In March, the Firths accused Livia's ex-lover of stalking her.
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The Firths share two sons together: 16-year-old Luca and 15-year-old Matteo.
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As The Times first reported ... the Firths say Brancaccia is now stalking Livia, which he denies, and Italian polizia are investigating.
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"A few years ago Colin and Livia privately made the decision to separate," the Firths said in a statement in March 2018.
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"For obvious reasons, the Firths have never had any desire to make this matter public," a statement they released at the time reads.
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If you comb through the US Geological Survey, Merriam Webster, and a few other sources, you can get an idea of the differences between firths, tarns, and other bodies of water.
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In their first public event since revealing Livia had a relationship with another man while the two were briefly separated, the Firths stepped out in Switzerland along with Julianne Moore to announce high-end jewelry company Chopard's new ethical gold initiative.
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The ferry crossed between North and South Kessock at the narrows between the Moray and Beauly Firths. This was the first of three firths north of Inverness, and the ferry provided a vital service for the local farming community wishing to sell their produce in Inverness. Along with the Cromarty and Dornoch firths, the narrows at Kessock have been bridged by the A9.
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Firths are similar to fjords, but are generally shallower with broader bays in which small islands may be found. The glaciers that formed them influenced the land over a wider area and scraped away larger areas. Firths are to be found mostly on the Scottish and northern English coasts. Individual islands in the firths, or islands and the coast, are often joined up by sandbars or spits made up of sand deposits known as "tombolos".
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Additionally, the road network was further developed. Tunnels to distant valleys and firths such as Hvalba, Sandvík, and Norðdepil were constructed in the 1960s.
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"Scrol Analyser". General Register Office for Scotland. Retrieved 25 July 2013. It is not to be confused with the numerous Firths that surround Orkney.
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Sea-inlet lochs are often called sea lochs or sea loughs. Some such bodies of water could also be called firths, fjords, estuaries, straits or bays.
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The language changed in over a century and modernly more words are used with l. Raymond Firths own work shows that both l and r phonemes are used.
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North Sea cliff Towards the south the firths give way to a cliff coast, which was formed by the moraines of Ice Age glaciers. The horizontal impact of waves on the North Sea coast gives rise to eroded coasts. The cliff landscape is interrupted in southern England by large estuaries with their corresponding fringing marshes, notably the Humber and the Thames. There are skerries in southern Norway formed by similar action to that which created the fjords and firths.
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Fisher, Stuart (2012). Rivers of Britain: Estuaries, tideways, havens, lochs, firths and kyles. A&C; Black. . p. 231. Faraday Gardens is a small park in Walworth, London, not far from his birthplace at Newington Butts.
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St John's Lock and Lechlade in background (River Thames). Water transport played a vital role in the United Kingdom's industrial development. The beginning of the 19th century saw a move from roads to waterways, (i.e. canals, rivers, firths, and estuaries).
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200px Aeron could not have existed as a kingdom beyond the 7th century. The Kingdom of Northumbria was ascendant, and it would conquer all of Scotland south of the Firths of Clyde and Forth. The definitive years were the middle of the 7th century, when Penda of Mercia led an alliance of Mercians, Cymry (from both the north and from Gwynedd), East Anglians, and Deirans against Bernicia. Penda would be defeated and killed at the Battle of Winwaed in 655, ending the alliance and cementing Bernician control over all of Britain between the English Midlands and the Scottish firths.
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Linga is an extremely common name in Shetland, meaning heather island. This Linga is not far from Firth and Firths Voe, in the West. Fish Holm is to the North and Lunna Ness to the east. Linga is made of coarse gneiss, with some granite.
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The east coast is more regular, with a series of large estuarine inlets, or firths, and long sandy beaches, for example at Aberdeen. Much of the Scottish coastline consists of a machair formation, a dune pasture land formed as sea levels subsided.Machair Profile The east coast has several significant estuaries and other nature reserves including the Ythan Estuary and Fowlsheugh, both of which have been designated as Important Bird Areas. Firths of Scotland include the Solway Firth, Firth of Clyde, and Firth of Lorne on the west coast, and the Cromarty Firth, Moray Firth, Firth of Tay, and Firth of Forth on the east coast.
