagella (see zoospore).
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Instead, the walls threatened by the lava flows were reinforced, gates blocked and when the lava penetrated them restraining walls and barriers were built from the debris of destroyed houses. The viceroy later sent also money for recovery. Eruptions of Etna were interpreted as the consequence of divine wrath and suffering being inflicted on the sinful people. Religious services took place in Catania and other villages; during processions the relics of St. Agatha, the Martyr of Catania, were carried around and people flagellated themselves.
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As a trypanosomatid, L. major begins its lifecycle in promastigote form in the midgut of the main vector, female sand flies (Phlebotomus spp.). Once in the gut of the sand fly, the parasites change from aflagelated amastigotes into Leishmania major Life Cycle flagellated promastigotes for 1–2 weeks until they are fully developed, a which point they make their way to the proboscis. Upon biting a mammalian host, promastigotes are released into the bloodstream, where they are engulfed by macrophages. Following engulfment, promastigotes differentiate into amastigotes.
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The methanogenic bacteria are exclusively found inside of the globule of the flagellate cell. The endosymbiotic bacteria form a bacteria-microbody complex in the globule and the complex does not associate with rough ER. Endosymbiotic bacteria are not found in the amoeboid stage of Psalteriomonas. The microbodies are associated with the nucleus in the amoeboid form of Psalteriomonas, and the globule is present but less predominant than the ones in flagellated cells. It is also worth mentioning that the microbodies in flagellate cells that are symbiont-free still form a globule.
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Having a monoxenous lifestyle, the species was not observed in plants, but was categorized as Phytomonas due to features that were similar to other phytomonads, namely long twisted promastigotes and flagellated stages in the salivary glands of bugs. Using molecular phylogenetic analyses, Frolov determined that the species was indeed a part of Phytomonas, despite not being a parasite of plants. In most recent news, a new dixenous species, Phytomonas oxycareni n. sp. was discovered and described in 2017, after having been obtained from the salivary glands of the true bug Oxycarenus lavaterae.
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Goodenough and colleagues have studied the molecular basis and evolution of life-cycle transitions in the flagellated green alga, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. They have identified genes in the mating-type (mt) locus and genes regulated by mt that control the transition between vegetative growth and gametic differentiation and zygote development. These include genes responsible for mate recognition, uniparental inheritance of chloroplast DNA, and gametic differentiation, allowing analysis of their function and their evolution during speciation. They have also explored the potential for producing algal biodiesel as a transportation fuel.
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200 or "Cosmopolitan Bibliophile Society".Harald Leupold-Löwenthal, Ein unmöglicher Beruf: über die schöne Kunst, ein Analytiker zu sein Arbeiten zur Psychoanalyse, Böhlau Verlag Wien, 1997, , p.153 The victim, a married woman, is raped by a stranger in a locked railway compartment and, in a trope common in later Victorian pornography, is depicted as ultimately taking pleasure in the act:Mark Bracher, Lacan, discourse, and social change: a psychoanalytic cultural criticism, Cornell University Press, 1993, , pp.86-87 she is then flagellated by her brother-in-law for the latter transgression.
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In a second experiment, they removed empty cocoons (post-hatching) initially contained in unfiltered seawater and then transferred and incubated them in filtered seawater. After 3 weeks, they observed in the filtered seawater a greening of these cocoons and the accumulation of unicellular organisms green and flagellated. This experiment allowed to isolate these green microorganisms. The microscopic observations of these cells showed characteristics of the micro-algae, showing (among other things) the presence of a violet color after treatment with iodine, revealing the presence of starch, diagnosis of photosynthetic activity.
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No sexual reproduction cells or structures have been identified yet, but the asexual reproduction cycle is well understood. Aplanochytrium multiply through spores produced by binary fission and held within the parent wall to form a spherical colorless sporangium. These daughter cells are called aplanospores and are not flagellated. Ten to fifty of these spores are released either due to the complete disintegration of the cell wall or through the production of tears at one or two points in the cell wall, through which the spores can leave the sporangium.
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The second phase is more controlled and occurs more slowly while the wall is being thickened, and the collar and surface ornamentation are being produced. Because of this process of making a stomatocyst, cysts can be found at any stage of development. After development has been completed, the cyst sinks down to the sediment, and remains in its resting stage until certain conditions trigger its germination. After germination, a flagellated cell emerges from the cyst through pore-collar complex and produces new siliceous armour of scales and bristles.
