The ferric red of Central Africa appeared in furrowed hills covered in sparse emerald grass.
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The drink does contain ammonium ferric citrate, which is technically iron, but it is not brewed.
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After the shooting, Biggers cast some of the figures in bronze and coated others with ferric nitrate.
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Ferric C. Fang, MD, is a professor of Laboratory Medicine and Microbiology at the University of Washington.
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Fda approval of second contract manufacturer for auryxia (ferric citrate) Source text for Eikon: Further company coverage:
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Fda filing acceptance of supplemental new drug application for auryxia® (ferric citrate) tablets * Keryx biopharmaceuticals announces u.s.
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Ms Kung and an expert printer lay the negative on a piece of paper coated in ferric, chloroplatinite and chloropalladite salts.
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The process involves exposing a subject between two layers of ferric salts to sunlight, which results in the brilliant Prussian blue hue.
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Ferric Fang, a microbiologist at the University of Washington in Seattle, noted three common definitions in use that are not necessarily in agreement.
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Fda filing acceptance of supplemental new drug application for auryxia® (ferric citrate) tablets * Keryx biopharmaceuticals inc- prescription drug user fee act (pdufa) target action date for completion of fda's review is november 6, 2017 * Keryx biopharmaceuticals inc- ferric citrate was generally well tolerated and adverse events were consistent with its known safety profile Source text for Eikon: Further company coverage:
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CementCCNMass %Calcium oxide, CaOC61–67%Silicon dioxide, SiO2S19–23%Aluminum oxide, Al2O103A 2.5–6%Ferric oxide, Fe2O3F 0–6%SulfateS̅1.5–4.5%CCN = Cement chemist's notation.
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The team also found that the asteroid's chemistry was dominated by compounds called ferric oxides and phyllosilicates, which had never been seen before on Kuiper belt objects.
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Another author of the study, Dr. Ferric Fang, a microbiology professor and journal editor at the University of Washington, said improper images began turning up in the 1990s.
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The coagulant, ferric chloride, was originally used to "improve the removal of organic matter" in the water, but studies showed it may have adverse effects, according to the memo.
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On the left is a still from a video showing the "resculpting" process: each figure was shot with a bullet, then either cast in bronze or coated with ferric nitrate.
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In addition, Veolia allegedly recommended that Flint treat its water with ferric chloride, a corrosive acid that only further degraded the city's pipes, causing more lead to enter the water supply.
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In addition to its blue coloration, Blue Heat Snow and Ice Melter is unique because it consists of a blend of salts: calcium chloride, sodium chloride, magnesium chloride, and ferric chloride.
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"The available evidence suggests that the system is already in essence a lottery without the benefits of being random," conclude Ferric C. Fang and Arturo Casadevall, the authors of the proposal in mBio.
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" Schuette adds that, in March 2015, Veolia recommended that Flint add a chemical called ferric chloride to the water supply, which ultimately led to further corrosion of the pipes and "made a bad situation worse.
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Bik has turned her interest in image manipulation into an official parallel research stream, and she recently released a paper about this on a pre-print server with Arturo Casadevall and Ferric Fang, influential scientists and advocates for journal reform.
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Ferric Fang and Arturo Casadevall, who are researchers and journal editors, have proposed that such a system could reduce bias and increase diversity among researchers, suggesting that seniority and other factors still play too large a part in funding decisions.
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Ferric-chelate reductase (NADPH) (, ferric chelate reductase, iron chelate reductase, NADPH:Fe3+-EDTA reductase, NADPH-dependent ferric reductase, yqjH (gene)) is an enzyme with systematic name Fe(II):NADP+ oxidoreductase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction : 2 Fe(II) + 2 apo- siderophore + NADP+ \+ H+ \rightleftharpoons 2 Fe(III)-siderophore + NADPH Ferric-chelate reductase contains FAD.
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Ferric subsulfate solution is a styptic or hemostatic agent used after superficial skin biopsies. Ferric subsulfate solution is also known as basic ferric sulfate solution or Monsel's solution. It has a recognised formula published in United States Pharmacopeia 29.
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Different blueprint processes based on photosensitive ferric compounds have been used. The best known is probably a process using ammonium ferric citrate and potassium ferricyanide.. In this procedure a distinctly blue compound is formed and the process is also known as cyanotype. The paper is impregnated with a solution of ammonium ferric citrate and dried. When the paper is illuminated a photoreaction turns the trivalent (ferric) iron into divalent (ferrous) iron.
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This method has proven to be extremely popular; antistatic coatings are prepared on a commercial scale using ferric chloride. In addition to ferric chloride, other oxidizing agents. Slow addition of ferric chloride to the monomer solution produced poly(3-(4-octylphenyl)thiophene)s with approximately 94% H–T content. Precipitation of ferric chloride in situ (in order to maximize the surface area of the catalyst) produced significantly higher yields and monomer conversions than adding monomer directly to crystalline catalyst.
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Architectural drawing, 1902 Architectural drawing, Canada, 1936 The blueprint process is based on a photosensitive ferric compound. The best known is a process using ammonium ferric citrate and potassium ferricyanide.. The paper is impregnated with a solution of ammonium ferric citrate and dried. When the paper is illuminated, a photoreaction turns the trivalent ferric iron into divalent ferrous iron. The image is then developed using a solution of potassium ferricyanide forming insoluble ferroferricyanide (Prussian blue or Turnbell's blue) with the divalent iron.
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Ferric subsulfate solution is prepared from ferrous sulfate, sulfuric acid and nitric acid. It contains, per 100 mL, basic ferric sulfate equivalent to not less than 20g and not more than 22g of iron.
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Siderophores and ferric iron can associate to form stable complexes. Siderophores bind iron using a variety of ligands, most commonly as α-hydroxycarboxylates (e.g. citrate), catecholates, and hydroxamates. As a defence mechanism, siderocalin can substitute ferric bis- catechol complexes (formed under physiological conditions) with a third catechol, in order to achieve a hexacoordinate ferric complex, resulting in higher affinity binding.
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The bleach converts metallic silver into silver bromide, which is converted to soluble silver compounds in the fixer. The C-41 color negative process introduced in 1972 uses ferric EDTA. Reversal processes have used ferric EDTA at least since the introduction of the E-6 process in 1976. For Kodachrome ferric EDTA is used at least in the current K-14 process.
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Ferric oxide, commonly, though not precisely, called rust. In chemistry, iron(III) refers to the element iron in its +3 oxidation state. In ionic compounds (salts), such an atom may occur as a separate cation (positive ion) denoted by Fe3+. The adjective ferric or the prefix ferri- is often used to specify such compounds — as in "ferric chloride" for iron(III) chloride, .
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Iron(III) oxide-hydroxide or ferric oxyhydroxideA. L. Mackay (1960): "β-Ferric Oxyhydroxide". Mineralogical Magazine (Journal of the Mineralogical Society), volume 32, issue 250, pages 545-557. is the chemical compound of iron, oxygen, and hydrogen with formula .
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Hydrated iron(III) chloride (ferric chloride) The binary ferrous and ferric halides are well-known. The ferrous halides typically arise from treating iron metal with the corresponding hydrohalic acid to give the corresponding hydrated salts. :Fe + 2 HX → FeX2 \+ H2 (X = F, Cl, Br, I) Iron reacts with fluorine, chlorine, and bromine to give the corresponding ferric halides, ferric chloride being the most common. :2 Fe + 3 X2 → 2 FeX3 (X = F, Cl, Br) Ferric iodide is an exception, being thermodynamically unstable due to the oxidizing power of Fe3+ and the high reducing power of I−: :2 I− \+ 2 Fe3+ → I2 \+ 2 Fe2+ (E0 = +0.23 V) Ferric iodide, a black solid, is not stable in ordinary conditions, but can be prepared through the reaction of iron pentacarbonyl with iodine and carbon monoxide in the presence of hexane and light at the temperature of −20 °C, with oxygen and water excluded.
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Kaatialaite (Fe(H2AsO4)3·5H2O) is a ferric arsenate mineral found in Finland.
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Finally, arsenic oxide is removed when the gas is exposed to ferric hydroxide.
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The ferric reductase reaction requires NAD(P)H and FMN. This activity is intriguing, as haem cleavage in the foetus produces non-alpha isomers of biliverdin and ferric iron, both of which are substrates for flavin reductase/biliverdin-IXbeta reductase.
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Lee K. K.,Klucas R. V., Reduction of ferric leghemoglobin in soybean root nodules, Plant Physiol., 74 (1984) 984-988.Lee K. K., Shearman L. L., Ericson B. K.,Klucas R. V., Ferric leghemoglobin in plant-attached leguminous nodules., Plant Physiol.
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Cyanide has a preference to the ferric ion on methemoglobin over the ferric ion on cytochrome oxidase a3 and causes cyanide to be drawn out of the mitochondria. This causes the mitochondria to produce ATP again and stop histotoxic hypoxia.
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Kallitype is a process for making photographic prints. Patented in 1889 by W. W. J. Nicol (1855-1929), the Kallitype print is an iron-silver process. A chemical process similar to the Van Dyke brown based on the use of a combination of ferric and silver salts. While Van Dyke brown and argyrotype use ferric ammonium citrate, the light-sensitive element used for the Kallitype is ferric oxalate.
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Ammonium ferric citrate has the formula (NH4)5[Fe(C6H4O7)2]. A distinguishing feature of this compound is that it is very soluble in water, in contrast to ferric citrate which is not very soluble. In its crystal structure each citric acid moiety has lost four protons. The deprotonated hydroxyl group and two of the carboxylate groups ligate to the ferric center, while the third carboxylate group coordinates with the ammonium.
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Ferric acetate removes phosphates. All chlorides are dissolved out of the residue, and titrated.
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The Becher process exploits the conversion of the ferrous iron (FeO) to ferric iron (Fe2O3).
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Ferric nitrate solutions are used by jewelers and metalsmiths to etch silver and silver alloys.
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Next boil it along with cupric oxide, which precipitates only the uranic and ferric oxides.
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Iron oxide adsorption filters the water through a granular medium containing ferric oxide. Ferric oxide has a high affinity for adsorbing dissolved metals such as arsenic. The iron oxide medium eventually becomes saturated, and must be replaced. The sludge disposal is a problem here too.
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Iron(III) nitrate, or ferric nitrate, is the chemical compound with the formula Fe(NO3)3.
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Also exciting was the synthesis of a "molecular ferric wheel" by Kingsley Taft, the first wheel structure to be observed in self-assembled polymetallic chemistry. A nearly perfect circle containing ten ferric ions, the structure spontaneously assembled in methanolic solutions of diiron(III) oxo complexes, which were being studied to better understand polyiron oxo protein cores like those of hemerythrin. Although no particular use is known for the ferric wheel, it and subsequent ring-shaped homometallic molecular clusters are of interest as a subclass of molecular magnets. Another novel complex was a "ferric triple-decker", containing three parallel triangular iron units and a triple bridge of six citrate ligands.
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Aqueous solutions of ferric chloride are characteristically yellow, in contrast to the pale pink solutions of [Fe(H2O)6]3+. According to spectroscopic measurements, the main species in aqueous solutions of ferric chloride are the octahedral complex [FeCl2(H2O)4]+ (stereochemistry unspecified) and the tetrahedral [FeCl4]−.
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Below 200 km deep, carbon dioxide is reduced by ferrous iron (Fe2+), forming diamond, and ferric iron (Fe3+). Even deeper pressure induced disproportionation of iron minerals produces more ferric iron, and metallic iron. The metallic iron combines with carbon to form the mineral cohenite with formula Fe3C.
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In terms of mechanism, the oxidative polymerization using ferric chloride, a radical pathway has been proposed. Proposed mechanisms for ferric chloride oxidative polymerizations of thiophenes. Polymerization was only observed in solvents where the catalyst was either partially or completely insoluble (chloroform, toluene, carbon tetrachloride, pentane, and hexane, and not diethyl ether, xylene, acetone, or formic acid). The polymerization may occur at the surface of solid ferric chloride.. Quantum mechanical calculations also point to a radical mechanism.
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Ferric sulphate is used to arrest pulpal bleeding by forming a sealing membrane through the agglutination of the blood proteins with ferric and sulfate ions. This metal-protein clot at the surface of the pulp may act as a barrier to external irritants. The physiological clot formation is thought to be able to minimise inflammation and internal resorption compared to calcium hydroxide. Most importantly, ferric sulphate causes minimal devitalization and subsequent preservation of the pulp tissue.
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Areas of use for FAS include waste water treatment,Wiley Encyclopedia of inorganic chemistry: Volume 4, p. 1704: tanning, production of dyestuffs, and as an etching agent in the production of electronic components.Chen et al.: United States Patent 5518131 – "Etching molydbenum with ferric sulfate and ferric ammonium sulfate" It has been used in a wide area of applications, including adiabatic refrigeration equipment,Grant W. Wilson, Peter T. Timbie: "Construction techniques for adiabatic demagnetization refrigerators using ferric ammonium alum".
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RyhB nucleotides that participate in the interaction are in bold. RyhB RNA is a 90 nucleotide RNA that down-regulates a set of iron-storage and iron-using proteins when iron is limiting; it is itself negatively regulated by the ferric uptake repressor protein, Fur (Ferric uptake regulator).
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Under such conditions, oxidized soil components (e.g., nitrate, ferric oxide) are reduced. Depletion of ferric oxide removes the brownish colour common to many soils, leaving them grey. As the soil dries and oxygen re-enters, the reduced iron may be oxidized locally to bright yellow-brown spots (mottles).
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Heme-containing transmembrane ferric reductase domains (FRD) are found in both bacterial and eukaryotic proteins including ferric reductases (FRE), and NADPH oxidases (NOX). Bacteria contain FRD proteins consisting only of a ferric reductase domain, such as YedZ and short FRE proteins. Full length FRE and NOX enzymes are mostly found in eukaryotes and possess a dehydrogenase domain, allowing them to catalyze electron transfer from cytosolic NADPH to extracellular metal ions (FRE) or oxygen (NOX). Metazoa possess YedZ-related STEAP proteins.
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Alkaline sulfates decompose barium ferrate that has not been dried, forming barium sulfate, ferric hydroxide and oxygen gas.
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"SONAX Xtreme Wheel Cleaner" Safety data sheet Ferrous iron combines with thioglycolate to form red-violet ferric thioglycolate.
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Citrate anions are released by plant roots and some microorganisms in order to extract iron from insoluble compounds in the soil, such as ferric hydroxide, and form soluble ferric citrates that can be absorbed by the organism. Ferric citrate is used in medicine to regulate the blood levels of iron in patients with chronic kidney disease on dialysis. It acts by forming an insoluble compound with phosphate present in the diet and thus reducing its uptake by the digestive system.Julia B. Lewis, Mohammed Sika, Mark J. Koury, and others (2015): "Ferric Citrate Controls Phosphorus and Delivers Iron in Patients on Dialysis", Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, volume 26, issue 2, pages 493-503.
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127: The nitric and sulfuric acid is reacted with the ferrous sulfate to make ferric sulfate, nitric oxide, and water. The ferric sulfate is mixed with ammonium sulfate and crystallized to get ammonium iron(III) sulfate. The solution is normally tested to ensure that no more iron(II) is left.
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The spectra is similar to that of carbonaceous chondrites, with characteristics of ferric oxides and little or no hydrated minerals.
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Likewise, ferric oxides in the form of crystalline grey hematite that probably required water for its formation have been found.
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Lupin LR is a flavoprotein with a molecular mass of 60 kDa and its activity is specific for NADH. In 1984 Klucas and collaboratorsSaari L. L.,Klucas R. V., Ferric leghemoglobin reductase from soybean root nodules, Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 231 (1984) 102-113. purified a protein with ferric Lb reductase (FLbR) activity from soybean nodules.
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MT-CO1 may be involved in the development of acquired idiopathic sideroblastic anemia. Mutations in mitochondrial DNA can cause respiratory chain dysfunction, preventing reduction of ferric iron to ferrous iron, which is required for the final step in mitochondrial biosynthesis of heme. The result is a ferric accumulation in mitochondria and insufficient heme production.
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Type I, or IEC I, ferric or 'normal' cassettes were historically the first, the most common and the least expensive; they dominated the prerecorded cassette market. Magnetic layer of a ferric tape consists of around 30% synthetic binder and 70% magnetic powder - acicular (oblong, needle-like) particles of gamma ferric oxide (γ-Fe2O3), with a length of to . Each particle of such size contains a single magnetic domain. The powder was and still is manufactured in bulk by chemical companies specializing in mineral pigments for the paint industry.
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Ferric magnetic layers have brown colour, its shade and intensity depending mostly on the size of particles. Type I tapes must be recorded with 'normal' (low) bias flux and replayed with time constant. Over time, ferric oxide technology developed continuously, with new, superior generations emerging around every five year. Cassettes of various periods and price points can be sorted into three distinct groups: basic coarse-grained tapes; advanced fine- grained, or microferric, tapes; and highest-grade ferricobalt tapes, having ferric oxide particles encapsulated in a thin layer of cobalt-iron compound.
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FAS can be prepared by crystallization from a solution of ferric sulfate and ammonium sulfate. Iron(II) in ferrous sulfate is oxidized to Iron(III) in ferric sulfate by addition of sulfuric and nitric acid. Upon addition of ammonium sulfate to the solution and damping in of the solution, ferric ammonium sulfate crystals will precipitate. Oxidation: 6 FeSO4 \+ 2 HNO3 \+ 3 H2SO4 = 3 Fe2(SO4)3 \+ 2 NO + 4 H2O Synthesis: Fe2(SO4)3 \+ (NH4)2SO4 = 2 NH4Fe(SO4)2 ProcedureHecht, Horstmar: Prãparative Anorganische Chemie, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1951. p.
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When hydrogen sulfide (H2S) (or sulfide ions) and ferric ions combine in the blood, the blood is incapable of carrying oxygen.
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Retrieved December 28, 2017. The red color of the rocks is due to the presence of ferric oxide.Van Houten, Franklin (1973).
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The method stains mostly iron in the ferric state which includes ferritin and hemosiderin, rather than iron in the ferrous state.
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The magnetism of ferric compounds is mainly determined by the five d-electrons, and the ligands that connect to those orbitals.
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The liquid is next pumped into the settlers, in which it deposits its ferric and aluminic oxides and sulphate of lime.
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The electrical connections of high-pressure sodium vapour lamps, the light yellow lamps for street lighting, are made of niobium alloyed with 1% of zirconium.stahl und eisen 130 (2010), Vol. 2, p. 16 Historically, some television cathode ray tubes were made by using ferric steel for the funnel and glass matched in expansion to ferric steel.
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Ferric sulphate has been shown to have close to a 100% clinical success compared to formocresol (77%) with 1-year follow-up.
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The objects are immersed in a 20% aqueous solution of ferric chloride and then rinsed, dried and waxed or varnished, when colored.
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The primary commercial use of iron(III) fluoride in the production of ceramics."Ferric Fluoride." CAMEO Chemicals. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Web.
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Bromine is trapped with iron turnings to give a solution of ferric bromide. Treatment with more iron metal converted the ferric bromide to ferrous bromide via comproportionation. Where desired, free bromine may be obtained by thermal decomposition of ferrous bromide. Before Dow got into the bromine business, brine was evaporated by heating with wood scraps and then crystallized sodium chloride was removed.
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Calcination is thermal decomposition of a material. Examples include decomposition of hydrates such as ferric hydroxide to ferric oxide and water vapor. The decomposition of calcium carbonate to calcium oxide and carbon dioxide as well as iron carbonate to iron oxide: :CaCO3 → CaO + CO2 Calcination processes are carried out in a variety of furnaces, including shaft furnaces, rotary kilns, and fluidized bed reactors.
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There are various types of lacquerware. The cinnabar-red is highly regarded. Unpigmented lacquer is dark brown but the most common colors of urushiol finishes are black and red, from powdered iron oxide pigments of ferrous-ferric oxide (magnetite) and ferric oxide (rust), respectively. Lacquer is painted on with a brush and is cured in a warm and humid environment.
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Ferric maltol acts as a source of iron, which is essential for oxygen transport in the blood and other processes in the human body.
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Biphasic neutralization water treatment is a two-step process. Phase I raises the pH of the outflow to the point that iron precipitates out of solution as ferric hydroxide and arsenic co-precipitates with the ferric hydroxide. This sludge is then removed and disposed of at an appropriate hazardous waste facility. In Phase II the pH of the effluent is raised again and additional metals precipitate.
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Treatment of ferrocyanide with ferric-containing salts gives the intensely coloured pigment Prussian blue (sometimes called ferric ferrocyanide and ferrous ferricyanide). Ferrocyanide may undergo oxidation, resulting in ferricyanide: :[Fe(CN)6]4− ⇌ [Fe(CN)6]3− \+ e− This conversion can be followed spectroscopically at 420 nm, since ferrocyanide has negligible absorption at this wavelength while ferricyanide has an extinction coefficient of 1040 M−1 cm−1.
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ROS may be useful in the oxidation or reduction of necessary or toxic metals. Since iron is necessary for phytoplankton growth, the auto- reduction of reactive oxygen species may be a way for algae to get usable iron from free or organically bound ferric iron. For instance, Cakman et al. showed that ROS may increase the amount of iron available through extracellular ferric reduction.
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Above the dense layer are thick clouds, consisting mainly of sulfuric acid, which is formed by sulfur dioxide and water through a chemical reaction resulting in sulfuric acid hydrate. Additionally, the atmosphere consists of approximately 1% ferric chloride. Other possible constituents of the cloud particles are ferric sulfate, aluminium chloride and phosphoric anhydride. Clouds at different levels have different compositions and particle size distributions.
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The third, best performing class of ferric tapes is made of fine ferric particles encapsulated in a thin layer of cobalt-iron mix, similar in composition to cobalt ferrite. The first cobalt-doped cassettes, introduced by 3M in 1971, had exceptionally high sensitivity and MOL for the period, and were an even match for contemporary chromium dioxide tapes \- hence the trade name superferrics. Of many competing cobalt-doping technologies, the most widespread was low-temperature encapsulation of ferric oxide in aqueous solution of cobalt salts with subsequent drying at 100150°C. Encapsulated microferric particles retain needle-like shape and can be tightly packed into uniform anisotropic layers.
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Krynine (1950) suggested that the red beds were primarily formed by the erosion and redeposition of red soils or older red beds, but a fundamental problem with this hypothesis is the relative scarcity of red-colored source sediments of suitable age close to an area of red-bed sediments in Cheshire, England. Van Houten (1961) developed the idea to include the in situ (early diagenetic) reddening of the sediment by the dehydration of brown or drab colored ferric hydroxides. These ferric hydroxides commonly include goethite (FeO-OH) and so-called "amorphous ferric hydroxide" or limonite. Much of this material may be the mineral ferrihydrite (Fe2O3 H2O).
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Ferric nitrate is the catalyst of choice for the synthesis of sodium amide from a solution of sodium in ammonia: As of 2007, 22 other entries describe similar preparations in Organic Syntheses : 2 NH3 \+ 2 Na -> 2 NaNH2 \+ H2 Certain clays impregnated with ferric nitrate have been shown to be useful oxidants in organic synthesis. For example, ferric nitrate on Montmorillonite—a reagent called "Clayfen"—has been employed for the oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes and thiols to disulfides.Cornélis, A. Laszlo, P.; Zettler, M. W. "Iron(III) Nitrate–K10 Montmorillonite Clay" in Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis (Ed: L. Paquette) 2004, J. Wiley & Sons, New York. .
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A common oxidation example is when a natural ferrous iron mineral such as pyrite is oxidized to form goethite or other ferric iron hydroxides or sulfates.
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The composition of the soil corresponds to the type of euphoric Planosol and haplic Feozem as dominant; and the type of ferric Luvisol as an associate.
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Iron(III) oxyhydroxide precipitates from solutions of iron(III) salts at pH between 6.5 and 8.Tim Grundl and Jim Delwiche (1993): "Kinetics of ferric oxyhydroxide precipitation". Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, volume 14, issue 1, pages 71-87. . Thus the oxyhydroxide can be obtained in the lab by reacting an iron(III) salt, such as ferric chloride or ferric nitrate, with sodium hydroxide:K. H. Gayer and Leo Woontner (1956): "The Solubility of Ferrous Hydroxide and Ferric Hydroxide in Acidic and Basic Media at 25°". Journal of Physical Chemistry, volume 60, issue 11, pages 1569–1571. : + 3 NaOH → + 3 NaCl : + 3 NaOH → + 3 In fact, when dissolved in water, pure will hydrolyze to some extent, yielding the oxyhydroxide and making the solution acidic: : + 2 ↔ + 3 Therefore, the compound can also be obtained by the decomposition of acidic solutions of iron(III) chloride held near the boiling point for days or weeks:Egon Matijević and Paul Scheiner (1978): "Ferric hydrous oxide sols: III. Preparation of uniform particles by hydrolysis of Fe(III)-chloride, -nitrate, and -perchlorate solutions". Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, volume 63, issue 3, pages 509-524.
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The anhydrous material is a powerful dehydrating agent. The formation of ferric fluoride may have been responsible for the explosion of a cylinder of hydrogen fluoride gas.
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Sulfuric acid is commonly added to solutions to reduce oxidation to ferric iron. It is used in the Fricke's dosemeter to measure high doses of gamma rays.
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Propyl amine hydrochloride can be prepared by reacting 1-propanol with ammonium chloride at high temperature and pressure using a Lewis acid catalyst such as ferric chloride.
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Methylotrophs such as Methylophilus oxidize compounds such as methanol into carbon dioxide and are key to the carbon cycle. Gallionella and Ferriphaselus oxidise ferric iron (Fe3+) ions into ferric hydroxide (Fe(OH)3) during autotrophic growth, and thus have roles in the carbon cycle and the iron cycle. As such, the Nitrosomonadales are critical to biogeochemical cycling of the elements and many species have key roles in principal biochemical processes.
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Hering worked closely with the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power to mitigate the arsenic in their watershed. She has continued to study arsenic contamination of water and ways to remove arsenic from drinking water. She identified that it was possible to remove arsenic from water using coagulation with ferric oxide and alum. Complete removal of Arsenic(V) oxide could be achieved after doses of 5 mg/L Ferric oxide.
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Ferrous iron is a soluble form of iron that is stable at extremely low pHs or under anaerobic conditions. Under aerobic, moderate pH conditions ferrous iron is oxidized spontaneously to the ferric () form and is hydrolyzed abiotically to insoluble ferric hydroxide (). There are three distinct types of ferrous iron-oxidizing microbes. The first are acidophiles, such as the bacteria Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans and Leptospirillum ferrooxidans, as well as the archaeon Ferroplasma.
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Ferric citrate or iron(III) citrate describes any of several complexes of trivalent iron () and any of several conjugate bases derived from citric acid. Most of these complexes are orange or red-brown solid, slightly soluble in hot water yielding an orange or orange-yellow solution at pH < 2.0. The solution becomes green at pH > 2.0. Ferric citrates play important roles in the metabolism of iron by living organisms.
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1,2-Naphthoquinone or ortho-naphthoquinone is a polycyclic aromatic organic compound with formula . This yellow solid is prepared by oxidation of 1-amino-2-hydroxynaphthalene with ferric chloride.
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Chauntecleer's redemption finally comes to him in the form of a coyote named Ferric, who has come to find food for his newborn children. Upon finding Chauntecleer's kingdom, he integrates himself and begins taking sufficient provisions for his family. Ferric does this a few more times before he and Chauntecleer actually communicate. He learns about the coyote's home, his children and wife, and the bird with no tongue. When he inquires the name of that bird, Ferric only knows to repeat the only things that the bird can say: “Jug Jug” and “Tereu.” These are the words that Chauntecleer hears in his nightmares, which lead him to believe that the bird would know how to travel into the earth.
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The mechanism can also be inferred from the regiochemistry of the dimerization of 3-methylthiophene since C2 in [3-methylthiophene]+ has the highest spin density. 3-methylthiophene A carbocation mechanism is inferred from the structure of 3-(4-octylphenyl)thiophene prepared from ferric chloride. Polymerization of thiophene can be effected by a solution of ferric chloride in acetonitrile. The kinetics of thiophene polymerization also seemed to contradict the predictions of the radical polymerization mechanism.
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When enterobactin binds ferric iron, this both alters the 3-dimensional conformation of the molecule and changes the charge from neutral to negative 3. The FepA binding site, formed by the extracellular loops, is composed of positively charged amino acids. The combination of charge-specificity and size restriction of the barrel makes FepA import highly specific for ferric-enterobactin. The mechanism of transport has been described as similar to an air lock.
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The Van Dyke brown process was patented in Germany in 1895 by Arndt and Troost. It was originally called many different names, such as sepia print or brown print. It has even been called kallitype, however that process uses ferric oxalate instead of ferric ammonium citrate. Concerns have been voiced about the archival qualities of the Van Dyke brown print due to the fact that many early Van Dyke brown prints did not last long.
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The process can be done in open trays but is much more effective if the etchant (often ferric chloride) is sprayed onto the metal. When ferric chloride is used as the etchant, no metal parts other than titanium can be used in the etching equipment. Decorative engraving is often filled by spray-painting then sanding to remove the paint from the raised parts of the engraving. Another method produces a deep engraving with sloped shoulders.
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A wide range of Fe(III)-bearing minerals have been observed to function as terminal electron acceptors, including magnetite, hematite, goethite, lepidocrocite, ferrihydrite, hydrous ferric oxide, smectite, illite, jarosite, among others.
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Hemin (haemin; ferric chloride heme) is an iron-containing porphyrin with chlorine that can be formed from a heme group, such as heme B found in the hemoglobin of human blood.
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Luan P., Aréchaga-Ocampo E., Sarath G., Arredondo-Peter R.,Klucas R. V., Analysis of a ferric leghemoglobin reductase from cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) root nodules., Plant Sci., 154 (2000) 161-170.
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A reaction mixture containing 1 ml of 0.05% O -Phenanthroline in methanol, 2 ml ferric chloride (200 M) and 2 ml of various concentrations ranging from 10 to 1000 g was incubated at room temperature for 10 min and the absorbance of the same was measured at 510 nm. EDTA was used as a classical metal chelator. The experiment was performed in triplicates. The ferric reducing activity of date seed extract was estimated based on the method of Benzie and Strain (1999). The FRAP reagent was prepared by mixing 50 ml of acetate buffer (0.3 M) at pH 3.6, 5 ml of tripyridyltriazine (TPTZ) solution 10 mM prepared in HCl (40 mM) and 5 ml of ferric chloride solution (FeCl3) (20 mM).
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Aside from their synthetic utility, P450 enzymes have also been engineered to better understand their biochemistry. Based on the proposed catalytic cycle, an axially ligated thiolate moiety (cysteine) donates electron density to the metal center aiding in protonation of a ferric-peroxo anion intermediate (−O-O-Fe3+) which upon water lose generates a C-H bond reactive iron-oxo species (O=Fe4+). Alternatively, if the ferric-peroxo anion remains un-protonated, this reactive species can mediate C-C bond cleavage in aldehyde-containing substrates (deformylation). In order to better understand intermediate dichotomy between the ferric-peroxo anion and iron-oxo species, CYP125 (which is responsible various metabolic processes including cholesterol degradation) was engineered to replace the axial ligated cysteine residue with selenocysteine (SeCYP125).
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Ceruloplasmin also oxidizes iron from its ferrous state to the ferric form that is required for iron binding. Impairment in these copper dependent enzymes that transport iron may cause the secondary iron deficiency anemia. Another speculation for the cause of anemia is involving the mitochondrial enzyme cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV in the electron transport chain). Studies have shown that animal models with impaired cytochrome c oxidase failed to synthesize heme from ferric iron at the normal rate.
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Platinum printing is based on the light sensitivity of ferric oxalate. Ferric oxalate is reduced to ferrous oxalate by UV-light. The ferrous oxalate then reacts with platinum(II) or palladium(II) reducing it to elemental platinum (or palladium), which builds up the image. By varying the amount of platinum versus palladium and the addition of oxidizing chemicals such as hydrogen peroxide and potassium dichromate or potassium chlorate, the contrast and "color" of the final image can be modified.
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Ceruloplasmin is an enzyme () synthesized in the liver containing 6 atoms of copper in its structure. Ceruloplasmin carries more than 95% of the total copper in healthy human plasma. The rest is accounted for by macroglobulins. Ceruloplasmin exhibits a copper-dependent oxidase activity, which is associated with possible oxidation of Fe2+ (ferrous iron) into Fe3+ (ferric iron), therefore assisting in its transport in the plasma in association with transferrin, which can carry iron only in the ferric state.
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Franklinite is an oxide mineral belonging to the normal spinel subgroup's iron (Fe) series, with the formula ZnFe3+2O4. As with another spinel member magnetite, both ferrous (2+) and ferric (3+) iron may be present in Franklinite samples. Divalent iron and/or manganese (Mn) may commonly accompany zinc (Zn) and trivalent manganese may substitute for some ferric iron. At its type locality, Franklinite can be found with a wide array of minerals, many of which are fluorescent.
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Bog ore often combines goethite, magnetite, and vugs or stained quartz. Oxidation may occur through enzyme catalysis by iron bacteria. It is not clear whether the magnetite precipitates upon first contact with oxygen, then oxidizes to ferric compounds, or whether the ferric compounds are reduced when exposed to anoxic conditions upon burial beneath the sediment surface and reoxidized upon exhumation at the surface. Bog iron, like other hydrous iron oxides, has a specific affinity for heavy metals.
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The same is valid for a combination cassette tape, the FeCr variant, on which a thicker ferric layer was covered by a thinner chrome layer. The idea behind this was that at lower frequencies and higher head currents the ferric layer would be more deeply magnetized, while at higher frequencies only the top Cr layer was active. In practice, this didn't work well, and some claimed that this thin chrome layer was quickly polished off in heavy use.
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The objects are immersed in a 20% aqueous solution of ferric chloride for 20 minutes. After the desired color has been reached, the objects must be washed, dried and waxed or varnished.
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Before the water enters the clarifier, coagulation and flocculation reagents, such as polyelectrolytes and ferric sulfate,Brentwood Industries, Inc. (2013). "Tube Settler Systems For Clarification." Accessed 14 October 2013. can be added.
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Twenty-three healing mineral springs of excellent-quality acidulous water, sulphur-ferric peat, and natural hot springs of gas have been used for the treatment vascular diseases and heart and gynaecological disorders.
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Gallium has no known natural role in biology. Gallium(III) behaves in a similar manner to ferric salts in biological systems and has been used in some medical applications, including pharmaceuticals and radiopharmaceuticals.
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Robinson, G.M.; Robinson, R. Biochem., 1934, 1687-1720. They studied these pigments by comparing color distributions in immiscible solutions after reactions with alkalis or ferric chloride.Robinson, G.M.; Robinson, R. Biochem., 1931, 1687-1705.
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Mariprofundus ferrooxydans is a neutrophilic, chemolithotrophic, Gram-negative bacterium which can grow by oxidising ferrous to ferric iron. It is one of the few members of the class Zetaproteobacteria in the phylum Proteobacteria.
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Hemin is protoporphyrin IX containing a ferric iron (Fe3+) ion with a coordinating chloride ligand. Chemically, hemin differs from the related heme-compound hematin chiefly in that the coordinating ion is a chloride ion in hemin, whereas the coordinating ion is a hydroxide ion in hematin. The iron ion in haem is ferrous (Fe2+), whereas it is ferric (Fe3+) in both hemin and hematin. Hemin is endogenously produced in the human body, for example during the turnover of old red blood cells.
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The darkening process of the ink is due to the oxidation of the iron ions from ferrous (Fe2+) to ferric (Fe3+) state by atmospheric oxygen. For that reason, the liquid ink needs to be stored in a well-stoppered bottle, and often becomes unusable after a time. The ferric ions react with the tannic acid or some derived compound (possibly gallic acid or pyrogallol) to form a polymeric organometallic compound. While a very effective ink, the formula was less than ideal.
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Ferric maltol was approved for medical use in the European Union in February 2016. Ferric maltol was approved for medical use in the United States in July 2019, based on evidence from three clinical trials (trial 1, trial 2, and trial 3). All 295 participants had low iron stores in the body and consequent iron deficiency anemia. In the first two trials low iron was caused by participants' inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and in the last trial, by long standing (chronic) kidney disease.
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The 2019 edition featured Oil Wars by Philiac, Jay Reatard's Blood Visions, Old LP by that dog., and Midi Swamp from Dr. Dog but print runs were curtailed by a shortage of ferric oxide.
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The iron is oxidized to ferric hydroxide upon encountering the oxidizing environment of the surface. A large number of these springs and seeps on the flood plain provide the iron for bog iron deposits.