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Interview with Kate Eagleson, 19 September 1995 This lack of adherence to tradition allowed Firth to explore new avenues in design. Significant is Firths use of Typography. Likely influenced by Jan Tschichold's Typographische GestaltungJan Tschichold, Asymmetric Typography. London, Faber 1967 or the earlier Die Neue Typographie.
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Some intermediate stations were closed in 1960 but despite the construction of major road bridges across the firths significantly shortening the route by road, the line has seen some revival at the southern end due to housing development, and it has a secure future. The original through route of 1874 remains in use.
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A Photographic History of Sheffield Steel,by Geoffrey Howse, published by WH Smith, Notable among its employees was Harry Brearley, the inventor of stainless steel. Brearley left Firths after a dispute over the patents and was offered a position at Brown Bayley, where he was appointed works manager and then became a director.
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Margaret Firth was born in Bradford. Her father, Edwin Firth was a textile manufacturer and part of the business community in late Victorian Bradford. Margaret's mother, Sarah Florence, came from an artistic background and passed on her love of fabric and embroidery to Margaret. The Firths were keen gardeners and Margaret was encouraged to study plants and flowers.
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Several of these hills are volcanic in origin and are known by the Scots word law. Examples of these include the North Berwick Law and the Traprain Law. The west coast of Scotland, in particular, is heavily indented and is scattered with fjordlike sea lochs. The east coast is more regular with series of large estuarine inlets, or firths, and long sandy beaches.
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Collins built a log cabin and store on the south shore of the Ottawa River, near the Chaudière Falls area. Later the property was acquired by Caleb T. Bellows, an assistant in the store. Collins is credited as the first settler of what would become Bytown. And by 1819, the little settlement at the landing got its first tavern operated by the Firths.
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The four bridge towers dominate the Inverness skyline, especially at night when they are lit. The bridge carries the A9 trunk road north from Inverness to the Black Isle. It is the southernmost of the "Three Firths" crossings (Beauly, Cromarty and Dornoch) which has transformed road transport in the Highlands. It has proved a key factor in the growth of the city of Inverness.
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Nearly all of the islands have lochs, but the watercourses are merely streams draining the high land. The coastlines are indented, and the islands themselves are divided from each other by straits generally called "sounds" or "firths".Brown, John Flett "Geology and Landscape" in Omand (2003) p. 19. The tidal currents, or "roosts" as some of them are called locally,"The Sorcerous Finfolk" Orkneyjar.
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Tain & District Field Club is fortunate in its location, surrounded by rich farmland, both mixed and monoculture, firths, woodlands, rivers and lochs such as Loch Eye, an important area for wintering greylag geese and whooper swans. Other important local sites where TDFC takes an active interest have been nesting ospreys, capercaillie (Scottish Gaelic: an coileach-fraoich) strongholds, Scottish crossbill habitat, and extensive mudflats important for feeding wading birds.
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Firth worked as a history teacher for a time, publishing a book on the joy of old furniture, Antiques anonymous (1964). Her husband, Tony Firth, a Cambridge graduate as well, was a journalist and broadcaster. They had one son and one daughter. The couple moved to Glasgow in 1970, when he took a position as the programmes controller in Scottish Television, the Firths also spent some time in the United States.
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View from Findhorn: The hills across inner Moray Firth end in Tarbat Ness. The mountains in the background rise behind Dornoch Firth. The strait between Moray Firth and Beauly Firth A number of rivers flow into the Moray Firth, including the River Ness, the River Findhorn and the River Spey. Various smaller firths and bays are inlets of the firth, including the Cromarty Firth and the Dornoch Firth.
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The 1912 Street directory lists the tenants as J&C; Crabtree, Ltd commission wool comber, Ladywell Slubbing & Combing Co, and J.W Firth Ltd commission wool combers. Firths are still (2014) in occupation. At the same date Globe Mills had as tenants J & W Lister & Sons, worsted yarn spinners and the Bradford Steel Pin Manufacturing Co. Ltd. Later in the 20th century Globe mills was occupied by metal manufacturing and engineering companies – but no textile companies.