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Flagellated bacteria swim towards favourable chemicals and away from deleterious ones. Sensing of chemoeffector gradients involves chemotaxis receptors, transmembrane (TM) proteins that detect stimuli through their periplasmic domains and transduce the signals via their cytoplasmic domains . Signalling outputs from these receptors are influenced both by the binding of the chemoeffector ligand to their periplasmic domains and by methylation of specific glutamate residues on their cytoplasmic domains. Methylation is catalysed by CheR, an S-adenosylmethionine-dependent methyltransferase, which reversibly methylates specific glutamate residues within a coiled coil region, to form gamma- glutamyl methyl ester residues.
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Thus far, five species have been described in this taxon, which include: P.infectans, P.sinerae, P.corolla, P.rostrata, and P.prorocentri. The genus Parvilucifera is morphologically characterized by flagellated zoospore. The life cycle of the species in this genus consist of free-living zoospores, an intracellular stage called trophont, and asexual division to form resting sporangium inside host cell. This taxon has gained more interest in research due to its potential significance in terms of negative regulation for dinoflagellates blooms, that have proved harmful for algal species, humans, and the shellfish industry (Norén et al. 1999).
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Prothallus of the tree fern Dicksonia antarctica (note new moss plants for scale) Spore-bearing plants, like all plants, go through a life-cycle of alternation of generations. The fully grown sporophyte, what is commonly referred to as the fern, produces genetically unique spores in the sori by meiosis. The haploid spores fall from the sporophyte and germinate by mitosis, given the right conditions, into the gametophyte stage, the prothallus. The prothallus develops independently for several weeks; it grows sex organs that produce ova (archegonia) and flagellated sperm (antheridia).
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Dendroceratida is an order of sponges of the class Demospongiae. They are typically found in shallow coastal and tidal areas of most coasts around the world. They are generally characterized by concentric layers of fibers containing spongin (a collagen-like material), and by large flagellated chambers that open directly into the exhalant canals. Along with the Dictyoceratida, it is one of the two orders of demosponges that make up the keratose or "horny" sponges, in which a mineral skeleton is minimal or absent and a skeleton of organic spongin-containing fibers is present instead.
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B. subtilis is a facultative anaerobe and had been considered as an obligate aerobe until 1998. B. subtilis is heavily flagellated, which gives it the ability to move quickly in liquids. B. subtilis has proven highly amenable to genetic manipulation, and has become widely adopted as a model organism for laboratory studies, especially of sporulation, which is a simplified example of cellular differentiation. In terms of popularity as a laboratory model organism, B. subtilis is often considered as the Gram- positive equivalent of Escherichia coli, an extensively studied Gram-negative bacterium.
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Because of this legal harassment the latter conducted his business from Paris.Hyde (1964): 177–80 Erotic fiction published by Carrington at this period includes Raped on the Railway: a True Story of a Lady who was first ravished and then flagellated on the Scotch Express (1894)Lee Grieveson, Peter Krämer, The Silent Cinema Reader, Routledge, 2004, , p. 59Ronald Pearsall (1969) The Worm in the Bud: the world of Victorian sexuality, Macmillan; pp. 321, 364Peter Mendes, "Clandestine erotic fiction in English, 1800–1930: a bibliographical study", Scolar Press, 1993, , p.
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An autospore is a non-motile (non-flagellated) spore that is produced within a parent cell, and has the same shape as the parent cell, before release. Autospores, in addition to zoospore and aplanospore, are one of the three types of spores that algae use to reproduce and spread asexually. Autospores occur in several groups of algae, including Eustigmatophyceae, Dinoflagellates and green algae. For example, the colonial alga Dichotomococcus produces two autospores per reproducing cell; the autospores escape through a slit in the cell wall and remain attached to the mother cell.
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Tritrichomonas foetus Tritrichomonas foetus is a species of single-celled flagellated parasites that is known to be a pathogen of the bovine reproductive tract as well as the intestinal tract of cats. In cattle, the organism is transmitted to the female vagina and uterus from the foreskin of the bull where the parasite is known to reside. It causes infertility, and, at times, has caused spontaneous abortions in the first trimester. In the last ten years, there have been reports of Tritrichomonas foetus in the feces of young cats that have diarrhea and live in households with multiple cats.