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The image is then developed using a solution of potassium ferricyanide forming insoluble ferroferricyanide (Turnbull's blue identical to Prussian blue) with the divalent iron. Excess ammonium ferric citrate and potassium ferricyanide are then washed away.
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The methods used to reveal the Widmanstätten pattern on iron meteorites vary. Most commonly, the slice is ground and polished, cleaned, etched with a chemical such as nitric acid or ferric chloride, washed, and dried.
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MTA has a high rate of success and has been shown to perform equal or better than formocresol or ferric sulfate. However, the cost, availability and difficulty in handling this material remains its current drawback.
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Potassium nitrite reacts at an extremely slow rate with a liquid ammonia solution of potassium amide at room temperatures, and in the presence of ferric oxide or cobaltic oxide, to form nitrogen and potassium hydroxide.
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Owing to very 'clean', uniform shape of the particles, chrome tapes easily attain almost perfect squareness ratio of 0.90. 'True chromes', not modified by addition of ferric additives or coatings, have very low and euphonic hiss (bias noise), and very low modulation noise at treble frequencies. Double-layer CrO2 cassettes have the lowest absolute noise among all audio formulations; these cassettes generate less noise at than a ferric tape at . Sensitivity is usually also very high, but MOL is low, on par with basic Type I tapes.
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Ferric sulfate and jarosite have been detected by three martian rovers Curiosity, Spirit and Opportunity. These substances are indicative of strongly oxidizing conditions prevailing at the surface of Mars. In May 2009, the Spirit rover became stuck when it drove over a patch of soft ferric sulfate that had been hidden under a veneer of normal-looking soil. Because iron sulfate has very little cohesion, the rover's wheels could not gain sufficient traction to pull the body of the rover out of the iron sulfate patch.
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A 1,4-dihydropyridine dicarboxylate is also called a 1,4-DHP compound or a Hantzsch compound. These compounds are an important class of calcium channel blockers and as such commercialized in for instance nifedipine, amlodipine or nimodipine. The reaction has been demonstrated to proceed in water as reaction solvent and with direct aromatization by ferric chloride, manganese dioxide or potassium permanganate in a one-pot synthesis. Hantzsch reaction with ammonium acetate, ethyl acetoacetate, formaldehyde and ferric chloride The Hantzsch dihydropyridine synthesis is found to benefit from microwave chemistry.
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Regardless of the precise mechanism of oxidation, the oxidation of ferrous to ferric iron likely caused the iron to precipitate out as a ferric hydroxide gel. Similarly, the silica component of the banded iron formations likely precipitated as a hydrous silica gel. The conversion of iron hydroxide and silica gels to banded iron formation is an example of diagenesis, the conversion of sediments into solid rock. Banded iron formations most likely formed from sediments with nearly the same chemical composition as is found in the BIFs today.
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The reaction is used in a chemical test for the detection of aldehydes in combination with ferric chloride. In this test a few drops of aldehyde containing specimen is dissolved in ethanol, the sulfonamide is added together with some sodium hydroxide solution and then the solution is acidified to Congo red. An added drop of ferric chloride will turn the solution an intense red when aldehyde is present. The sulfonamide can be prepared by reaction of hydroxylamine and benzenesulfonyl chloride in ethanol with potassium metal.
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It is common for medium active wastes in the nuclear industry to be treated with ion exchange or other means to concentrate the radioactivity into a small volume. The much less radioactive bulk (after treatment) is often then discharged. For instance, it is possible to use a ferric hydroxide floc to remove radioactive metals from aqueous mixtures. After the radioisotopes are absorbed onto the ferric hydroxide, the resulting sludge can be placed in a metal drum before being mixed with cement to form a solid waste form.
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In 1992, Sony released the NT memo recording system, which employs a small cassette for digital recording. Micro and mini cassettes. Microcassettes equalisation time constant: Type I (Ferric) at 200μs and Type IV (Metal) at 120μs.
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Oxalic acid and oxalates can be oxidized by permanganate in an autocatalytic reaction. One of the main applications of oxalic acid is rust-removal, which arises because oxalate forms water-soluble derivatives with the ferric ion.
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Perls did not publish a detailed procedure other than indicating a dilute potassium ferrocyanide solution was applied to the tissue followed by hydrochloric acid. Ferric iron deposits in tissue (present mostly as ferric iron within the storage protein ferritin) then react with the soluble ferrocyanide in the stain to form the insoluble Prussian blue pigment (a complex hydrated ferric ferrocyanide substance). These deposits are then visualizable microscopically as blue or purple deposits. Many methods of performing Perls Prussian blue stain for iron have been published, Drury and Wallington (1980) give a protocol that uses a mixture of 1 part 2% hydrochloric acid and 1 part 2% potassium ferrocyanide that is applied to the section for 20–30 minutes followed by a rinse in distilled water and application of a counterstain such as eosin, safranin or neutral red.
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Some decomposition of the ferric oxalate may occur during the process, resulting in the canary-yellow insoluble iron(II) oxalate. Small amounts of hydrogen peroxide may be added to keep the iron in the 3+ oxidation state.
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The site is typical of the Canadian Shield highlands, with elevations ranging from . Rocks are paragneiss, amphibolites and granites. Surface deposits are mainly tills. Soils include Dystric Brunisols, Humo-Ferric podzols and lithosols on the rocky ridges.
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Proponents claim that Sinaia has a refreshing and stimulating climate that is beneficial to the human body. There are also some mineral springs in Câinelui Valley that have sulphur-ferric mineral water and contain other soluble minerals.
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Organisms require iron for a variety of chemical reactions. Although iron can be found throughout the biosphere, free ferric iron forms insoluble hydroxides at physiological pH, limiting its accessibility in aerobic conditions to living organisms. In order to preserve homeostasis, organisms have evolved specific protein networks, with proteins and receptors translated in accordance with intracellular iron levels. Export and import are supplemented by a cycling process between the ferrous Fe(II) available in the reducing environment of the cell, and ferric Fe(III) found primarily under aerobic conditions.
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Ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP, also Ferric ion reducing antioxidant power) is an antioxidant capacity assay that uses Trolox as a standard. The FRAP assay was first performed by Iris Benzie and J. J. Strain of the Human Nutrition Research Group at the University of Ulster, Coleraine. The method is based on the formation of O-Phenanthroline-Fe(2+) complex and its disruption in the presence of chelating agents. This assay is often used to measure the antioxidant capacity of foods, beverages and nutritional supplements containing polyphenols.
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Escherichia coli secrets many iron-siderophore transports, but produce only one siderophore—enterobactin. The ferric enterobactin receptor FepA recognises the catecholate part of ferric enterobactin (FeEnt), and transports it across the outer membrane from the extracellular space into the periplasm. The binding is thought to be in two phases, a fast step which recognises FeEnt, and a slower step which may be the first step in translocation—preparing the complex for translocation. Both steps occur independently of the TonB–ExbB–ExbD complex and the proton motive force it provides.
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For example, the uranyl(2+) ion, , has uranium in an oxidation state of +6, so would be called a dioxouranium(VI) ion in Stock nomenclature. An even older naming system for metal cations, also still widely used, appended the suffixes -ous and -ic to the Latin root of the name, to give special names for the low and high oxidation states. For example, this scheme uses "ferrous" and "ferric", for iron(II) and iron(III) respectively, so the examples given above were classically named ferrous sulfate and ferric sulfate.
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Entry-level ferric formulations are made of pure, unmodified, coarse-grained ferric oxide. Relatively large (up to in length), irregularly-shaped oxide particles have protruding branches or dendrites; these irregularities prevent tight packing of particles, reducing iron content of the magnetic layer and, consequently, its remanence (13001400G) and maximum output level. Squareness ratio is mediocre, around 0.75, resulting in early but smooth onset of distortion. These tapes, historically sold as 'low noise', have high level of hiss and relatively low sensitivity; their optimal bias level is 1-2dB lower than that of IEC reference.
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Chemical etching is usually done with ammonium persulfate or ferric chloride. For PTH (plated-through holes), additional steps of electroless deposition are done after the holes are drilled, then copper is electroplated to build up the thickness, the boards are screened, and plated with tin/lead. The tin/lead becomes the resist leaving the bare copper to be etched away. The simplest method, used for small-scale production and often by hobbyists, is immersion etching, in which the board is submerged in etching solution such as ferric chloride.
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The iron atom in the heme group must initially be in the ferrous (Fe2+) oxidation state to support oxygen and other gases' binding and transport (it temporarily switches to ferric during the time oxygen is bound, as explained above). Initial oxidation to the ferric (Fe3+) state without oxygen converts hemoglobin into "hemiglobin" or methemoglobin, which cannot bind oxygen. Hemoglobin in normal red blood cells is protected by a reduction system to keep this from happening. Nitric oxide is capable of converting a small fraction of hemoglobin to methemoglobin in red blood cells.
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Sodium trisoxalatoferrate crystals Sodium ferrioxalate can be obtained by mixing solutions of sodium oxalate and ferric oxalate, and waiting a few hours for the brown colour of the ferric oxalate to be replaced with the green colour of the complex anion. : 3 \+ → 2 The equilibrium is attained only slowly at room temperature. The product can then be crystallized by evaporating the solution at just below boiling until small crystals appear, then allowing it to cool. The product may also be precipitated by adding methanol or ethanol to the solution.
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The 2 binding sites of transferrin. When iron saturation is high, Cr3+ can compete with Fe3+ for binding to the C-lobe. Transferrin, in addition to chromodulin has been identified as a major physiological chromium transport agent, although a recent study found that Cr3+ in fact disables transferrin from acting as a metal ion transport agent. While transferrin is highly specific for ferric ions, at normal conditions, only 30% of transferrin molecules are saturated with ferric ions, allowing for other metals, particularly those with a large charge to size ratio, to bind as well.
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In contrast to methods that require brominated monomers, the oxidative polymerization of thiophenes using ferric chloride proceeds at room temperature. The approach was reported by Sugimoto et al. in 1986. The stoichiometry is analogous to that of electropolymerization.
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Manual process takes more time but allows control over frequency response to suit the user's taste. Calibration, however, cannot remedy faults of low-grade ferric tape, which according to Robertson, "would be bad choices for the Dragon anyway".
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Xie, J.-L., Shen, X., Peng, Z., Wang, Q. (2011). Study on the phosphorus removal from the secondary effluent of AB process by ferric chloride. 5th International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering, ICBBE 2011 - ProceedingsHu, Y.-Y.
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Oxalic acid's main applications include cleaning or bleaching, especially for the removal of rust (iron complexing agent). Its utility in rust removal agents is due to its forming a stable, water-soluble salt with ferric iron, ferrioxalate ion.
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Commercially available, this compound may be prepared by oxidizing ferrocene typically with ferric salts followed by addition of fluoroboric acid. A variety of other oxidants work well also, such as nitrosyl tetrafluoroborate. Many analogous ferrocenium salts are known.
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Ferric subsulfate solution should be stored in airtight containers at a temperature above 22 degrees Celsius. Crystallization may occur at temperatures below 22 degrees. Warming the solution may redissolve the crystals. The solution should be protected from light.
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Siderophores are usually classified by the ligands used to chelate the ferric iron. The major groups of siderophores include the catecholates (phenolates), hydroxamates and carboxylates (e.g. derivatives of citric acid). Citric acid can also act as a siderophore.
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Ferric citrate can be prepared by adding a stoichiometric amount of iron(III) sulfate tetrahydrate to a solution of citric acid and sodium hydroxide at pH 3.0. The complex can be precipitated by adding ethanol to the solution.
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Poly(3-octylthiophene) dissolved in toluene can be doped by solutions of ferric chloride hexahydrate dissolved in acetonitrile, and can be cast into films with conductivities reaching 1 S/cm. Other, less common p-dopants include gold trichloride and trifluoromethanesulfonic acid.
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The description dates from 1984. As a result of this experiment being published and inquiries being made to the manufacturers, some companies have replaced the metallic iron in their products with an iron compound such as iron (III) phosphate, ferric phosphate.
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Hercynite is a spinel of regular symmetry and normal cation distribution, but some disorder occurs in its structure. It consists of ferrous (Fe2+) ions and aluminium ions (Al3+), however some ferric ions (Fe3+) may be located in the structure of hercynite.
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Ferric ammonium oxalate is the ammonium salt of the anionic trisoxalato coordination complex of iron(III). It is a precursor to iron oxides, diverse coordination polymers, and Prussian Blue. The latter behavior is relevant to the manufacture of blueprint paper.
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7 Apr. 2010. Some cross coupling reaction are catalyzed by ferric fluoride-based compounds. Specifically the coupling of biaryl compounds are catalyzed by hydrated iron(II) fluoride complexes of N-heterocyclic carbene ligands. Other metal fluorides also catalyse similar reactions.
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Iron(III) oxide is often called rust, and to some extent this label is useful, because rust shares several properties and has a similar composition; however, in chemistry, rust is considered an ill-defined material, described as hydrated ferric oxide.
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Intradiol enzymes cleave the carbon-carbon bond between the two hydroxyl groups. The active ferric center is coordinated by four protein ligands—two histidine and two tyrosinate residues—in a trigonal bipyramidal manner with a water molecule occupying the fifth coordination site. Once a catecholate substrate binds to the metal center in a bidentate fashion through the deprotonated hydroxyl groups, the ferric iron “activates” the substrate by means of abstracting an electron to produce a radical on the substrate. This then allows for reaction with dioxygen and subsequent intradiol cleavage to occur through a cyclic anhydride intermediate.
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Iron oxide adsorption is a water treatment process that is used to remove arsenic from drinking water. Arsenic is a common natural contaminant of well water and is highly carcinogenic. Iron oxide adsorption treatment for arsenic in groundwater is a commonly practiced removal process which involves the chemical treatment of arsenic species such that they adsorb onto iron oxides and create larger particles that may be filtered out of the water stream. The addition of ferric chloride, FeCl3, to well water immediately after the well at the influent to the treatment plant creates ferric hydroxide, Fe(OH)3, and hydrochloric acid, HCl.
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Ferric subsulfate (also known as Monsel's solution) is often used by Jewish burial societies (chevra kadisha) to stop post-mortem bleeding. Since Jewish burial does not allow any external skin adhesives such as bandages, tape, glue or resin, ferric subsulfate is an effective way to stop post-mortem bleeding. Most post-mortem bleeding stems from surgery, emergency room situations, autopsies or blood which may result when removing IV lines during Jewish burial preparation. A piece of cotton, or Q-tip, soaked with this solution is pressed against the open wound and held for a few seconds.
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Gallium maltolate delivers gallium with higher oral bioavailability than that of gallium salts such as gallium nitrate and gallium trichloride. In vitro studies have found gallium to be antiproliferative due primarily to its ability to mimic ferric iron (Fe3+). Ferric iron is essential for DNA synthesis, as it is present in the active site of the enzyme ribonucleotide reductase, which catalyzes the conversion of ribonucleotides to the deoxyribonucleotides required for DNA. Gallium is taken up by the rapidly proliferating cells, but it is not functional for DNA synthesis, so the cells cannot reproduce and they ultimately die by apoptosis.
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The identified Km values of isozymes I and II for NADPH are 35.9 and 13.1 μM, respectively, whereas those for NADH are 5.6 and 8.2, indicating that NADPH rather than NADH acts as the physiological electron donor in reaction. The NADPH-dependent enzyme activities are inhibited by substrate concentrations in excess of 3-4 μM. The optimum pH of the reaction with NADPH for isozymes I and II is 8.2. Flavin reductase/biliverdin-IXbeta reductase has also been shown to exhibit ferric reductase activity, with an apparent K(m) of 2.5 μM for the ferric iron.
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The DLD homodimer functions as the E3 component of the pyruvate, α-ketoglutarate, and branched-chain amino acid-dehydrogenase complexes and the glycine cleavage system, all in the mitochondrial matrix. In these complexes, DLD converts dihydrolipoic acid and NAD+ into lipoic acid and NADH. DLD also has diaphorase activity, being able to catalyze the oxidation of NADH to NAD+ by using different electron acceptors such as O2, labile ferric iron, nitric oxide, and ubiquinone. DLD is thought to have a pro-oxidant role by reducing oxygen to a superoxide or ferric to ferrous iron, which then catalyzes production of hydroxyl radicals.
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This soil in India, also known as the omnibus group, have been developed over Archaean granite, gneiss and other crystalline rocks, the sedimentaries of the Cuddapah and Vindhayan basins and mixed Dharwarian group of rocks. Their colour is mainly due to ferric oxides occurring as thin coatings on the soil particles while the iron oxide occurs as haematite or as hydrous ferric oxide, the color is red and when it occurs in the hydrate form as limonite the soil gets a yellow colour. Ordinarily the surface soils are red while the horizon below gets yellowish colour.
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During pulpotomy, the inflamed/diseased pulp tissue is removed from the coronal pulp chamber of the tooth leaving healthy pulp tissue which is dressed with a long-term clinically-successful medicament that maintains the survival of the pulp and promotes repair. There are various types of medicament placed above the vital pulp such as Buckley’s Solution of formocresol, ferric sulfate, calcium hydroxide or MTA. MTA is a more recent material used for pulpotomies with a high rate of success, better than formocresol or ferric sulfate. It is also recommended to be the preferred pulpotomy agent in the future.
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As T. ferrooxidans can grow aerobically at pH values of 1.6 to 3.5, it obtains its energy for chemolithotrophic growth on soluble ferrous ions. Rusticyanin is involved in the respiratory oxidation of ferrous ions to ferric ions, producing three protons for every ferrous ion oxidized. The mechanism of electron transfer in the respiratory oxidation pathway of Fe2+ in T. ferrooxidans is still unclear despite decades of research in this area. However, the involvement of rusticyanin in shuttling electrons from a cytochrome c2 to another cytochrome c4 during the oxidation of ferrous to ferric ions is experimentally shown.
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In enzymology, a ferric-chelate reductase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction :2 Fe(II) + NAD+ \rightleftharpoons 2 Fe(III) + NADH + H+ Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are Fe(II) and NAD+, whereas its 3 products are Fe(III), NADH, and H+. This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those oxidizing metal ion with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is Fe(II):NAD+ oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include ferric chelate reductase, iron chelate reductase, NADH:Fe3+-EDTA reductase, and NADH2:Fe3+ oxidoreductase.
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CrO2 cassette tape The crystal's magnetic properties, derived from its ideal shape such as anisotropy which imparted high coercivity and remanent magnetization intensities, resulted in exceptional stability and efficiency for short wavelengths, and it almost immediately appeared in high performance audio tape used in audio cassette for which treble response and hiss were always problems. Unlike the imperfectly formed ferric oxide coating commonly used, the chromium dioxide crystals were perfectly formed and could be evenly and densely dispersed in a magnetic coating leading to higher signal/noise ratios in audio recordings. Chrome tapes did, however, require audio cassette recorders to be equipped with a higher bias current capability (roughly 50% greater) than that used by ferric oxide to properly magnetize the tape particles. Also introduced was a new equalization (70 μs) that traded some of the extended high-frequency response for lower noise resulting in a 5–6 dB improvement in signal-to-noise ratio over ferric-oxide audio tapes.
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When the biomass enriched in these bacteria is separated from the treated water, these biosolids have a high fertilizer value. Phosphorus removal can also be achieved by chemical precipitation, usually with salts of iron (e.g. ferric chloride), aluminum (e.g. alum), or lime.
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Iron-oxidizing bacteria can pose an issue for the management of water-supply wells, as they can produce insoluble ferric oxide, which appears as brown gelatinous slime that will stain plumbing fixtures, and clothing or utensils washed with the water carrying it.
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The reduction of cytochrome P450 is not the only physiological function of POR. The final step of heme oxidation by mammalian heme oxygenase requires POR and O2. In yeast, POR affects the ferrireductase activity, probably transferring electrons to the flavocytochrome ferric reductase.
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Iron(III) bromide is the chemical compound with the formula FeBr3. Also known as ferric bromide, this red-brown odorless compound is used as a Lewis acid catalyst in the halogenation of aromatic compounds. It dissolves in water to give acidic solutions.
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Ferric bromide is occasionally used as an oxidant in organic chemistry, e.g. for the conversion of alcohols to ketones. It is used as a Lewis acidic catalyst for bromination of aromatic compounds. For the latter applications, it is often generated in situ.
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In intravascular hemolysis, hemoglobin is released and binds with haptoglobin. This causes haptoglobin levels to decrease. Once haptoglobin is saturated, free hemoglobin readily distributes to tissues where it might be exposed to oxidative conditions. In such conditions, heme can be released from ferric hemoglobin.
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Some of the micro fossils have ferric or silica filling. Others being completely vitrified. Non-plastic material also makes up for about 2-18% of the volume of tegulae. This includes larger and smaller forms of basalt, quartz, chalk, fossil shells, and terra rosa.
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A serving size of of naem has 185 kilocalories, protein, fat, and carbohydrate. According to the "Industrialization of Thai Nham" by Warawut Krusong of the King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang vitamins B1 and B2, ferric iron, and phosphorus were present in naem, quantities unspecified.
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These compounds are more soluble because they are more mobile. Fe3+ is the ferric form of iron. This form of iron is very stable structurally because its valence electron shell is half filled.Leeder, Mike, 2006, Sedimentology and Sedimentary Basins, Blackwell Publishing, Malden, MA, pp.
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Examples of antioxidants include flavonoids, whose antioxidant activity is greatly increased with more hydroxyl groups.Firuzi, Omidreza, et al. "Evaluation of the antioxidant activity of flavonoids by “ferric reducing antioxidant power” assay and cyclic voltammetry." Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects 1721.1 (2005): 174-184.
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Trivalent or ferric iron, or titanium4+ may replace some of the aluminum (Al). Fluorine and chlorine are common substitutes for the hydroxyl (OH) in amphoboles. Other chemical impurites may include calcium, sodium, and potassium. Gedrite also forms a series with another ferromagnesian amphibole, anthophyllite.
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Bayley, J. 1992. Non- Ferrous Metalworking at 16–22 Coppergate. The Archaeology of York 17/7. London:CBA The pinkish-purple discolouration of the vessels showed them to have been used with the salt cementation process which removes iron from the clay as ferric chloride.
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Treatment with peracetic acid gives 3,4-caranediol. Pyrolysis over ferric oxide induces rearrangement, giving p-cymene. Carene is used in the perfume industry and as a chemical intermediate. Because carene can be found in cannabis naturally, it can also be found in cannabis distillates.
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While use during pregnancy may harm the baby, not using it in methemoglobinemia is likely more dangerous. Methylene blue is a thiazine dye. It works by converting the ferric iron in hemoglobin to ferrous iron. Methylene blue was first prepared in 1876, by Heinrich Caro.
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3 Although not as rapid-acting as ferric EDTA, its effects are longer- lasting. It can be mixed with compost and dug into the soil to create a store which can last for years. It is also used as a lawn conditioner, and moss killer.
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The object is coated with a 5% aqueous solution of ferric chloride. After 24 hours it is rubbed with a coarse cloth or finest steel wool. Subsequently, the process is repeated at least 3 times. Finally, the material must be wiped with a greasy cloth.
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Ferrichrome is a siderophore, which are metal chelating agents that have a low molecular mass and are produced by microorganisms and plants growing under low iron conditions. The main function of siderophores is to chelate ferric iron (Fe3+) from insoluble minerals from the environment and make it available for microbial and plant cells. Iron is important in biological functions as it acts as a catalyst in enzymatic processes, as well as for electron transfer, DNA and RNA synthesis, and oxygen metabolism. Although iron is the fourth most abundant element in the earth’s crust, bioavailability of iron in aerobic environments is low due to formation of insoluble ferric hydroxides.
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The ferric ion pictured is bound by 3 catechol groups, as happens with the molecule enterobactin Using X-ray crystallography the structure of FepA was found to be a 724-residue 22-stranded β-barrel. The extracellular side of the barrel contains loops that act as high-affinity and high-specificity ligand-binding sites for ferric- enterobactin. The N-terminus forms a smaller plug domain inside the hydrophilic barrel, effectively closing the pore. Studies of FhuA, a similar TonB-dependent outer membrane transporter, show that the interaction of the N-terminus domain to the inner walls of the pore is strengthened by nine salt- bridges and over 60 hydrogen bonds.
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CrO2 tape does not tolerate overload: onset of distortion is sharp and dissonant, so recording levels should be set conservatively, well below MOL. At low frequencies, MOL of CrO2 tapes rolls off faster than in ferric or metal tapes, hence the reputation of 'bass shyness'. CrO2 cassettes are best fit for recording dynamic music with rich harmonic content and relatively low bass levels; their dynamic range is a good fit for recording from uncompressed digital sources and for music with extended quiet passages. Good ferric tapes may have the same or higher treble SOL, but CrO2 tapes still sound subjectively better owing to lower hiss and modulation noise.
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Audio compact cassettes use magnetic tape of three major types which differ in fundamental magnetic properties, the level of bias applied during recording, and the optimal time constant of replay equalization. Specifications of each type were set in 1979 by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). By this time, Type I (IEC I, 'ferric' or 'normal' tapes) included pure gamma ferric oxide formulations, Type II (IEC II, or 'chrome' tapes) included ferricobalt and chromium dioxide formulations, and Type IV (IEC IV, or 'metal' tapes) included metal particle tapes - the best performing, but also the most expensive. In the 1980s the lines between three types blurred.
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The oxidation of metal sulfide (by oxygen) is slow without colonization by acidophiles, particularly Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans (synonym Thiobacillus ferrooxidans). These bacteria can accelerate pyritic oxidation by 106 times. In that study, a proposal for the rate at which A.ferrooxidans can oxidise pyrite is the ability to use ferrous iron to generate a ferric iron catalyst : :Fe2+ \+ 1/4O2 \+ H+ → Fe3+ \+ 1/2H2O Under the above acidic conditions, ferric iron (Fe3+) is a more potent oxidant than oxygen, resulting in faster pyrite oxidation rates. A.ferrooxidans is a chemolithoautotrophic bacteria, due to the oligotrophic nature (low dissolved organic carbon concentration) of acidic environments, and their lack of illumination for phototrophy.
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A schematic cross-section of Blood Falls showing how subglacial microbial communities have survived in cold, darkness, and absence of oxygen for a million years in brine water below Taylor Glacier. Chemical and microbial analyses both indicate that a rare subglacial ecosystem of autotrophic bacteria developed that metabolizes sulfate and ferric ions. According to geomicrobiologist Jill Mikucki at the University of Tennessee, water samples from Blood Falls contained at least 17 different types of microbes, and almost no oxygen. An explanation may be that the microbes use sulfate as a catalyst to respire with ferric ions and metabolize the trace levels of organic matter trapped with them.
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FeDTPA is often sold under the name iron chelate 10% or 11% when used for the purpose of aquarium plant fertilization. Iron typically found in the aquarium water column has been converted into the ferric state (Fe3+) since it is in the presence of dissolved oxygen. However plants require iron in the ferrous state (Fe2+), therefore additional energy must be expended in order to extract the ferric iron from the water column and convert it to the ferrous form. When used to chelate iron fertilizer DTPA ensures that the iron is kept in the ferrous state (Fe2+) over time so it can be utilized by aquatic plants without expending valuable energy.
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Use of ferric chloride (FeCl3) tests for phenolics in general. Powdered plant leaves of the test plant (1.0 g) are weighed into a beaker and 10 ml of distilled water are added. The mixture is boiled for five minutes. Two drops of 5% FeCl3 are then added.
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Bacillibactin is a catechol-based siderophore secreted by members of the genus Bacillus, including Bacillus anthracis and Bacillus subtilis. It is involved in the chelation of ferric iron (Fe3+) from the surrounding environment and is subsequently transferred into the bacterial cytoplasm via the use of ABC transporters.
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Ferrous and ferric iron are components in many minerals, especially within sandstones. Fe2+ is in clay, carbonates, sulfides, and is even within feldspars in small amounts. Fe3+ is in oxides, hydrous, anhydrous, and in glauconites.Pettijohn, Potter, and Siever, 1987, Sand and Sandstone, Springer-Verlag Publishing Inc.
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Nitrogen fixation also is an important ecological function carried out by some species in this genus, as is growth using molecular hydrogen as a source of energy - neither property are found in every species. Ferric iron can be used by some species as a terminal electron acceptor.
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Bacterial cellulose biofilm is hypothesised to be able to promote and facilitate adherence to ferric iron substrate, which can be useful to nutrient starved environments.Kammler, M., C. Schon, and K. Hantke. (1993). "Characterization of the ferrous iron uptake system of Escherichia coli." J. Bacteriol. 175:6212–6219.
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He is recognized for his textured surfaces, created by using alternative firing techniques.China Ceramic Artist, "Notes on Alternative Firing Techniques" James Watkins, 2013. His porcelain substrate tiles are fumed Fuming. with stannous chloride and multi-fired using ferric chloride, gold and platinum luster to achieve colorful surfaces.
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Iron(III) chloride is harmful, highly corrosive and acidic. The anhydrous material is a powerful dehydrating agent. Although reports of poisoning in humans are rare, ingestion of ferric chloride can result in serious morbidity and mortality. Inappropriate labeling and storage lead to accidental swallowing or misdiagnosis.
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Infrared spectrum of Tris(acetylacetonato)iron(III) Tris(acetylacetonato) iron(III), often abbreviated Fe(acac)3, is a ferric coordination complex featuring acetylacetonate (acac) ligands, making it one of a family of metal acetylacetonates. It is a red air-stable solid that dissolves in nonpolar organic solvents.
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In chromogenic films, the remaining silver must be removed by a chemical mixture called a bleach fix, sometimes shortened to blix. This mixture contains ammonium thiosulphate and ferric EDTA, a powerful chelating agent. The chelating agent reduces the silver which is then dissolved by the fixing agent.
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With Lewis acid catalysts like ferric chloride or aluminium chloride, acyl chlorides participate in Friedel-Crafts acylations, to give aryl ketones: :400x400px Because of the harsh conditions and the reactivity of the intermediates, this otherwise quite useful reaction tends to be messy, as well as environmentally unfriendly.
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Neutral red Many aminophenazines are prominent dyes. Two of the first synthetic dyes are aminophenazines, these include induline and nigrosin. The symmetrical diaminophenazine is the parent substance of the important dyestuff neutral red (dimethyldiaminotoluphenazine). It is obtained by the oxidation of ortho-phenylenediamine with ferric chloride.
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Eventually, the animals are led to the crippled bird by Ferric the coyote. Chauntecleer asks the bird to reveal the location of Wyrm. The bird complies by leading him behind two bushes where he finds the opening. Chauntecleer enters the darkness followed by his general, John Wesley.
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339Barlow, N.G. (2008). Mars: An Introduction to Its Interior, Surface, and Atmosphere; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, pp. 81. Using this technique, scientists have long known that the bright ochre areas probably contain abundant ferric iron (Fe3+) oxides typical of weathered iron-bearing materials (e.g., rust).
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The compound gives a yellowish brown solution when treated with sodium hydroxide, a bluish green solution with ferric chloride, and a violet precipitate with lead acetate. It forms a five-fold acetate ester, ()5, that crystallizes from methanol as yellow needles that melt at 185−186 °C.
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The paper will retain the image of the leaf after it has been rinsed with water. Once the paper dries, parts that were exposed to the sun will turn a shade of Prussian blue (ferric ferrocyanide), while parts that were covered by the leaf will remain white.
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Sulfate formation involves the presence of water. The European Space Agency's Mars Express found possible evidence of the sulfates epsomite and kieserite. Scientists want to visit these areas with robotic rovers. These deposits have been found to contain ferric oxides in the form of crystalline grey hematite.
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Magnesioferrite is a magnesium iron oxide mineral, a member of the magnetite series of spinels. Magnesioferrite crystallizes as black metallic octahedral crystals. It is named after its chemical composition of magnesium and ferric iron. The density is 4.6 - 4.7 (average = 4.65), and the diaphaniety is opaque.
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Hydrogen peroxide is both an oxidizing agent and reducing agent. The oxidation of hydrogen peroxide by sodium hypochlorite yields singlet oxygen. The net reaction of a ferric ion with hydrogen peroxide is a ferrous ion and oxygen. This proceeds via single electron oxidation and hydroxyl radicals.
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Aluminon, the triammonium salt of aurintricarboxylic acid, is a dye often used to detect the presence of the aluminium ion in an aqueous solution. Aluminon forms a red complex salt in combination with Al3+. Deep purple pigment in a neutral aqueous solution. Made from aluminon and ferric (Fe3+) ions.
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Lanthanide triflates are triflate salts of the lanthanide family with many uses in organic chemistry as Lewis acid catalysts. The catalysts act similarly to aluminium chloride or ferric chloride, but are stable in water, which makes it possible to use water as a solvent instead of organic solvents.
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These minerals are found in high-grade metamorphic banded iron formation and form a compositional series between (tirodite) and (dannemorite). Calcium, sodium and potassium concentrations in cummingtonite are low. Cummingtonite tends toward more calcium substitution than related anthophyllite. Similarly, cummingtonite has lower ferric iron and aluminium than anthophyllite.
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Meconic acid is a dicarboxylic acid. Its structure contains two carboxylic acid groups (-COOH) and one keto group (=O) attached to a pyran ring. Meconic acid gives a red color with ferric chloride. Meconic acid is colorless and is only slightly soluble in water but readily soluble in alcohol.
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Bromobenzene is prepared by the action of bromine on benzene in the presence of Lewis acid catalysts such as ferric bromide. Bromobenzene is used to introduce a phenyl group into other compounds. One method involves its conversion to the Grignard reagent, phenylmagnesium bromide. This reagent can be used, e.g.
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Iron(III) sulfate (or ferric sulfate), is the chemical compound with the formula Fe2(SO4)3. Usually yellow, it is a salt and soluble in water. A variety of hydrates are also known. Solutions are used in dyeing as a mordant, and as a coagulant for industrial wastes.
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The cause of this contamination in Minamata bay was then traced back to Chisso Corporation’s dumping of methylmercury into Minamata Bay. Chisso Corporation produced acetaldehyde using water, acetylene, mercury(II) sulfate as a catalyst and manganese dioxide or since August 1951, ferric sulfide as a co-catalyst. Acetaldehyde reacts with acetic anhydride in order to produce ethylidene diacetate, which is heated to produce vinyl acetate. Acetaldehyde was also used to produce acetic acid by oxidizing acetaldehyde and vinyl chloride, which is polymerized to make PVC; however, the use of ferric sulfide had a downside: methylmercury (or organic mercury) was a by-product in the making of these chemicals due to its use.
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Low-iron glass is used for aquariums, display cases, some windows, and other applications where clarity is desired. Low-iron glass typically has a ferric oxide content of about 0.01%. Ordinary plate glass has about 10x as much iron content. Low-iron glass is made from low-iron silica sand.
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Iron(III) sulfide, also known as ferric sulfide or sesquisulfide, is one of the three iron sulfides besides FeS and FeS2. It is a solid, black powder but decays at ambient temperature into a yellow-green powder. This is a relatively unstable artificial product that does not occur in nature.
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The ferric chloride test can be used to detect metabolites in urine in case of inborn error of metabolism such as phenylketonuria. Compounds such as phenylpyruvate increase in plasma and are excreted out via urine. Also, it can be used to detect salicylates in urine, quick diagnostic test for aspirin overdose.
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It was first described in 1914 for an occurrence in the Alekseevskii Mine in the Karysh River Basin, Khakassia Republic, Siberia, Russia. It was named for its composition (ferric iron and molybdenum). It occurs as an oxidation product of molybdenum bearing ore deposits. Associated minerals include: molybdenite, pyrite and chalcopyrite.
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Carbonates belong to one class in which life could have developed. Areas around Valles Marineris were found to contain hydrated silica and hydrated sulfates. The researchers identified hydrated sulfates and ferric minerals in Terra Meridiani and in Valles Marineris. Other minerals found on Mars were jarosite, alunite, hematite, opal, and gypsum.
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Total phenols (or antioxidant effect) can be measured using the Folin-Ciocalteu reaction. Results are typically expressed as gallic acid equivalents (GAE). Ferric chloride (FeCl3) test is also a colorimetric assay. Lamaison and Carnet have designed a test for the determination of the total flavonoid content of a sample (AlCI3 method).
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Soil color is produced by the minerals present and by the organic matter content. Yellow or red soil indicates the presence of oxidized ferric iron oxides. Dark brown or black color in soil indicates that the soil has a high organic matter content. Wet soil will appear darker than dry soil.
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It is a component of various pesticides and rubber chemicals in the form of its salts sodium dimethyldithiocarbamate, and potassium dimethyldithiocarbamate) as well as its complexes zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate, ferric dimethyldithiocarbamate, and nickel bis(dimethyldithiocarbamate). Oxidation gives thiram. Iron tris(dimethyldithiocarbamate) (Fe(S2CNMe2)3) is illustrative of hundreds of known dithiocarbamate complexes.