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The Firths were still in Llandudno in 1900, although by 1904 Fortune was living in Somerset, south-west England. That year, she authored a book of poetry, titled Violets, which was likely published by her family. It was reviewed in the May 1905 volume of The Girls' Room, in which it was accompanied by the only known photograph of Fortune as a girl. In 1906, her second book of poetry, More Violets, was published.
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Brus (, ) is a town and municipality located in the Rasina District of central Serbia. According to the 2011 census, the population of the town is 4,572, while the population of the municipality is 16,293. It is located at above sea level, just below the Kopaonik ski resort. The city is surrounded by hills on three levels, where the lowest one is a place where the Grasevka river firths into the Rasina river.
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The main mansion, parkland and outbuildings forming a separate tenancy. During the early years of the Second World War, a Hampshire family – the Bramley Firths from Silchester became tenants. Towards the end of the war, a Mrs Whitehead had taken the tenancy and it was she who first had the initiative to create a “letting residence”. After a long fight to establish a licensed hotel, she finally gave up the struggle whilst in her late fifties.
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It contains the Sullom Voe Terminal operated by BP plc and itself has numerous bays and inlets. Sullom Voe terminates at the extraordinary Mavis Grind, a narrow isthmus separating the North Sea from the Atlantic Ocean."Sullom Voe" BP. Retrieved 18 January 2009. Further south are Orka Voe, Tofts Voe, Firths Voe, Swinister Voe, Dales Voe, a second Colla Firth, Swining Voe, Lumna Voe and a second and smaller Hamna Voe with an inner bay called Boatsroom Voe.
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The Gateway from Thomas Firths, Norfolk Works (relocated to present site) in Sheffield. In the late 1830s Thomas Firth was head melter at Sheffield crucible steelmakers Sanderson Brothers. He had fathered ten children, seven boys and three girls. Two of the sons, Mark and Thomas junior followed in father's footsteps and started work at Sanderson Brothers but in 1842 left to set up their own business in Charlotte Street, Sheffield, their father joining them shortly afterwards.
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The Far North Line was built in several stages through sparsely populated and undulating terrain. Extending to , it runs north from Inverness to Wick and Thurso in Caithness, and currently carries a regular passenger train service. It was completed in 1874, running round the western margin of the firths north of Inverness and then keeping to the coast as far as Helmsdale. From that point it turns inland through Forsinard, returning to the far north-east coast at Wick and Thurso.
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Beds of dwarf eelgrass on the beach at Port- Saint-Louis-du-Rhône, France Zostera noltii is found in the eastern Atlantic Ocean along the coasts of Europe as far north as Norway, Sweden and the Baltic Sea. Around the British Isles it grows extensively in the Firths of Moray and Cromarty, the Wash and the Thames Estuary. In Ireland substantial quantities are found in Strangford Lough,Hackney, P.(Ed) 1992. Stewart & Corry's Flora of the North-east of Ireland, Third Edition.
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St Magnus Bay is a large coastal feature in the north-west of Mainland Shetland, Scotland. Roughly circular in shape with a diameter of about , it is open to the North Atlantic Ocean to the west. The indented coastline to the north, south and east between Esha Ness in the north and the Ness of Melby in the south contains numerous bays, firths and voes and there are several islands around the perimeter. The waters of the bay are up to deep“St Magnus Bay”.
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Total length of waterways per country in kilometers This is a list of waterways, defined as navigable rivers, canals, estuaries, lakes, or firths. In practice, and depending on the language, the term "waterway" covers maritime or inland transport routes, as suggested by "way". Wherever a free- flowing river cannot bear load-carrying vessels, the correct term is "watercourse", with no connotation of use for transportation of cargo. To be of practical use, the list distinguishes international maritime waterways (including ship canals), international inland waterways, then inland waterways, including canals and large lakes.