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Willaertia was first described in 1984 by Johan F. De Jonckheere, who initially discovered two strains from a sample of bovine faeces and 3 other strains from soil and water samples. Through morphology alone, De Jonckheere determined that W. magna is different from other members of the family Vahlkampfiidae such as Naegleria, to which it is very closely related. These morphological differences included the size of the cyst stage, susceptibility to the drug Berenil, morphological differences in the amoeboid stage, and the apparent lack of a flagellated stage. The distinctiveness of Willaertia was later confirmed through genome analysis.
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Most species do not appear to be pathogenic to their hosts or otherwise have any deleterious effects. Because the term Phytomonas was not founded on any strict criterion other than being flagellated protists in plants, the nomenclature fails to reflect the wide range of lifestyles of the various species in the genus. Overwhelmingly, the majority of trypanosomatid species are spread via insect vectors. This is true for Phytomonas as well, and not very long after the categorization of the genus, it was found that the organisms could be transported from an infected plant to an uninfected plant using phytophagous hemipterans.
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The contact between non- symbiotic juveniles, reared under sterile conditions, with these flagellate green cells allowed to induce photosymbiosis: these founding works demonstrated that the green cells in hospite were in fact flagellated microalgae in the free living state and that they were the "infective" factor causing the green coloration of adults (absent in non-symbiotic juveniles). Thus, there is no vertical transmission of the symbionts (transmitted by the parents) but a horizontal acquisition at each new generation (i.e., the symbionts are in the environment). Tetraselmis convolutae belongs to the class Chlorodendrophyceae within the division Chlorophyta.
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Pedinella is a genus of small, unicellular planktonic or attached, flagellated heterokonts first described in 1888 by A. V. Vysotskij. The genus is monospecific, and the single species is Pedinella hexacostata Vysotskij. Pedinella has an inverted bell or apple shape with a stalk arising from the posterior end, and has a single, long, ribbon-like, apical flagellum and, a second apical flagellum that is reduced to its basal body. The cells are radially symmetrical, with a large central nucleus, surrounded equatorially by a number of chloroplasts that cause the body to bulge out where the plastids are pushed up against the plasma membrane.
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He proceeds to disobey his command to stay at the gate and comes across a strange scene in the palace (again hard to interpret, for the papyrus). He addresses Christ and uses "crooked words" to falsely accuse an old man, an action he later regrets, while asking Christ to relieve him of the vision (47–105). Christ sees through this accusation, and interrogates Dorotheus as to why he left his station. He tries feebly to defend himself, but Christ again sees through this and orders a primicerius to throw Dorotheus into the signa (a Roman military prison) and have him flagellated (106–142).
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Some multicellular organisms such as flatworms (Platyhelminthes) are relatively large but very thin, allowing their outer body surface to act as a gas exchange surface without the need for a specialised gas exchange organ. Flatworms therefore lack gills or lungs, and also lack a circulatory system. Other multicellular organisms such as sponges (Porifera) have an inherently high surface area, because they are very porous and/or branched. Sponges do not require a circulatory system or specialised gas exchange organs, because their feeding strategy involves one-way pumping of water through their porous bodies using flagellated collar cells.
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Helicobacter heilmannii sensu lato refers to a group of bacteria species within the Helicobacter genus. The Helicobacter genus consists of at least 40 species of spiral-shaped (also described as corkscrew-shaped) flagellated, Gram-negative bacteria of which the by far most prominent and well-known species is Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). H. pylori is associated with the development of gastrointestinal tract diseases such as stomach inflammation, stomach ulcers, doudenal ulcers, stomach cancers that are not lymphomas, and various subtypes of extranodal marginal zone lymphomass, e.g. those of the stomach, small intestines, large intestines, and rectumn.
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The first seed bearing plants, like the ginkgo, and conifers (such as pines and firs), did not produce flowers. The pollen grains (male gametophytes) of Ginkgo and cycads produce a pair of flagellated, mobile sperm cells that "swim" down the developing pollen tube to the female and her eggs. Oleanane, a secondary metabolite produced by many flowering plants, has been found in Permian deposits of that age together with fossils of gigantopterids.Oily Fossils Provide Clues To The Evolution Of Flowers — ScienceDaily (April 5, 2001) Gigantopterids are a group of extinct seed plants that share many morphological traits with flowering plants, although they are not known to have been flowering plants themselves.