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A represents soil; B represents laterite, a regolith; C represents saprolite, a less-weathered regolith; beneath C is bedrock. Saprolite is a chemically weathered rock. Saprolites form in the lower zones of soil profiles and represent deep weathering of the bedrock surface. In most outcrops its color comes from ferric compounds.
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The iron cycle is an important component of the terrestrial ecosystems. The ferrous form of iron, Fe2+, is dominant in the Earth's mantle, core, or deep crust. The ferric form, Fe3+, is more stable in the presence of oxygen gas. Dust is a key component in the Earth's iron cycle.
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Bial's test is a chemical test for the presence of pentoses. It is named after Manfred Bial, a German physician. The components include orcinol, hydrochloric acid, and ferric chloride. A pentose, if present, will be dehydrated to form furfural which then reacts with the orcinol to generate a colored substance.
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During bleaching, ferric EDTA is changed to ferrous EDTA before fixing, and final wash. : Previously potassium ferricyanide was often used as bleach. The most common processing chemistry for such films is E6, derived from a long line of developers produced for the Ektachrome range of films. Ektachrome papers are also available.
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It is capable of undergoing oxidation and reduction as its iron atom converts between the ferrous and ferric forms, but does not bind oxygen. It transfers electrons between Complexes III (Coenzyme Q – Cyt C reductase) and IV (Cyt C oxidase). In humans, cytochrome c is encoded by the CYCS gene.
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Reduced eyes are typical for the family Bythograeidae family, probably from the ancestor of this group colonising the dark deep ocean. Adults are pale yellow, darker brown along their legs and setae, but because they live next to mineral-rich hydrothermal vent waters they are often coated with rusty ferric precipitate.
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Because no energy is directly available to the outer membrane, the energy to drive the transport of ferric-enterobactin by FepA originates from the proton motive force (electrochemical gradient) generated by the inner membrane complex TonB–ExbB–ExbD. This force is relayed physically to FepA through direct interaction between FepA and TonB.
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The powdered shells of crustaceans are processed to acquire chitin, a polysaccharide found in the shells, from which chitosan is derived via de-acetylation. Water that is more brackish, or saline requires larger amounts of flocculant. Flocculation is often too expensive for large operations. Alum and ferric chloride are other chemical flocculants.
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The type of chemical that is used depends on the material the weapon is made of. These acids can range from Fry's Reagent for a magnetic metal, which is a mixture of hydrochloric acid, cupric chloride, and distilled water, to an acidic ferric chloride solution for a non-magnetic, non-aluminum material.
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Mitochondrial ferritin has many roles pertaining to molecular function. It participates in ferroxidase activity, binding, iron ion binding, oxidoreductase activity, ferric iron binding, metal ion binding as well as transition metal binding. Within the realm of biological processes it participates in oxidation- reduction, iron ion transport across membranes and cellular iron ion homeostasis.
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At the end of the leaching all metal molecules (excluding titanium) react to produce chloride compounds. Specifically, iron molecules form ferric chloride (FeCl3) and alumina molecule form aluminum trichloride (AlCl3). Silica is then removed by simple filtration becoming the main leftover of the process. Afterward, the aluminum trichloride is removed by precipitation.
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Transition from tectonized quartzite through saprolite to laterite. The weathered section is covered by glacial drift with scattered erratics, Holocene sandy soil and thin bog. Iron compounds are the primary coloring agents in saprolites. At most outcrops the color comes from ferric compounds; the color relates to the mineralogy and particle size.
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On the show tour, deposits of calcite, manganese dioxide, and ferric oxide are apparent. The top portion of the St. Louis Limestone layer through which the tour goes includes the Lost River Chert Bed, a layer of rock containing sheets of chert, a silicious rock, which is also apparent on the cave tour.
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It can be prepared by reducing 1-nitronaphthalene with iron and hydrochloric acid followed by steam distillation. Oxidizing agents, such as ferric chloride, give a blue precipitate with solutions of its salts. Chromic acid converts it into 1-naphthoquinone. Sodium in boiling amyl alcohol reduces the unsubstituted ring, giving tetrahydro-1-naphthylamine.
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The bulk chemical composition of the ash has been found to be approximately 65% silicon dioxide, 18% aluminium oxide, 5% ferric oxide, 4% each calcium oxide and sodium oxide and 2% magnesium oxide. Trace chemicals were also detected, their concentrations varying as shown: 0.05–0.09% chlorine, 0.02–0.03% fluorine, and 0.09–0.3% sulfur.
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HrrF is maximally expressed when iron levels are low. Ferric uptake regulator (Fur) binds upstream of the hrrF promoter. HrrF stability is not dependent on the RNA chaperone Hfq. RNA-seq has shown that HrrF targets are mRNAs of genes whose products are involved in molybdate uptake, deoxyribonucleotide synthesis, and amino acid synthesis.
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Denitrification is the utilization of nitrate () as a terminal electron acceptor. It is a widespread process that is used by many members of the Proteobacteria. Many facultative anaerobes use denitrification because nitrate, like oxygen, has a high reduction potential. Many denitrifying bacteria can also use ferric iron () and some organic electron acceptors.
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Andre M. N. Silva, XiaoLe Kong, Mark C. Parkin, Richard Cammack and Robert C. Hider (2009): "Iron(III) citrate speciation in aqueous solution". Royal Chemical Society, Dalton Transactions, pages 8616-8625. At physiological pH, ferric citrate forms an insoluble red polymer. In other conditions, it forms anionic complexes like []2()2]2−.
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In the present of excess citrate anions, the iron forms negatively charged complexes like [()2]5− and [()8()3]7−.Avi Bino, Itzhak Shweky, Shmuel Cohen, Erika R. Bauminger, and Stephen J. Lippard (1998), "A novel nonairon(III) citrate complex: A 'ferric triple-decker'". Inorganic Chemistry, volume 37, issue 20, pages 5168–5172.
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Cathedral Rock near Sedona, made of Permian redbeds Red butte, Selja Gorges, Tunisia Redbeds of the Permo-Triassic Spearfish formation surround Devils Tower National Monument Red beds (or redbeds) are sedimentary rocks, typically consisting of sandstone, siltstone, and shale, that are predominantly red in color due to the presence of ferric oxides. Frequently, these red-colored sedimentary strata locally contain thin beds of conglomerate, marl, limestone, or some combination of these sedimentary rocks. The ferric oxides, which are responsible for the red color of red beds, typically occur as a coating on the grains of sediments comprising red beds. Classic examples of red beds are the Permian and Triassic strata of the western United States and the Devonian Old Red Sandstone facies of Europe.
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When it was realized that some metals form two different binary compounds with the same nonmetal, the two compounds were often distinguished by using the ending -ic for the higher metal oxidation state and the ending -ous for the lower. For example, FeCl3 is ferric chloride and FeCl2 is ferrous chloride. This system is not very satisfactory (although sometimes still used) because different metals have different oxidation states which have to be learned: ferric and ferrous are +3 and +2 respectively, but cupric and cuprous are +2 and +1, and stannic and stannous are +4 and +2. Also there was no allowance for metals with more than two oxidation states, such as vanadium with oxidation states +2, +3, +4 and +5.
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Commercially available, this compound may be prepared by oxidizing ferrocene with ferric salts followed by addition of hexafluorophosphoric acid. The compound has been characterized by X-ray crystallography. The cation and anion are well separated. The average Fc-C bond lengths is 2.047 Å, which is virtually indistinguishable from the Fe-C distance in ferrocene.
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Jefferson Lendeh Chemical phosphorus removal is a wastewater treatment method, where phosphorus is removed using salts of aluminum (e.g. alum or poly- aluminum chloride), iron (e.g. ferric chloride), or calcium (e.g. lime). Phosphate forms precipitates with the metal ions and is removed together with the sludge in the separation unit (sedimentation tank, flotation tank, etc.).
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Hemoglobin's function can also be lost by chemically oxidizing its iron atom to its ferric form. This form of inactive hemoglobin is called methemoglobin and can be made by ingesting sodium nitriteRoueché, Berton (1953) Eleven blue men, and other narratives of medical detection. Boston: Little, Brown. as well as certain drugs and other chemicals.
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Enterococcus colonies (black) growing on BEA Bile salts are the selective ingredient, while esculin is the differential component. Enterococcus hydrolyze esculin to products that react with ferric citrate in the medium to produce insoluble iron salts, resulting in the blackening of the medium. Test results must be interpreted in conjunction with gram stain morphology.
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Bile Esculin Agar is used primarily to differentiate Enterococcus from Streptococcus. Members of the genus Enterococcus are capable of growing in the presence of 40% bile (oxgall) and hydrolyzing esculin to glucose and esculetin. Esculetin combines with ferric ions to produce a black complex. For some purposes, certain bacteria are able to hydrolyze aesculin.
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Ascorbate ferrireductase (transmembrane) (, cytochrome b561) is an enzyme with systematic name Fe(III):ascorbate oxidorectuctase (electron-translocating). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction center ascorbate[in] \+ Fe(III)[out] \rightleftharpoons monodehydroascorbate radical[in] \+ Fe(II)[out] \+ H+[in] Ascorbate ferrireductase is a diheme cytochrome that acts on hexacyanoferrate(III) and other ferric chelates.
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The dust probably was an aggregate possibly cemented with ferric oxide (Fe2O3).Hviid, S. et al. 1997. "Magnetic Properties Experiments on the Mars Pathfinder Lander: Preliminary Results". Science:278. 1768–1770. Using much more sophisticated instruments, Mars Spirit rover found that magnetite could explain the magnetic nature of the dust and soil on Mars.
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Goethite is an iron oxyhydroxide containing ferric iron. It is the main component of rust and bog iron ore. Goethite's hardness ranges from 5.0 to 5.5 on the Mohs Scale, and its specific gravity varies from 3.3 to 4.3. The mineral forms prismatic needle-like crystals ("needle iron ore") but is more typically massive.
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Clarification refers to the separation of particles (dirt, organic matter, etc.) from the water stream. Chemical addition (i.e. alum, ferric chloride) destabilizes the particle charges and prepares them for clarification either by settling or floating out of the water stream. Sand, anthracite or activated carbon filters refine the water stream, removing smaller particulate matter.
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At very high concentrations, a yellow water colour is noticeable. When this water is aerated, the oxidation creates ferric iron/ manganese, with iron forming red- brown and manganese forming black precipitates. These precipitates cause staining and turbidity of the water and lead to laundry stains. The precipitates can also narrow pipes and deposit on mountings.
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In 1838, Jöns Jacob Berzelius wrote that quercitannate is used to dissolve morphine.Traité de chimie, Volume 2. Jöns Jakob Berzelius (friherre) and Olof Gustaf Öngren, A. Wahlen et Cie., 1838 In 1865 in the fifth volume of "A dictionary of chemistry", Henry Watts wrote : > It exhibits with ferric salts the same reactions as gallotannic acid.
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Excess ammonium ferric citrate and potassium ferricyanide are then washed away. The process is also known as cyanotype. This is a simple process for the reproduction of any light transmitting document. Engineers and architects drew their designs on cartridge paper; these were then traced on to tracing paper using India ink for reproduction whenever needed.
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Methanogenesis is the final step in the decay of organic matter. During the decay process, electron acceptors (such as oxygen, ferric iron, sulfate, and nitrate) become depleted, while hydrogen (H2) and carbon dioxide accumulate. Light organics produced by fermentation also accumulate. During advanced stages of organic decay, all electron acceptors become depleted except carbon dioxide.
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Artemisa is widely known among Artemiseños by the name Jardín de Cuba (Garden of Cuba). Its ferric red soil is also an outstanding feature, and provides great fertility to the area, which produces banana, tobacco, sugar cane, and minor fruits. Due to the color of the soil, Artemisa is known as Villa Roja (Red Village).
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Crushed ceramic scraps called grog were also added to stiffen the product and help reduce shrinkage. Weathering the clay allowed pyrites to chemically change to hydrated ferric oxide and reduced alkali content. This aging minimizes the potential chemical changes during the rest of the manufacturing process. The weathered raw clay was dried, ground, and screened.
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1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrachloroferrate is a magnetic ionic liquid. It can be obtained from 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride and ferric chloride. It has quite low water solubility. Due to the presence of high spin FeCl4−, the liquid is paramagnetic and a magnetic susceptibility of 40.6 × 10−6 emu g−1 is reported.
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Ferric maltol, sold under the brand names Accrufer and Feraccru, is an iron containing medication for the treatment of adults with low iron stores. It is taken by mouth in the form of capsules. Text was copied from this source which is © European Medicines Agency. Reproduction is authorized provided the source is acknowledged.
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The most common side effects are flatulence (in 5% of people taking the drug), diarrhea (4%), constipation (4%), stool color change (4%), nausea (3%), vomiting (3%), and abdominal discomfort, bloating and pain (1%). Ferric maltol may cause serious side effects including increased risk of inflammatory bowel disease flare and iron overload in the body.
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For example, addition of barium chloride, precipitates out barium sulfate. The filtrate on evaporation yields ammonium chloride. Ammonium sulfate forms many double salts (ammonium metal sulfates) when its solution is mixed with equimolar solutions of metal sulfates and the solution is slowly evaporated. With trivalent metal ions, alums such as ferric ammonium sulfate are formed.
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Most of the losses concentrate in raw material industries; automobile and tool-making industries dropped only 0.4%. In two months, gasoline and diesel oil wholesale prices dropped by 12.8% and 16.5%. The worst price fall hit the steel industry: pig iron and ferric alloys dropped 21.7% in October after an 8.9% drop in September.
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Walker, T.R. (2012) Properties of selected soils from the sub-Arctic region of Labrador, Canada. Polish Polar Research. 33(3): doi: 10.2478/v10183−012−0013−4. Humo- Ferric Podzols, the most common Podzolic soils in Canada, have a reddish-brown B horizon containing less than 5% organic carbon associated with aluminum and iron complexes.
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Top: MRM image of mouse muscle fibers stained with ferric ammonium citrate, scale bar 200 μm. Bottom: conventional micrograph showing the MRM coil. Magnetic resonance microscopy (MRM, μMRI) is magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at a microscopic level down to the scale of microns. The first definition of MRM was MRI having voxel resolutions of better than 100 μm.
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The lipocalin family of binding proteins are produced by the immune system and sequester ferric siderophore complexes from the siderophore receptors of bacteria. The lipocalin family of binding proteins typically have a conserved eight-stranded β-barrel fold with a calyx binding site, which are lined with positively charged amino acid residues, allowing for binding interactions with siderophores.
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E. coli has a receptor protein called FhuA (ferric Hydroxamate). FhuA’s is an energy-coupled transporter and receptor. It is a part of the integral outer membrane proteins and works alongside an energy transducing protein TonB. It is involved in the uptake of iron in complex with ferrichrome by binding and transporting ferrichrome-iron across the cell’s outer membrane.
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The sample is dissolved in water, or a mixture of water and ethanol, and a few drops of dilute ferric chloride (FeCl3) solution is added. The formation of a red, blue, green, or purple coloration indicates the presence of phenols. Where the sample is insoluble in water, it may be dissolved in dichloromethane with a small amount of pyridine.
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Hierlatzkalk-a Peculiar Austro-Hungarian Jurassic Facies The marine sedimentation and the continuous tectonic rework let some of the local basins to last until the latest Jurassic. In the Toarcian, there was a great condensation affecting the subsided highs, where ferric components where deposited. After that, tectonics, faulting and erosion on the Cretaceous change the deposition of the region.
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Water Practice & Technology, 1 (4) doi: 10.2166/WPT.2006078 To achieve biological nitrogen and phosphorus removal anaerobic and anoxic compartments are introduced before the aerated zone of the B-stage. Phosphorus removal from the secondary effluent of the B-stage can be achieved by coagulation with ferric and aluminium salts, e.g. FeCl3 or Al2(SO4)3.
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Substances involved may include benzocaine, nitrates, or dapsone. The underlying mechanism involves some of the iron in hemoglobin being converted from the ferrous [Fe2+] to the ferric [Fe3+] form. The diagnosis is often suspected based on symptoms and a low blood oxygen that does not improve with oxygen therapy. Diagnosis is confirmed by a blood gas.
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Molybdates are widely used in catalysis. In terms of scale, the largest consumer of molybdate is as a precursor to catalysts for hydrodesulfurization, the process by which sulfur is removed from petroleum. Bismuth molybdates, nominally of the composition Bi9PMo12O52, catalyzes ammoxidation of propylene to acrylonitrile. Ferric molybdates are used industrially to catalyze the oxidation of methanol to formaldehyde.
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Treatment plants were built at Arnfield and Godley. At Arnfield, lime, ferric sulphate and polyelectrolyte are added to the water in mixing chambers. This flocculating agent binds together the impurities, which sink and are removed in sedimentation tanks. At Godley lime is added to remove manganese, and the water is filtered and chlorinated and fed into the distribution network.
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These iron complexes binds to a receptor on an iron transport that is unique to the siderophore used. The receptor dissociates once it nears the cell's membrane which creates an aqueous ferric Fe(III) ion that can either be used for uptake or reduced to Fe2+ where transporters specific to that ion can transport it instead.
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More specifically, they selected sequences from a library that could complement a gene deletion in E. coli. The deleted gene encodes ferric enterobactin esterase (Fes), which releases iron from an iron chelator, enterobactin. While Fes is a 400 amino acid protein, the newly selected gene was only 100 amino acids in length and unrelated in sequence to Fes.
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Double salts like the Tutton's salts (NH4)2Fe(SeO4)2•6H2O and K2Fe(SeO4)2•6H2O are known. In addition to the ferrous (Fe2+) salt, the ferric (Fe3+) salt iron(III) selenate, Fe2(SeO4)3, has also been reported.G Giester, F Pertlik. Synthesis and crystal structure of iron(III) selenate(IV) trihydrate, Fe2(SeO3)3·3H2O.
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Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans is commonly found in acid mine drainage and mine tailings. The oxidation of ferrous iron and reduced sulfur oxyanions, metal sulfides and elementary sulfur results in the production of ferric sulfate in sulfuric acid, this in turn causes the solubilization of metals and other compounds. As a result, A. ferrooxidans may be of interest for bioremediation processes.
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The use of ferric oxalate allows for both extended shadow definition (higher DMAX) and contrast control. Many developing solutions can be used to give a different image color (brown, sepia, blue, maroon and black). Kallitype images generally have a richer tonal range than the cyanotype. These prints were popular in the 19th century, and then their popularity faded away.
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Barium ferrate, BaFeO4, can be prepared by adding barium oxide to a mixture NaClO and ferric nitrate at room temperature (or 0 °C). Primary experiments indicate an improvement in the purity of the synthesized barium ferrate by performing the reaction at low temperature in the absence of carbon dioxide and by rapidly filtering and drying the precipitate.
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Iron release rate is dependent on several factors including pH levels, interactions between lobes, temperature, salt, and chelator. The receptor with its ligand bound transferrin is then transported through the endocytic cycle back to the cell surface, ready for another round of iron uptake. Each transferrin molecule has the ability to carry two iron ions in the ferric form ().
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Doses can be given up to 3 times a week Iron carboxymaltose is marketed as Ferinject, Injectafer, and Iroprem in various countries. The most common side effects are headaches which occur in 3.3%, and hypophosphatemia, which occurs in more than 35%.Ferinject (ferric carboxymaltose) – Summary of Product Characteristics (SPC) – (eMC) . Medicines.org.uk. Retrieved on 2012-12-21.
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The addition is an anti-Markovnikov addition. Early work linked the addition to olefin polymerization and is therefore considered a first step into what was to become atom transfer radical polymerization. An example of Karasch addition is the synthesis of 1,1,3-trichloro-n-nonane from 1-octene, chloroform and ferric chloride](FeCl2)]. Organic Syntheses, Coll. Vol.
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A. fetalis grows at temperatures between 25° and 42 °C, with optimum growth at 37 °C. It cannot grow below 20 °C. It is facultatively anaerobic and can utilize electron acceptors such as trimethylamine oxide (TMAO), nitrate, nitrite, and thiosulphate, but not sulphite or ferric iron. It is not only halotolerant, but requires NaCl for growth.
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In the 19th century, the color of amethyst was attributed to the presence of manganese. However, since it can be greatly altered and even discharged by heat, the color was believed by some authorities to be from an organic source. Ferric thiocyanate has been suggested, and sulfur was said to have been detected in the mineral.
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These compounds caused issues mostly because of their high molecular weights. Low molecular weight alternatives were eventually introduced to counter these risks. The first of these was ferric gluconate in 1999, which lowered the risk of unwanted gastrointestinal issues. Iron sucrose followed shortly after, and had an even greater effect on reducing the frequency of serious adverse side effects.
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After a period of reflection upon the experiences of the international contemporary sculpture, he became interested in abstractionism and, in the mid-1950s, achieved an autonomy of language with sculptures realized in "ferric conglomerate" (Canto Aperto, Forza del nascere), art work that marked his entrance in the Concrete Art Movement (MAC) and preluded the great informal period.
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Zinc oxide-eugenol (ZOE) was the first agent to used for preservation. In recent years, glutaraldehyde has been proposed as an alternative to formocresol based on: its superior fixative properties, and low toxicity. A nonaldehyde chemical, ferric sulfate, has received some attention recently as a pulpotomy agent. It minimizes the chances for inflammation and internal resorption.
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The reductive dissolution of a transition metal oxide occurs when dissolution is coupled to a redox event. For example, ferric oxides dissolve in the presence of reductants, which can include organic compounds. or bacteria Reductive dissolution is integral to geochemical phenomena such as the iron cycle. Reductive dissolution does not necessarily occur at the site where the reductant adsorbs.
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This soil is found particularly in east Sitapur, south Ambikapur, central Surajpur and Pratappur blocks. The red color is due to wide diffusion of iron while hydration of ferric oxide results in a yellow color in the soil. This soil is of lighter texture and has a porous and friable structure. Soluble salt is found in small quantities.
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It was considered initially that this flora grew in a continental setting, appearing on deposits that resemble modern inland deposition on ferric soils, thus, in a large inland valley with semi-arid conditions but with nearby large water bodies such as lakes.PANTIC, N. & Duuc, 1., 1990: Palaeophytogeography of Jurassic land flores in Tethyan regions and its margins.
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An AFm phase is an "alumina, ferric oxide, monosulfate" phase, or aluminate ferrite monosulfate, or Al2O3, Fe2O3 mono, in cement chemist notation. AFm phases are important in the hydration of hydraulic cements. They are crystalline hydrates with general, simplified formula 3 CaO·(Al,Fe)2O3·CaSO4·nH2O. They form inter alia when tricalcium aluminate reacts with dissolved calcium sulfate.
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When dissolved, iron(III) nitrate forms yellow solution due to hydrolysis. When heated to near boiling, nitric acid will evaporate from the solution, and all the iron will precipitate as iron(III) oxide .Egon Matijević and Paul Scheiner (1978): "Ferric hydrous oxide sols: III. Preparation of uniform particles by hydrolysis of Fe(III)-chloride, -nitrate, and -perchlorate solutions".
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Soluble ash content can be very important for aquarists, as ferric oxide can promote algal growths. A carbon with a low soluble ash content should be used for marine, freshwater fish and reef tanks to avoid heavy metal poisoning and excess plant/algal growth. ASTM (D2866 Standard Method test) is used to determine the ash content of activated carbon.
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Inorganic substances such as colloidal ferric chloride or molybdenum compounds supposedly acted as cofactors and catalysts. Bahadur also reported having detected ATPase-like and peroxidase-like activity. Bahadur stated that by using molybdenum as a cofactor, the Jeewanu showed capability of reversible photochemical electron transfer, and released a gas mixture of oxygen and hydrogen at a 1:2 ratio.
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Prussian blue, also known as potassium ferric hexacyanoferrate, is used as a medication to treat thallium poisoning or radioactive cesium poisoning. For thallium it may be used in addition to gastric lavage, activated charcoal, forced diuresis, and hemodialysis. It is given by mouth or nasogastric tube. Prussian blue is also used in the urine to test for G6PD deficiency.
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Wilmarth, W.R. et al. (2004) Removal of Silicon from High Level Waste Streams via Ferric Flocculation . srs.gov. In order to get better long-term performance (mechanical stability) from such forms, they may be made from a mixture of fly ash, or blast furnace slag, and Portland cement, instead of normal concrete (made with Portland cement, gravel and sand).
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Other researchers later replicated this process. In 2005, researcher Jacques di Costanzo constructed a bas-relief of a Jesus-like face and draped wet linen over it. After the linen dried, he dabbed it with a mixture of ferric oxide and gelatine. The result was an image similar to that of the face on the Shroud.
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This is used in some organic chemistry oxidations, e.g. in the Fenton's reagent. Only catalytic quantities of iron ion is needed since peroxide also oxidizes ferrous to ferric ion. The net reaction of hydrogen peroxide and permanganate or manganese dioxide is manganous ion; however, until the peroxide is spent some manganese ions are reoxidized to make the reaction catalytic.
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KPR, originally known as Kodak Photoresist, is a photosensitive material used in photoengraving, Photogravure and photolithography. Once dried, KPR can be dissolved by several solvents. However, after exposure to strong ultraviolet light, it hardens and becomes insoluble by some of these solvents. It is also resistant to acid, ferric chloride and other chemicals used to etch metals.
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This dehydration or "aging" process has been found to be intimately associated with pedogenesis in alluvial floodplains and desert environments. Berner (1969) showed that goethite (ferric hydroxide) is normally unstable relative to hematite and, in the absence of water or at elevated temperature, will readily dehydrate according to the reaction: :2FeOOH (goethite)→ Fe2O3 (hematite) +H2O The Gibbs free energy (G) for the reaction goethite → hematite (at 250 °C) is −2.76 kJ/mol and Langmuir (1971) showed that G becomes increasingly negative with smaller particle size. Thus detrital ferric hydroxides, including goethite and ferrihydrite, will spontaneously transform into red-colored hematite pigment with time. This process not only accounts for the progressive reddening of alluvium but also the fact that older desert dune sands are more intensely reddened than their younger equivalents.
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Ammonium thiocyanate is stable in air; however, upon heating it isomerizes to thiourea: :400px The equilibrium mixtures at 150 °C and 180 °C contain 30.3% and 25.3% (by weight) thiourea, respectively. When heated at 200 °C, the dry powder decomposes to ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, and carbon disulfide, leaving a residue of guanidinium thiocyanate. NH4SCN is weakly acidic due to the ammonium ion; it reacts with alkali hydroxides, such as sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide to form sodium thiocyanate or potassium thiocyanate, along with water and ammonia. The thiocyanate anion, specifically, reacts with ferric salts to form a deep-red ferric thiocyanate complex: : 6 SCN− \+ Fe3+ → [Fe(SCN)6]3− Ammonium thiocyanate reacts with several metal ions including copper, silver, zinc, lead, and mercury, forming their thiocyanate precipitates, which may be extracted into organic solvents.
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The rooster can see that all of the animals that had forsaken him before have returned to see his great battle- even Ferric, whose wife and children were killed by Chauntecleer's actions. The rooster's pain climaxes when he discovers that Ferric is so quick to forgive him, and begins to lick him where he has been wounded. Chauntecleer cannot stand to accept the love of the Coyote and recoils from him. In the end, Chauntecleer is in so much pain from the suffering he has caused, confusion he feels over his people and his wife, and sick influence of the parasites inside of him, that he can only resolve to take his war-spur and cut himself open, and let all of the evil worms within him drain out with his blood.
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Many famous ships met their end here right up to the 1950s. The area was just beyond the last of the South Docks, the Herculaneum Dock. The Beach in that area turned red from the ferric oxide left in the sand, the riverfront today in that area is now part of the promenade that joins the Otterspool promenade a little farther south.
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The majority of the genes and systems necessary for high affinity iron acquisition have been identified in pathogenic and saprophytic mycobacteria. These genes encode proteins for iron storage, uptake of ferric-siderophores, and heme. Humans have evolved a defense for siderophore-mediated iron acquisition by developing siderocalin. To combat this, various pathogens have evolved siderophores that can evade siderocalin recognition.
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A cyanotype of algae by 19th century botanist Anna Atkins Architectural drawing blueprint, Canada, 1936 Cyanotype is a photographic printing process that produces a cyan-blue print. Engineers used the process well into the 20th century as a simple and low-cost process to produce copies of drawings, referred to as blueprints. The process uses two chemicals: ferric ammonium citrate and potassium ferricyanide.
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Cyanotype postcard, Racine, Wis., c. 1910 In a typical procedure, equal volumes of an 8.1% (w/v) solution of potassium ferricyanide and a 20% solution of ferric ammonium citrate are mixed. The overall contrast of the sensitizer solution can be increased with the addition of approximately 6 drops of 1% (w/v) solution potassium dichromate for every 2 ml of sensitizer solution.
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Cassette tapes are made of a polyester-type plastic film with a magnetic coating. The original magnetic material was based on gamma ferric oxide (Fe2O3). Circa 1970, 3M Company developed a cobalt volume-doping process combined with a double-coating technique to enhance overall tape output levels. This product was marketed as "High Energy" under its Scotch brand of recording tapes.
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Formocresol is a mixture consisting of formalin, cresol and glycerine used in dentistry. It is used for vital pulpotomy of primary teeth and as a temporary intracanal medicament during root canal therapy. Buckley's solution is a 20% form of formocresol, diluted with glycerine and distilled water. The use of formocresol in pediatric dentistry has been deprecated, and ferric sulfate suggested as a substitute.
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Thermolithobacteria is a class of rod-shaped Gram-positive bacteria within phylum Firmicutes. Species within this class are thermophilic lithotrophs isolated from sediment in Calcite Springs in Yellowstone National Park. Thermolithobacter ferrireducens strain JW/KA-2(T) metabolism consists of the oxidation of hydrogen gas and reduction of ferric oxide to magnetite. Thermolithobacter carboxydivorans strain R1(T) is hydrogenic and oxidizes carbon monoxide.
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Iron stress repressed RNA (IsrR) is a cis-encoded antisense RNA which regulates the expression of the photosynthetic protein isiA. IsiA expression is activated by the Ferric uptake regulator protein (Fur) under iron stress conditions. IsiA enhances photosynthesis by forming a ring around photosystem I which acts as an additional antenna complex. IsrR is abundant when there is a sufficient iron concentration.
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The ink receives impressions like traditional soft ground, resists the ferric chloride etchant, yet can be cleaned up with warm water and either soda ash solution or ammonia. Anodic etching has been used in industrial processes for over a century. The etching power is a source of direct current. The item to be etched (anode) is connected to its positive pole.
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Each portrait was taken in exactly the same context. From portrait to portrait, it is only the faces that change. Everything was precisely measured and calculated for a perfect alignment of size and background. He used a very complicated printing process called platinotype, which is a monochrome photographic printing process based on the light-sensitivity of ferric oxalate on "Arche" paper.
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The other method consists in ageing stoichiometric mixtures of ferrous and ferric hydroxides in aqueous media, yielding spherical magnetite particles homogeneous in size.Massart, R.; Cabuil, V.J.Chem.Phy.1987, 84,967. In the second type, the following chemical reaction occurs: :2 + + 8- → ↓ \+ 4 Optimum conditions for this reaction are pH between 8 and 14, / ratio of 2:1 and a non-oxidizing environment.
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Similarly, the absorbent properties of one of its copolymers can be utilized as an additive in body-powder. The ionic form of polyacrylamide has found an important role in the potable water treatment industry. Trivalent metal salts, like ferric chloride and aluminum chloride, are bridged by the long polymer chains of polyacrylamide. This results in significant enhancement of the flocculation rate.
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This naturally occurring coloured compound is found in tiny glands in the seed, leaf, stem, tap root bark, and root of the cotton plant. The adaptive function of the compound facilitates natural insect resistance. The three key steps of refining, bleaching, and deodorization in producing finished oil act to eliminate the gossypol level. Ferric chloride is often used to decolorize cotton seed oil.
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The term Podzols is used in the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB) and in many national soil classification systems (in some of them, spelled Podsols). The USDA soil taxonomyKeys to Soil Taxonomy 2014 and the Chinese soil taxonomy call these soils Spodosols. The Canadian system of soil classification matches Podzols with soils under the Podzolic order (e.g. Humo-Ferric Podzol).
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Iron(III) chloride is the inorganic compound with the formula (). Also called ferric chloride, it is a common compound of iron in the +3 oxidation state. The anhydrous compound is a crystalline solid with a melting point of 307.6 °C. The color depends on the viewing angle: by reflected light the crystals appear dark green, but by transmitted light they appear purple-red.
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In 2008, Zhou, et al. described the isolation of the organism Ferroplasma thermophilum L1T from a chalcopyrite column reactor that was inocculated with acid mine drainage (AMD) from the Daye copper mine in China’s Hubei province. In aerobic conditions with low concentrations of yeast extract F. thermophilum grows by oxidizing ferrous iron. However, in anaerobic conditions F. thermophilum reduces ferric iron and sulfate.
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As BLVRB is a promiscuous enzyme catalysing the pyridine-nucleotide-dependent reduction of a variety of flavins, biliverdins, PQQ (pyrroloquinoline quinone), and ferric ion. Mechanistically it is a good model for BVR-A (biliverdin-IXalpha reductase), a potential pharmacological target for neonatal jaundice, and also a potential target for adjunct therapy to maintain protective levels of biliverdin-IXalpha during organ transplantation.
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Another concern is the "lightfastness" of organic dyestuffs—some colours (reds and blues) are particularly prone to fading. Black dyes and gold produced by inorganic means (ferric ammonium oxalate) are more lightfast. Dyed anodizing is usually sealed to reduce or eliminate dye bleed out. White color cannot be applied due to the larger molecule size than the pore size of the oxide layer.
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Weaker oxidants, such as ferric oxide or hydrogen peroxide give the disulfide, diethyl disulfide: :2 EtSH + H2O2 -> EtS-SEt + 2 H2O Like other thiols, it behaves comparably to hydrogen sulfide. For example, it binds, concomitant with deprotonation to "soft" transition metal cations, such as Hg2+, Cu+, and Ni2+ to give polymeric thiolato complexes, Hg(SEt)2, CuSEt, and Ni(SEt)2, respectively.
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The Trinder spot test is a diagnostic test used in medicine to determine exposure to salicylates, particularly to salicylic acid. The test employs the Trinder reagent (a.k.a. Trinder solution) which is mixed with a patient's urine. The colour change, resulting from the Trinder reaction, is immediate, enabling rapid bedside assessment. The Trinder solution/reagent is a pre-mixed solution of 10% ferric chloride.
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The surface tissue turns green upon the application of a solution of ferric sulphate, and yellow with a dilute solution of potassium hydroxide. The spores are pale yellowish orange ("light buff") in print. Additional features may be discerned using light microscopy: they are smooth, narrowly ellipsoid, and measure 8–15 by 3–6 μm. The hyphae are monomitic, and clamp connections are present.
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EPR (electron paramagnetic resonance) and optical absorption studies have investigated the iron phosphate mineral satterlyite and gormanite. Results of the optical studies show that both minerals have ferrous and ferric ions (Chandrasekhar, 2003). These studies also show that the site symmetry of Fe(III) in satterlyite is tetragonally distorted. However, the Fe(II) ions is tetragonally distorted octahedral (Chandrasekhar, 2003).
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Structure of hematin Haematin (also known as hematin, ferriheme, hematosin, hydroxyhemin, oxyheme, phenodin, or oxyhemochromogen) is a dark bluish or brownish pigment containing iron in the ferric state, obtained by the oxidation of haem. Haematin inhibits the synthesis of porphyrin, and stimulates the synthesis of globin. It is a component of cytochromes and peroxidases, and is also used as a reagent.
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In 1982, the Geritol product name was acquired by the multinational pharmaceutical firm Beecham (later GlaxoSmithKline).Geritol Geritol was acquired by Meda Pharmaceutical in 2011. Meda was acquired by Mylan in 2016. The earlier Geritol liquid formulation was advertised as "twice the iron in a pound of calf's liver," and daily doses contained about 50–100 milligrams of iron as ferric ammonium citrate.
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Peroxynitrite can react directly with proteins that contain transition metal centers. Therefore, it can modify proteins such as hemoglobin, myoglobin, and cytochrome c by oxidizing ferrous heme into its corresponding ferric forms. Peroxynitrite may also be able to change protein structure through the reaction with various amino acids in the peptide chain. The most common reaction with amino acids is cysteine oxidation.
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Iron(III) fluoride, also known as ferric fluoride, are inorganic compounds with the formula FeF3(H2O)x where x = 0 or 3. They are mainly of interest by researchers, unlike the related iron(III) chlorides. Anhydrous iron(III) fluoride is white, whereas the hydrated forms are light pink.Housecroft, Catherine E.; Sharpe, Alan G. (2008) Inorganic Chemistry (3rd ed.), Pearson: Prentice Hall. .