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The Pentland Firth has its eastern mouth at the Moray Firth's northern boundary. The Moray Firth is effectively two firths, the Inner Moray Firth , which was traditionally known as the Firth of Inverness, and the Outer Moray Firth which is more open North Sea water. The name "Firth of Inverness" is rarely found on modern maps, but extended from the Beauly Firth in the west, to Chanonry Point in the east. The Moray Firth is visible for considerable distances, including a long range view from as far to the east as Longman Hill.
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There are several lights operated by the Northern Lighthouse Board guiding shipping in the sound. To the north Bagi Stack Lighthouse on Yell to the east, and Gruney and Point of Fethaland to the west are the outer lights. To the south, the outermost light is at Lunna Holm Lighthouse. Within the sound from north to south the lights are Muckle Holm Lighthouse, Little Holm Lighthouse, Lamba South Lighthouse, Outer Skerry Lighthouse, Brother Isle Lighthouse, Ness of Sound Lighthouse, Rumble Rock Lighthouse (since 2001) and Firths Voe Lighthouse on the Mainland.
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10 Nonetheless, there is significant indirect place-name evidence for the Picts use of Brythonic or P-Celtic. The term "Pritennic" is sometimes used to refer to the proto-Pictish language spoken in this area during the Iron Age. Given the paucity of knowledge about the Pictish language it may be assumed that islands names with P-Celtic affiliations in the southern Hebrides, and Firths of Clyde and Forth are Brythonic and those to the north and west are of Pictish origin. This Goidelic language arrived via Ireland due to the growing influence of the kingdom of Dalriada from the 6th century onwards.
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William acknowledged this by signing the Treaty of Falaise, and was then allowed to return to Scotland. In 1175 he swore fealty to Henry II at York Castle. The humiliation of the Treaty of Falaise triggered a revolt in Galloway which lasted until 1186, and prompted construction of a castle at Dumfries. In 1179, meanwhile, William and his brother David personally led a force northwards into Easter Ross, establishing two further castles, north of the Beauly and Cromarty Firths; one on the Black Isle at Ederdour; and the other at Dunkeath, near the mouth of the Cromarty Firth opposite Cromarty.
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Steel jackets are structural sections made of tubular steel members, and are usually piled into the seabed. To see more details regarding Design, construction and installation of such platforms refer to: and. Concrete caisson structures, pioneered by the Condeep concept, often have in- built oil storage in tanks below the sea surface and these tanks were often used as a flotation capability, allowing them to be built close to shore (Norwegian fjords and Scottish firths are popular because they are sheltered and deep enough) and then floated to their final position where they are sunk to the seabed. Fixed platforms are economically feasible for installation in water depths up to about .
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Such platforms are, by virtue of their immobility, designed for very long-term use. Various types of structure are used, steel jacket, concrete caisson, floating steel and even floating concrete. Steel jackets are vertical sections made of tubular steel members, and are usually piled into the seabed. Concrete caisson structures, pioneered by the Condeep concept, often have in-built oil storage in tanks below the sea surface and these tanks were often used as a flotation capability, allowing them to be built close to shore (Norwegian fjords and Scottish firths are popular because they are sheltered and deep enough) and then floated to their final position where they are sunk to the seabed.
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The south-western boundary is variously considered to be either a minor tributary of the River Beauly separating Beauly (in Inverness-shire) and Muir of Ord (on the Black Isle in Ross and Cromarty), dividing the two counties and also delineating the start of the Black Isle; or alternatively, the River Beauly itself, thus including Beauly in the Black Isle despite its official placement in Inverness-shire.Black Isle Info There are modern road bridges across the Cromarty and Beauly Firths, which carry the A9 trunk road across the heart of the Black Isle. The last remaining ferry is a summer service from Cromarty to Nigg. The North Coast 500 scenic route crosses the base of the peninsula.