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The name of the genus Psalteriomonas comes from the word psalterium, which means "harp" in Latin. This refers to the harp-like structure of the microtubule-organizing ribbon (body of the harp) and the associated microfibrillar bundle (strings of the harp) of the posterior part of the complex mastigote system, which can be found in transverse cross-section of the flagellate cell. For the type species P. lanterna, the word lanterna means "lantern". The fluorescence of the methanogenic bacteria in the globule (a structure consists of closely packed, double-membraned hydrogenosomes) under epiflourescence microscopy, along with the shape of the flagellated cell, looks similar to a Chinese lantern.
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Morphology and Anatomy As members of the Family Trypanosomatidae, Phytomonas have structures that are characteristic of the family, including the flagellum-associated kinetoplast, subpellicular microtubules, the paraxial rod, and glycosomes. Within a host plant, Phytomonas exhibits a fusiform structure twisted 2-5 times along the longitudinal axis. Within the plant, the organisms can be in several flagellated stages: mostly promastigote with some paramastigotes in the phloem and lacticiferous tubes, and amastigote form in the latex. However, most of the species are mainly observed in the promastigote form, with an elongated body and a single 10-15 μm long flagellum emerging from the anterior flagellar pocket.
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The intestinal epithelium secretes further digestive enzymes and absorbs the released nutrients, although the majority of digestion has already taken place externally or in the mouth. Indigestible remnants arrive in the rear intestine, or rectum, which is once again lined with a cuticula and which opens at the anus, located on the underside near to the rear end. In almost every segment is a pair of excretory organs called nephridia, which are derived from coelom tissue. Each consists of a small pouch that is connected, via a flagellated conductor called a nephridioduct, to an opening at the base of the nearest leg known as a nephridiopore.
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Except in a few (typically subterranean) species, one simply constructed eye (ocellus) lies behind each antenna, laterally, just underneath the head. This consists of a chitinous ball lens, a cornea and a retina and is connected to the centre of the brain via an optic nerve. The retina comprises numerous pigment cells and photoreceptors; the latter are easily modified flagellated cells, whose flagellum membranes carry a photosensitive pigment on their surface. The rhabdomeric eyes of the Onychophora are thought to be homologous with the median ocelli of arthropods; this would suggest that the last common ancestor of arthropods may have only had median ocelli.
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Instead, individual magnetite crystals in MTB are of a size between 35 and 120nm, that is; large enough to have a magnetic field and at the same time small enough to remain a single magnetic domain. The MTB polarity model The inclination of the Earth's magnetic field in the two respective hemispheres selects one of the two possible polarities of the magnetotactic cells (with respect to the flagellated pole of the cell), orienting the biomineralisation of the magnetosomes. Aerotaxis is the response by which bacteria migrate to an optimal oxygen concentration in an oxygen gradient. Various experiments have clearly shown that magnetotaxis and aerotaxis work in conjunction in magnetotactic bacteria.
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The life cycle of Symbiodinium was first described from cells growing in culture media. For isolates that are in log phase growth, division rates occur every 1–3 days, with Symbiodinium cells alternating between a spherical, or coccoid, morphology and a smaller flagellated motile mastigote stage (see ‘Morphological Characteristics’). While several similar schemes are published that describe how each morphological state transitions to other, the most compelling life history reconstruction was deduced from light and electron microscopy and nuclear staining evidence. During asexual propagation (sometimes referred to as mitotic or vegetative growth), cells undergo a diel cycle of karyokinesis (chromosome/nuclear division) in darkness.
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On the species level, indole is considered reliable, as it is positive for P. vulgaris, but negative for P. mirabilis. Most strains produce a powerful urease enzyme, which rapidly hydrolyzes urea to ammonia and carbon monoxide; exceptions are some Providencia strains. Species can be motile, and have characteristic "swarming" patterns. Underlying these behaviors are the somatic O and flagellar H antigens, so named based on Kauffman–White classification. This system is based on historic observations of Edmund Weil (1879–1922) and Arthur Felix (1887–1956) of a thin surface film produced by agar-grown flagellated Proteus strains, a film that resembled the mist produced by breath on a glass.
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Kinetoplastida (or Kinetoplastea, as a class) is a group of flagellated protists belonging to the phylum Euglenozoa, and characterised by the presence of an organelle with a large massed DNA called kinetoplast (hence the name). The organisms are commonly referred to as "kinetoplastids" or "kinetoplasts" The group includes a number of parasites responsible for serious diseases in humans and other animals, as well as various forms found in soil and aquatic environments. Their distinguishing feature, the presence of a kinetoplast, is an unusual DNA-containing granule located within the single mitochondrion associated with the base of the cell's flagellum (the basal body). The kinetoplast contains many copies of the mitochondrial genome.