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Oxygenated Lb2+ (Lb2+O2) readily autoxidizes to ferric Lb (Lb3+) generating O2− in the presence of trace amounts of transition metals, chelators and toxic metabolites (such as nitrite, superoxide radical and peroxides),Becana M.,Klucas R. V., Oxidation and reduction of leghemoglobin in root nodules of leguminous plants, Plant Physiol., 98 (1992) 1217-1221. however Lb2+ is the predominant form in nodules.
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In addition to oil and natural gas, hydroelectric power, and fish and forest resources, Norway has reserves of ferric and nonferric metal ores. Many of these have been exploited in the past but whose mines are now idle because of low-grade purity and high operating costs. Europe's largest titanium deposits are near the southwest coast. Coal is mined in the Svalbard islands.
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Ferrous oxide is more correctly called iron(II) oxide. In chemistry, the adjective ferrous indicates a compound that contains iron in the +2 oxidation state, possibly as the divalent cation Fe2+. It is opposed to "ferric", which indicates presence of iron in a +3 oxidation state, such as the trivalent cation Fe3+."ferrous" entry in the Merriam-Webster online dictionary.
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Octaethylporphyrin (H2OEP) is an organic compound that is a relative of naturally occurring heme pigments. The compound is used in the preparation of models for the prosthetic group in heme proteins. It is a dark purple solid that is soluble in organic solvents. When treated with ferric chloride in hot acetic acid solution, it forms the square pyramidal complex Fe(OEP)Cl.
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Generally, ferric sulfate is used as a solution generated from iron wastes. The actual speciation is vague but its applications do not demand high purity materials. Iron(III) sulfate is often generated as a solution rather than being isolated as a solid. It is produced on a large scale by treating sulfuric acid, a hot solution of ferrous sulfate, and an oxidizing agent.
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Esseneite is a relative rare mineral of the pyroxene group, with formula CaFeAlSiO6. It is the ferric-iron-dominant member. Esseneite is an iron- analogue of other pyroxene-group members, davisite, grossmanite, and kushiroite. It is a metamorphic mineral forming in pyrometamorphic rocks called paralavas, which are formed due to fusing on sedimentary rocks usually in result of coal fires.
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A Colorado couple suffered gastrointestinal distress and cramps from a mushroom similar to the European R. aurea, but if this was R. flavosaponaria or another species is uncertain. The species tests positive with pyrogallol. It is moderately positive in response to ferric chloride. Tincture of guaiac is negative on the branch sections but weakly positive on the surface of the stipe.
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M.T. Michalewicz Nano-cars: Enabling Technology for building Buckyball Pyramids , Annals of Improbable Research, Vol. IV, No. 3 March/April 1998 These papers supposed to be a not-so-serious contribution to a fundamental debate on the limits of bottom-up Drexlerian nanotechnology and conceptual limits of how far mechanistic analogies advanced by Eric Drexler could be carried out. The important feature of this nanocar concept was the fact that all molecular component tinkertoys were known and synthetized molecules (alas, some very exotic and only recently discovered, e.g. staffanes, and notably – ferric wheel, 1995), in contrast to some Drexlerian diamondoid structures that were only postulated and never synthesized; and the drive system that was embedded in a ferric wheel and driven by inhomogeneous or time-dependent magnetic field of a substrate – an "engine in a wheel" concept.
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However, during hyper-hemolytic conditions or with chronic hemolysis, haptoglobin is depleted so the remaining free hemoglobin readily distribute to tissues where it might be exposed to oxidative conditions, thus some of the ferrous heme (FeII), the oxygen-binding component of hemoglobin, of the free hemoglobin are oxidized and becoming met-hemoglobin (ferric hemoglobin). In such conditions, heme along with globin chains can be released from further oxidization of met-hemoglobin (ferric Hb). In which, the free heme can then accelerate tissue damage by promoting peroxidative reactions and activation of inflammatory cascades. At this time, hemopexin, another plasma glycoprotein come to bind with heme with its privilege of high heme affinity, forming a complex of heme-hemopexin, which is non-toxic, and travel together to a receptor on hepatocytes and macrophages within the spleen, liver and bone marrow.
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This splitting is given by the right-hand (high-field) side of the d6 Tanabe-Sugano diagram and can be mapped onto a theoretical simulation of a L-edge spectrum (Figure 2d). Other factors such as p-d electron repulsion and spin-orbit coupling of the 2p and 3d electrons must also be considered to fully simulate the data. For a ferric system, all of these effects result in 252 initial states and 1260 possible final states that together will comprise the final L-edge spectrum (Figure 2e). Despite all of these possible states, it has been established that in a low-spin ferric system, the lowest energy peak is due to a transition to the t2g hole and the more intense and higher energy (~3.5 eV) peak is to that of the unoccupied eg orbitals.
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Sucrosomial iron is a new oral iron preparation containing ferric pyrophosphate covered by phospholipids plus sucrose ester of fatty acid matrix. This allows the molecule to be absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract by trans-cellular, para-cellular and M-cells independently of hepcidin and due to gastro-resistant properties it does not causes the side effects such as gastric irritation which is commonly associated to oral iron.
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The ferric chloride test is used to determine the presence of phenols in a given sample or compound (for instance natural phenols in a plant extract). Enols, hydroxamic acids, oximes, and sulfinic acids give positive results as well. The bromine test is useful to confirm the result, although modern spectroscopic techniques (e.g. NMR and IR spectroscopy) are far superior in determining the identity of the unknown.
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Due to its high affinity, enterobactin is capable of chelating even in environments where the concentration of ferric ion is held very low, such as within living organisms. Enterobactin can extract iron even from the air. Pathogenic bacteria can steal iron from other living organisms using this mechanism, even though the concentration of iron is kept extremely low due to the toxicity of free iron.
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10.5-inch diameter reel of 9-track tape IBM computers from the 1950s used ferric oxide coated tape similar to that used in audio recording. IBM's technology soon became the de facto industry standard. Magnetic tape dimensions were wide and wound on removable reels up to in diameter. Different tape lengths were available with and on mil and one half thickness being somewhat standard.
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Life harnesses chemical reactions to generate energy, perform biosynthesis, and eliminate waste.Berg, J. M., Tymoczko, J. L., & Stryer, L. (2002). Biochemistry. 5th. Different organisms use very different metabolic approaches to meet these basic needs. While animals such as ourselves are limited to aerobic respiration, other organisms can "breathe" sulfate (SO42-), nitrate (NO3-), ferric iron (Fe(III)), and uranium (U(VI)), or live off energy from fermentation.
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One of the first in vitro tests for aspirin was through the Trinder reaction. Aqueous ferric chloride was added to a urine sample, and the formation of the iron complex turned the solution purple. This test was not specific to acetylsalicylic acid but would occur in the presence of any phenol or enol. The downfall of this test occurs in the presence of hyperbilirubinemia or elevated bilirubin.
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This coordination compound is used as an indicator in analytical chemistry. The active ingredient is the [Fe(o-phen)3]2+ ion, which is a chromophore that can be oxidized to the ferric derivative [Fe(o-phen)3]3+. The potential for this redox change is +1.06 volts in 1 M H2SO4. It is a popular redox indicator for visualizing oscillatory Belousov–Zhabotinsky reactions.
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Barium ferrate is the most stable of the ferrate(VI) compounds. It can be prepared in its purest state and has the most definite composition. Barium ferrate can be easily decomposed by all soluble acids, including carbonic acid. If carbon dioxide is passed through water on which hydrated barium ferrate is suspended, barium ferrate will decompose completely to form barium carbonate, ferric hydroxide and oxygen gas.
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A magnetisation distribution is achieved along the magnetic tape. Finally, the distribution of the magnetisation can be read out, reproducing the original signal. The magnetic tape is typically made by embedding magnetic particles (approximately 0.5 micrometers in size) in a plastic binder on polyester film tape. The most commonly-used of these was ferric oxide, though chromium dioxide, cobalt, and later pure metal particles were also used.
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Ferrous citrates are all paramagnetic, reflecting the weak crystal field of the carboxylate ligands. Structure of the anionic coordination polymer {[Fe(C6H5O7)(H2O)]−}n. (legend: red = O, gray = C, blue = Fe, white = H). Ferrous citrates are produced by treating disodium citrate with sources of iron(II) aquo complexes, such as iron(II) sulfate. Ferrous citrates are all highly unstable in air, converting to ferric citrates.
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Copper sulfate is also used commonly, but no longer recommended by the Australian Department of Agriculture, as it kills livestock, crustaceans, and fish. Cupricide is a chelated copper product that eliminates blooms with lower toxicity risks than copper sulfate. Dosage recommendations vary from 190 ml to 4.8 l per 1000 m2. Ferric alum treatments at the rate of 50 mg/l will reduce algae blooms.
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Released on LP and compact cassette, the album was well-balanced for playback time, 18:23 on side A and 18:44 on side B. A 1980 French cassette release, offered as part of Collection Chrome high performance line, is notable for using more expensive chromium dioxide tape instead of standard ferric oxide tape. This release quotes slightly different running times, 17:36 and 18:23 respectively.
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The RA90 disk drive was the first Digital Equipment Corporation drive to be based on "thin film" technology. Prior to the RA90 all Digital disk drives used "oxide" disks, which were an aluminum disk coated with a polyurethane binder resin containing gamma ferric oxide particles as the recording medium. The 1988-released RA90, which held 1.2GB, was used with controllers implementing the Mass Storage Control Protocol.
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In analytical chemistry, this salt is the preferred source of ferrous ions as the solid has a long shelf life, being resistant to oxidation. This stability extends somewhat to solutions reflecting the effect of pH on the ferrous/ferric redox couple. This oxidation occurs more readily at high pH. The ammonium ions make solutions of Mohr's salt slightly acidic, which slows this oxidation process.
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Bog ore Bog iron is a form of impure iron deposit that develops in bogs or swamps by the chemical or biochemical oxidation of iron carried in solution. In general, bog ores consist primarily of iron oxyhydroxides, commonly goethite (FeO(OH)). Iron-bearing groundwater typically emerges as a spring. The iron is oxidized to ferric hydroxide upon encountering the oxidizing environment of the surface.
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This removes adult hemoglobin, but not foetal hemoglobin, from the red blood cells. Subsequent staining, using Shepard's method,Alcoholic haematoxylin, acidified ferric chloride, Shepard's counterstain. Shepard's Fixative/Diluent makes fetal cells (containing foetal hemoglobin) appear rose- pink in color, while adult red blood cells are only seen as "ghosts". 2000 cells are counted under the microscope and a percentage of foetal to maternal cells is calculated.
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HCP is normally produced by chlorination of phenol by chlorine in the presence of metal chloride catalyst, such as ferric chloride. It can also be produced by alkaline hydrolysis of polychlorinatedbenzenes at high temperature and pressure, by conversion of diazonium salts of chlorinated anilines, or by chlorination of phenolsulfonic acids and benzenesulfonic acids followed by removal of the sulfonic acid group. The hydrolysis of HCP gives chloranil.
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1758-1765 Pathfinder carried a series of magnets to examine the magnetic component of the dust. Eventually, all but one of the magnets developed a coating of dust. Since the weakest magnet did not attract any soil, it was concluded that the airborne dust did not contain pure magnetite or one type of maghemite. The dust probably was an aggregate possible cemented with ferric oxide (Fe2O3).
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Global and Planetary Change.46, 315-336 This phosphate mineral has a simplified formula Fe3+3(PO4)2(OH)3·5H2O, which is the same formula of another non-amorphous phosphate mineral called allanpringite.Kolitsch U., Bernhardt H. J., Lengauer C. L., Blass G. and Tillmanns E. (2006) Allanpringite, Fe3(PO4)2(OH)3•5H2O, a new ferric iron phosphate from Germany, and its close relation to wavellite.
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Three classes of RNR have similar mechanisms for the reduction of NDPs, but differ in the domain that generates the free radical, the specific metal in the metalloprotein structure, and the electron donors. All classes use free-radical chemistry. Class I reductases use an iron center with ferrous to ferric conversion to generate a tyrosyl free radical. Reduction of NDP substrates occurs under aerobic conditions.
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Structure of one of several ferric citrate complexes.Ferric citrate easily forms coordination complexes,Xiang Hao, Yongge Wei, Shiwei Zhang (2001): "Synthesis, crystal structure and magnetic property of a binuclear iron(III) citrate complex". Transition Metal Chemistry, volume 26, issue 4, pages 384–387. I. Shweky, A. Bino, D. P. Goldberg, S. J. Lippard (1994): "Syntheses, structures, and magnetic-properties of 2 dinuclear iron(III) citrate complexes".
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An example of histotoxic hypoxia is cyanide poisoning. There is a profound drop in tissue oxygen consumption since the reaction of oxygen with cytochrome oxidase is blocked by the presence of cyanide. Cyanide binds to the ferric ion on cytochrome oxidase a3 and prevents the fourth and final reaction in the electron transport chain. This completely stops oxidative phosphorylation and prevents the mitochondria from producing ATP.
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Bleomycin is a polypeptide antibiotic derived from a fungus, Streptomyces verticillus. Its mechanism of action involves bleomycin binding to guanine bases in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) with the oxidation of ferrous iron to ferric iron. The oxidation donates an electron that the oxygen accepts to form a reactive species of oxygen. The reactive oxygen entities attack DNA bases which store information, and thus inhibits DNA synthesis.
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Brokenhillite is mainly manganese dominant with the chemical composition of Mn8Si6O15(OH,Cl)10. Chemically identical to manganpyrosmalite or ferric pyrosmalite, it is thus difficult to distinguish properly. When chloride is present and abundant in the composition it has the potential to become a halide and take on a salty form. Chemically identified by the electron microprobe it is easily distinguishable between the elements found inside.
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Nitrophorins are hemoproteins found in the saliva of blood-feeding insects. Saliva of the blood-sucking bug Rhodnius prolixus contains at least seven homologous nitrophorins, designated NP1 to NP7 in order of their relative abundance in the glands. As isolated, nitrophorins contain nitric oxide (NO) ligated to the ferric heme iron (Fe3+). Histamine, which is released by the host in response to tissue damage, is another nitrophorin ligand.
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Also known as an Iron Sponge, this removed hydrogen sulfide from the gas by passing it over wooden trays containing moist ferric oxide. The gas then passed on to the gasholder and the iron sulfide was sold to extract the sulfur. Waste from this process often gave rise to blue billy, a ferrocyanide contaminant in the land which causes problems when trying to redevelop an old gasworks site.
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Jöns Jakob Berzelius (friherre) and Olof Gustaf Öngren, A. Wahlen et Cie., 1838 In 1865 in the fifth volume of "A dictionary of chemistry", Henry Watts wrote : > It exhibits with ferric salts the same reactions as gallotannic acid. It > differs however from the latter in not being convertible into gallic acid, > and not yielding pyrogallic acid by dry distillation. It is precipitated by > sulfuric acid in red flocks.
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Using iron isotopes, an improvement in the understanding of the metabolic processes controlling iron oxidation and energy production in these organisms can be developed. Photoautrophic bacteria, which oxidize Fe(II) under anaerobic conditions, have also been studied. The Thiodictyon bacteria precipitate poorly crystalline hydrous ferric oxide when they oxidize iron. The precipitate was enriched in the 56Fe relative to Fe(II)aq, with a δ56/54Fe value of +1.5 ± 0.2‰.
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Epidotes are found in variety of geologic settings, ranging from mid-ocean ridge to granites to metapelites. Epidotes are built around the structure [(SiO4)(Si2O7)]10− structure; for example, the mineral species epidote has calcium, aluminium, and ferric iron to charge balance: Ca2Al2(Fe3+, Al)(SiO4)(Si2O7)O(OH). The presence of iron as Fe3+ and Fe2+ helps understand oxygen fugacity, which in turn is a significant factor in petrogenesis., pp.
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This is inefficient and it is not normally used this way. During World War II, the German military used RFNA in some rockets. The mixtures used were called S-Stoff (96% nitric acid with 4% ferric chloride as an ignition catalyst) and SV-Stoff (94% nitric acid with 6% dinitrogen tetroxide) and nicknamed Salbei (sage). Inhibited RFNA was the oxidizer of the world's most-launched light orbital rocket, the Kosmos-3M.
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Enterobactin (also known as enterochelin) is a high affinity siderophore that acquires iron for microbial systems. It is primarily found in Gram-negative bacteria, such as Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium. Enterobactin is the strongest siderophore known, binding to the ferric ion (Fe3+) with the affinity (K = 1052 M−1). This value is substantially larger than even some synthetic metal chelators, such as EDTA (Kf,Fe3+ ~ 1025 M−1).
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Red, brown and green colors are indicative of ferric oxide (hematite – reds), iron hydroxide (goethite – browns and limonite – yellow), or micaceous minerals (chlorite, biotite and illite – greens). Clays are the major constituent of shales and other mudrocks. The clay minerals represented are largely kaolinite, montmorillonite and illite. Clay minerals of Late Tertiary mudstones are expandable smectites whereas in older rocks especially in mid- to early Paleozoic shales illites predominate.
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The company started as a ferric hardware factory in 1911 under the name Berkenhoff & Paschedag, located in Hemer, Germany; it was taken over by Friedrich Grohe in 1936, who focused on sanitary faucets only. Before that, Friedrich used to work for his father's company Hansgrohe, founded in 1901. The first order from outside of Germany came in 1938. In 1948, the company was renamed to Friedrich Grohe Armaturenfabrik.
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Chrysotype (also known as a chripotype or gold print) is a photographic process invented by John Herschel in 1842. Named from the Greek for "gold", it uses colloidal gold to record images on paper. Herschel's system involved coating paper with ferric citrate, exposing it to the sun in contact with an etching used as mask, then developing the print with a chloroaurate solution. This did not provide continuous-tone photographs.
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The conserved Fe3+ is stabilised in the ferric form, whereas M may undergo reduction. Upon treatment with mild reductants, PAPs are converted to their enzymatically active, pink form. Treatment with strong reducing agents dissociates the metallic ions, and renders the enzyme colourless and inactive. PAPs are highly conserved within eukaryotic species, with >80% amino acid homology in mammalian PAPs, and >70% sequence homology in PAPs of plant origin.
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The lava flows formed the conditions for creation of Lake Superior agates. As the lava solidified, water vapor and carbon dioxide trapped within the solidified flows formed a vesicular texture (literally millions of small bubbles). Later, groundwater transported ferric iron, silica, and other dissolved minerals passed through the trapped gas vesicles. These quartz-rich groundwater solutions deposited concentric bands of fine- grained quartz called chalcedony, or embedded agates.
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PCP can be produced by the chlorination of phenol in the presence of catalyst (anhydrous aluminium or ferric chloride) and a temperature up to about 191°C. This process does not result in complete chlorination and commercial PCP is only 84-90% pure. The main contaminants include other polychlorinated phenols, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, and polychlorinated dibenzofurans. Some of these species are even more toxic than the PCP itself.
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Iron phosphate is one of the few molluscicides approved for use in the practice of organic farming. Pesticide pellets containing iron phosphate plus a chelating agent, such as EDTA, leach heavy metals from soil into groundwater. The Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL) reported the EDTA content and stated products were likely to be no safer than metaldehyde baits. Ferric phosphate slug and snail baits marketed in the U.S. contain EDTA.
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The bass aperture is known as the thoppi or eda bhaaga and the smaller aperture is known as the valanthalai or bala bhaaga. The smaller membrane, when struck, produces higher pitched sounds with a metallic timbre. The wider aperture produces lower pitched sounds. The goat skin covering the smaller aperture is anointed in the center with a black disk made of rice flour, ferric oxide powder and starch.
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A selection of differently colored beetroot varieties The red color seen in beeturia is caused by the presence of unmetabolized betalain pigments such as betanin in beetroot passed through the body. The pigments are absorbed in the colon. Betalains are oxidation-sensitive redox indicators that are decolorized by hydrochloric acid, ferric ions, and colonic bacteria preparations. The gut flora play a not-yet-evaluated role in the breakdown of the pigment.
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Mudrocks form in various colors, including: red, purple, brown, yellow, green and grey, and even black. Shades of grey are most common in mudrocks, and darker colors of black come from organic carbons. Green mudrocks form in reducing conditions, where organic matter decomposes along with ferric iron. They can also be found in marine environments, where pelagic, or free-floating species, settle out of the water and decompose in the mudrock.
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Sources are popular not only among residents of Tyumen, but in neighboring regions as well: the Sverdlovsk, Kurgan and Chelyabinsk regions. The region has large peat reserves. Large deposits of vivianite (ferric phosphate) (approximately 20% of world reserves) have been discovered in particular peat deposits, the usage of which may meet the phosphate fertilizers demand of the agriculture. There are deposits of quartz sands, brick and expanded clays, sapropels and limestone.
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The pumping equipment in the well must also be removed and cleaned. Iron filters have been used to treat iron bacteria. Iron filters are similar in appearance and size to conventional water softeners but contain beds of media that have mild oxidizing power. As the iron-bearing water is passed through the bed, any soluble ferrous iron is converted to the insoluble ferric state and then filtered from the water.
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Sodium thiosulfate also serves as a sulfur source and its presence, in combination with ferric citrate, allows for the easy detection of hydrogen sulfide production. Saccharose (sucrose) is included as a fermentable carbohydrate for metabolism by Vibrio species. The alkaline pH of the medium enhances the recovery of V. cholerae and inhibits the growth of others. Thymol blue and bromothymol blue are included as indicators of pH changes.
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Ascorbic acid Ferric derisomaltose (Monoferric) was approved in the United States in January 2020, for the treatment of iron deficiency anemia. Treatment should take into account the cause and severity of the condition. If the iron-deficiency anemia is a result of blood loss or another underlying cause, treatment is geared toward addressing the underlying cause. Most cases of iron deficiency anemia are treated with oral iron supplements.
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Van Dyke brown is a printing process named after Anthony van Dyck. It involves coating a canvas with ferric ammonium citrate, tartaric acid, and silver nitrate, then exposing it to ultraviolet light. The canvas can be washed with water, and hypo to keep the solutions in place. The image created has a Van Dyke brown color when it’s completed, and unlike other printing methods, does not require a darkroom.
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Furthermore, some of the oxygen centers are replaced by Ba2+ ions. Formulas for these species include BaFe12O19, BaFe15O23, and BaFe18O27. A one-step hydrothermal process can be used to form crystals of barium ferrite, by mixing barium chloride, ferrous chloride, potassium nitrate, and sodium hydroxide with a hydroxide to chloride concentration ratio of 2:1. Nano-particles are prepared from ferric nitrate, barium chloride, sodium citrate, and sodium hydroxide.
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No systematic interaction studies with ferric maltol have been conducted. Food reduces its uptake from the gut, as do calcium and magnesium salts and tetracycline antibiotics. Conversely, iron inhibits the uptake of many drugs, such as bisphosphonates, tetracycline antibiotics, quinolone antibiotics, levothyroxin, and levodopa. Combining the drug with intravenous iron can result in fast release of iron into the blood, potentially leading to low blood pressure or even collapse.
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Generally, 1–2 wt. % of [Ca(NO2)2] with respect to cement weight is needed to prevent corrosion of the rebars. The nitrite anion is a mild oxidizer that oxidizes the soluble and mobile ferrous ions (Fe2+) present at the surface of the corroding steel and causes them to precipitate as an insoluble ferric hydroxide (Fe(OH)3). This causes the passivation of steel at the anodic oxidation sites.
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The Fry Canyon site was selected in 1996 as a field demonstration site to assess the removal capabilities of PRBs for uranium. Laboratory experiments were conducted on three potential PRB materials (phosphate, zero-valent iron, and ferric iron) to determine uranium removal efficiencies and hydrologic properties. A PRB material from each class was selected for demonstration. The selected materials had satisfactory hydraulic conductivity, high U removal efficiency, and high compaction strengths.
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A funnel and gate design was used. The funnels channeled the groundwater into the PRB gates. During the first year, zero-valent iron had lowered U concentration by more than 99.9%, while the amount removed in both the phosphate and the ferric iron exceeded 70% for most of the measurements made. Mechanisms for removing uranium are similar to those for removing other inorganic contaminants, meaning that this study has wide applicability.
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Pharmacosiderite is a hydrated basic ferric arsenate, with chemical formula KFe4(AsO4)3(OH)4·(6-7)H2O and a molecular weight of 873.38 g/mol. It consists of the elements arsenic, iron, hydrogen, potassium, sodium and oxygen. It has a Mohs hardness of 2 to 3, about that of a finger nail. Its specific gravity is about 2.7 to 2.9, has indistinct cleavage, and is usually transparent or translucent.
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Ochre- pigment Ochre ( ; from , from , , pale) or ocher (minor variant in American English) is a natural clay earth pigment which is a mixture of ferric oxide and varying amounts of clay and sand. It ranges in colour from yellow to deep orange or brown. It is also the name of the colours produced by this pigment, especially a light brownish-yellow.Shorter Oxford English Dictionary (2002), Oxford University Press.
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Myoglobin contains hemes, pigments responsible for the colour of red meat. The colour that meat takes is partly determined by the degree of oxidation of the myoglobin. In fresh meat the iron atom is in the ferrous (+2) oxidation state bound to an oxygen molecule (O2). Meat cooked well done is brown because the iron atom is now in the ferric (+3) oxidation state, having lost an electron.
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Four non-coding small RNAs containing a Fur box-like (ferric uptake regulator) sequence were identified by bioinformatics analysis in Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans HK1651 called JA01-JA04. The transcription of sRNAs was confirmed by Northern blot. Fur binding was demonstrated to each sRNA promoter, and that transcription of the sRNAs was decreased in presence of iron and increased by iron limitation. JA03 may have the ability to regulate biofilm formation.
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Catechol is the conjugate acid of a chelating agent used widely in coordination chemistry. Basic solutions of catechol react with iron(III) to give the red [Fe(C6H4O2)3]3−. Ferric chloride gives a green coloration with the aqueous solution, while the alkaline solution rapidly changes to a green and finally to a black color on exposure to the air. Iron-containing dioxygenase enzymes catalyze the cleavage of catechol.
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King began her career in education as an instructor in chemistry and mathematics at West Virginia State High School, West Virginia State's laboratory high school. During the summers, she attended Cornell University and paid her own tuition. King's thesis in chemistry at Cornell was entitled "The Interaction Between Solutions of Tannic Acid and Hydrous Ferric Oxide.". She received a master's degree in physical chemistry from Cornell in 1931.
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These colors are due to the accumulation of ferric hydroxide and manganic oxide deposited with the mucilage and minerals that comprise the lorica. In Trachelomonas, the presence of a lorica obscures cytoplasmic details of the underlying cell. In each Trachelomonas cell, there is a gap at the apex of the lorica from which the flagellum protrudes. Thickening around this gap results in a rim-like or collar-like appearance.
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Prior to the early 1970s, most trichloroethylene was produced in a two-step process from acetylene. First, acetylene was treated with chlorine using a ferric chloride catalyst at 90 °C to produce 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane according to the chemical equation :HC≡CH + 2 Cl2 → Cl2CHCHCl2 The 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane is then dehydrochlorinated to give trichloroethylene. This can be accomplished either with an aqueous solution of calcium hydroxide :2 Cl2CHCHCl2 \+ Ca(OH)2 → 2 ClCH=CCl2 \+ CaCl2 \+ 2 H2O or in the vapor phase by heating it to 300–500 °C on a barium chloride or calcium chloride catalyst :Cl2CHCHCl2 → ClCH=CCl2 \+ HCl Today, however, most trichloroethylene is produced from ethylene. First, ethylene is chlorinated over a ferric chloride catalyst to produce 1,2-dichloroethane. :CH2=CH2 \+ Cl2 → ClCH2CH2Cl When heated to around 400 °C with additional chlorine, 1,2-dichloroethane is converted to trichloroethylene :ClCH2CH2Cl + 2 Cl2 → ClCH=CCl2 \+ 3 HCl This reaction can be catalyzed by a variety of substances.
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Metalloreductase STEAP3 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the STEAP3 gene. STEAP3 is a metalloreductase, capable of converting iron from an insoluble ferric (Fe3+) to a soluble ferrous (Fe2+) form. STEAP3 and other STEAP protein, with the exception of STEAP1, are predicted to contain a Di- nucleotide binding domain (Rossmann Fold). This has been shown using X-ray crystallography in the cases of STEAP3 and STEAP4 (PDB: 2VNS, 2VQ3 and 2YJZ).
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In 1973 Sony introduced double-layer ferrichrome tapes, having a five-micron ferric base coated with one micron of CrO2 pigment. The new cassettes were advertized as 'the best of both worlds' - combining good low-frequency MOL of microferric tapes with good treble performance of chrome tapes. The novelty became part of the IEC standard, codenamed Type III; the Sony CS301 formulation became the IEC reference. However, the idea failed to attract followers.
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Structure of "FeCl2(thf)x", Fe4Cl8(thf)6, illustrating both tetrahedral and octahedral coordination geometries. Hydrated forms of ferrous chloride are generated by treatment of wastes from steel production with hydrochloric acid. Such solutions are designated "spent acid," or "pickle liquor" especially when the hydrochloric acid is not completely consumed: :Fe + 2 HCl → FeCl2 \+ H2 The spent acid requires treatment if it is disposed. Ferrous chloride is used in the manufacturing of ferric chloride.
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Unlike the related ferrous sulfate and ferric chloride, ferrous chloride has few commercial applications. Aside from use in the laboratory synthesis of iron complexes, ferrous chloride serves as a coagulation and flocculation agent in wastewater treatment, especially for wastes containing chromate or sulfides. It is used for odor control in wastewater treatment. It is used as a precursor to make various grades of hematite that can be used in a variety of pigments.
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The perovskite structure (first identified in the mineral perovskite) occurs in substances with the general formula ABX3, where A is a metal that forms large cations, typically magnesium, ferrous iron, or calcium. B is another metal that forms smaller cations, typically silicon, although minor amounts of ferric iron and aluminum can occur. X is typically oxygen. The structure may be cubic, but only if the relative sizes of the ions meet strict criteria.
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The medieval ore dumps are heavily weathered, but it is assumed that parascorodite, along with other secondary iron arsenates and arsenosulfates, actually formed much before the dumping of waste material on this area by natural weathering processes. Parascorodite formed as a product of arsenopyrite dissolution, followed by recrystallization of iron-arsenic bearing solutions, in near surface weathering conditions. Parascorodite is dimorphous with scorodite, and is also associated with pitticite, gypsum, jarosite, and amorphous ferric hydroxides.
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The heme group is a highly conjugated ring system (which allows its electrons to be very mobile) surrounding an iron ion. The iron in cytochromes usually exists in a ferrous (Fe2+) and a ferric (Fe3+) state with a ferroxo (Fe4+) state found in catalytic intermediates. Cytochromes are, thus, capable of performing electron transfer reactions and catalysis by reduction or oxidation of their heme iron. The cellular location of cytochromes depends on their function.
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A hypothetical hydroxylation is shown in this illustration. After the product has been released from the active site, the enzyme returns to its original state, with a water molecule returning to occupy the distal coordination position of the iron nucleus. 300px # An alternative route for mono-oxygenation is via the "peroxide shunt" (path "S" in figure). This pathway entails oxidation of the ferric-substrate complex with oxygen-atom donors such as peroxides and hypochlorites.
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Between 40 and 60% copper extraction was achieved in primary reactors and more than 90% extraction in secondary reactors with overall residence times of about 6 days. The oxidation of the ferrous ion (Fe2+) to the ferric ion (Fe3+) is an energy producing reaction for some microorganisms. As only a small amount of energy is obtained, large amounts of (Fe2+) have to be oxidized. Furthermore, (Fe3+) forms the insoluble precipitate in H2O.
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CooA is a heme-containing transcription factor that responds to the presence of carbon monoxide. It induces the expression of carbon monoxide dehydrogenase, which oxidizes CO. In the inactive ferric state, iron is bound to cysteine thiolate and the amine of an N-terminal proline, in addition to the N4 donor set of the porphyrinate. In the reduced state, an imidazole of histidine displaces the thiolate. The midpoint potential is -300 mV.
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Iron(II) oxide or ferrous oxide is the inorganic compound with the formula FeO. Its mineral form is known as wüstite. One of several iron oxides, it is a black-colored powder that is sometimes confused with rust, the latter of which consists of hydrated iron(III) oxide (ferric oxide). Iron(II) oxide also refers to a family of related non-stoichiometric compounds, which are typically iron deficient with compositions ranging from Fe0.84O to Fe0.95O.
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In Beyond the Shadows, it is revealed that he was to marry Trace the day he became the Night Angel, leaving her alone at the altar. He has been known by several names throughout history, including: Gaelan Starfire, Ferric Fireheart, Garric Shadowbane, Hrothran Steelbender, Vin Craysin, Tal Drakkan, Yric the Black, Zak Eurthkin, Rebus Nimble, Qos Delanoesh, X!rutic Ur, Mir Graggor, Pips McClawski, Dav Slinker, Oturo Kenji, Dehvirahaman ko Bruhmaeziwakazari, and Durzo Blint.
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F. placidus was the first hyperthermophile discovered to grow anaerobically by oxidizing aromatic compounds such as benzoate coupled to the reduction of ferric iron (Fe3+) to ferrous iron (Fe2+). Hydrogen gas (H2) and sulfide (H2S) can also be used as energy sources. Due to its anaerobic lifestyle, nitrate (NO3−) is used as a terminal electron acceptor whereby it is converted to nitrite (NO2−). Thiosulfate (S2O32−) can also be used as a terminal electron acceptor.
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Dilute aqueous KSCN is occasionally used for moderately realistic blood effects in film and theater. It can be painted onto a surface or kept as a colorless solution. When in contact with ferric chloride solution (or other solutions containing Fe3+), the product of the reaction is a solution with a blood red colour, due to the formation of the thiocyanatoiron complex ion. Thus this chemical is often used to create the effect of 'stigmata'.
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It is used in the production of the dye orcein and as a reagent in some chemical tests for pentoses, such as Bial's Test. It may be synthesized from toluene; more interesting is its production when acetone dicarboxylic ester is condensed with the aid of sodium. It crystallizes in colorless prisms with one molecule of water, which redden on exposure to air. Ferric chloride gives a bluish-violet coloration with the aqueous solution.
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Iron is stored as a hydrated ferric oxide mineral in its central cavity (about 80 Å diameter). The overall complex has cubic (432) symmetry. Each subunit includes a binuclear metalbinding site (the diiron site) linking together the four major helices of the subunit, which has been identified as the ferroxidase active site. Bfr from Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PaBfr), unlike other Bfrs, is found to contain two subunit types, which differ considerably in their amino acid sequences.
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The cheilocystidia (cystidia on the edge of a gill) may be spindle-, club-, or awl-shaped (subulate), or intermediate in between these forms, and measure 27–60 by 5–7 µm. Additionally, there are cystidia present on both the surface of the cap and the stem. If a drop of ferric sulphate (used as a chemical test in mushroom identification) is applied to the mushroom flesh, it will immediately stain dark bluish-green.Bessette et al.
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Old bridges and anchor chains dredged from harbors are major sources. The greater corrosion resistance of wrought iron is due to the siliceous impurities (naturally occurring in iron ore), namely ferric silicate. Wrought iron has been used for decades as a generic term across the gate and fencing industry, even though mild steel is used for manufacturing these "wrought iron" gates. This is mainly because of the limited availability of true wrought iron.
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Pyrolusite is also used to prepare disinfectants (permanganates) and for decolorizing glass. When mixed with molten glass it oxidizes the ferrous iron to ferric iron, and so discharges the green and brown tints (making it classically useful to glassmakers as a decolorizer). As a coloring material, it is used in calico printing and dyeing; for imparting violet, amber, and black colors to glass, pottery, and bricks; and in the manufacture of green and violet paints.
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It has also been observed to bond well with goethite, ferric oxide colloids, and several clays including kaolinite and smectite. Np(V) does not bond as readily to soil particles in mildly acidic conditions as its fellow actinides americium and curium by nearly an order of magnitude. This behavior enables it to migrate rapidly through the soil while in solution without becoming fixed in place, contributing further to its mobility.Atwood, section 4.
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When hemoglobin is released from RBCs within the physiologic range of hemopexin, the potential deleterious effects of hemoglobin are prevented. However, during hyper-hemolytic conditions or with chronic hemolysis, hemoglobin is depleted and readily distributes to tissues where it might be exposed to oxidative conditions. In such conditions, heme can be released from ferric (Fe3+-bound) hemoglobin. The free heme can then accelerate tissue damage by promoting peroxidative reactions and activation of inflammatory cascades.