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No Roman remains have been discovered in or around the village, but it appears likely that the estuary was known and presumably used by the Romans, perhaps when the empire extended to the Antonine Wall between the Firths of Forth and Clyde. Ptolemy, writing in the 2nd century CE notes the river Alaunus, and the much later Ravenna Cosmography notes a place-name of Alauna. A substantial Roman fort, Alauna, was established over an site, upstream on the Aln at Learchild near Whittingham. The harbour provided by the river would have been useful to the Romans, both to support military campaigns and to facilitate trade, albeit the river is not navigable beyond Lesbury, upstream.
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The illustration submitted by Alan Stevenson to demonstrate his father's priority but which shows Rennie's influence The Bell Rock Lighthouse, near the entrance to the Firths of Forth and Tay, was built during 1807 and 1810. Rennie was, by some, credited with the design and execution, but there seems little doubt that he was only nominally responsible for the great undertaking. Robert Stevenson, surveyor to the Commissioners of Northern Lights, drew the original plans and, at his suggestion, the commissioners called Rennie to assist with obtaining parliamentary approval for the project, giving him the title of chief engineer (for which however he was only paid £400). Stevenson did not accept many of the modifications proposed by Rennie, but the two men remained on friendly terms.
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Whilst this process was by no means unique in Britain (at least two water crossing train ferries were in operation across the Firths of Forth and Tay until their respective bridges were built), train ferries on the open sea was new to the British railway system. The London and North Eastern Railway established a Harwich to Zeebrugge train ferry in 1924, using the former ferries and docking equipment as produced for the British military at Southampton and Richborough during the First World War. In 1933, the Southern Railway started on a train ferry terminal in the port at Dover to allow a ro-ro ferry service for trains across the channel to Dunkerque. Dunkerque was chosen above other French ports because of its recently refurbished docks.
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The inclusion of the non-Celtic Vikings and the non-Brythonic Scots and Irish as full allies in a Welsh traditional poem is a remarkable oddity. The poem is commonly described as an expression of Welsh frustration with the pragmatic, peaceful policies of Hywel Dda towards the then-ascendant Kingdom of Wessex. Edward the Elder (reigned 899 - 924) had gained acknowledged pre-eminence over almost all of the peoples south of the Firths of Clyde and Forth, including the Gaels, Vikings, English, Cornish, Welsh, and the Cumbrians. After he died and his son Æthelstan had become king (reigned 924 - 939), an alliance of the kingdoms of Dublin, Scotland, and Strathclyde rose against him and was defeated at the Battle of Brunanburh in 937.
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The Edinburgh and Northern Railway was a railway company authorised in 1845 to connect Edinburgh to both Perth and Dundee. It relied on ferry crossings of the Firth of Forth and the Firth of Tay, but despite those disadvantages it proved extremely successful. It took over a short railway on the southern shore of the Forth giving a direct connection to Edinburgh, and it changed its name to the Edinburgh, Perth and Dundee Railway. It operated passenger and goods ferryboats over the two Firths directly, but seeking to overcome the cost of manhandling goods and minerals at the quays, it introduced a revolutionary system in which railway goods wagons were transferred on to rails on the steamers by means of movable ramps.
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The name may in fact come from the British caer avon, meaning "river of the forts", alluding to the Roman fortifications built on its banks as a barrier between their territory and that of the Picts. According to the Ossian poems of James Macpherson, the name is Gaelic in origin and means "winding river". In the 17th century, William Nimmo described the river and region as follows: > The Carron, famed in ancient Celtic song, and of importance in modern trade > and manufactures, issues from the Campsie hills near the middle of the > isthmus between the firths of Clyde and Forth. Both the source and the place > where it discharges itself into the sea, are within the shire of Stirling, > which it divides into about two equal parts.
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An illustration of Fortune's hometown, Llandudno, in 1860 Fortune was born Violet Mary Firth on 6 December 1890 at her family home on Bryn-y-Bia Road in Llandudno, North Wales. Her background was upper middle-class; the Firths were a wealthy English family who had gained their money through the steel industry in Sheffield, Yorkshire, where they had specialised in the production of guns. Fortune's paternal grandfather John Firth had devised a family motto, "Deo, non Fortuna" ("God, not Luck"), to mark out their nouveau riche status; she would later make use of it in creating her pseudonym. One of John's sons - and Fortune's uncle - was the historian Charles Harding Firth, while her father, Arthur, had run a Sheffield law firm prior to establishing a hydropathic establishment in Limpley Stoke, Wiltshire.