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Piromyces sp. E2 is an eukaryotic species belonging to the phylum Chytridiomycota, which comprises organisms that possess flagellated zoospores, making them unique among the fungi. These obligate anaerobic chytrid fungi lack mitochondria, possessing instead hydrogenosomes (hydrogen- and ATP-producing organelles), representing a unique order (the Neocallismasticales) within the chytrids. These anaerobic symbionts play a key role in the herbivore digestive tract by providing hydrogen for the bacterial species living in the herbivore gut, but also by aiding with the digestion of plant cell wall material, converting cellulose to glucose and other simple sugars, making them available for the host and for other symbiotic species.
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Co- distributed choanoflagellate species can occupy quite different microenvironments, but in general, the factors that influence the distribution and dispersion of choanoflagellates remain to be elucidated. A number of species, such as those in the genus Proterospongia, form simple colonies, planktonic clumps that resemble a miniature cluster of grapes in which each cell in the colony is flagellated or clusters of cells on a single stalk. In October 2019, scientists found a new band behaviour of choanoflagellates : they apparently can coordinate to respond to light. The choanoflagellates feed on bacteria and link otherwise inaccessible forms of carbon to organisms higher in the trophic chain.
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Swarming is a specialized form of motility that groups of multicellular, flagellated bacteria can undergo to expand their populations to new locations. The swarming capability of Proteus mirabilis is important because it is implicated in the pathogenesis of the bacteria and the swarming capability is associated with the bacteria's ability to express virulence factors Proteus mirabilis has a very characteristic bulls-eye appearance on an agar plate due to the regular periodic cycling between the vegetative and swarming state of the cells. In liquid culture, Proteus mirabilis exists as a vegetative cell that is approximately 2µm long and has four to ten peritrichous flagella. In the vegetative cell the flagella are used to propel the bacterium forward.
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Giardia duodenalis, also known as Giardia intestinalis and Giardia lamblia, is a flagellated parasitic microorganism, that colonizes and reproduces in the small intestine, causing a diarrheal condition known as giardiasis. The parasite attaches to the epithelium by a ventral adhesive disc or sucker, and reproduces via binary fission. Giardiasis does not spread via the bloodstream, nor does it spread to other parts of the gastrointestinal tract, but remains confined to the lumen of the small intestine.Harrison's Internal Medicine, Harrison's Online Chapter 199 Protozoal intestinal infections and trochomoniasis Giardia has an outer membrane that makes it possible to retain life, even when outside of the host body, and which can make it tolerant to chlorine disinfection.
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The Cambrian marked a profound change in life on Earth; prior to the Cambrian, the majority of living organisms on the whole were small, unicellular and simple; the Precambrian Charnia being exceptional. Complex, multicellular organisms gradually became more common in the millions of years immediately preceding the Cambrian, but it was not until this period that mineralized—hence readily fossilized—organisms became common. The rapid diversification of life forms in the Cambrian, known as the Cambrian explosion, produced the first representatives of all modern animal phyla. Phylogenetic analysis has supported the view that during the Cambrian radiation, metazoa (animals) evolved monophyletically from a single common ancestor: flagellated colonial protists similar to modern choanoflagellates.
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These special cells, called teratocytes, grow to become giant cells visible to the naked eye. The teratocytes secrete hormones which work in tandem with the virus and the wasp venom to arrest the development of the host. Following hatching in the caterpillar, the wasp larvae will undergo 2 molts inside the host caterpillar’s hemocoel and, after 12 to 16 days post oviposition, the 3rd instar wasp larvae will emerge from the caterpillar and spin cocoons from which the adult wasps fly about 4 to 8 days later. This insect has the shortest flagellated spermatozoa in animals, being 6.6 µm long (nucleus and flagellum), 8800 times shorter than the longest ones (Drosophila bifurca).
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Ronald Pearsall (1971) The Worm in the Bud: the world of Victorian sexuality, Penguin; p. 396 The plot may also have been inspired by the real-life case of Colonel Valentine Baker, who was convicted of an indecent assault on a young woman in a railway carriage in 1875.Matthew Sweet, Inventing the Victorians, Faber and Faber, 2001, page 216 An American adaptation, or plagiarism, was published in New York City under the title Raped on the Elevated Railway, a True Story of a Lady who was First Ravished and then Flagellated on the Uptown Express, illustrating the Perils of Travel in the New Machine AgeAlan Norman Bold, "The Sexual Dimension in Literature", Vision Press, 1983, , p.97Howard Whitman, The sex age, Doubleday, 1962, p.