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Thiobacteria such as Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans have become essential to industrial bioleaching applications, as the microorganisms are able to oxidize iron and sulfur from iron-sulfur minerals as energy sources, supporting their own autotrophic growth while producing ferric iron and sulfuric acid. Thus, bacteria have been isolated from mineral deposits and used in the treatment of refractory gold and iron ores and detoxification of industrial waste products, sewage, and soils contaminated with heavy metals.
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21, 1980 (2nd edn.), Faber & Faber, 21 A celadon vase Celadon glazes were very common, with the green color being reliably produced from about the 10th century onwards; this was appreciated in Asia for resembling jade, the most prestigious material of all. The glaze color comes from iron oxide's transformation from ferric to ferrous iron (Fe2O3 → FeO) during the firing process,Dewar, Richard. (2002). Stoneware. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. , p. 42.
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Limonite, a mixture of various hydrates and polymorphs of ferric oxyhydroxide, is one of the three major iron ores, having been used since at least 2500 BCE.MacEachern, Scott (1996): "Iron Age beginnings north of the Mandara Mountains, Cameroon and Nigeria". In In Pwiti, Gilbert and Soper, Robert (editors) (1996) Aspects of African Archaeology: Proceedings of the Tenth Pan-African Congress University of Zimbabwe Press, Harare, Zimbabwe, , pages 489-496. Archived here on 2012-03-11.
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Charlottetown soil series is the name given to a deep fine sandy loam soil which has developed under forest vegetation on glacial till. This series occurs only on Prince Edward Island, where it is widespread and so important for agriculture that it has been designated as the Provincial Soil. This soil is an Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol in the Canadian soil classification system. It has good moisture-holding capacity and is well drained.
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Iron(III) oxide or ferric oxide is the inorganic compound with the formula Fe2O3. It is one of the three main oxides of iron, the other two being iron(II) oxide (FeO), which is rare; and iron(II,III) oxide (Fe3O4), which also occurs naturally as the mineral magnetite. As the mineral known as hematite, Fe2O3 is the main source of iron for the steel industry. Fe2O3 is readily attacked by acids.
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As one of a range of ferric ferrocyanides, blue billy is a compound of iron, carbon and nitrogen. Processes producing ammonia or cyanides in the presence of iron may give rise to it. Most commonly it is found around old gasworks. Part of the gas production process, producing town gas by the gasification of coal, involves a liquid bubbler scrubber to remove ammonia compounds, including ammonium cyanide compounds, from the raw gas.
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Citrine is a variety of quartz whose color ranges from a pale yellow to brown due to ferric impurities. Natural citrines are rare; most commercial citrines are heat- treated amethysts or smoky quartzes. However, a heat-treated amethyst will have small lines in the crystal, as opposed to a natural citrine's cloudy or smoky appearance. It is nearly impossible to differentiate between cut citrine and yellow topaz visually, but they differ in hardness.
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Iron(III) is a d5 center, meaning that the metal has five "valence" electrons in the 3d orbital shell. These partially filled or unfilled d-orbitals can accept a large variety of ligands to form coordination complexes. The number and type of ligands is described by ligand field theory. Usually ferric ions are surrounded by six ligands arranged in octahedron; but sometimes three and sometimes as many as seven ligands are observed.
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Various chelating compounds cause iron oxide-hydroxide (like rust) to dissolve even at neutral pH, by forming soluble complexes with the iron(III) ion that are more stable than it. These ligands include EDTA, which is often used to dissolve iron deposits or added to fertilizers to make iron in the soil available to plants. Citrate also solubilizes ferric ion at neutral pH, although its complexes are less stable than those of EDTA.
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Two drops of iron(III) chloride are added to a test tube with distilled water. After mixing, it is divided into two parts. Add one millilitre of gastric juice in one test tube and the same volume of distilled water in the other test tube, which is acting as a control. The test tube with the gastric juice turns yellow in the presence of lactic acid due to the formation of ferric lactate.
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One records the color red (via a dyed panchromatic film), and the other, blue (orthochromatic). In printing, duplitized stock is exposed and processed with one record on each side. In a tank of toning solution, the film is floated upon the top of the solution with the appropriate chemical. The cyan record is toned a complementary red with a copper ferrocyanide solution, and the red being toned blue/cyan with ferric ferrocyanide solution.
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Because phosphorus does not have an atmospheric component, unlike nitrogen, the phosphorus cycle can be characterized as closed. The removal and storage of phosphorus from wastewater can only occur within the constructed wetland itself. Phosphorus may be sequestered within a wetland system by: # The binding of phosphorus in organic matter as a result of incorporation into living biomass, # Precipitation of insoluble phosphates with ferric iron, calcium, and aluminium found in wetland soils.
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Further treatment of clarified water (filtration or chemical treatment) may be required before discharge. The filter cake usually has a high enough solid concentration to allow for all types of disposal methods without further treatment including recycling back into the process, landfill/composting and incineration. The polymer content makes filter cake from a belt press filter more suited to the aforementioned disposal methods than a cake conditioned with ferric chloride and lime which can occur with other dewatering processes.
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Grossular is a calcium-aluminium species of the garnet group of minerals. It has the chemical formula of Ca3Al2(SiO4)3 but the calcium may, in part, be replaced by ferrous iron and the aluminium by ferric iron. The name grossular is derived from the botanical name for the gooseberry, grossularia, in reference to the green garnet of this composition that is found in Siberia. Other shades include cinnamon brown (cinnamon stone variety), red, and yellow.
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In order to acquire iron in the presence of siderocalin, pathogenic bacteria utilize several siderophores that do not bind to siderocalin, or structurally modify siderophores to inhibit siderocalin binding. Siderocalin can bind soluble siderophores of mycobacteria, including carboxymycobactins. In vivo studies have shown that the binding interactions between carboxymycobactin and siderocalin serve to protect the host organism from mycobacterial infections, with siderocalin inhibiting mycobacterial iron acquisition. Siderocalin can sequester ferric carboxymycobactins by employing a polyspecific recognition mechanism.
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Hydrous ferric oxides, also called hydrous iron oxides and iron(III) oxide- hydroxides are hydrous oxide inorganic compounds. They may be found as a class of minerals that form from the weathering of minerals that contain iron (Fe) and hydroxides (OH−), and weakly bound water. They are poorly crystalline, highly porous and have large surface areas. They usually occur as very small particles and tend to become more crystalline as they age because they are thermodynamically unstable.
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Ferrichrome is a unique siderophore, that is of the hydroxamate class (tris(hydroxamate)). It has an exceptionally high binding affinity of logβ110 = 29.07 to ferric iron compared to [Fe(edta)]− that is logβ110 = 25.1 respectively. This indicates that it has an extremely high Fe3+ specificity and does not bind other metals in high concentration. For example, saccharomyces cerevisiae is a species of yeast that can uptake the iron bound siderophore through transporters of the ARN family.
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Flooding also results in pH neutralization of generally acidic (with exceptions) wetlands. Acidic wetlands inhibit denitrification, thus flooding allows denitrification to occur, resulting in a loss of gaseous nitrogen forms to the atmosphere. The reaction is shown below: > 5C6H12O6 +24NO3− +24H+ → 30CO2 +12N2 +42H2O Anaerobic soil conditions brought on by flooding allows for precipitation of phosphates with ferric iron and aluminum (acidic soils) or calcium and magnesium (basic soils) resulting in phosphorus being unavailable for uptake in plant species.
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Synchrofax R.P at the Radio Museum, retrieved 22 April 2018 In 1973, the 3M device for schools cost US$299,For teachers – pictures that talk, Popular Science, Ausgabe Mai 1973, S. 94 which would be around $ today. This technology dates back to 1959 but the idea of coating paper in magnetic materials like ferric oxide and recording on them wasn't new at the time. Some of the first open reel recorders used paper reels of tape with special coating.
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As an enolate, avobenzone forms with heavy metal ions (such as Fe3+) colored complexes, and chelating agents can be added to suppress them. Stearates, aluminum, magnesium and zinc salts can lead to poorly soluble precipitates. Manufacturers also recommend to avoid the inclusion of iron and ferric salts, heavy metals, formaldehyde donors and PABA and PABA esters. The makers of Coppertone advise that avobenzone binds iron and can cause staining of clothes washed in iron-rich water.
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The bedrock is quartzite, which is almost entirely silicon dioxide with little more than trace amounts of nutrient-bearing minerals; consequently, the soils are infertile. They are also so stony as to be non-arable. The dominant soil, a Gleyed Humo-Ferric Podzol under the Canadian system of soil classification, is mapped as the Danesville Series. Somewhat stunted but well-exploited forests of black spruce, white spruce, tamarack and balsam fir alternate with treeless barrens and peat bogs.
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The adjective ferrous or the prefix ferro- is often used to specify such compounds — as in "ferrous chloride" for iron(II) chloride, . The adjective "ferric" is used instead for iron(III) salts, containing the cation or Fe3+. The word ferrous is derived from the Latin word ferrum for iron. Iron(II) atoms may also occur as coordination complexes, such as the polymer iron(II) oxalate dihydrate, or ; and organometallic compounds, such as the neutral molecule ferrocene, or .
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Retail display of magnets The first fridge magnets were cylindrical or solid rectangular magnets. Later, a flexible magnet was developed, composed of a high-coercivity ferromagnetic compound (usually ferric oxide) mixed with a plastic binder. This is extruded as a sheet and passes on a conveyor belt over a line of powerful cylindrical permanent magnets. These magnets are arranged in a stack with alternating magnetic poles facing up (N, S, N, S,...) on a freely rotating shaft.
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It is performed in an autoclave at high pressure and temperature, where high-purity oxygen mixes with a slurry of ore. When the original sulfide minerals are oxidized at high temperature and pressure, it completely releases the trapped gold. Pressure oxidation has a very high gold recovery rate, normally at least 10% higher than roasting. The oxidation of the iron sulfide minerals produces sulfuric acid, soluble compounds such as ferric sulfate, and solids such as iron sulfate or jarosite.
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Four varieties are recognized by the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (IUBMB), cytochromes a, cytochromes b, cytochromes c and cytochrome d. Cytochrome function is linked to the reversible redox change from ferrous (Fe(II)) to the ferric (Fe(III)) oxidation state of the iron found in the heme core. In addition to the classification by the IUBMB into four cytochrome classes, several additional classifications such as cytochrome o and cytochrome P450 can be found in biochemical literature.
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Cobalt-adsorbed iron oxide (Avilyn) was introduced by TDK in 1974 and proved very successful. "Type IV" tapes using pure metal particles (as opposed to oxide formulations) were introduced in 1979 by 3M under the trade name Metafine. The tape coating on most cassettes sold today as either "normal" or "chrome" consists of ferric oxide and cobalt mixed in varying ratios (and using various processes); there are very few cassettes on the market that use a pure (CrO2) coating.
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Simple voice recorders and earlier cassette decks are designed to work with standard ferric formulations. Newer tape decks usually are built with switches and later detectors for the different bias and equalization requirements for higher grade tapes. The most common, iron oxide tapes (defined by the IEC 60094 standard, as "Type I") use 120 µs equalization, while chrome and cobalt- adsorbed tapes (IEC Type II) require 70 µs equalization. The recording bias levels also were different.
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Growing concerns about the health effects of acids and solvents led to the development of less toxic etching methods in the late 20th century. An early innovation was the use of floor wax as a hard ground for coating the plate. Others, such as printmakers Mark Zaffron and Keith Howard, developed systems using acrylic polymers as a ground and ferric chloride for etching. The polymers are removed with sodium carbonate (washing soda) solution, rather than solvents.
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Steele had studied medicine at Trinity College, Dublin, and had practised as a doctor before his marriage. In 1876 two of Charles' brothers, Frederick William and George Lloyd joined the company as partners, and the company became known as Wigg Brothers and Steele. Frederick William died in 1880, and was replaced as partner by Charles' younger son, Walter John. From 1876 the works had begun to produce bleaching powder, and in the 1880s they were making ferric oxide.
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Ruthenium tetroxide is equally volatile and even more aggressive than osmium tetraoxide and able to stain even materials that resist the osmium stain, e.g. polyethylene. Other chemicals used in electron microscopy staining include: ammonium molybdate, cadmium iodide, carbohydrazide, ferric chloride, hexamine, indium trichloride, lanthanum nitrate, lead acetate, lead citrate, lead(II) nitrate, periodic acid, phosphomolybdic acid, potassium ferricyanide, potassium ferrocyanide, ruthenium red, silver nitrate, silver proteinate, sodium chloroaurate, thallium nitrate, thiosemicarbazide, uranyl acetate, uranyl nitrate, and vanadyl sulfate.
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Iron(III) phosphate, also ferric phosphate, is the inorganic compound with the formula FePO4. Several related materials are known, including four polymorphs of FePO4 and two polymorphs of the dihydrate FePO4·(H2O)2. These materials find several technical applications as well as occurring in the mineral kingdom.Roncal-Herrero, T., Rodriguez-Blanco, J.D., Benning, L.G., Oelkers, E.H. (2009) Precipitation of Iron and Aluminium Phosphates Directly from Aqueous Solution as a Function of Temperature from 50 to 200°C.
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The iron content of the diabase is often identified as the source of the ringing ability. Actual chemical analysis of the Coffman Hill diabase shows that iron content (as ferric oxide) of the rock ranges from 9% and 12%. Although comparatively high for an average igneous rock (3% is typical for granite), it is within the normal range for a basalt. This point suggests that the iron content is not a primary factor in the ringing ability.
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Vertebrate ferritin consists of two or three subunits which are named based on their molecular weight: L "light", H "heavy", and M "middle" subunits. The M subunit has only been reported in bullfrogs. In bacteria and archaea, ferritin consists of one subunit type. H and M subunits of eukaryotic ferritin and all subunits of bacterial and archaeal ferritin are H-type and have ferroxidase activity, which is the conversion of iron from the ferrous (Fe2+) to ferric (Fe3+) forms.
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Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) studies have shown that below pH 6, chromium(III) binds only to the N-lobe and that at near neutral pH, chromium(III) binds to the C-lobe as well. Chromium(III) can compete with the ferric ion for binding to the C-lobe when the saturation greatly exceeds 30%. As such, these effects are only seen in patients suffering from hemochromatosis, an iron-storage disease characterized by excessive iron saturation in transferrin.
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Map of the dominant soil types of Nigeria The soils in the northern region of Nigeria are categorized as reddish brown or brown soils of the semi-arid and arid regions. They are also known as tropical ferruginous soils and are considered to be comparable to Ferric Luvisols. These are sandy soils that are made up of about 85% sand. Their pH values range between 6.0 and 7.0, and their bulk densities are about 1.4 g/cm3.
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It does, however, shorten the scale of a pure palladium print. When minute quantities of sodium chloroplatinate are added to the palladium salt/ferric oxalate emulsion it produces the high-contrast prints needed for thin negatives, but does not exhibit the granularity found when using traditional chlorates. A palladium print made with potassium chlorate will take on a warm, sepia tone. The same print using sodium chloroplatinate will have cooler tones similar to those of a platinum/palladium print.
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The Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assay measures the antioxidant capacity of a given substance, as compared to the standard, Trolox. Most commonly, antioxidant capacity is measured using the ABTS Decolorization Assay. Other antioxidant capacity assays which use Trolox as a standard include the diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH), oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) and ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) assays. The TEAC assay is often used to measure the antioxidant capacity of foods, beverages and nutritional supplements.
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On average there is 0.07±0.04 nmol Fe kg−1 at the surface (<200 m) and 0.76±0.25 nmol Fe kg−1 at depth (>500 m). Therefore, upwelling zones contain more iron than other areas of the surface oceans. Soluble iron in ferrous form is bioavailable for utilization which commonly comes from aeolian resources. Iron primarily is present in particulate phases as ferric iron, and the dissolved iron fraction is removed out of the water column by coagulation.
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As an obligate anaerobe, A. boonei requires restrictive anoxic reduced niches to survive. It benefits from a continuous supply of inorganic electron acceptors such as elemental sulfur, sulfate, and ferric iron. Conditions such as these are naturally formed in the vent system by geophysical and geochemical processes that occur beneath the crust and within the benthic fluids that flood the vents. The archaeon is shown to be an obligate heterotroph that primarily ferments peptides to harness energy.
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The northern bearing and centre pin are of fixed pin type whilst the southern bearing is of a swing link style, detailed to allow longitudinal movement. This movement is a combination of thermal and geometric due to articulation of the suspension system. Materials used in the bearings and other ferric components include cast and wrought iron and also cast and wrought steel. In addition, the bridge consists of a number of other features of a secondary nature.
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The PrrF RNAs are small non-coding RNAs involved in iron homeostasis and are encoded by all Pseudomonas species. The PrrF RNAs are analogs of the RyhB RNA, which is encoded by enteric bacteria. Expression of the PrrF RNAs is repressed by the ferric uptake regulator (Fur) when cells are grown in iron-replete conditions. Under iron limitation, the PrrF RNAs are expressed and act to negatively regulate several genes encoding iron-containing proteins, including SodB and succinate dehydrogenase.
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The stability constants for the formation of these complexes are quite large because of the chelate effect. Consequently, it forms complexes even with alkali metal cations. However, when a chelate complex is formed using all three carboxylate groups, the chelate rings have 7 and 8 members, which are generally less stable thermodynamically than smaller chelate rings. In consequence, the hydroxyl group can be deprotonated, forming part of a more stable 5-membered ring, as in ammonium ferric citrate, ·2.
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Aluminium-haematein complexes are usually blue, whereas ferric complexes are very dark blue or black. Aluminium-haematein complexes (haemalum) bind to the chromatin of the nuclei of cells. Although haemalum staining methods have been in use since the 1860s, the chemical identity of the substance or substances that bind the dye-metal complex is still not known with certainty. Some histochemical investigations clearly indicate that a cationic aluminium-haematein complex is attracted to the phosphate anions of DNA.
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One hypothesis is that the source may be the remains of an ancient fjord that occupied the Taylor valley in the tertiary period. The ferrous iron dissolved in the water oxidizes as the water reaches the surface, turning the water red. Its autotrophic bacteria metabolize sulfate and ferric ions. According to geomicrobiologist Jill Mikucki at the University of Tennessee, water samples from Blood Falls contained at least 17 different types of microbes and almost no oxygen.
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Ceylonite (first cited 1793) and pleonaste (first cited 1801) are dingy blue or grey to black varieties of spinel. Ceylonite, named for the island of Ceylon, is a ferroan spinel with Mg:Fe from 3:1 and 1:1, and little or no ferric iron. Pleonaste is named from the Greek for 'abundant,' for its many crystal forms, and is distinguished chemically by low Mg:Fe ratios of approximately 1:3. It is sometimes used as a gemstone.
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Santabarbaraite is an amorphous ferric hydroxy phosphate mineral hydrate that was discovered in Tuscany, Italy in 2000.Pratesi G., Cipriani C., Guili G., and Birch W. D. (2003) Santabarbaraite: a new amorphous phosphate mineral. European Journal of Mineralogy.15, 185-192 It also can be found in Victoria, Australia and Lake Baikal, Siberia.Fagel N., Alleman L. Y., Granina L., Hatert F., Thamo-Bozso E., Cloots R. and Andre L. (2005) Vivianite formation and distribution in Lake Baikal sediments.
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Covalent polymers containing coordination complexes also have studied for making self-healing materials. Taking advantage of coordination interactions between catechol and ferric ions, researchers developed pH-controlled self-healing supramolecular polymers. The formation of mono-, bis- and triscatehchol-Fe3+ complexes can be manipulated by pH, of which the bis- and triscatehchol-Fe3+ complexes show elastic moduli as well as self-healing capacity. For example, the triscatehchol-Fe3+ can restore its cohesiveness and shape after being torn.
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At rest this layer is uniform. When the iron tip is introduced a redox reaction starts in which iron is oxidized to the ferric ion. At the same time the oxidizing reagent is spent for instance when hydrogen peroxide together with hydronium ions is reduced to water. Because the oxidation only takes place in the vicinity of the tip and the reduction process covers the whole droplet surface the surface tension is no longer homogeneous resulting in oscillations.
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Treatment of potassium ferrocyanide with nitric acid gives H2[Fe(NO)(CN)5]. After neutralization of this intermediate with sodium carbonate, red crystals of sodium nitroprusside can be selectively crystallized. Upon treatment with chlorine gas, potassium ferrocyanide converts to potassium ferricyanide: :2 K4[Fe(CN)6] + Cl2 → 2 K3[Fe(CN)6] + 2 KCl This reaction can be used to remove potassium ferrocyanide from a solution. A famous reaction involves treatment with ferric salts to give Prussian blue.
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Mammalian siderophores, specifically catechols, can be found in the human gut and in siderophores, such as enterobactin, and serve as iron-binding moieties. Catechol resembling molecules can act as iron ligands in the cell and in systematic circulation, allowing siderocalin to bind to the iron-catechol complex. Catechols can be bound by siderocalin, in the form of free ligands, or in the iron complex. 24p3 is a vertebrate lipocalin-2 receptor which allows for import of the ferric siderophore complex into mammalian cells.
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The etching line is a multi-chambered machine that has driven- wheel conveyors to move the plates and arrays of spray nozzles above and below the plates. The etchant is typically an aqueous solution of acid, frequently ferric chloride, that is heated and directed under pressure to both sides of the plate. The etchant reacts with the unprotected metal essentially corroding it away fairly quickly. After neutralizing and rinsing, the remaining resist is removed and the sheet of parts is cleaned and dried.
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The catalyst that is most commonly used is ferrous iron (Iron II). When ferrous iron and persulfate ions are mixed together, they produce ferric iron (iron III) and two types of sulfate radicals, one with a charge of −1 and the other with a charge of −2. New research has shown that Zero Valent Iron (ZVI) can also be used with persulfate with success. The persulfate and the iron are not mixed beforehand, but are injected into the area of contamination together.
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Many bacteria secrete small iron-binding molecules called siderophores, which bind strongly to ferric ions. FepA is an integral bacterial outer membrane porin protein that belongs to outer membrane receptor family and provides the active transport of iron bound by the siderophore enterobactin from the extracellular space, into the periplasm of Gram-negative bacteria. FepA has also been shown to transport vitamin B12, and colicins B and D as well. This protein belongs to family of ligand-gated protein channels.
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In enzymology, a Fe3+-transporting ATPase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction :ATP + H2O + Fe3+out \rightleftharpoons ADP + phosphate + Fe3+in The 3 substrates of this enzyme are ATP, H2O, and Fe3+, whereas its 3 products are ADP, phosphate, and Fe3+. This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those acting on acid anhydrides to catalyse transmembrane movement of substances. The systematic name of this enzyme class is ATP phosphohydrolase (ferric-ion-transporting). This enzyme participates in abc transporters - general.
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Another possible reason is that ferric oxide acts a preservative and so painting a barn with it would help to protect the structure. The custom of painting barns in red with white trim is widely spread in Scandinavia. Especially in Sweden the Falu red with white trims is the traditional colouring of most wooden buildings. With the popularity of tractors following World War II many barns were taken down or replaced with modern Quonset huts made of plywood or galvanized steel.
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The goal of the antidote was to generate a large pool of ferric iron (Fe3+) to compete for cyanide with cytochrome a3 (so that cyanide will bind to the antidote rather than the enzyme). The nitrites oxidize hemoglobin to methemoglobin, which competes with cytochrome oxidase for the cyanide ion. Cyanmethemoglobin is formed and the cytochrome oxidase enzyme is restored. The major mechanism to remove the cyanide from the body is by enzymatic conversion to thiocyanate by the mitochondrial enzyme rhodanese.
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The affinity for oxygen of ferric iron is impaired. The binding of oxygen to methemoglobin results in an increased affinity for oxygen in the remaining heme sites that are in ferrous state within the same tetrameric hemoglobin unit. This leads to an overall reduced ability of the red blood cell to release oxygen to tissues, with the associated oxygen–hemoglobin dissociation curve therefore shifted to the left. When methemoglobin concentration is elevated in red blood cells, tissue hypoxia may occur.
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Tannins are an important ingredient in the process of tanning leather. Tanbark from oak, mimosa, chestnut and quebracho tree has traditionally been the primary source of tannery tannin, though inorganic tanning agents are also in use today and account for 90% of the world's leather production. Tannins produce different colors with ferric chloride (either blue, blue black, or green to greenish- black) according to the type of tannin. Iron gall ink is produced by treating a solution of tannins with iron(II) sulfate.
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This did neither occur with the adrenal cortex nor with any other tissue. The adrenal medulla hence contained "une matière spéciale, inconnue jusqu’ici et qui constitue le signe particulier de ces organes" ("a special material, unknown hereforth and which constitutes the particular sign of these organs"). Vulpian even came to the insight that the substance entered "le torrent circulatoire" ("the circulatory torrent"), for blood from the adrenal veins did give the ferric chloride reaction. Members of University College London around 1895.
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Richard Puckett, an American photographer, announced in the March/April 2012 issue of View Camera magazine a chrysotype process that uses vitamin C with ammonium ferric oxalate to print out on dry paper, with no hydration, fine-grained, continuous tone gold images. Puckett presented the process at the 2013 APIS (Alternative Photography International Symposium) in Santa Fe, New Mexico. Originally the process was named the Texas Chrystoype; following a major revision of the formula in 2017, Puckett renamed the process the Chrysotype Supreme.
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Tumbaga objects were often made using a combination of the lost wax technique and depletion gilding. An alloy of varying proportions of copper, silver, and gold (typically in a percentage ratio of 80:15:5) was cast. After removal it was burned, turning surface copper into copper oxide, which was then mechanically removed The object was then placed in an oxidizing solution likely composed of sodium chloride (salt) and ferric sulfate. This dissolved the silver from the surface, leaving only gold.
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Iron is a necessary cofactor for many enzymes, and can act as a catalyst in the electron transport system. A. fumigatus has two mechanisms for the uptake of iron, reductive iron acquisition and siderophore-mediated. Reductive iron acquisition includes conversion of iron from the ferric (Fe+3) to the ferrous (Fe+2) state and subsequent uptake via FtrA, an iron permease. Targeted mutation of the ftrA gene did not induce a decrease in virulence in the murine model of A. fumigatus invasion.
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The reactivity of the various antioxidants tested are compared to that of Trolox, which is a vitamin E analog. Other antioxidant capacity assays that use Trolox as a standard include the diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH), oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) assays or inhibition of copper-catalyzed in vitro human low- density lipoprotein oxidation. A cellular antioxidant activity (CAA) assay also exists. Dichlorofluorescin is a probe that is trapped within cells and is easily oxidized to fluorescent dichlorofluorescein (DCF).
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Apoferritin binds to free ferrous iron and stores it in the ferric state. As ferritin accumulates within cells of the reticuloendothelial system, protein aggregates are formed as hemosiderin. Iron in ferritin or hemosiderin can be extracted for release by the RE cells, although hemosiderin is less readily available. Under steady-state conditions, the level of ferritin in the blood serum correlates with total body stores of iron; thus, the serum ferritin FR5Rl is the most convenient laboratory test to estimate iron stores.
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Patination composition varies with the reacted elements and these will determine the color of the patina. For copper alloys, such as bronze, exposure to chlorides leads to green, while sulfur compounds (such as "liver of sulfur") tend to brown. The basic palette for patinas on copper alloys includes chemicals like ammonium sulfide (blue-black), liver of sulfur (brown- black), cupric nitrate (blue-green) and ferric nitrate (yellow-brown). For artworks, patination is often deliberately accelerated by applying chemicals with heat.
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Ferric C. Fang is an American microbiologist. He is a professor of laboratory medicine and microbiology at the University of Washington School of Medicine, as well as the director of the Harborview Medical Center's Clinical Microbiology Laboratory. Prior to joining the University of Washington in 2001, he taught at the University of Colorado School of Medicine. From 2007 to 2017, he was the editor-in-chief of Infection and Immunity, and he is now the deputy editor of Clinical Infectious Diseases.
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Stripping out the key radioisotope threatening health (caesium-137) from low level waste could also dramatically decrease the volume of waste requiring special disposal. A goal is to find techniques that might be able to strip out 80 to 95% of the caesium from contaminated soil and other materials, efficiently and without destroying the organic content in the soil. One being investigated is termed hydrothermal blasting. The caesium is broken away from soil particles and then precipitated with ferric ferricyanide (Prussian blue).
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Then Fe3+ is transferred from Fet3 to FTR1 and transferred across the cell membrane into the cell. Ferrous-oxidase mediated transport systems exist in order to transport specific ions opposed to DMT1, which does not have complete specificity. The Fet3/FTR1 iron uptake pathway is able to achieve complete specificity for iron over other ions due to the multi-step nature of the pathway. Each of the steps involved in the pathway is specific to either ferrous iron or ferric iron.
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The first person to have recorded observing the action of light rays on platinum was Ferdinand Gehlen of Germany in 1830. The following year his countryman Johann Wolfgang Dobereiner determined that the action of light on platinum was quite weak, but that perhaps something could be combined with platinum to increase its sensitivity. Through experimenting, he eventually found that ferric oxalate was a highly-effective enhancer. The combination of these two metals remains the basis of the platinotype process in use today.
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Despite being one of the most abundant elements in the Earth's crust, iron is not readily bioavailable. In most aerobic environments, such as the soil or sea, iron exists in the ferric (Fe3+) state, which tends to form insoluble rust-like solids. To be effective, nutrients must not only be available, they must be soluble. Microbes release siderophores to scavenge iron from these mineral phases by formation of soluble Fe3+ complexes that can be taken up by active transport mechanisms.
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This may have resulted in the sequestration of the iron released by the ingot as well as that normally available from the food. The researchers interpreted the difference in water quality as a confounding variable, and conducted a second study to control for it. Research on iron- arsenic chemistry in the local aquifer sands shows that ferric oxides are associated with low-arsenic groundwater, whereas ferrous oxides indicate higher arsenic concentrations. For a description of arsenic distributions and processes, see: .
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Seasonal algal growth in the reservoirs led to problems with the primary filters at the water treatment works. Algae reduced the run time of the filters to just a few hours before backwashing was required. One technique to deal with the problem was to use Co-current Dissolved Air Flotation. This entailed the addition of ferric sulphate to the water stream to create a floc in a reaction with the moderately hard water which captured suspended solids such as algae.
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The physical and magnetic properties of the product depend on the raw materials, but are generally lower in magnetic strength and resemble plastics in their physical properties. Flexible magnets are composed of a high-coercivity ferromagnetic compound (usually ferric oxide) mixed with a plastic binder. This is extruded as a sheet and passed over a line of powerful cylindrical permanent magnets. These magnets are arranged in a stack with alternating magnetic poles facing up (N, S, N, S...) on a rotating shaft.
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Maxell XL II Compactcassette During the height of the Compact Audio Cassette's popularity, Maxell's audio cassettes were held in high regard, producing some of the finest examples of the standard available. The performance of the XLII-S (CrO2) and MX (pure metal particles) cassettes was highly regarded in the pre-digital domestic recording medium. Until the beginning of 2020, Maxell still produced UR ferric-oxide-based cassettes for the international market. Maxell has since stopped distributing their UR cassettes outside of Japan.
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Later, as the IEC Type II standard was defined, a different equalization settings was also mandated to reduce hiss, thus giving up some extension at the high end of the audio spectrum. Better- quality cassette recorders soon appeared with a switch for the tape type. Later decks incorporated coded holes in the shell to autodetect the tape type. Chromium dioxide tape was thought to cause increased wear on the heads, so TDK and Maxell adapted cobalt-doped ferric formulations to mimic CrO2.
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A very fine powder of ferric oxide is known as "jeweler's rouge", "red rouge", or simply rouge. It is used to put the final polish on metallic jewelry and lenses, and historically as a cosmetic. Rouge cuts more slowly than some modern polishes, such as cerium(IV) oxide, but is still used in optics fabrication and by jewelers for the superior finish it can produce. When polishing gold, the rouge slightly stains the gold, which contributes to the appearance of the finished piece.
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A schematic cross- section of the subglacial pool beneath Taylor Glacier and its outflow, Blood Falls. Image credit: Zina Deretsky / US National Science Foundation Other subglacial sampling efforts in Antarctica include the subglacial pool of anoxic, hypersaline water under Taylor Glacier, which harbors a microbial community that was sealed off from the atmosphere 1.5 to 2 million years ago. Bacteria under Taylor Glacier appear to have a novel metabolic strategy that uses sulfate and ferric ions to decompose organic matter.
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UNIVAC continued to use the name UNISERVO for later models of tape drive (e.g., UNISERVO II, UNISERVO IIIC, UNISERVO VIII-C) for later computers in their product line. The UNISERVO II could read metal tapes from the UNIVAC I as well as use higher density PET film base/ferric oxide media tapes that became the industry standard. While UNIVAC was first with computer tape, and had higher performance than contemporary IBM tape drives, IBM was able to set the data interchange standard.
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The grit is dewatered in up to two grit classifiers before it is dropped into a hauling bin. Like the screenings, the grit is transported to an offsite facility for disposal. From the grit basins, the wastewater flows into three splitter boxes where ferric chloride (FeCl3) is injected into the wastewater to increase sludge settling in the primary clarifiers. Bleach (NaOCL) may also be added into A, B, and/or C splitter boxes to work to assist in sludge settling.
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The feed water to the IGF float tank is often (but not always) dosed with a coagulant (such as ferric chloride or aluminum sulfate) to flocculate the suspended matter. The bubbles may be generated by an impeller, eductors or a sparger. The bubbles adhere to the suspended matter, causing the suspended matter to float to the surface and form a froth layer which is then removed by a skimmer. The froth-free water exits the float tank as the clarified effluent from the IGF unit.
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NrrF is a non-coding RNA which is regulated by the Ferric uptake regulator (Fur) protein in bacteria. This non-coding RNA was identified in Neisseria meningitidis and is involved in iron regulation of the succinate dehydrogenase genes sdhA and sdhC. NrrF acts as an antisense RNA and is complementary to the junction between the second and third genes of the sdh operon (sdhD and sdhA). Secondary structure predictions have indicated that this interaction occurs in a single stranded loop region of the NrrF RNA.
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Remanence and squareness of the three groups substantially differ, while coercivity remains almost unchanged at around ( for the IEC reference tape approved in 1979). Quality Type I cassettes have higher midrange MOL than most Type II tapes, slow and gentle MOL roll-off at low frequencies, but less treble headroom than Type II. In practice that means that ferric tapes have lower fidelity compared to chromes and metals at high frequencies, but are often better at reproducing the low frequencies found bass-heavy music.
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At higher temperatures HS• breaks up into sulfur vapour and H2. The line of equal S and HS concentration follows the line : Sulfide dehydrogenase as found in sulfur bacteria catalyses the oxidation of HS− to •, by removing a single electron. When sulfur minerals are leached with ferric ions HS• is formed in this way: :MS + Fe3+ \+ 2H+ → M2+ \+ Fe2+ \+ H2S•+ with the H2S•+ radical then passing a proton to water to make the HS• radical. M is a metal such as zinc or copper.
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Future studies, therefore may show that cytochromes are responsible for 12-HHT and MDA production in vivo. PGH2, particularly in the presence of ferrous iron (FeII), ferric iron (FeIII), or hemin, rearranges non-enzymatically to a mixture of 12-HHT and 12-HHT's 8-cis isomer, i.e., 12-(S)-hydroxy-5Z,8Z,10E-heptadecatrienoic acid. This non- enzymatic pathway may explain findings that cells can make 12-HHT in excess of TXA2 and also in the absence of active cycloxygenase and/or thromboxane synthase enzymes.
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The result is an insoluble, blue dye (ferric ferrocyanide) known as Prussian blue. The extent of color change depends on the amount of UV light, but acceptable results are usually obtained after 10–20 minute exposures on a dark, gloomy day. After exposure, developing of the picture involves the yellow unreacted iron solution being rinsed off with running water. Although the blue color darkens upon drying, the effect can be accelerated by soaking the print in a 6% (v/v) solution of 3% (household) hydrogen peroxide.
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Moving upwards from where the shearing outcrops, the destination of the fluids becomes apparent in an area that initially appears to have been folded however this is not the case at all. As the sandstone becomes fractured, it gets broken into segments, a sort of sedimentary box. These begin to trap the hydrothermal fluids, most especially the ferric components and the remaining solution escapes as water. The resulting “folded” pattern is in fact a boxwork concretion, and shows how the fluid has arrived at that point.
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Normally, methemoglobin levels are <1%, as measured by the CO-oximetry test. Elevated levels of methemoglobin in the blood are caused when the mechanisms that defend against oxidative stress within the red blood cell are overwhelmed and the oxygen carrying ferrous ion (Fe2+) of the heme group of the hemoglobin molecule is oxidized to the ferric state (Fe3+). This converts hemoglobin to methemoglobin, resulting in a reduced ability to release oxygen to tissues and thereby hypoxia. This can give the blood a bluish or chocolate-brown color.