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The NLB was formed by Act of Parliament in 1786 as the Commissioners of Northern Light Houses, largely at the urging of the lawyer and politician George Dempster ("Honest George"), to oversee the construction and operation of four Scottish lighthouses: Kinnaird Head, North Ronaldsay, Scalpay and Mull of Kintyre, for which they were empowered to borrow up to £1,200. Until then, the only major lighthouse in Scotland was the coal brazier mounted on the Isle of May in the Firth of Forth, together with some smaller lights in the Firths of the Tay and Clyde. None of the major passages around Scotland, which led through dangerous narrows, were marked. The commissioners, whose first president was the Lord Provost of Edinburgh, Sir James Hunter-Blair, advertised for building estimates, but there were no takers.
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Skene however, asserted that here "Scots" refers to all of the peoples living north of the firths of Clyde and Forth. In The Tribe in Scotland Aside from the document's intrinsic importance to Scottish history, it is significant in its similarity to corresponding areas both of Irish Brehon law and of Welsh law, which are better-preserved than the laws of medieval southern Scotland, allowing reasonable conjectures to be made regarding the laws and customs of the region, as few historical records exist. The Laws or their precursor were relevant in the early twelfth century, as the Laws of the Four Burghs (Latin: Leges Quatuor Burgorum) explicitly banned parts of it relating to the cro (or weregild). Clause XVII of the Leges Quatuor Burgorum the text of XVII.
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Firth became advertising designer for the family company, Firth Concrete, in 1927, where he immediately designed the Firth ‘Ironclad’ Logo, which would remain part of the company’s image for over forty years. During this period Firth was increasingly influenced by new trends of modernism coming out of Europe, specifically from the Bauhaus. Contemporary Bill Haythornthwaite recalls – “we used to pick up the original Bauhaus material coming out of Germany from the [Elam Art School] library before Hitler wrecked it (sic)”.Interview with Kate Eagleson, 19 September 1995 Firths lack of formal graphic design training seems to have served him well, given that at this time, design training was essential an art historical exercise in the European masters; “a year [of] drawing Italian sculptures and that sort of thing”.
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Jan Tschichold, Die neue Typographie, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1995 Firth designed advertisements for Firth Concrete, and later the New Zealand architecture magazine Home & Building which were highly innovative in their use of typography, compared to the bulk of graphic design being produced in New Zealand at that time. Firths designs used features such as sans serif faces and asymmetrical compositions. All ornamentation and superfluous elements stripped out, Firth used the varying weight and density of the type in his compositions in order to draw attention and add emphasis. This may seem common today, but in the context of the day, where the standard approach towards typography in advertisement was to get the most ‘bang for the buck’; stripping out elements and adding emphasis through type variation was a highly novel and ‘modern’ concept.
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The LC Torana GTR XU-1 was a match for the larger and more powerful Falcon GT-HO at most circuits, but at Bathurst, with its long straight and steep 'mountain' climb, the car was less competitive, and Ford's Allan Moffat dominated both the 1970 and 1971 Bathurst events. However, in the wet 1972 Hardie-Ferodo 500 the Holden Dealer Team with its LJ Torana GTR XU-1 broke through Ford's domination, with Peter Brock winning the first of his nine Bathurst victories in a solo drive in the last of Bathurst's 500-mile Series Production race formats During Firths time at HDT. Brock had his day winning Bathurst in 1975 on a dry track in his No. 5 Holden L34. This was a win for HDT as well for they masterminded the fastest Holden ever built the L34.