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Schematic drawing of Cafeteria roenbergensis (a bicosoecid) with two heterokont flagella: an anterior straminipilous (with tripartite mastigonemes) and a posterior smooth Many heterokonts are unicellular flagellates, and most others produce flagellated cells at some point in their lifecycles, for instance as gametes or zoospores. The name heterokont refers to the characteristic form of these cells, which typically have two unequal flagella. The anterior straminipilous flagellum is covered with one or two rows of lateral bristles or mastigonemes, which are tripartite (with three regions each), while the posterior flagellum is whiplike, smooth, and usually shorter, or sometimes reduced to a basal body. The flagella are inserted subapically or laterally, and are usually supported by four microtubule roots in a distinctive pattern.
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Flagellated lifecycle stages are found in many groups, e.g., many green algae (zoospores and male gametes), bryophytes (male gametes), pteridophytes (male gametes), some gymnosperms (cycads and Ginkgo, as male gametes), centric diatoms (male gametes), brown algae (zoospores and gametes), oomycetes (assexual zoospores and gametes), hyphochytrids (zoospores), labyrinthulomycetes (zoospores), some apicomplexans (gametes), some radiolarians (probably gametes), foraminiferans (gametes), plasmodiophoromycetes (zoospores and gametes), myxogastrids (zoospores), metazoans (male gametes), and chytrid fungi (zoospores and gametes). Flagella or cilia are completely absent in some groups, probably due to a loss rather than being a primitive condition. The loss of cilia occurred in red algae, some green algae (Zygnematophyceae), the gymnosperms except cycads and Ginkgo, angiosperms, pennate diatoms, some apicomplexans, some amoebozoans, in the sperm of some metazoans, and in fungi (except chytrids).
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It was parsoned like Dürnholz from 1642 until 1848. 1576 there existed a market, in 1771 an expositur and in 1785 its own parish. In 1785 a relocation of the graveyard away from the church took place. In 1831 the cholera caused 72 victims and in the same year they built a chapel on the way to Prerau with a sculpture of the flagellated Christ in it. In 1871 the railway line "Lundenburg-Grusbach" was built and in 1872 the line "Neusiedl-Laa". In 1883 the "Kellergasse" (cellar lane) was established and in 1887 two thirds of the town were burned up in a fire. At the railway station "Neusiedl-Dürnbach" of the line from Lundenburg to Znaim there was a separate railway line to Laa/Thaya from 1872 until 1919.
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Maarten J. Vermaseren, Cybele and Attis: the myth and the cult, translated by A. M. H. Lemmers, London: Thames and Hudson, 1977, p.97. Musei Capitolini. The galli castrated themselves during an ecstatic celebration called the Dies sanguinis, or "Day of Blood", which took place on March 24.Maarten J. Vermaseren, Cybele and Attis: the myth and the cult, translated by A. M. H. Lemmers, London: Thames and Hudson, 1977, p.115: "The Day of Blood (dies sanguinis) is the name given to the ceremonies on 24 March. On this day the priests flagellated themselves until the blood came 662 and with it they sprinkled the effigy and the altars in the temple." At the same time they put on women's costume, mostly yellow in colour, and a sort of turban, together with pendants and ear- rings.
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Raped on the Railway: a True Story of a Lady who was first ravished and then flagellated on the Scotch Express is an anonymous English pornographic story published in 1894Lee Grieveson, Peter Krämer, The Silent Cinema Reader, Routledge, 2004, , p. 59Ronald Pearsall (1969) The Worm in the Bud: the world of Victorian sexuality, Macmillan; pp. 321, 364Peter Mendes, "Clandestine erotic fiction in English, 1800-1930: a bibliographical study", Scolar Press, 1993, , p. 319Alan Norman Bold, "The Sexual Dimension in Literature", Vision Press, 1983, , pp.94,97,102Claire Preston, A dictionary of literary terms and literary theory, Wiley-Blackwell, 1998, , p.688 by Charles CarringtonRachel Potter, "Obscene Modernism and the Trade in Salacious Books", Modernism/modernity, vol.16, no.1 (January 2009) pp.87-104 under the imprint "Society of Bibliophiles"Peter Webb, The erotic arts, Secker & Warburg, 1975, p.
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