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For example, the most easily altered material would be olivine: e.g. :Fe2SiO4 (fayalite) + O2 → Fe2O3 (hematite) + SiO2 (quartz) with E = -27.53 kJ/mol A key feature of this process, and exemplified by the reaction, is the production of a suite of by- products which are precipitated as authigenic phases. These include mixed layer clays (illite – montmorillonite), quartz, potassium feldspar and carbonates as well as the pigmentary ferric oxides. Reddening progresses as the diagenetic alteration becomes more advanced, and is thus a time-dependent mechanism.
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Tentatively, there may be examples of syntrophy between acidophilic species, and even cross- domain cooperation between archaea and bacteria. One mutalistic example is the rotation of iron between species; ferrous-oxidising chemolithotrophs use iron as an electron donor, then ferric-reducing heterotrophs use iron as an electron-acceptor. Another more synergistic behaviour is the faster oxidation of ferrous iron when A.ferrooxidans and Sulfobacillus thermosulfidooxidans are combined in low-CO2 culture. S.thermosulfidooxidans is a more efficient iron- oxidiser, but this is usually inhibited by low-CO2 uptake.
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Ringwoodite, the high pressure forsterite polymorph named after Ted Ringwood was discovered in fragments of the Tenham meteorite. In 2014, a team of scientists at Argonne National Laboratory studied a sample of bridgmanite, a silicate perovskite ((Mg,Fe)SiO3), taken from the Tenham meteorite. The team used micro-focused X-rays for diffraction analysis and fast-readout area- detector techniques to avoid damage to the sample. The study yielded results not seen when using synthetic samples, including a higher than expected presence of sodium and ferric iron.
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Page 21. According to local lore, the waters from this well have three attributes in common with human blood: the waters are red; the water coagulates as does hemoglobin; and the water is warm. The iron content gives both the reddish color and the coagulation of rust and accumulation of ferric oxide. The subterranean water from the well is often warmer than the surface ground temperature, and even in winter roses near the well bloom when other plants and flowers further away do not.
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Biting down on a piece of sterile gauze over the socket will provide firm pressure to the wound. Normally this is sufficient to stop any bleeding and will promote blood clot formation at the base of the socket. The source of any bleeding can either be from soft tissues (gingiva and mucosa) or hard tissue (the bony socket). Bleeding of soft tissues can be controlled by several means including suturing the wound (stitches) and/ or using chemical agents such as tranexamic acid, ferric sulphate and silver nitrate.
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A microscopic picture of Goethite (name misspelled on picture) Goethite often forms through the weathering of other iron-rich minerals, and thus is a common component of soils, concentrated in laterite soils. nanoparticulate authigenic goethite is a common diagenetic iron oxyhydroxide in both marine and lake sediments. The formation of goethite is marked by the oxidation state change of Fe2+ (ferrous) to Fe3+ (ferric), which allows for goethite to exist at surface conditions. Because of this oxidation state change, goethite is commonly seen as a pseudomorph.
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Ferritin is a hollow sphere that has an outer diameter close to 12 nm and an inner diameter of 7-8 nm. The inner chamber of ferritin uptakes or binds iron in its ferrous state and stores iron in its ferric or trivalent state. There are many examples of highly symmetrical macromolecular cage motifs known as protein cages in biological systems. The term protein cage delineates a diverse range of protein structures that are formed by the self-assembly of protein subunits into hollow macromolecular nanoparticles.
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In iron electrocoagulation (Fe-EC), iron is dissolved nonstop using electricity, and the resulting ferric hydroxides, oxyhydoxides, and oxides form an absorbent readily attracted to arsenic. Current density, the amount of charge delivered per liter of water, of the process is often manipulated in order to achieve maximum arsenic depletion. This treatment strategy has primarily been used in Bangladesh, and has proven to be largely successful. In fact, using iron electrocoagulation to remove arsenic in water proved to be the most effective treatment option.
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The Be-200 in amphibious water drop fire-fighter configuration suppresses fires by dropping water contained in eight ferric aluminium alloy water tanks, located under the cabin floor in the centre fuselage section. Four retractable water scoops, two forward and two aft of the fuselage step, can be used to scoop a total of 12 tonnes of water in 14 seconds. Alternatively, the tanks can be filled from a hydrant or a water cistern on the ground. The water tanks can be removed quickly for carrying cargo.
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It can be prepared by combining 40 g of mercuric chloride and 40 g of ferric nitrate in 850 ml of type II deionized water, and then adding 10 ml of concentrated hydrochloric acid to the solution and diluting to a volume of 1 litre with more type II deionized water. The test for the Trinder reaction is to mix 1 ml of urine with 1 ml of the Trinder reagent in a test tube. The test is positive if a colour change results.
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The structure of the enzyme that converts methemoglobin to hemoglobinMethemoglobin (British: methaemoglobin) (pronounced "met- hemoglobin") is a hemoglobin in the form of metalloprotein, in which the iron in the heme group is in the Fe3+ (ferric) state, not the Fe2+ (ferrous) of normal hemoglobin. Methemoglobin cannot bind oxygen, which means it cannot carry oxygen to tissues. It is bluish chocolate-brown in color. In human blood a trace amount of methemoglobin is normally produced spontaneously, but when present in excess the blood becomes abnormally dark bluish brown.
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Pulpotomy is a vital pulp therapy, medicaments that can promote healing and preserve the vitality of the tooth should be placed after removal of the inflamed pulp. In primary teeth medicaments such as formocresol, mineral trioxide aggregate, zinc oxide eugenol and calcium hydroxide can be used in pulpotomy. Formocresol use has been questioned due to toxicity concerns. Ferric sulphate, sodium hypochlorite or a local anaesthetic solution containing a vasoconstrictor agent can be used to arrest any bleeding from the pulp prior to the placement of medicament.
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Homemade iron gall ink in use, displaying the delayed darkening of the ink Ink corrosion: iron gall ink causes paper and parchment to disintegrate By mixing tannin with iron sulfate, a water-soluble ferrous tannate complex is formed. Because of its solubility, the ink is able to penetrate the paper surface, making it difficult to erase. When exposed to air, it converts to a ferric tannate, which is a darker pigment. This product is not water-soluble, contributing to its permanence as a writing ink.
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Aqueous minerals can also form in the subsurface by hydrothermal fluids migrating through pores and fissures. The heat source driving a hydrothermal system may be nearby magma bodies or residual heat from large impacts. One important type of hydrothermal alteration in the Earth’s oceanic crust is serpentinization, which occurs when seawater migrates through ultramafic and basaltic rocks. The water-rock reactions result in the oxidation of ferrous iron in olivine and pyroxene to produce ferric iron (as the mineral magnetite) yielding molecular hydrogen (H2) as a byproduct.
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Some chemical characteristics of divicine have been examined. It is known that it vigorously reduces alkaline solutions of 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol, phosphomolybdate or phosphotungstate and produces an intense blue colour when reacting with an ammoniacal ferric chloride solution, which is used for the identification and proof of the presence of an enolic hydroxyl group. Divicine is very unstable if oxygen is present and the oxidation is most rapid at alkaline pH levels. The half-live of divicine, at room temperature and neutral pH, is around half an hour.
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In enzymology, a leghemoglobin reductase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction :NAD(P)H + H+ \+ 2 ferrileghemoglobin \rightleftharpoons NAD(P)+ + 2 ferroleghemoglobin The 4 substrates of this enzyme are NADH, NADPH, H+, and ferrileghemoglobin, whereas its 3 products are NAD+, NADP+, and ferroleghemoglobin. This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on NADH or NADPH with a heme protein as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is NAD(P)H:ferrileghemoglobin oxidoreductase. This enzyme is also called ferric leghemoglobin reductase.
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A cytochrome is a kind of electron-transferring protein that contains at least one heme group. The iron atoms inside complex III's heme groups alternate between a reduced ferrous (+2) and oxidized ferric (+3) state as the electrons are transferred through the protein. The reaction catalyzed by complex III is the oxidation of one molecule of ubiquinol and the reduction of two molecules of cytochrome c, a heme protein loosely associated with the mitochondrion. Unlike coenzyme Q, which carries two electrons, cytochrome c carries only one electron.
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The Guggenheim process is a method of chemical precipitation which employs ferric chloride and aeration to prepare sludge for filtration. Cappelen Smith improved the leaching technology and applied it to the low grade copper ore deposits of the Guggenheim family mining interests in the Chuquicamata open pit copper mine in the north of Chile. The Guggenheim process first the exploitation of poor quality copper ore in the Chuquicamata mine starting in 1915. This mine is still today one of the world's largest copper resources.
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Cyanotype, also referred to as "blueprinting", is the oldest non-silver photographic printing process. It involves exposing materials which have been treated with a solution of potassium ferricyanide and ferric ammonium citrate to a UV light source such as the sun. Negative or positive images can be obtained by blocking UV light from reaching the sensitized material. For example, a negative image can be produced by placing a leaf upon paper treated with this solution and exposing to sunlight for 10 to 20 minutes.
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Just as there are a number of different electron donors (organic matter in organotrophs, inorganic matter in lithotrophs), there are a number of different electron acceptors, both organic and inorganic. In aerobic bacteria and facultative anaerobes if oxygen is available, it is invariably used as the terminal electron acceptor, because it generates the greatest Gibbs free energy change and produces the most energy. In anaerobic environments, different electron acceptors are used, including nitrate, nitrite, ferric iron, sulfate, carbon dioxide, and small organic molecules such as fumarate.
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The adjective "ferrous" is used instead for iron(II) salts, containing the cation Fe2+. The word ferric is derived from the Latin word ferrum for iron. Iron(III) metal centres also occur in coordination complexes, such as in the anion ferrioxalate, , where three bidentate oxalate ions surrounding the metal centre; or, in organometallic compounds, such as the ferrocenium cation , where two cyclopentadienyl anions are bound to the FeIII centre. Iron is almost always encountered in the oxidation states 0 (as in the metal), +2, or +3.
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Kala namak is prepared in this manner in northern India with production concentrated in Hisar district, Haryana. The salt crystals appear black and are usually ground to a fine powder that is pink. Although the kala namak can be produced from natural salts with the required compounds, it is common to now manufacture it synthetically. This is done through combining ordinary sodium chloride admixed with smaller quantities of sodium sulfate, sodium bisulfate and ferric sulfate, which is then chemically reduced with charcoal in a furnace.
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Ysr141 sRNA was shown to regulate the synthesis of the type III secretion system (T3SS) effector protein YopJ. The Yop-Ysc T3SS is a critical component of virulence for Yersinia species. Many novel sRNAs were identified from Y. pestis grown in vitro and in the infected lungs of mice suggesting they play role in bacterial physiology or pathogenesis. Among them sR035 predicted to pair with SD region and transcription initiation site of a thermo-sensitive regulator ymoA, and sR084 predicted to pair with fur, ferric uptake regulator.
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Detail of a panel from Chartres Cathedral The colour of glass could be affected by many factors. Sources of silica were often impure, with iron oxide being one of the most common impurities. The greenish hue of uncoloured glass is usually owing to the presence of a mixture of ferrous (Fe2+) and ferric (Fe3+) ions in the glass matrix. It is also possible that ‘impurities’ could be introduced at the fritting stage within the glass furnace, leading to the addition of further alumina, silica and iron oxides.
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The recording time is the same as for Betacam, 30 and 90 minutes for S and L, respectively. Tape speed is slightly slower in machines working in the 625/50 format, increasing tape duration by one minute for every five minutes of run time. So, a 90-minute tape will record 108 minutes of video in PAL. Betacam SP is able to achieve its namesake "Superior Performance" over Betacam in the fact that it uses metal-formulated tape as opposed to Betacam's ferric oxide tape.
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Ferri-obertiite is an amphibole group mineral that was formally approved by the International Mineralogical Association in 2015. It has the chemical formula Na(Na2)(Mg3Fe3+Ti)(Si8O22)O2. Ferri-obertiite is highly sodic and is especially characterized in the presence of oxygen instead of a hydroxy group or fluorine at the W site, which compensates for the relatively high positive charge due to the dominance of ferric iron and presence of titanium. Similar to many other amphiboles, ferri-obertiite is monoclinic with space group C2/m.
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Obituary in Materials Performance, published by NACE International, June 2006 issue. His pioneering work developing superferritic stainless steels led to the development of new alloys (see United States Patents 3957544, 4119765, 4456482 and 4456483) which find extensive use in high-efficiency home gas furnaces, as well as in industry. Streicher was a leading developer of corrosion tests for stainless steels and other corrosion resistant alloys. Working through ASTM International he was instrumental in standardizing intergranular corrosion tests, including the ferric sulfate-sulfuric acid testASTM International (2007).
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Oxidation of ions or neutral molecules occurs at the anode. For example, it is possible to oxidize ferrous ions to ferric ions at the anode: : Fe(aq) → Fe(aq) + e− Reduction of ions or neutral molecules occurs at the cathode. It is possible to reduce ferricyanide ions to ferrocyanide ions at the cathode: :Fe(CN) + e− → Fe(CN) Neutral molecules can also react at either of the electrodes. For example: p-Benzoquinone can be reduced to hydroquinone at the cathode: 35px + 2 e− \+ 2 H+ → Image:Hydrochinon2.
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Reel of magnetic audiotape Sticky-shed syndrome is a condition created by the deterioration of the binders in a magnetic tape, which hold the ferric oxide magnetizable coating to its plastic carrier, or which hold the thinner back- coating on the outside of the tape. This deterioration renders the tape unusable. Some kinds of binder are known to break down over time, due to the absorption of moisture (hydrolysis). The symptoms of this breakdown can be immediately obvious even when rewinding the tape: tearing sounds and sluggish behavior.
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Sequestration is not a form of escape from the planet, but a loss of molecules from the atmosphere and into the planet. It occurs on Earth when water vapor condenses to form rain or glacial ice, when carbon dioxide is sequestered in sediments or cycled through the oceans, or when rocks are oxidized (for example, by increasing the oxidation states of ferric rocks from Fe2+ to Fe3+). Gases can also be sequestered by adsorption, where fine particles in the regolith capture gas which adheres to the surface particles.
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A variety of reagents have been used to dope PTs. Iodine and bromine produce highly conductive materials, which are unstable owing to slow evaporation of the halogen. Organic acids, including trifluoroacetic acid, propionic acid, and sulfonic acids produce PTs with lower conductivities than iodine, but with higher environmental stabilities. Oxidative polymerization with ferric chloride can result in doping by residual catalyst, although matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) studies have shown that poly(3-hexylthiophene)s are also partially halogenated by the residual oxidizing agent.
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Under iron limitation, bacteria scavenge for ferric iron (Fe3+) by up-regulating the secretion siderophores in order to meet their nutritional requirements. Recent studies have shown that ferrichrome has been used as a tumor- suppressive molecule produced by L. casei. The study from the Department of Medicine and Asahikawa Medical University, suggests that ferrichrome has a greater tumor-suppressive effect than other drugs currently used to fight colon cancer, including cisplatin and 5-fluoro-uracil. Ferrichrome also had less of an effect on non-cancerous intestinal cells than the two previously mentioned cancer fighting drugs.
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When the ligand is bound, it is hypothesized to close the pore at the extracellular side, thus preventing anything from exiting through the pore. FepA then interacts with TonB through a 5 amino acid consensus sequence, which induces a change to the N-terminal opening a channel to the periplasmic side. This would allow FepA to transport ferric-enterobactin without allowing ions and small molecules from passing in either direction. When the ligand is bound by FepA, the conformation of the N-terminal domain is changed so as to open the pore.
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Lithium amides are the most important amides, as they are readily prepared from n-butyllithium and the appropriate amine, and they are more stable and soluble than the other alkali metal analogs. Potassium amides are prepared by transmetallation of lithium amides with potassium t-butoxide (see also Schlosser base) or by reaction of the amine with potassium, potassium hydride, n-butylpotassium, or benzylpotassium. The alkali metal amides, MNH2 (M = Li, Na, K) are commercially available. Sodium amide (also known as sodamide) is synthesized from sodium metal and ammonia with ferric nitrate catalyst.
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Ferrichrome A is a siderophore in the ferrichrome family. Iron is an essential element for the survival and proliferation of organisms. Microorganisms produce and secrete potent iron chelators, also known as siderophores, to aid in the sequestration and increase bioavailability of iron. Since the discovery of ferrichrome in 1952, the ferrichrome family of siderophores contains at least 20 structurally distinct members of cyclic hexapeptides that chelate ferric iron via an octahedral coordination geometry through the oxygen atoms of the hydroxyl and the acyl groups of the three ornithine residues.
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A new generation of gallium-ligand complexes such as tris(8-quinolinolato)gallium(III) (KP46) and gallium maltolate has emerged. Gallium nitrate (brand name Ganite) has been used as an intravenous pharmaceutical to treat hypercalcemia associated with tumor metastasis to bones. Gallium is thought to interfere with osteoclast function, and the therapy may be effective when other treatments have failed. Gallium maltolate, an oral, highly absorbable form of gallium(III) ion, is an anti-proliferative to pathologically proliferating cells, particularly cancer cells and some bacteria that accept it in place of ferric iron (Fe3+).
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Starting in 1852 the products needed for photographic collodion were prepared or packaged in a factory in Vaugirard. These included silver bromide and iodide, iodine chloride and sodium thiosulfate ("hypo"). In 1859 Poulenc opened a factory in Ivry-sur-Seine that prepared salts of iron and antimony, and many products needed for manufacture and processing of the new gelatin-silver bromide plates, which had replaced collodion: ammonium ferric citrate, sodium acetate, and compounds for fixing and developing the photographs. Etienne Poulenc Étienne Poulenc became well-known for manufacturing chemical products for use in photography.
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Iron deficiency in bacterial cells triggers secretion of enterobactin into the extracellular environment, causing formation of a coordination complex "FeEnt" wherein ferric ion is chelated to the conjugate base of enterobactin. In Escherichia coli, FepA in the bacterial outer membrane then allows entrance of FeEnt to the bacterial periplasm. FepB,C,D and G all participate in transport of the FeEnt through the inner membrane by means of an ATP-binding cassette transporter. Due to the extreme iron binding affinity of enterobactin, it is necessary to cleave FeEnt with ferrienterobactin esterase to remove the iron.
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These large wooden barns, especially when filled with hay, could make spectacular fires that were usually total losses for the farmers. With the advent of balers it became possible to store hay and straw outdoors in stacks surrounded by a plowed fireguard. Many barns in the northern United States are painted barn red with a white trim. One possible reason for this is that ferric oxide, which is used to create red paint, was the cheapest and most readily available chemical for farmers in New England and nearby areas.
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Also, the nitric acid or ferric chloride used to etch traces into the boards is also removed from the process. Since the PCB and parts population stages happen in the same process in the same plant, a company would no longer need to wait for delivery of ordered PCB’s to begin manufacturing. The high temperatures usually seen by PCB’s inside of a reflow soldering oven are avoided by use of this process. This means that any issue of moisture sensitivity (MSL) in components by outgassing of moisture is completely avoided.
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BASF and Sony tried a dual layer tape with both ferric oxide and chrome dioxide known as 'ferrichrome' (FeCr) (IEC Type III), but these were available for only a short time in the 1970s. These also use 70 µs, just like Type II did. Metal cassettes (IEC Type IV) also use 70 µs equalization, and provide still further improvement in sound quality as well as durability. The quality normally is reflected in the price; Type I cassettes generally are the cheapest, and Type IV are usually the most expensive.
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The IMA approved mineral faustite, named after the American mineralogist and petrologist with the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Dr. George Tobias Faust, is a member of the triclinic turquoise group of hydrous phosphates with the following chemical composition: _ZnAl 6(PO4)4(OH)8·4H2O_ Some divalent copper generally replaces the zinc position. Faustite is the zinc rich analogue of turquoise having almost four times as much zinc than copper in its crystal structure. Trivalent (ferric) iron may replace some of the aluminum. Minor amounts of calcium may also be present.
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When used for etching, ferric chloride does not produce a corrosive gas, as acids do, thus eliminating another danger of traditional etching. The traditional aquatint, which uses either powdered rosin or enamel spray paint, is replaced with an airbrush application of the acrylic polymer hard ground. Again, no solvents are needed beyond the soda ash solution, though a ventilation hood is needed due to acrylic particulates from the air brush spray. The traditional soft ground, requiring solvents for removal from the plate, is replaced with water-based relief printing ink.
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Using the conversion of ascorbate (Vitamin C) to monodehydroascorbate is essential when the ferric Fe(III) ion is converted to ferrous Fe(II).The Fe(III) species is insoluble, hence becoming one of the most problematic metal species to introduce and dissolve into an organisms system. Especially in eukaryotes such as humans, fungi, and bacteria, the upcycle of ascorbate is very important as well as the bioavailability of the ferrous (II) ion. There are three ways to increase the solubility of Iron (III) and overcome that challenge: chelation, reduction, and acidification.
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Tapes were initially made of paper coated with magnetite powder. In 1947/48 Minnesota Mining & Manufacturing Company (3M) replaced the paper backing with cellulose acetate or polyester, and coated it first with black oxide, and later, to improve signal-to-noise ratio and improve overall superior quality, with red oxide (gamma ferric oxide). American audio engineer John T. Mullin and entertainer Bing Crosby were key players in the commercial development of magnetic tape. Mullin served in the U.S. Army Signal Corps and was posted to Paris in the final months of WWII.
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These agitated electrons rapidly add and subtract from the voltage of the output signal and thus create detectable noise. In the case of photographic film and magnetic tape, noise (both visible and audible) is introduced due to the grain structure of the medium. In photographic film, the size of the grains in the film determines the film's sensitivity, more sensitive film having larger sized grains. In magnetic tape, the larger the grains of the magnetic particles (usually ferric oxide or magnetite), the more prone the medium is to noise.
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Heavy foxing on the title page of an 1832 textbook Foxing is an age-related process of deterioration that causes spots and browning on old paper documents such as books, postage stamps, old paper money and certificates. The name may derive from the fox-like reddish-brown color of the stains, or the rust chemical ferric oxide which may be involved. Paper so affected is said to be "foxed". Although unsightly and a negative factor in the value of the paper item for collectors, foxing does not affect the actual integrity of the paper.
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The main ingredient was a dark-brown solution of ferric acetate called kanemizu (かねみず), made by dissolving iron filings in vinegar. When the solution was combined with vegetable tannins from such sources as gallnut powder or tea powder, it would turn black and become non- water-soluble, in the same manner that iron gall ink is produced. Coating the teeth with this liquid helped to prevent tooth decay and enamel decay. The dye had to be applied once a day or once every few days.
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Methanogens play a vital ecological role in anaerobic environments of removing excess hydrogen and fermentation products that have been produced by other forms of anaerobic respiration. Methanogens typically thrive in environments in which all electron acceptors other than CO2 (such as oxygen, nitrate, ferric iron (Fe(III)), and sulfate) have been depleted. In deep basaltic rocks near the mid ocean ridges, they can obtain their hydrogen from the serpentinisation reaction of olivine as observed in the hydrothermal field of Lost City. The thermal breakdown of water and water radiolysis are other possible sources of hydrogen.
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It has been suggested that they accomplish this by secreting, upon need, a siderophore, a low-molecular-weight ligand displaying an elevated affinity for Fe3+ ions. The "Fe3+-siderophore" complex is subsequently moved in the cytoplasm, where it is cleaved. The ferric ions must then be converted into the ferrous form (Fe2+), to be accumulated within the BMP; this is achieved by means of a transmembrane transporter, which exhibits sequence homology with a Na+/H+ antiporter. Furthermore, the complex is a H+/Fe2+ antiporter, which transports ions via the proton gradient.
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This layer also reflects the phosphor light to the desired direction, and protects the phosphor from ion bombardment resulting from an imperfect vacuum. To reduce the image degradation by reflection of ambient light, contrast can be increased by several methods. In addition to black masking of unused areas of screen, the phosphor particles in color screens are coated with pigments of matching color. For example, the red phosphors are coated with ferric oxide (replacing earlier Cd(S,Se) due to cadmium toxicity), blue phosphors can be coated with marine blue (CoO·n) or ultramarine ().
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Ascorbic acid operates as an anti- oxidant and essential enzyme cofactor in the human body. In in vitro studies, the primary mechanism of high dosage intravenous ascorbic acid can be related to ascorbic acid's pro-oxidant activity, whereby hydrogen peroxide is formed. In the extracellular fluid of cells, ascorbic acid dissociates into an ascorbate radical upon the reduction of transition metal ions, such as ferric or cupric cations. These transition metal ions will then reduce dissolved oxygen into a superoxide radical- this will then react with hydrogen to form hydrogen peroxide.
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The N3 of the imidazole compound binds to the heme iron atom of ferric cytochrome P450, whereas the N4 of the triazoles bind to the heme group. The triazoles have been shown to have a higher specificity for the cytochrome P450 than imidazoles, thereby making them more potent than the imidazoles. Some imidazole derivatives show effects on insects, for example sulconazole nitrate exhibits a strong anti-feeding effect on the keratin-digesting Australian carpet beetle larvae Anthrenocerus australis, as does econazole nitrate with the common clothes moth Tineola bisselliella.
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Phobotaxis is a random behavioral response to all forms of aversive stimuli. A positive phobic response is one in which either activity is increased or the organism moves toward the stimulus, while a negative phobic response is when activity is decreased or the organism moves away from the stimulus. On the bacterial level, phobotaxis is regularly seen in accordance with phototaxis, random movement in response to light. In the protobacteria Rhodospirillum rubrum, the presence of ferric ion does not create a favorable wavelength of light for physiological activity.
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This elicits a positive photophobotactic response where the protobacteria moves towards blue and near-UV light. While the phobic response is classified as a photophobotactic response, the photochemical product of ferric complex in medium acts as a chemical stimulus, making this an example of chemotaxis as well. In the eukaryote Euglena, positive phototaxis and positive phobotaxis exhibit nearly the same action spectra, providing more evidence for their association. There also exists evidence to support photophobotaxis being coupled with electron transport needed in photosynthesis for two specific algaes: Phormidium uncinatum and Ph. autumnale.
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The iron uptake pathway in Saccharaomyces cerevisiae, which consists of a multicopper ferroxidase (Fet3) and an iron plasma permease (FTR1) has a high affinity for iron uptake compared to the DMT1 iron uptake process present in mammals. The iron uptake process in yeasts consists of Fe3+ which is reduced to Fe2+ by ferriductases. Ferrous iron may also be present outside of the cell due to other reductants present in the extracellular medium. Ferrous iron is then oxidized to ferric iron by Fet3 on the external surface of the cell.
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There are several different types of acidifiers, such as alum, acidified liquid alum, sodium bisulfate, ferric sulfate, and sulfuric acid, that have been used by the poultry industry. These products vary in effectiveness as the pH is raised by the activity of the poultry within a couple of weeks. The combination of using litter amendments and poultry house ventilation provides a healthy and comfortable rearing environment. Controlling volatilized ammonia in poultry and livestock rearing environments is critical to maintaining a high level of animal health, well- being and efficient live performance.
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It is possible to synthesize twinned amethyst, but this type is not available in large quantities in the market. Single-crystal quartz is very desirable in the industry, particularly for keeping the regular vibrations necessary for quartz movements in watches and clocks, which is where a lot of synthetic quartz is used. Treated amethyst is produced by gamma ray, X-ray or electron beam irradiation of clear quartz (rock crystal) which has been first doped with ferric impurities. Exposure to heat partially cancels the irradiation effects and amethyst generally becomes yellow or even green.
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Satterlyite has a formula of (Fe2+,Mg,Fe3+)2(PO4)(OH). Studies using the optical absorption spectra show that satterlyite has similar features to different iron bearing minerals with Fe(III) and Fe(II) impurities. EPR studies were also made on the mineral first by turning the satterlyite mineral fine powder then putting it into an EPR quartz tube for measurements. The results from the EPR show a strong line on g=2.0 and another line on g=8.0, thus also showing a presence of ferrous and ferric ions in satterlyite.
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After ferric sulphate dosing the water entered a baffled hydraulic flocculator with 7 – 17 passes and a contact time of about 15 minutes. The water then entered the top of the filter vessel and flowed down through an upwards flow of fine bubbles forming a deep air blanket to capture suspended solids. Water flowed down through a dual media filter at the base of the vessel. The air blanket was formed by recycling water saturated with compressed air injected through a ‘Thames DAF nozzle’ located at about half of the vessels height.
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The 6.5mm ferric-oxide-coated tape could record 20 minutes per reel of high-quality sound. Alexander M. Poniatoff ordered Ampex, which he founded in 1944, to manufacture an improved version of the Magnetophone. Crosby hired Mullin to start recording his Philco Radio Time show on his German-made machine in August 1947 using the same 50 reels of I.G. Farben magnetic tape that Mullin had found at a radio station at Bad Nauheim near Frankfurt while working for the U.S. Army Signal Corps. The advantage was editing.
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A much smaller scar remains on the hillside. Most water runoff from the Jerome mine emptied into the South Fork of Bens Creek at Thomas Mills. Bens Creek used to be a robust trout habitat. Mine effluent contained high concentrations of iron, which rendered downstream sections of Bens Creek effectively sterile Mountain Laurel Chapter, Trout Unlimited "...the alkaline discharge causes...a red carpet of ferric hydroxide that smothers aquatic insect life...[and]...makes survival of fish in the affected area impossible because of lack of a food source." from about 1900 to 1994.
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700px Bial's reagent consists of 0.4 g orcinol, 200 ml of concentrated hydrochloric acid and 0.5 ml of a 10% solution of ferric chloride.Baldwin and Bell, page 189 Bial's test is used to distinguish pentoses from hexoses; this distinction is based on the color that develops in the presence of orcinol and iron (III) chloride. Furfural from pentoses gives a blue or green color. The related hydroxymethylfurfural from hexoses may give a muddy-brown, yellow or gray solution, but this is easily distinguishable from the green color of pentoses.
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The activity of soybean FLbR was 90% in the nodule cytosol and 10% in the bacteroids. NADH was the best reductant for soybean FLbR, although NADPH also functioned at rates that were three-fold less than NADH. These investigations by Klucas and collaborators also showed that the oxidation of NADH and reduction of Lb3+ was undetectable when O2 was removed from the reaction system, but all were restored upon re-addition of O2, which indicated that the FLbR activity is O2-dependent. thumb thumb thumb _Soybean and other legume ferric leghemoglobin reductases.
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The amino acid sequence of soybean FLbR contains a 30-residue signal peptide for translocation into the mitochondria as well as conserved regions for the FAD-binding site, NAD(P)H-binding site and disulfide active site characteristic of pea DLDH and other enzymes in the family of the pyridine nucleotide-disulfide oxidoreductases.Ji L., Wood S., Becana M.,Klucas R. V., Purification and characterization of soybean root nodule ferric leghemoglobin reductase, Plant Physiol., 96 (1991) 32-37. The soybean genome contains at least two copies (named flbr1 and flbr2) of the flbr gene.
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The depth to hardpan ranged from 1 foot to 6 feet. The cementing agent for the hard pan was thought to be ferric hydrate with some lime carbonates and probably silica. About 74,500 acres (301 km²) were mapped. The San Joaquin soil was next mapped in the Modesto-Turlock Area in 1909.Soil Survey of the Modesto-Turlock Area, California, by A.T. Sweet, J.F. Warner, and L.C. Holmes, 1909 and was described as having a "brick red" surface layer that was underlain by a "ferruginous hardpan" at depths of 15 to 60 inches.
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The single gonad is located in front of the heart, and releases gametes through a pair of pores just in front of those used for excretion. The underside of the gumboot chiton, Cryptochiton stelleri, showing the foot in the center, surrounded by the gills and mantle: The mouth is visible to the left in this image. The mouth is located on the underside of the animal, and contains a tongue-like structure called a radula, which has numerous rows of 17 teeth each. The teeth are coated with magnetite, a hard ferric/ferrous oxide mineral.
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The car is available with 20-inch classic Alpina multi-spoke alloy wheels in Ferric Gray finish. The Edition 99 has a stiffer suspension system than the B4 S called the Alpina Sports Suspension Plus along with modified adjustable dampers. A limited slip differential and a torque vectoring system is available as an option. The interior features piano black lacquer trim with "Edition" lettering, new sports seats, the shift paddles finished in matte black and a stainless steel plaque signifying the production number of the car out of the 99 units produced.
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The grains seen in thin sections are disseminated with crystals that are euhedral to subhedral. Chromite contains Mg, ferric iron [Fe(III)], Al and trace amounts of Ti. Chromite can change into different minerals based on the amounts of each element in the mineral. Chromite is a part of the spinel group, which means that it is able to form a complete solid solution series with other members in the same group. These include minerals such as chenmingite (FeCr2O4), xieite (FeCr2O4), magnesiochromite (MgCr2O4) and magnetite (Fe2+Fe3+2O4).
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An explanation may be that the microbes use sulfate as a catalyst to respire with ferric ions and metabolize the trace levels of organic matter trapped with them. Such a metabolic process had never before been observed in nature. This process is of astrobiological importance as an analogue for environments below the Glaciers on Mars, if there is any liquid water there, for instance through hydrothermal melting (though none such has been discovered yet). This process is also an analogue for cryovolcanism in icy moons such as Enceladus.
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The lower oxidation state of manganese (Mn2+) is yellow in common glass while the higher oxidation states (Mn3+ or higher) is purple. A combination of the two states will give a pink glass. As the manganese and iron may each be in different states of oxidation, the combination of the two can result in a broad range of attractive colours. Manganese in its fully oxidised state, if not present in too great a mass, will also act as a decolourant of glass if the iron is in its yellow, ferric form.
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One of the most distinctive ways of identifying circumneutral iron oxidizing bacteria visually is by identifying the structure of the mineralized iron oxyhydroxide product created during iron oxidation. Oxidized, or ferric iron is insoluble at circumneutral pH, thus the microbe must have a way of dealing with the mineralized "waste" product. It is thought that one method to accomplish this is to control the deposition of oxidized iron. Some of the most common morphotypes include: amorphous particulate oxides, twisted or helical stalks (figure), sheaths, and y-shaped irregular filaments.
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In water, it has maximum quantum efficiency around pH = 2.9. It can be observed even in the solid state. This reaction plays an important role in plant metabolism: iron is carried up from the roots as ferric citrate dissolved in the sap,Rubén Rellán-Álvarez, Justo Giner-Martínez-Sierra, Jesús Orduna, and others (2010): "Identification of a tri-iron(III), tri-citrate complex in the xylem sap of iron-deficient tomato resupplied with iron: New insights into plant iron long- distance transport". Plant Cell Physiology, volume 51, issue 1, pages 91-102.
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Dr. Arturo Casadevall speaking about "Promoting Diversity and Inclusion in the Research of Health and Medicine" at the Osler Medical Symposium, held at Johns Hopkins University. In addition, Casadevall, in collaboration with Dr. Ferric C. Fang, has been constructive shaping the nations approach to science, scientific misconduct, and promotion of women and underrepresented minorities. Among his own trainees, nearly half are members of underrepresented minority groups and more than half are women. With a focus on American Society for Microbiology events, Casadevall has been active in creating gender balance among speakers at conferences.
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The trick uses simple chemistry for all of its effects. The change of color from clear to opaque and back can be accomplished using any number of simple chemical reactions. Almost any acid/base invisible ink formula will work, with common examples being iodine which goes clear with sodium metabisulfite, or a mixture of tannic acid and ferric ammonium sulfate which turns clear with oxalic acid. In both cases, the chemicals are introduced during the pour, often using multiple containers with only the first being pure water, or using any number of simple gadgets like a false thumb to store them during setup.
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Fenton's reagent is basically a mixture of ferrous iron salts as a catalyst and hydrogen peroxide. A similar sort of reaction can be made by mixing hydrogen peroxide with [ferric] iron (Iron III). When the peroxide is catalyzed by soluble iron it forms hydroxyl radicals(·OH) that oxidize contaminants such as chlorinated solvents, fuel oils, and BTEX. Traditional Fenton's reagent usually requires a significant pH reduction of the soils and groundwater in the treatment zone to allow for the introduction and distribution of aqueous iron as iron will oxidize and precipitate at a pH greater than 3.5.
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Where anaerobic organisms reduce ferric oxide to ferrous oxide, the reduced mineral compounds produce the gley soil typical color. Green rust, a layered double hydroxide (LDH) of Fe(II) and Fe(III) can be found as the mineral fougerite in gley soils. Gley soils may be sticky and hard to work, especially where the gleying is caused by surface water held up on a slowly permeable layer. However, some ground-water gley soils have permeable lower horizons, including, for example, some sands in hollows within sand dune systems (known as slacks), and in some alluvial situations.