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Their value as a block to invasion is doubtful, as their situation would have allowed supervision but they lacked the manpower to deter anything but cattle rustling. Only the legionary fortress at Inchtuthil, conveniently situated for access into Braemar and its hinterland, is large enough to have functioned as a defensive fortification or a jumping-off point for an invasion. The Gask Road and the towers alongside it in this hypothesis guarded the strategically important link to the harbours at the Firths of Tay and Forth and the southern part of the province.Woolliscroft & Hoffmann 2007 Site of a Roman signal tower at Kirkhill Tacitus writes in De vita Iulii Agricolae that Agricola was fighting in the area in around 80 AD; the latest coinage dates from 86 AD. This would suggest that the forts were occupied for six years at most.
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The Leven Railway and the East of Fife Railway in 1857Following the success of the Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway, Scotland's first trunk railway, which opened in 1842, promoters started to think of ambitious schemes for other Scottish lines. The easy availability of money as the economy improved resulted in a frenzy of railway promotion and the 1845 Parliamentary session saw a huge number of authorisations. Among them was the Edinburgh and Northern Railway, which was planned to link Edinburgh and Dundee, with an arm to Perth. Bridging the Firths of Forth and Tay was not technologically feasible and ferry crossings at both ends were to be part of the journey, for passengers and for goods. The Edinburgh and Northern soon changed its name to the Edinburgh, Perth and Dundee Railway and it opened its lines progressively in 1847 - 1848.
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The family origins of Gwriad ap Elidyr (father of Merfyn Frych and grandfather of Rhodri the Great) are attributed to a Manaw and he is sometimes named as Gwriad Manaw. The 1896 discovery of a cross inscribed Crux Guriat (Cross of Gwriad) and dated to the 8th or 9th century greatly supports this theory., A Welsh Inscription in the Isle of Man The best record of any event before the incursions of the Northmen is attributed to Báetán mac Cairill, king of Ulster, who (according to the Annals of Ulster) led an expedition to Man in 577–578, imposing his authority on the island (though some have thought this event may refer to Manau Gododdin between the Firths of Clyde and Forth, rather than the Isle of Man). After Báetán's death in 581, his rival Áedán mac Gabráin, king of Dál Riata, is said to have taken the island in 582.
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Historical context The Kingdom of Northumbria was ascendant from the seventh through the ninth centuries, and it was the premier regional power in Great Britain between the Humber and the Firths of Clyde and Forth. At the Synod of Whitby in 664, King Oswiu repudiated the Celtic Christianity (so called, and also called Columban after its most notable proponent) that had previously been dominant in the northern Northumbrian territory of Bernicia, and aligned Northumbria with the continental church organisation favoured by Northumbria's southern neighbors. Whatever Oswiu's motivations at Whitby, the move may have been politically expedient, as the Iona-oriented Columban churches and clerics (who were mostly Irish) were now replaced by Northumbria's Anglo-Saxon, York-oriented churches and clerics. However, the authority of the Bishop of York was diluted by Theodore, the Archbishop of Canterbury, who created several bishoprics out of Northumbrian territory, with the intent that they be subordinate to Canterbury rather than to York.
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Egils saga is an epic Icelandic saga possibly by Snorri Sturluson (1179–1241 CE), who may have written it between 1220 and 1240 CE. The saga covers a long period, starting in Norway in 850 CE and ending around 1000 CE. It contains a short description of Egil's uncle Thorolf Kveldulfsson co-operating with a Kvenland king, Faravid, against invading Karelians. Rather accurate geographical details about Kvenland's location are given in chapter XIV:Egil's Saga, Chapter XIV > Finmark is a wide tract; it is bounded westwards by the sea, wherefrom large > firths run in; by sea also northwards and round to the east; but southwards > lies Norway; and Finmark stretches along nearly all the inland region to the > south, as also does Hålogaland outside. But eastwards from Namdalen > (Naumdale) is Jämtland (Jamtaland), then Hälsingland (Helsingjaland) and > Kvenland, then Finland, then Karelia (Kirialaland); along all these lands to > the north lies Finmark, and there are wide inhabited fell-districts, some in > dales, some by lakes. The lakes of Finmark are wonderfully large, and by the > lakes there are extensive forests.
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