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A simplified diagram of the Verneuil process A small ruby boule, still attached to the rod, produced by the Verneuil process One of the most crucial factors in successfully crystallising an artificial gemstone is obtaining highly pure starting material, with at least 99.9995% purity. In the case of manufacturing rubies, sapphires or padparadscha, this material is alumina. The presence of sodium impurities is especially undesirable, as it makes the crystal opaque. Depending on the desired colouration of the crystal, small quantities of various oxides are added, such as chromium oxide for a red ruby, or ferric oxide and titania for a blue sapphire.
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The group also includes most of so-called 'type 0' cassettes - a mixed bag of ferric tapes that do not meet the IEC standard or the original Philips specification. Historically, informal 'type 0' denoted early cassettes loaded with tape designed for reel-to-reel recorders. In the 1980s many otherwise decent and usable basic tapes were effectively demoted to 'type 0' status when equipment manufacturers began aligning their decks to premium ferricobalts (the latter having much higher sensitivity and bias). In the 21st century 'type 0' denotes all sorts of low- quality, counterfeit or otherwise unusable cassettes.
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G. ahangari is an anaerobe, using poorly soluble ferric iron (Fe3+) as a terminal electron acceptor. It can grow either autotrophically using hydrogen gas (H2) or heterotrophically using a large number of organic compounds, including several types of fatty acids, as energy sources. G. ahangari was the first archaeon isolated capable of using hydrogen gas coupled to iron reduction as an energy source and the first anaerobe isolated capable of using long-chain fatty acids as an energy source. A second species was described as G. acetivorans, which also uses iron as its terminal electron acceptor.
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Lewis acids are used to catalyse a wide variety of reactions. The mechanism steps are: # Lewis acid forms a polar coordinate with a basic site on the reactant (such as an O or N) # Its electrons are drawn towards the catalyst, thus activating the reactant # The reactant is then able to be transformed by a substitution reaction or addition reaction # The product dissociates and catalyst is regenerated Common Lewis acids include aluminium chloride, ferric chloride and boron trifluoride. These reactions are usually carried out in organic solvents; AlCl3, for example, reacts violently with water. Typical solvents are dichloromethane and benzene.
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Production of a greenish precipitate is an indication of the presence of tannins."Antibacterial activity of leave extracts of Nymphaea lotus (Nymphaeaceae) on Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Vancomycin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) isolated from clinical samples". Akinjogunla O. J., Yah C. S., Eghafona N. O. and Ogbemudia F. O., Annals of Biological Research, 2010, 1 (2), pages 174–184 Alternatively, a portion of the water extract is diluted with distilled water in a ratio of 1:4 and few drops of 10% ferric chloride solution is added. A blue or green color indicates the presence of tannins (Evans, 1989).
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The zinc uptake regulator (Zur) gene is a bacterial gene that codes for a transcription factor protein involved in zinc homeostasis. The protein is a member of the ferric uptake regulator family and binds zinc with high affinity. It typically functions as a repressor of zinc uptake proteins via binding to characteristic promoter DNA sequences in a dimer-of-dimers arrangement that creates strong cooperativity. Under conditions of zinc deficiency, the protein undergoes a conformational change that prevents DNA binding, thereby lifting the repression and causing zinc uptake genes such as ZinT and the ZnuABC zinc transporter to be expressed.
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Competition for iron also serves as a strong selective force determining the microbial population in the rhizosphere. Several studies show that PGPR exert their plant growth-promoting activity by depriving native microflora of iron. Although iron is abundant in nature, the extremely low solubility of Fe at pH 7 means that most organisms face the problem of obtaining enough iron from their environments. To fulfill their requirements for iron, bacteria have developed several strategies, including the reduction of ferric to ferrous ions, the secretion of high-affinity iron-chelating compounds, called siderophores, and the uptake of heterologous siderophores.
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Friedel–Crafts alkylation involves the alkylation of an aromatic ring with an alkyl halide using a strong Lewis acid, such as aluminium chloride, ferric chloride, or other MXn reagent, as catalyst. The general mechanism for tertiary alkyl halides is shown below. :Mechanism for the Friedel Crafts alkylation For primary (and possibly secondary) alkyl halides, a carbocation-like complex with the Lewis acid, [R(+)\---(X--- MXn)(–)] is more likely to be involved, rather than a free carbocation. This reaction suffers from the disadvantage that the product is more nucleophilic than the reactant because alkyl groups are activators for the Friedel–Crafts reaction.
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Yousef was assisted by Iraqi bomb maker Abdul Rahman Yasin, who helped assemble the complex bomb, which was made of a urea nitrate main charge with aluminum, magnesium and ferric oxide particles surrounding the explosive. The charge used nitroglycerine, ammonium nitrate dynamite, smokeless powder and fuse as booster explosives. Three tanks of bottled hydrogen were also placed in a circular configuration around the main charge, to enhance the fireball and afterburn of the solid metal particles. The use of compressed gas cylinders in this type of attack closely resembles the 1983 Beirut barracks bombing 10 years earlier.
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As many as twenty or twenty-five components may be determined, but for practical purposes a knowledge of the relative proportions of silica, alumina, ferrous and ferric oxides, magnesia, lime, potash, soda and water carry us a long way in determining a rock's position in the conventional classifications. A chemical analysis is usually sufficient to indicate whether a rock is igneous or sedimentary, and in either case to accurately show what subdivision of these classes it belongs to. In the case of metamorphic rocks it often establishes whether the original mass was a sediment or of volcanic origin.
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On 29 July 2015, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) reviewed the Velvetines Liquid Matte Lipsticks and issued an official warning letter for the shade “red velvet.” This letter stated that Lime Crime's use of ferric ferrocyanide and ultramarines in the formula of this particular lip stain violates the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. Lime Crime's social media pages articulated that this violation was because of a misprint on the product's packaging. Megan McSeveney, an FDA press officer, claims that the FDA investigation was launched as a result of receiving six complaints from consumers within a period of two months.
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The formation of the magnetosome requires at least three steps: #Invagination of the magnetosome membrane (MM) # Entrance of magnetite precursors into the newly formed vesicle # Nucleation and growth of the magnetite crystal During the first formation of an invagination in the cytoplasmic membrane is triggered by a GTPase. It is supposed this process can take place amongst eukaryotes, as well. The second step requires the entrance of ferric ions into the newly formed vesicles from the external environment. Even when cultured in a Fe3+ deficient medium, MTB succeed at accumulating high intracellular concentrations of this ion.
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An in vitro study showed that when chromium(III) chloride was added to isolated transferrin, the Cr3+ readily bound transferrin, owing to changes in the UV-Vis spectrum. The formation constant for Cr3+ in the C-lobe is 1.41 x 1010 M−1 and 2.04 x 105 M−1 in the N-lobe, which indicates that Cr3+ preferentially binds the C-lobe. Overall, the formation constant for chromium(III) is lower than that of the ferric ion. The bicarbonate ligand is crucial in binding Cr3+ as when bicarbonate concentrations are very low, the binding affinity is also significantly lower.
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A further point to note is that drinking-water treatment commonly involves the addition of treatment chemicals such as aluminium sulfate or ferric chloride as flocculants, lime for pH adjustment, chlorine for disinfection and fluoride compounds for dental health. The physical impacts of ashfall can affect the operation of water treatment plants. Ash can block intake structures, cause severe abrasion damage to pump impellers and overload pump motors. Many water treatment plants have an initial coagulation/flocculation step that is automatically adjusted to turbidity (the level of suspended solids, measured in nephelometric turbidity units) in the incoming water.
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In the C57BL/6 mouse laboratory model, 20-HETE pretreatment accelerates the development of thrombosis and reduces blood flow caused by the Thrombosis- inducing agent, ferric chloride, in the common carotid and femoral arteries; companion studies on human umbilical vein endothelial cells indicate that 20-HETE stimulates the activation of Extracellular signal-regulated kinases to cause ERK-dependent and L-type calcium channel-dependent release of von Willebrand factor which in turn stimulates the adhesion of platelets to the endothelial cells. The endothelial, platelet, and pro-clotting actions of 20-HETE may contribute to its ability to disrupt blood flood to tissues.
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In iron chelation, insoluble ferric oxide compounds are solubilized in aqueous solutions. As bioavailability of iron is scarce, many microbes secrete iron chelating compounds to solubilize, uptake, and sequester iron for various cellular processes. Certain exoelectrogens have shown capability of using such compounds for electron transport by solubilizing iron extracellularly, and delivering it to the cell surface or within the cell. The components used in each pathway are phylogenetically diverse, thus some chelating agents may reduce iron outside the cell acting as electron shuttles, while others may deliver iron to the cell for membrane bound reduction.
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Listeria monocytogenes has been associated with such foods as raw milk, pasteurized fluid milk, cheeses (particularly soft-ripened varieties), hard- boiled eggs, ice cream, raw vegetables, fermented raw-meat sausages, raw and cooked poultry, raw meats (of all types), and raw and smoked fish. Most bacteria can survive near freezing temperatures, but cannot absorb nutrients, grow or replicate; however, L. monocytogenes has the ability to grow at temperatures as low as 0 °C which permits exponential multiplication in refrigerated foods. At refrigeration temperature, such as 4 °C, the amount of ferric iron can affect the growth of L. monocytogenes.
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William Willis was the first to patent the platinotype process in 1873 (British Patent No. 2011, June 8, 1873), and again in 1878 and 1880 which he leveraged to gain commercial success in the manufacture of platinum papers sold through his Platinotype Company for professional and amateur use. He also developed the palladium process requiring palladiotype paper and a silver-platinum paper, Satista. Willis introduced the "hot bath" method where a mixture of ferric oxalate and potassium chloroplatinate are coated onto paper which is then exposed through a negative and developed in a warm solution of potassium oxalate.
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As the Fenton reaction depends on the simultaneous presence (in solution) of dissolved Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions, its kinetics are influenced by the respective solubilities of both species as a direct-function of the solution's pH. As Fe3+ is about 100 times less soluble than Fe2+ in natural water at near-neutral pH, the ferric ion concentration is the limiting factor for the reaction rate. The reaction only proceeds rapidly under acidic conditions. At high pH, under alkaline conditions, the reaction slows down due to precipitation of Fe(OH)3, lowering the concentration of the Fe3+ species in solution.
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For example, the anthrax pathogen Bacillus anthracis releases two siderophores, bacillibactin and petrobactin, to scavenge ferric iron from iron proteins. While bacillibactin has been shown to bind to the immune system protein siderocalin, petrobactin is assumed to evade the immune system and has been shown to be important for virulence in mice. Siderophores are amongst the strongest binders to Fe3+ known, with enterobactin being one of the strongest of these. Because of this property, they have attracted interest from medical science in metal chelation therapy, with the siderophore desferrioxamine B gaining widespread use in treatments for iron poisoning and thalassemia.
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In response to iron limitation in their environment, genes involved in microbe siderophore production and uptake are derepressed, leading to manufacture of siderophores and the appropriate uptake proteins. In bacteria, Fe2+-dependent repressors bind to DNA upstream to genes involved in siderophore production at high intracellular iron concentrations. At low concentrations, Fe2+ dissociates from the repressor, which in turn dissociates from the DNA, leading to transcription of the genes. In gram-negative and AT- rich gram-positive bacteria, this is usually regulated by the Fur (ferric uptake regulator) repressor, whilst in GC-rich gram-positive bacteria (e.g.
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In gram-negative bacteria, these are transported into the periplasm via TonB-dependent receptors, and are transferred into the cytoplasm by ABC transporters. Once in the cytoplasm of the cell, the Fe3+-siderophore complex is usually reduced to Fe2+ to release the iron, especially in the case of "weaker" siderophore ligands such as hydroxamates and carboxylates. Siderophore decomposition or other biological mechanisms can also release iron., especially in the case of catecholates such as ferric- enterobactin, whose reduction potential is too low for reducing agents such as flavin adenine dinucleotide, hence enzymatic degradation is needed to release the iron.
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Between 1942 and 1946, Granick and Michaelis, along with Alexandre Rothen, published a series of important research papers on ferritin and other ferric compounds in the Journal of Biological Chemistry. In the first paper, Granick showed that-- contrary to earlier studies--purified ferritin contains no nucleic acid and varies in its content of iron and phosphorus. A second paper, by Granick and Michaelis, showed that iron could be removed from ferritin to produce apoferritin. Granick went on to study the structure of chloroplasts, including, in 1947 with Keith R. Porter, the first application of an electron microscope to chloroplasts.
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BIFs have alternating layers of iron oxides and chert. BIFs only form if the water is allowed to supersaturate in dissolved iron (Fe2+) meaning there cannot be free oxygen or sulfur in the water column because it would form Fe3+ (rust) or pyrite and precipitate out of solution. Following this supersaturation, the water must become oxygenated in order for the ferric rich bands to precipitate it must still be sulfur poor otherwise pyrite would form instead of Fe3+. It has been hypothesized that BIFs formed during the initial evolution of photosynthetic organisms that had phases of population growth, causing over production of oxygen.
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In 2017, Selby Cull-Hearth and M. Caroline Clark (Bryn Mawr College) presented a comprehensive investigation of the mineralogy of Ganges Chasma using CRISM data. The authors reaffirmed the lower stratigraphic levels of the mesa as a mixture of monohydrated sulfates and ferric oxides. The deposits that host these spectral signatures on Ganges Mensa tend to contrast with surrounding terrain more darkly, and they appear to generally manifest in more unconsolidated deposits (including sand dunes on the surrounding valley floor). Olivine signatures, linear to the wall-floor boundary of Ganges Mensa, were observed by the researchers across the central edifice of the mesa.
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Venetian red is a light and warm (somewhat unsaturated) pigment that is a darker shade of red, derived from nearly pure ferric oxide (Fe2O3) of the hematite type. Modern versions are frequently made with synthetic red iron oxide. Historically, Venetian red was a red earth color often used in Italian Renaissance paintings. It was also called sinopia because the best-quality pigment came from the port of Sinop in northern Turkey. It was the major ingredient in the pigment called cinabrese, described by the 15th-century Italian painter and writer Cennino Cennini in his handbook on painting, Il libro dell'arte.
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Protocyanin is an anthocyanin pigment that is responsible for the red colouration of roses, but in cornflowers is blue. The pigment was first isolated in 1913 from the blue cornflower (Centaurea cyanus), and the identical pigment was isolated from a red rose in 1915. The difference in colour had been explained as a difference in flower-petal pH, but the pigment in the blue cornflower has been shown to be a supermolecular pigment consisting of anthocyanin, flavone, one ferric ion, one magnesium and two calcium ions forming a copigmentation complex. The molecular formula of protocyanin complex is of the type of C366H384O228FeMg.
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Advanced digital error correction systems, without which the system would have been unworkable, still failed to cope with poorly maintained tape or recorders, and for this reason a number of tapes made in the early years of digital reel-to-reel recorders are now useless. Because digital audio recording technology advanced over the years, with development of cassette- based tape recording formats (such as DAT) and tapeless recording, digital reel-to-reel audio recording is now obsolete, also because no new metal particle reel tapes for digital audio recording are manufactured today - only ferric oxide tapes for analog recording.
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The body generally handles Ga3+ as though it were ferric iron (Fe-III), and thus the free isotope ion is bound (and concentrates) in areas of inflammation, such as an infection site, and also areas of rapid cell division. Gallium (III) (Ga3+) binds to transferrin, leukocyte lactoferrin, bacterial siderophores, inflammatory proteins, and cell-membranes in neutrophils, both living and dead. Lactoferrin is contained within leukocytes. Gallium may bind to lactoferrin and be transported to sites of inflammation, or binds to lactoferrin released during bacterial phagocytosis at infection sites (and remains due to binding with macrophage receptors).
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Rio Tinto river Due to the extreme conditions of the river, there is very little in the way of life, with the exception of small amounts of microorganisms, including algae. The presence of anaerobic bacteria in the sediments is thought to contribute somewhat to the river's famously low pH (acidity), that in turn increases the concentration of dissolved heavy metals. The waters from the Rio Tinto, high in metal sulfides, provide an ideal environment for chemolithoautotrophic microorganisms, with the sulfides acting as a food source. The product of metal sulfide metabolism through oxidization is ferric iron and secretion of acidic liquid.
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Lotus Leaf (5780807820) Unitary roughness structure versus hierarchical structure A lotus leaf is well known for its ability to repel water and self-clean. Yuan and his colleagues fabricated a negative mold of alotus leaf from polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) to capture the tiny hierarchical structures integral for the leaf's ability to repel water, known as the lotus effect. The lotus leaf's surface was then replicated by allowing a copper sheet to flow into the negative mold with the assistance of ferric chloride and pressure. The result was a lotus leaf-like surface inherent on the copper sheet.
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Akaganeite, also written as the deprecated Akaganéite,Ernst A.J. Burke (2008): "Tidying up Mineral Names: an IMA-CNMNC Scheme for Suffixes, Hyphens and Diacritical marks". Mineralogical Record, volume 39, issue 2. is a chloride- containing iron(III) oxide-hydroxide mineral, formed by the weathering of pyrrhotite (Fe1−xS). Akaganeite is often described as the β phase of anhydrous ferric oxyhydroxide , but some chloride (or fluoride) ions are normally included in the structure,Jongsik Kim and Clare P. Grey (2010), "Li Solid- State MAS NMR Study of Local Environments and Lithium Adsorption on the Iron(III) Oxyhydroxide, Akaganeite (β-FeOOH)".
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If left untreated, these could cause corrosion in gas pipework. A further process to make the gas less toxic by removing hydrogen sulphide and hydrogen cyanide, the purifier, passed the gas over trays of ferric oxide as bog iron ore, similar to red rust, which removed sulphur and cyanide compounds and became 'spent' in this process. These could be arranged as either a wet or dry process, where the gas produced was bubbled through water or passed through a box of a dampened absorber material such as wood shavings. These cheap materials were consumed and discarded periodically.
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A failed (blown) NTC thermistor that worked as an inrush current limiter in a switched- mode power supply Many NTC thermistors are made from a pressed disc, rod, plate, bead or cast chip of semiconducting material such as sintered metal oxides. They work because raising the temperature of a semiconductor increases the number of active charge carriers it promotes them into the conduction band. The more charge carriers that are available, the more current a material can conduct. In certain materials like ferric oxide (Fe2O3) with titanium (Ti) doping an n-type semiconductor is formed and the charge carriers are electrons.
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The ion in ferric citrate (as in many iron(III) carboxylates) is reduced by exposure to light,Wu Feng and Deng Nansheng (2000): "Photochemistry of hydrolytic iron (III) species and photoinduced degradation of organic compounds: A minireview". Chemosphere, volume 41, issue 8, pages 1137–1147. especially blue and ultraviolet, to (ferrous) ion with concomitant oxidation of the carboxyl group adjacent to the hydroxyl, yielding carbon dioxide and acetonedicarboxylate: : 2 + R2-C(OH)- → 2 + R2-C=O + + where -R represents the group -. This reaction is not observed at pH < 1.5 or pH > 5.0, or in aprotic water-free solvents such as acetonitrile.
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They displayed a microaerophilic growth behaviour and used oxygen and nitrate as electron acceptors, but not nitrite, chlorate, sulfate, or ferric iron. The substrates metabolized included a broad range of organic acids, but no carbohydrates at all. The three species can be distinguished from each other by their substrate use, ability to hydrolyse urea and casein, cellular protein patterns, and growth on nutrient-rich media, as well as their temperature, pH, and NaCl tolerances. Phylogenetic analysis, based on 16S rRNA gene sequence comparison, revealed that the isolates are affiliated to the beta 1-subclass of Proteobacteria.
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Grossular garnet from Quebec, collected by Dr John Hunter in the 18th century, Hunterian Museum, Glasgow Grossular on display at the U.S. National Museum of Natural History. The green gem at right is a type of grossular known as tsavorite. Grossular is a calcium-aluminium garnet with the formula Ca3Al2(SiO4)3, though the calcium may in part be replaced by ferrous iron and the aluminium by ferric iron. The name grossular is derived from the botanical name for the gooseberry, grossularia, in reference to the green garnet of this composition that is found in Siberia.
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The avian orthologs of siderocalin (Q83 and Ex- FABP) and NGAL (neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin-2) contain calyces with positively charged lysine and arginine side chains. These side chains interact via cation-pi and coulombic interactions with the negatively charged siderophores that contain aromatic catecholate groups. Crystallographic studies of siderocalin have shown that the ligand binding domain of Scn, known as the calyx, is shallow and broad, and is lined with polar cationic groups from the three positively charged residues of Arg81, Lys125, and Lys134. Scn can also bind non-ferric complexes and has been identified as a potential transporter for heavy actinide ions.
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The Warang Sandstone is a litharenite sandstone unit within the gorge consisting of Early to Mid- Triassic fluvial channel deposits. One of the most interesting parts of the formation occurs at the contact between the Warang Sandstone and Betts Creek Beds. In this area the sandstone has been fractured by a strike-slip fault system that has encouraged the release of the underlying hydrothermal fluids sourced from the Betts Creek Beds. Due to the leaching that has happened of the sandstone units below, the iron(II) must accrete somewhere, and this has happened along the faults, creating very dense, ferric build up in the sandstone pores.
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Even more impressive, however, was the response to ″strong mental emotion″: ″The cure of asthma by violent emotion is more sudden and complete than by any other remedy whatever; indeed, I know few things more striking and curious in the whole history of therapeutics. ... The cure ... takes no time; it is instantaneous, the intensest paroxysm ceases on the instant.″ ″Cure″ due to release of adrenaline from the adrenals is the retrospective interpretation. At the same time that Salter unwittingly made use of the adrenal medulla, the French physician Alfred Vulpian found that there was something unique about it: material scraped from it coloured green when ferric chloride was added.
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Other N-H compounds, such as amides and ureas, react much more slowly with MIC. It also reacts with itself to form a trimer or higher molecular weight polymers. In the presence of catalysts, MIC reacts with itself to form a solid trimer, trimethyl isocyanurate, or a higher molecular weight polymer: none Sodium methoxide, triethyl phosphine, ferric chloride and certain other metal compounds catalyze the formation of the MIC- trimer, while the high-molecular-weight polymer formation is catalyzed by certain trialkylamines. Since the formation of the MIC trimer is exothermic (298 calories per gram of MIC), the reaction can lead to violent boiling of the MIC.
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Woolley & Church 2005, Woolley & Kjarsgaard 2008a, 2008b Associated igneous rocks typically include ijolite, melteigite, teschenite, lamprophyres, phonolite, foyaite, shonkinite, silica undersaturated foid-bearing pyroxenite (essexite), and nepheline syenite. Carbonatites are typically associated with undersaturated (low silica) igneous rocks that are either alkali (Na2O and K2O), ferric iron (Fe2O3) and zirconium-rich agpaitic rocks or alkali-poor, FeO-CaO-MgO-rich and zirconium- poor miaskitic rocks. The Mount Weld carbonatite is unassociated with a belt or suite of alkaline igneous rocks, although calc-alkaline magmas are known in the region. The genesis of this Archaean carbonatite remains contentious as it is the sole example of an Archaean carbonatite in Australia.
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The mixture was then heated to 280 °C, resulting in a phase transition and a partial eruption of the Fe-Pt from the core, creating a pure Fe-Pt sphere attached to the CdS-coated nanoparticle. A new method of synthesizing inorganic Janus nanoparticles by phase separation has recently been developed by Zhao and Gao. In this method, they explored the use of the common homogeneous nanoparticle synthetic method of flame synthesis. They found when a methanol solution containing ferric triacetylacetonate and tetraethylorthosilicate was burned, the iron and silicon components formed an intermixed solid, which undergoes phase separation when heated to approximately 1100 °C to producemaghemite-silica Janus nanoparticles.
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The retraction index is a measure of how likely an article published in a given academic journal will be retracted. It is calculated by multiplying the number of retracted articles in a journal during a given time period by 1,000, and then dividing the result by the total number of articles published in that journal during the same period. The term was coined in a 2011 editorial by Ferric Fang and Arturo Casadevall, the co-editors-in-chief of the journal Infection and Immunity. In their original editorial, Fang and Casadevall also showed a strong positive correlation between a journal's retraction index and its impact factor.
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Duodenal cytochrome B (Dcytb) also known as cytochrome b reductase 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CYBRD1 gene. Dcytb CYBRD1 was first identified as a ferric reductase enzyme which catalyzes the reduction of Fe3+ to Fe2+ required for dietary iron absorption in the duodenum of mammals. Dcytb mRNA and protein levels in the gut are increased by iron deficiency and hypoxia which acts to promote dietary iron absorption. The effect of iron deficiency and hypoxia on Dcytb levels are medicated via the HIF2 (Hypoxia inducible factor 2) transcription factor which binds to hypoxia response elements within the Dcytb promoter and increases transcription of the gene.
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Pliny in his Naturalis Historia mentions the purification of gold a number of times and makes reference to the salt cementation process of gold parting. He says that the gold is "roasted with a double weight of salt and three times the weight of misy (ferric sulfates) and again with two portions of salt and one of the stone which is called schiston." Here he is describing the heating of gold with salt and iron sulfates which act to dissolve the copper and silver in the gold.Craddock, P. T. 2000a Historical Survey of Gold Refining: 1 Surface Treatments and Refining Worldwide, and in Europe Prior to AD 1500.
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When the slightly pressurized calcium bicarbonate hits the air of the cave, the carbon dioxide is released, and the calcium carbonate precipitates out of the water. The calcium carbonate, in the form of the mineral calcite, a solid, crystallizes onto the bottoms and sides of existing stalactites, stalagmites, helictites, and sheets of flowstone to grow the formations over time. Other minerals are brought into the cave by flowing of water to create white, red, tan, and gray colors on the formations and walls. St. Louis Limestone is primarily made of calcite, but is also known to contain magnesium sulfate, manganese dioxide, ferric oxide, gypsum, dolomite, and aragonite.
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The inherent low sensitivity of the process occurs because the ferric oxalate is sensitive to ultra-violet light only, thus specialized light sources must be used and exposure times are many times greater than those used in silver-based photographic processes. Due to the unavailability of pre-coated sensitized paper, all platinum/palladium printing is done on paper coated by the printer. The light sensitive chemicals are mixed from powdered basic chemicals, or some commercially available solutions, then hand applied with a brush or a cylindrical "pusher". Many artists achieve varying effects by choosing different papers for different surface characteristics, including vellum, 100% cotton rag, silk, and rice, among others.
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The Fenton reaction has different implications in biology because it involves the formation of free radicals by chemical species naturally present in the cell under in vivo conditions. Transition-metal ions such as iron and copper can donate or accept free electrons via intracellular reactions and so contribute to the formation, or at the contrary to the scavenging, of free radicals. In oxygen respirating organisms, most of the intracellular iron is in the ferric (Fe3+) state and must therefore be reduced to the ferrous (Fe2+) form to take part in the Fenton reaction. Superoxide ions and transition metals act in a synergistic way in the appearance of free radical damages.
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Siderophores usually form a stable, hexadentate, octahedral complex preferentially with Fe3+ compared to other naturally occurring abundant metal ions, although if there are fewer than six donor atoms water can also coordinate. The most effective siderophores are those that have three bidentate ligands per molecule, forming a hexadentate complex and causing a smaller entropic change than that caused by chelating a single ferric ion with separate ligands. Fe3+ is a strong Lewis acid, preferring strong Lewis bases such as anionic or neutral oxygen atoms to coordinate with. Microbes usually release the iron from the siderophore by reduction to Fe2+ which has little affinity to these ligands.
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2,3-diDHB dehydrogenase catalyzes the NAD+-dependent oxidation of 2,3-dihydro-2,3-dihydroxybenzoate to produce an aromatic compound 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,3-DHB or simply DHB). In times of iron deficiency, iron uptake is controlled by three genes: ent, fep, and fes for synthesis, export, and uptake of ferric Enterobactin and its hydrolytic cleavage to release Fe3+ into the cell. This production of this compound is controlled by eight genes: entA-entF, entH, and entS. In E. coli, all of these genes are controlled by the Fur repressor, such that the genes are turned on when the concentration of iron in the environment is low.
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Inhibitors of the NODs are being developed for application as microbial antibiotics, anti-tumor agents and modulators of NO signalling. The most prominent class of inhibitor of NO dioxygenase to date is imidazole antibiotics. Imidazoles have been shown to coordinate with the heme iron atom of microbial flavohemoglobin, impair ferric heme reduction, produce uncompetitive inhibition with respect to O2 and NO, and inhibit NO metabolism by yeasts and bacteria. Specifically, imidazoles bearing bulky aromatic substituents have been shown to have potential for selective and high-affinity inhibition of NO dioxygenase function by coordinating the catalytic heme iron and "fitting" within the large hydrophobic distal heme pocket.
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As the Haber–Weiss reaction depends on the presence of both Fe3+ and Fe2+ in solution, its kinetics is influenced by the respective solubilities of both species whose are directly function of the solution pH. As Fe3+ is about 100 times less soluble than Fe2+ in natural waters at near- neutral pH, the ferric ion concentration is the limiting factor for the reaction rate. The reaction can only proceed with a fast enough rate under sufficiently acidic conditions. At high pH, under alkaline conditions, the reaction considerably slows down because of the precipitation of Fe(OH)3 which notably lowers the concentration of the Fe3+ species in solution.
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The reactivity of the various antioxidants tested are compared to that of Trolox, which is a vitamin E analog. Other antioxidant capacity assays which use Trolox as a standard include the diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH), oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) assays or inhibition of copper-catalyzed in vitro human low- density lipoprotein oxidation. New methods including the use of biosensors can help monitor the content of polyphenols in food. Quantitation results produced by the mean of diode array detector–coupled HPLC are generally given as relative rather than absolute values as there is a lack of commercially available standards for all polyphenolic molecules.
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Curiosity view of Martian soil and boulders after crossing the "Dingo Gap" sand dune (February 9, 2014; raw color). Martian dust is reddish mostly due to the spectral properties of nanophase ferric oxides (npOx) that tend to dominate in the visible spectrum. The specific npOx minerals have not been fully constrained, but nanocrystalline red hematite (α-Fe2O3) may be the volumetrically dominant one, at least at the less than 100 μm sampling depth of infrared remote sensors such as the Mars Express OMEGA instrument. The rest of the iron in the dust, perhaps as much as 50% of the mass, may be in titanium enriched magnetite (Fe3O4).
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Bluing has other miscellaneous household uses, including as an ingredient in rock crystal "gardens" (whereby a porous item is placed in a salt solution, the solution then precipitating out as crystals), and to improve the appearance of swimming-pool water. In Australia it was used as a folk remedy to relieve the itching of mosquito and sand fly bites. Laundry bluing is made of a colloid of ferric ferrocyanide (blue iron salt, also referred to as "Prussian blue") in water. Blue colorings have been added to rinse water for centuries, first in the form of powder blue or smalt, or using small lumps of indigo and starch, called stone blue.
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A number of techniques are being considered that will be able to strip out 80% to 95% of the caesium from contaminated soil and other materials efficiently and without destroying the organic material in the soil. These include hydrothermal blasting. The caesium precipitated with ferric ferrocyanide (Prussian blue) would be the only waste requiring special burial sites. The aim is to get annual exposure from the contaminated environment down to 1 mSv above background. The most contaminated area where radiation doses are greater than 50 mSv/year must remain off limits, but some areas that are currently less than 5 mSv/year may be decontaminated, allowing 22,000 residents to return.
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Though solid magnesium and aluminum react slowly with oxygen at STP—they, like most metals, burn in air, generating very high temperatures. Finely grained powders of most metals can be dangerously explosive in air. Consequently, they are often used in solid-fuel rockets. Oxides, such as iron(III) oxide or rust, which consists of hydrated iron(III) oxides Fe2O3·nH2O and iron(III) oxide-hydroxide (FeO(OH), Fe(OH)3), form when oxygen combines with other elements In dry oxygen, iron readily forms iron(II) oxide, but the formation of the hydrated ferric oxides, Fe2O3−x(OH)2x, that mainly comprise rust, typically requires oxygen and water.
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Figure 2: L-edge spectral components. As we move left across the periodic table (e.g. from copper to iron), we create additional holes in the metal 3d orbitals. For example, a low-spin ferric (FeIII) system in an octahedral environment has a ground state of (t2g)5(eg)0 resulting in transitions to the t2g (dπ) and eg (dσ) sets. Therefore, there are two possible final states: t2g6eg0 or t2g5eg1(Figure 2a). Since the ground-state metal configuration has four holes in the eg orbital set and one hole in the t2g orbital set, an intensity ratio of 4:1 might be expected (Figure 2b).
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In the Chinese Civil War, the Soviet Union had a tumultuous yet strategic relationship with the Kuomintang-led Nationalist China until 1949. In the Second Taiwan Strait Crisis, Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev recommended the internationalization of the Taiwan Question and appealed to the United Nations and other multilateral organizations to intervene. The Communist Party of the Soviet Union called for the Ten Nations Summit in New Delhi to discuss the issue on 27 September 1958 as one of the precursors of the later Sino-Soviet split. Since the formation of the Russian Federation, Taiwan has exported many ferric materials to Russia in 2004–2005.
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In the case of ferric heme proteins, MCD is capable of determining both oxidation and spin state to a remarkably exquisite degree. In regular proteins, MCD is capable of stoichiometrically measuring the tryptophan content of proteins, assuming there are no other competing absorbers in the spectroscopic system. In addition, the application of MCD spectroscopy greatly improved the level of understanding in the ferrous non-heme systems because of the direct observation of the d–d transitions, which generally can not be obtained in optical absorption spectroscopy owing to the weak extinction coefficients and are often electron paramagnetic resonance silent due to relatively large ground-state sublevel splittings and fast relaxation times.
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Accessed on 2008-04-19. This usage has been largely replaced by the IUPAC nomenclature, which calls for the oxidation state being indicated by Roman numerals in parentheses, such as iron(II) oxide for ferrous oxide (FeO), iron(III) oxide for ferric oxide (Fe2O3), and iron(II,III) oxide for the oxide that contains both forms of iron. Pourbaix diagram of aqueous iron Outside chemistry, "ferrous" means generally "containing iron". The word is derived from the Latin word ' ("iron").. Ferrous metals include steel and pig iron (with a carbon content of a few percent) and alloys of iron with other metals (such as stainless steel).
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The Borzesti Chemical Plant is located in the southeastern part of the industrial platform. It was built between 1956 and 1964 with the following structure: caustic soda plant (1960), toxan plant (1961) and polyvinyl chloride - PVC (1964) plant with acetylene, monomer, polychlorinated vinyl emulsion, vinyl polychloride suspension. Acetylene was obtained from a mixture of methane and propane gas by the arc cracking process developed by Aurel Ionescu (1902-1954). The initial profile included chlorosodic products: caustic soda (sodium hydroxide), hydrochloric acid, aluminum chloride, lime chloride, further diversifying production, adding organic solvents: methyl chloride, methylene chloride, cloroform; plastics: vinyl polychloride, emulsion and suspension, ferric vinyl; fatty alcohols, liquid chlorine, and the like.
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Ammonium iron(III) sulfate, NH4Fe(SO4)2·12 H2O, or NH4[Fe(H2O)6](SO4)2·6 H2O, also known as ferric ammonium sulfate (FAS) or iron alum, is a double salt in the class of alums, which consists of compounds with the general formula AB(SO4)2 · 12 H2O.Considine, Douglas M: Chemical and process technology encyclopedia, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1974, p. 993 It has the appearance of weakly violet, octahedrical crystals. There has been some discussion regarding the origin of the crystals' colour, with some ascribing it to impurities in the compound, and others claiming it to be a property of the crystal itself.
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At room temperature, hydrogen contains 75% orthohydrogen, a proportion which the liquefaction process preserves if carried out in the absence of a catalyst like ferric oxide, activated carbon, platinized asbestos, rare earth metals, uranium compounds, chromic oxide, or some nickel compounds to accelerate the conversion of the liquid hydrogen into parahydrogen. Alternatively, additional refrigeration equipment can be used to slowly absorb the heat that the orthohydrogen fraction will (more slowly) release as it spontaneously converts into parahydrogen. If orthohydrogen is not removed from rapidly liquified hydrogen, without a catalyst, the heat released during its decay can boil off as much as 50% of the original liquid.
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Prussian blue or "ferric ferrocyanide", Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3, is an old and well-known iron-cyanide complex, extensively used as pigment and in several other applications. Its formation can be used as a simple wet chemistry test to distinguish between aqueous solutions of Fe2+ and Fe3+ as they react (respectively) with potassium ferricyanide and potassium ferrocyanide to form Prussian blue. Another old example of organoiron compound is iron pentacarbonyl, Fe(CO)5, in which a neutral iron atom is bound to the carbon atoms of five carbon monoxide molecules. The compound can be used to make carbonyl iron powder, a highly reactive form of metallic iron.
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Irn-Bru is known for its bright orange colour and unique flavour. As of 1999 it contained 0.002% of ammonium ferric citrate, sugar, 32 flavouring agents including caffeine and quinine (but not in Australia), and two controversial colourings (Sunset Yellow FCF E110 and Ponceau 4R E124). On 27 January 2010, A.G. Barr agreed to a Food Standards Agency voluntary ban on these two colourings although no date was set for their replacement. After lobbying by First Minister of Scotland Alex Salmond, a proposed restriction of Sunset Yellow to 10 mg/litre was eased to 20 mg/litre in 2011 — the same amount present in Irn-Bru.
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White Portland cement or white ordinary Portland cement (WOPC) is similar to ordinary, grey, Portland cement in all respects, except for its high degree of whiteness. Obtaining this colour requires high purity raw materials (low Fe2O3 content), and some modification to the method of manufacture, among others a higher kiln temperature required to sinter the clinker in the absence of ferric oxides acting as a flux in normal clinker. As Fe2O3 contributes to decrease the melting point of the clinker (normally 1450 °C), the white cement requires a higher sintering temperature (around 1600 °C). Because of this, it is somewhat more expensive than the grey product.
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Whilst Harper describes this period as his musical career nadir, it came at a time of the zenith for the United Kingdom hi-fi industry. Harper released a very limited number of so-called "Real-Time Mastered" compact audio cassette copies of the Work of Heart album. Unlike mass-market cassettes which at the time were produced at high speed from a multi-generational copy of the master, these issues were transcribed in real time from the original two track studio master tape. In order to eke maximum sound quality from this technique, the tape stock used was high quality Maxell Type I ferric oxide stock in conjunction with Dolby B Noise Reduction.
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Methemoglobinaemia is a form of abnormal hemoglobin where the iron centre has been oxidised from the ferrous +2 oxidation state (the normal form) to the ferric +3 state. This causes a leftward shift in the oxygen hemoglobin dissociation curve, as any residual heme with oxygenated ferrous iron (+2 state) is unable to unload its bound oxygen into tissues (because 3+ iron impairs hemoglobin's cooperativity), thereby increasing its affinity with oxygen. However, methemoglobin has increased affinity for cyanide, and is therefore useful in the treatment of cyanide poisoning. In cases of accidental ingestion, administration of a nitrite (such as amyl nitrite) can be used to deliberately oxidise hemoglobin and raise methemoglobin levels, restoring the functioning of cytochrome oxidase.
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Typical colouring caused by mineralisation in Adelaide bluestone In South Australia, the name bluestone is given to a form of slate which is much less durable than Victorian bluestone, but was valued for its decorative appearance. The interior of the stone is usually pale grey or beige in colour, but is given attractively coloured surfaces by ferric oxide and other minerals deposited in joints and bedding planes. The slate is laid in masonry with the mineralised surfaces exposed. Bluestone was most popular from about the 1850s to the 1920s, quarried in the Adelaide Hills at Dry Creek, O'Halloran Hill (formerly Tapley's Hill) and Glen Osmond, as well as a number of other places in rural areas.
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The N-terminus also has two extracellular loops in the pore, which are thought to aid in the signal transduction between ligand-binding and TonB-mediated transport, though the precise mechanism is not clear. Residues 12 to 18 of the N-terminus domain of FepA comprise a region called the TonB box, which includes at least a proline and glycine residue. Enterobactin is a cyclic tri-ester of 2,3-dihydroxybenzoylserine with a molecular mass of 719 Da. It binds ferric ions using six oxygens from three catechol groups, giving an overall charge of −3. Like the binding catechol, enterobactin is thought to also have a three-fold symmetry dissecting the metal center.
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BASF chrome tape used in commercially pre-recorded cassettes used type I equalization to allow greater high-frequency dynamic range for better sound quality, but the greater selling point for the music labels was that the Type I cassette shell could be used for both ferric and for chrome music cassettes. Notches on top of the cassette shell indicate the type of tape. Type I cassettes have only write-protect notches, Type II have an additional pair next to the write protection ones, and Type IV (metal) have a third set near the middle of the top of the cassette shell. These allow later cassette decks to detect the tape type automatically and select the proper bias and equalization.
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An exception to this standard were mechanical storytelling dolls from the 1980s (e.g. Teddy Ruxpin) which used the Type IV metal configuration cassette shell but had normal Type I voice grade tape inside. These toys used the Type IV notches to detect that a specially coded tape had been inserted, where the audio of the story is stored on the left channel and various cue tones to tell the doll's servos how and when to move along with the story on the right channel. Most pre-recorded chrome cassettes require 120 µs equalisation and are treated as Type I (with notches as Type I ferric cassettes), to ensure compatibility with budget equipment.
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In 2006, 164 years after Herschel's work with gold printing, photographers Liam Lawless and Robert Wolfgang Schramm published a formula based on Herschel's process. Following the introduction of Richard Sullivan's ziatype process in 1997, which uses ammonium ferric oxalate to print out palladium images, many photographers began experimenting successfully with substituting gold for some or all of the palladium. Image quality decays rapidly as the printer approaches 100% gold in a ziatype print. The modern chemist and photographic historian Mike Ware published the first books covering the subject of chrysotype in 2006, 'The Chrysotype Manual: the science and practice of photographic printing in gold' and 'Gold in Photography: the history and art of chrysotype'.
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The ortho/para distinction also occurs in other hydrogen-containing molecules or functional groups, such as water and methylene, but is of little significance for their thermal properties. The ortho form that converts to the para form slowly at low temperatures. The ortho/para ratio in condensed H2 is an important consideration in the preparation and storage of liquid hydrogen: the conversion from ortho to para is exothermic and produces enough heat to evaporate some of the hydrogen liquid, leading to loss of liquefied material. Catalysts for the ortho-para interconversion, such as ferric oxide, activated carbon, platinized asbestos, rare earth metals, uranium compounds, chromic oxide, or some nickel compounds, are used during hydrogen cooling.
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In-situ leaching of copper was done by the Chinese by 977 AD, and perhaps as early as 177 BC. Copper is usually leached using acid (sulfuric acid or hydrochloric acid), then recovered from solution by solvent extraction electrowinning (SX-EW) or by chemical precipitation. Ores most amenable to leaching include the copper carbonates malachite and azurite, the oxide tenorite, and the silicate chrysocolla. Other copper minerals, such as the oxide cuprite and the sulfide chalcocite may require addition of oxidizing agents such as ferric sulfate and oxygen to the leachate before the minerals are dissolved. The ores with the highest sulfide contents, such as bornite and chalcopyrite will require more oxidants and will dissolve more slowly.
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Rhodotorulic acid is the smallest of the 2,5-diketopiperazine family of hydroxamate siderophores which are high-affinity chelating agents for ferric iron, produced by bacterial and fungal phytopathogens for scavenging iron from the environment. It is a tetradentate ligand, meaning it binds one iron atom in four locations (two hydroxamate and two ketone moieties), and forms Fe2(siderophore)3 complexes to fulfill an octahedral coordination for iron. Rhodotorulic acid occurs in basidiomycetous yeasts and was found to retard the spore germination of the fungus Botrytis cinerea. In combination with yeast R. glutinis it was found to be effective in the biocontrol of iprodione-resistant B. cinerea of apple wounds caused by the disease.
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Carvacrol may be synthetically prepared by the fusion of cymol sulfonic acid with caustic potash; by the action of nitrous acid on 1-methyl-2-amino-4-propyl benzene; by prolonged heating of five parts of camphor with one part of iodine; or by heating carvol with glacial phosphoric acid or by performing a dehydrogenation of carvone with a palladium-carbon catalyst. It is extracted from Origanum oil by means of a 50% potash solution. It is a thick oil that sets at 20 °C to a mass of crystals of melting point 0 °C, and boiling point 236–237 °C. Oxidation with ferric chloride converts it into dicarvacrol, whilst phosphorus pentachloride transforms it into chlorcymol.
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Another potentially important effect that needs to be better characterized for the post-perovskite phase transition is the influence of other chemical components that are known to be present to some degree in Earth's lowermost mantle. The phase transition pressure (characterized by a two-phase loop in this system), was initially thought to decrease as the FeO content increases, but some recent experiments suggest the opposite. However, it is possible that the effect of Fe2O3 is more relevant as most of iron in post-perovskite is likely to be trivalent (ferric). Such components as Al2O3 or the more oxidized Fe2O3 also affect the phase transition pressure, and might have strong mutual interactions with one another.
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The iron in BIFs is divided roughly equally between the more oxidized ferric form, Fe(III), and the more reduced ferrous form, Fe(II), so that the ratio Fe(III)/Fe(II+III) typically varies from 0.3 to 0.6. This indicates a predominance of magnetite, in which the ratio is 0.67, over hematite, for which the ratio is 1. In addition to the iron oxides (hematite and magnetite), the iron sediment may contain the iron- rich carbonates, siderite and ankerite, or the iron-rich silicates, minnesotaite and greenalite. Most BIFs are chemically simple, containing little but iron oxides, silica, and minor carbonate, though some contain significant calcium and magnesium, up to 9% and 6.7% as oxides respectively.
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For example, their roots and stems contain large air spaces (aerenchyma) that regulate the efficient transportation of gases (for example, CO2 and O2) used in respiration and photosynthesis. Salt water plants (halophytes) have additional specialized adaptations, such as the development of special organs for shedding salt and osmoregulating their internal salt (NaCl) concentrations, to live in estuarine, brackish, or oceanic environments. Anaerobic soil microorganisms in aquatic environments use nitrate, manganese ions, ferric ions, sulfate, carbon dioxide, and some organic compounds; other microorganisms are facultative anaerobes and use oxygen during respiration when the soil becomes drier. The activity of soil microorganisms and the chemistry of the water reduces the oxidation-reduction potentials of the water.
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The best-understood receptors that are found concentrated in coated vesicles of mammalian cells are the LDL receptor (which removes LDL from circulating blood), the transferrin receptor (which brings ferric ions bound by transferrin into the cell) and certain hormone receptors (such as that for EGF). At any one moment, about 25% of the plasma membrane of a fibroblast is made up of coated pits. As a coated pit has a life of about a minute before it buds into the cell, a fibroblast takes up its surface by this route about once every 16 minutes. Coated vesicles formed from the plasma membrane have a diameter of about 36 nm and a lifetime measured in a few seconds.
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Conductive level sensors are ideal for the point level detection of a wide range of conductive liquids such as water, and is especially well suited for highly corrosive liquids such as caustic soda, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, ferric chloride, and similar liquids. For those conductive liquids that are corrosive, the sensor’s electrodes need to be constructed from titanium, Hastelloy B or C, or 316 stainless steel and insulated with spacers, separators or holders of ceramic, polyethylene and Teflon-based materials. Depending on their design, multiple electrodes of differing lengths can be used with one holder. Since corrosive liquids become more aggressive as temperature and pressure increase, these extreme conditions need to be considered when specifying these sensors.
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Ozonation – a process of infusing water with ozone – can be used in aquaculture to facilitate organic breakdown. Ozone is also added to recirculating systems to reduce nitrite levels through conversion into nitrate. If nitrite levels in the water are high, nitrites will also accumulate in the blood and tissues of fish, where it interferes with oxygen transport (it causes oxidation of the heme-group of haemoglobin from ferrous () to ferric (), making haemoglobin unable to bind ). Despite these apparent positive effects, ozone use in recirculation systems has been linked to reducing the level of bioavailable iodine in salt water systems, resulting in iodine deficiency symptoms such as goitre and decreased growth in Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) larvae.
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The mineral was discovered in the Akagane mine in Iwate, Japan, for which it is named. It was described by the Japanese mineralogist Matsuo Nambu in 1968,Matsuo Nambu (1968): "岩手県赤金鉱山産新鉱物赤金鉱 (β-FeOOH) について (New mineral Akaganeite, β-FeOOH, from Akagane Mine, Iwate Prefecture, Japan)", Journal of the Japanese Association of Mineralogists, Petrologists and Economic Geologists, volume 59, issue 4, pages 143-151, but named as early as 1961.Alan Lindsay Mackay (1962): "β-ferric oxyhydroxide - akaganéite", in Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, volume 33, issue 259, pages 270-280. Cites a private communication by Matsuo Nambu (1961).
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Presl had invented Czech neologisms for most of the then known chemical elements; ten of these, including vodík - hydrogen, kyslík - oxygen, uhlík - carbon, dusík - nitrogen and křemík - silicon, have entered the language. Presl also created naming conventions for oxides where the electronegative component of the compound became the noun, and the electropositive component became an adjective. The adjectives were associated with a suffix, according to the valence number of the component they represented (originally there were five suffices: -ný, -natý, -itý, -ový, -elý, later expanded to eight by Vojtěch Šafařík: -ný, -natý, -itý, -ičitý, -ičný and -ečný, -ový, -istý, -ičelý, representing oxidation numbers from 1 to 8). For example železnatý corresponds to "ferrous" and železitý to "ferric".
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The first two units, serial numbers 1 and 2, were used to record Bing Crosby's show.History of The Early Days of Ampex Corporation As recalled by JOHN LESLIE and ROSS SNYDER, AES Historical Paper, Dec 17, 2010 The American Broadcasting Company used these recorders along with 3M Scotch 111 gamma ferric oxide coated acetate tapeRecording Technology History: Tape Recording Comes to America for the first-ever U.S. delayed radio broadcast of Bing Crosby's Philco Radio Time. Ampex tape recorders revolutionized the radio and recording industries because of their superior audio quality and ease of operation over audio disk cutting lathes. During the early 1950s, Ampex began marketing one- and two-track machines using tape.
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This results in the separation of oxidised ferric compounds from paramagnetic chromite components within the ore at the reactor outlet where the product may be further refined to synthesize iron or rutile downstream. In roasting gold-bearing sulfide ores, sulfur or arsenic diffusion gradients encourage the migration of gold towards mineral pores. Hence, continual roasting and volatilisation of sulfur and arsenic allows for the coalescence of gold at the surface of mineral particles which can then be separated efficiently by downstream processes such as leaching. In a FR, the high throughput implies a high particle concentration per unit volume of gas and hence a large contact area of reaction for mass transfer.
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Nitrogen dioxide poisoning may alter macrophage activity and immune function leading to susceptibility of the body to a wide range of infections, and overexposure to the gas may also lead to methemoglobinemia, a disorder characterized by a higher than normal level of methemoglobin (metHb, i.e., ferric [Fe3+] rather than ferrous [Fe2+] haemoglobin) in the blood. Methemoglobinemia prevents the binding of oxygen to haemoglobin causing oxygen depletion that could lead to severe hypoxia. If nitrogen dioxide poisoning is untreated, fibrous granulation tissue is likely to develop within the alveolar ducts, tiny ducts that connect the respiratory bronchioles to alveolar sacs, each of which contains a collection of alveoli (small mucus-lined pouches made of flattened epithelial cells).
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The red colored ferricyanide ion, one component of Prussian blue Hydrogen cyanide was first isolated from a blue pigment (Prussian blue) which had been known since 1706, but whose structure was unknown. It is now known to be a coordination polymer with a complex structure and an empirical formula of hydrated ferric ferrocyanide. In 1752, the French chemist Pierre Macquer made the important step of showing that Prussian blue could be converted to an iron oxide plus a volatile component and that these could be used to reconstitute it.Macquer, Pierre-Joseph (presented: 1752; published: 1756) "Éxamen chymique de bleu de Prusse" (Chemical examination of Prussian blue), Mémoires de l'Académie royale des Sciences , pp. 60–77.
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144 Clothing found in the Herjolfsnes graveyard The garments had been stained a dark brown from being buried, but testing revealed the presence of iron on some of them that appeared to have been deliberately and selectively introduced during manufacture rather than through ground contamination. This suggests that the Herjolfsnes weavers created a non-vegetation-based red dye from a local source of mineral ferric oxide. Although iron was historically used as a mordant for dyes, the Herjolfsnes samples are believed to be the only known instance of medieval Europeans using the mineral to create the red dye itself, presumably in the absence of the madder plant that was commonly used to make red dye back in Europe.Woven into the Earth, pg.
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Iron is essential for the most important biological processes such as DNA and RNA synthesis, glycolysis, energy generation, nitrogen fixation and photosynthesis, therefore uptake of iron from the environment and transport into the organism are critical life processes for almost all organisms. The problem is when environmental iron is exposed to oxygen it is mineralized to its insoluble ferric oxy hydroxide form which can not be transported into the cells and therefore is not available for use by the cell. To overcome this, bacteria, fungi and some plants synthesize siderophores, and secrete it into an extracellular environment where binding of iron can occur. It is important to note microbes make their own type of siderophore so that they are not competing with other organisms for iron uptake.
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In the Mohr method, named after Karl Friedrich Mohr, potassium chromate is an indicator, giving red silver chromate after all chloride ions have reacted: : 2Ag+ (aq) + CrO (aq) -> Ag2CrO4 (s) (Ksp = 1.1 × 10−12) The solution needs to be near neutral, because silver hydroxide forms at high pH, while the chromate forms H2CrO4 at low pH, reducing the concentration of chromate ions, and delaying the formation of the precipitate. Carbonates and phosphates precipitate with silver, and need to be absent to prevent inaccurate results. The Mohr method may be adapted to determine the total chlorine content of a sample by igniting the sample with calcium, then ferric acetate. Calcium acetate "fixes" free chlorine, precipitates carbonates, and neutralizes the resultant solution.
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Abnormalities or surgical removal of the stomach can also lead to malabsorption by altering the acidic environment needed for iron to be converted into its absorbable form. If there is insufficient production of hydrochloric acid in the stomach, hypochlorhydria/achlorhydria can occur (often due to chronic H. pylori infections or long-term proton-pump inhibitor therapy), inhibiting the conversion of ferric iron to the absorbable ferrous iron. Bariatric surgery is associated with an increased risk of iron deficiency anemia due to malabsorption of iron. During a Roux-en-Y anastamosis, which is commonly performed for weight management and diabetes control, the stomach is made into a small pouch and this is connected directly to the small intestines further downstream (bypassing the duodenum as a site of digestion).
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Artist's impression of plutino and possible former C-type asteroid has a dark albedo of 0.04, giving it a diameter of about 291 km. Its reflectance spectrum bears striking resemblance to those of some hydrated C-type asteroids, indicating that this object possibly formed in the same environment as the C-type asteroids found today in the outer asteroid belt. Unlike the majority of small objects in the Kuiper belt observed so far, the visible spectrum of has two features, each respectively associated with ferric oxides and phyllosilicates. The presence of a phyllosilicate feature in the spectrum of a minor planet indicates that the rocky component of its composition has been altered by the presence of liquid water at some point since its formation.
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The plates contain various sugar sources (lactose, sucrose, and salicin), none of which can be used by either Shigella or Salmonella, but the medium also includes peptone which can be used as a carbon source. Since most bacteria can use the sugars in preference to peptone, these "uninteresting" bacteria acidify the medium and turn a pH indicator yellow or red. Peptone metabolism by Shigella and Salmonella alkalises the medium, turning a pH indicator blue. The presence of thiosulfate or ferric ammonium citrate in the medium produces a black precipitate in the presence of H2S, allowing Shigella – which does not produce H2S, and appears as green colonies – to be distinguished from Salmonella – which does produce hydrogen sulfide and appears as black colonies.
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Yersiniabactin (Ybt) is a siderophore found in the pathogenic bacteria Yersinia pestis, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, and Yersinia enterocolitica, as well as several strains of enterobacteria including enteropathogenic Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica. Siderophores, compounds of low molecular mass with high affinities for ferric iron, are important virulence factors in pathogenic bacteria. Iron—an essential element for life used for such cellular processes as respiration and DNA replication—is extensively chelated by host proteins like lactoferrin and ferritin; thus, the pathogen produces molecules with an even higher affinity for Fe3+ than these proteins in order to acquire sufficient iron for growth. As a part of such an iron- uptake system, yersiniabactin plays an important role in pathogenicity of Y. pestis, Y. pseudotuberculosis, and Y. entercolitica.
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Japanese manufacturer Akai, however, persisted with cross-field bias and successfully marketed portable and mains- operated machines featuring the cross-field system. Different amplitudes of bias field are optimal for different types of tape, so most recorders offer a bias setting switch on the control panel, or, in the case of the compact audio cassette, may switch automatically according to cutouts on the cassette shell. Ferric-based tapes require the lowest bias field, while chrome-based tapes (including the pseudo-chromes) requiring a higher level, and metal-particle tapes requires even more. Metal-evaporated tape accepts the highest level of bias, but it is mostly used for digital recording (which does not use bias, as the non-linearity is not a major problem).
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Mme. Lavoisier (left), Claudine Picardet (with book), Berthollet, Fourcroy, Lavoisier (seated) and Guyton de Morveau (right) As early as 1782, Guyton de Morveau had proposed a systematic approach to chemical nomenclature in which simple substances received simple names indicative of their chemical structure, such as hydrogen and oxygen. Compounds received names indicative of their constituent parts, such as sodium chloride and ferric sulfate. From 1786 to 1787, Guyton de Morveau, Antoine Lavoisier, Claude-Louis Berthollet, and Antoine-François Fourcroy met almost daily, working intensively to write Méthode de nomenclature chimique (“Method of Chemical Nomenclature”), which they intended to be "a complete and definitive reform of names in inorganic chemistry". A painting of Lavoisier with the co-authors of Méthode de nomenclature chimique is believed to include both Mme.
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Kleman and Åkerlind first produced FeH in the laboratory by heating iron to 2600 K in a King-type furnace under a thin hydrogen atmosphere. Molecular FeH can also be obtained (together with FeH2 and other species) by vaporizing iron in an argon-hydrogen atmosphere and freezing the gas on a solid surface at about 10 K (-263 °C). The compound can be detected by infrared spectroscopy, and about half of it disappears when the sample is briefly warmed to 30 K. A variant technique uses pure hydrogen atmosphere condensed at 4 K. This procedure also generates molecules that were thought to be FeH3 (ferric hydride) but were later assigned to an association of FeH and molecular hydrogen H2. Molecular FeH has been produced by the decay of 57Co embedded in solid hydrogen.
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Cloud postulated that banded iron formations were a consequence of anoxic, iron-rich waters from the deep ocean welling up into a photic zone inhabited by cyanobacteria that had evolved the capacity to carry out oxygen-producing photosynthesis, but which had not yet evolved enzymes (such as superoxide dismutase) for living in an oxygenated environment. Such organisms would have been protected from their own oxygen waste through its rapid removal via the reservoir of reduced ferrous iron, Fe(II), in the early ocean. The oxygen released by photosynthesis oxidized the Fe(II) to ferric iron, Fe(III), which precipitated out of the sea water as insoluble iron oxides that settled to the ocean floor. Cloud suggested that banding resulted from fluctuations in the population of cyanobacteria due to free radical damage by oxygen.
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Although it has been suggested that BIF was altered from carbonate rock or from hydrothermal mud, the BIFs of the Hamersley Range show great chemical homogeneity and lateral uniformity, with no indication of any precursor rock that might have been altered to the current composition. Thus, other than dehydration and decarbonization of the original ferric hydroxide and silica gels, diagenesis likely left the composition unaltered and consisted of crystallization of the original gels. Decarbonization may accounts for the lack of carbon and preponderance of magnetite in older banded iron formations. The relatively high content of hematite in Neoproterozoic BIFs suggests they were deposited very quickly and via a process that did not produce great quantities of biomass, so that little carbon was present to reduce hematite to magnetite.
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Associated with these pipe-like features are objects that were described as "rusty scraps" and "strangely shaped stones". Analysis of the former by Liu Shaolin at a local smeltery reportedly found that they consist of 30 percent ferric oxide (oxidized iron) and large amounts of silicon dioxide and calcium oxide. Because any metallurgical analysis reports the composition of a material analyzed not in terms of the actual minerals comprising it, but only in terms of percentages of the oxides of the specific elements present, the calcium present in the analyzed material could have been in the form of calcite, a mineral that naturally forms concretions. According to news stories, the pipes were first discovered by a group of scientists from the United States who were seeking dinosaur fossils.
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Phylogenetic analyses suggests that FRE enzymes appeared early in evolution, followed by a transition towards EF-hand containing NOX enzymes (NOX5- and DUOX-like). NOX enzymes are distinguished from FRE enzymes through a four amino acid motif spanning from transmembrane domain 3 (TM3) to TM4, and YedZ/STEAP proteins are identified by the replacement of the first canonical heme-spanning histidine by a highly conserved arginine. Six-transmembrane epithelial antigen of the prostate 3 (Steap3) is the major ferric reductase in developing erythrocytes. Steap family proteins are defined by a shared transmembrane domain that in Steap3 has been shown to function as a transmembrane electron shuttle, moving cytoplasmic electrons derived from NADPH across the lipid bilayer to the extracellular face where they are used to reduce Fe3+ to Fe2+ and potentially Cu2+ to Cu1+.
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Philips introduced the Compact Cassette in 1963. The new format was intended primarily for dictation and had inherent flaws – a low tape speed and narrow track width – that precluded direct competition with vinyl records and reel-to-reel tapes. The cassette shell was designed to accommodate only two heads, ruling out the use of dedicated recording and replay heads and off-tape monitoring that were the norm in reel- to-reel recorders. In 1972, however, Nakamichi introduced a cassette deck that outperformed most domestic and semi-professional reel-to-reel recorders. (originally published at AudioEnz, August 5, 2011) Ordinary cassette decks of that period struggled to reproduce 12 kHz on ferric tape and 14 kHz on chromium dioxide tape; the Nakamichi 1000 could record and reproduce signals up to 20 kHz on tapes of either type.
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Chemical oxidation of the copper ore with ferric (Fe3+) ions formed by the microbial oxidation of ferrous ions (derived from the oxidation of pyrite). Three possible reactions for the oxidation of copper ore are: :Cu2S + 1/2 O2 \+ 2 H+ → CuS + Cu2+ \+ H2O :CuS + 2 O2 → Cu2+ \+ SO42− :CuS + 8 Fe3+ \+ 4 H2O → Cu2+ \+ 8 Fe2+ \+ SO42− \+ 8 H+ The copper metal is then recovered by using Fe0 from steel cans: :Fe0 \+ Cu2+ → Cu0 \+ Fe2+ The temperature inside the leach dump often rises spontaneously as a result of microbial activities. Thus, thermophilic iron-oxidizing chemolithotrophs such as thermophilic Acidithiobacillus species and Leptospirillum and at even higher temperatures the thermoacidophilic archaeon Sulfolobus (Metallosphaera sedula) may become important in the leaching process above 40 °C. Similarly to copper, Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans can oxidize U4+ to U6+ with O2 as electron acceptor.
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Researchers assessed the stability of Ultra Rice's vitamins as the rice is stored; ascorbate, saturated fat and antioxidants were found to be keep the vitamin A intact during storage in high humidity. Another study found that vitamin A losses would stabilize after six months and that the loss of vitamin A during cooking could be predicted. A lack of vitamin A can cause night blindness; a study in 2005 showed that 348 pregnant Nepali women who ate Ultra Rice had improvement in night vision which did not different significantly from the improvement which could come from vitamin A as liver, carrots, capsule, or green leafy vegetables. A ferric pyrophosphate in Ultra Rice was shown in a study involving 180 lactating nonpregnant women in Mexico to reduce iron deficiency anemia rates in the study population by 80% and iron deficiency by 29%.
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Anhydrous iron(III) chloride may be prepared by union of the elements: :2 {Fe_(s)} + 3 Cl2_(g) -> 2 FeCl3_(s) Solutions of iron(III) chloride are produced industrially both from iron and from ore, in a closed-loop process. #Dissolving iron ore in hydrochloric acid #:Fe3O4_(s) {+~} 8 HCl_(aq) -> FeCl2_(aq) {+~} 2 FeCl3_(aq) {+~} 4 H2O_(l) #Oxidation of iron(II) chloride with chlorine #:2 FeCl2_(aq) {+~} Cl2_(g) -> 2 FeCl3_(aq) #Oxidation of iron(II) chloride with oxygen #:4FeCl2_(aq) {+~} O2 {+~} 4HCl -> 4FeCl3_(aq) {+~} 2H2O_(l) Small amounts can be produced by reacting iron with hydrochloric acid, then with hydrogen peroxide. The hydrogen peroxide is the oxidant in turning ferrous chloride into ferric chloride Anhydrous iron(III) chloride cannot be obtained from the hydrate by heating. Instead, the solid decomposes into HCl and iron oxychloride.
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In the laboratory iron(III) chloride is commonly employed as a Lewis acid for catalysing reactions such as chlorination of aromatic compounds and Friedel–Crafts reaction of aromatics. It is less powerful than aluminium chloride, but in some cases this mildness leads to higher yields, for example in the alkylation of benzene: :Iron(III) chloride as a catalyst The ferric chloride test is a traditional colorimetric test for phenols, which uses a 1% iron(III) chloride solution that has been neutralised with sodium hydroxide until a slight precipitate of FeO(OH) is formed. The mixture is filtered before use. The organic substance is dissolved in water, methanol or ethanol, then the neutralised iron(III) chloride solution is added—a transient or permanent coloration (usually purple, green or blue) indicates the presence of a phenol or enol.
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There are several processes that can yield npOx as an oxidation product without the involvement of free oxygen (O2). One or more of those processes may have dominated on Mars, since atmospheric modeling over geologic time scales indicates that free O2 (generated mostly via the photodissociation of water (H2O)) may have always been a trace component with a partial pressure not exceeding 0.1 micropascal (μPa). surface imaged by Mars Pathfinder (July 4, 1997) One oxygen-(O2)-independent process involves a direct chemical reaction of ferrous iron (Fe2+) (commonly present in typical igneous minerals) or metallic iron (Fe) with water (H2O) to produce ferric iron (Fe3+(aq)), which typically leads to hydroxides such as goethite (FeO•OH) under experimental conditions. While this reaction with water (H2O) is thermodynamically disfavored, it may be sustained nevertheless, by the rapid loss of the molecular hydrogen (H2) byproduct.
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In chemistry, a mixed oxide is a somewhat informal name for an oxide that contains cations of more than one chemical element or cations of a single element in several states of oxidation.Advanced Inorganic Chemistry, F. A. Cotton, G. Wilkinson, Interscience, 2d Edition, 1966 The term is usually applied to solid ionic compounds that contain the oxide anion O2− and two or more element cations. Typical examples are ilmenite (FeTiO3), a mixed oxide of iron (Fe2+) and titanium (Ti4+) cations, perovskite and garnet. The cations may be the same element in different ionization states: a notable example is magnetite Fe3O4, which contains the cations Fe2+ ("ferrous" iron) and Fe3+ ("ferric" iron) in 1:2 ratio. Other notable examples include red lead , the ferrites,Alex Goldman (1990), Modern ferrite technology and the yttrium aluminum garnet Y3Al5O12,K.
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Inherent colour refers to the colours that may be formed in the molten glass by manipulating the furnace environment. Theophilus describes molten glass changing to a ‘saffron yellow colour’ which will eventually transform to a reddish yellow on further heating, he also refers to a ‘tawny colour, like flesh’ which, upon further heating will become ‘a light purple’ and later ‘a reddish purple, and exquisite’.Hawthorne et al (eds.) 1979, 55 These colour changes are the result of the behaviour, under redox conditions, of the iron and manganese oxides which are naturally present in beech wood ash. In the glass melt the iron and manganese behave as follows: Detail of the Jesse Tree panel from York Minster In an oxidising environment metal (and some non-metal) ions will lose electrons. In iron oxides, Fe2+ (ferrous) ions will become Fe3+ (ferric) ions.
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The three main structures phospholipids form in solution; the liposome (a closed bilayer), the micelle and the bilayer. In 1954 and 1958 Krishna Bahadur and co-workers published the successful synthesis of amino acids from a mixture of paraformaldehyde, colloidal molybdenum oxide or potassium nitrate and ferric chloride under sunlight. It appears that this experimental approach was seminal for the assays to produce Jeewanu, which he first reported in 1963 in an obscure Indian journal, Vijnana Parishad Anusandhan Patrika. His detailed syntheses were published in Germany in 1964 in a series of articles. Their initial experiment consisted of a sterilised apparatus in which inorganic nitrogenous compounds (such as ammonium phosphate and ammonium molybdate) and organic compounds such as citric acid (C6H8O7), paraformaldehyde (OH(CH2O)nH) and formaldehyde (CH2O) for carbon sources were mixed with minerals commonly found in living cells.
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This means that fresh supplies of iron and aluminium oxides (sesquioxides) are constantly being provided, and leaching ensures a net accumulation of these compounds in the B horizon, giving an orange-brown "rusty" colour which is very distinctive. The aluminum and ferric iron compounds in the subsoil also tend to bind the soil particles together, giving a "pellety" fine structure to the soil, and improving permeability, so that despite being in relatively high rainfall areas, the soils do not have the grey colours or mottles of gley soils. In the World Reference Base for Soil Resources, these soils are called Umbrisols, and the Soil Atlas of Europe shows a preponderance of this kind of soil in north-west Spain. There is a tendency for the soils to occur in oceanic areas, where there is abundant rainfall throughout the year, winters are mild and summers relatively cool.
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While most iron-dependent dioxygenases utilize a non-heme iron cofactor, the oxidation of L-(and D-)tryptophan to N-formylkynurenine is catalyzed by either tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) or indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), which are heme dioxygenases that utilize iron coordinated by a heme B prosthetic group. While these dioxygenases are of interest in part because they uniquely use heme for catalysis, they are also of interest due to their importance in tryptophan regulation in the cell, which has numerous physiological implications. The initial association of the substrate with the dioxygen-iron in the enzyme active site is thought to either proceed via radical or electrophilic addition, requiring either ferrous iron or ferric iron, respectively. While the exact reaction mechanism for the heme-dependent dioxygenases is still under debate, it is postulated that the reaction proceeds through either a dioxetane or Criegee mechanism (figures 4, 5).
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This reversible bonding with oxygen is why hemoglobin is so useful for transporting oxygen around the body. Oxygen binds in an "end-on bent" geometry where one oxygen atom binds to Fe and the other protrudes at an angle. When oxygen is not bound, a very weakly bonded water molecule fills the site, forming a distorted octahedron. Even though carbon dioxide is carried by hemoglobin, it does not compete with oxygen for the iron-binding positions but is bound to the amine groups of the protein chains attached to the heme groups. The iron ion may be either in the ferrous Fe2+ or in the ferric Fe3+ state, but ferrihemoglobin (methemoglobin) (Fe3+) cannot bind oxygen. In binding, oxygen temporarily and reversibly oxidizes (Fe2+) to (Fe3+) while oxygen temporarily turns into the superoxide ion, thus iron must exist in the +2 oxidation state to bind oxygen.
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Golow et al., 703 and the extensive amount of run-off water that is disposed of through dams.Action Aid,2006,9 "Thus in the processing of the ore for gold, the dust may contain particles of the ore, ferric oxide, oxides of arsenic and sulphur".Golow et al.,2010, 703 The dust will then get carried into the atmosphere and settle on the soil, humans, and rivers.Golow et al.,2010,703 In Obuasi, they receive a high annual rainfall due to the tropical rainforest that surrounds it (Smedley,1996,464). During precipitation or rainfall, the dust "may be oxidized to the trioxide by the air and be converted to the sulphate in dew and rainwater". The soil is the main target of contamination because the soil is contaminated and whatever vegetation grows and decays goes right back in the soil which results in the contamination of the groundwater.
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Poorly soluble hydrous ferric oxides are deposited at the surface of ice after the ferrous ions present in the unfrozen saltwater are oxidized in contact with atmospheric oxygen. The more soluble ferrous ions initially are dissolved in old seawater trapped in an ancient pocket remaining from the Antarctic Ocean when a fjord was isolated by the glacier in its progression during the Miocene period, some 5 million years ago when the sea level was higher than today. Unlike most Antarctic glaciers, the Taylor glacier is not frozen to the bedrock, probably because of the presence of salts concentrated by the crystallization of the ancient seawater imprisoned below it. Salt cryo- concentration occurred in the deep relict seawater when pure ice crystallised and expelled its dissolved salts as it cooled down because of the heat exchange of the captive liquid seawater with the enormous ice mass of the glacier.
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Flavin reductases are similar and often confused for ferric reductases because of their similar catalytic mechanism and structures. In enzymology, a flavin reductase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction riboflavin + NADPH + H+ \rightleftharpoons reduced riboflavin + NADP + H+ Thus, the two products of this enzyme are reduced riboflavin and NADP+, whereas its 3 substrates are riboflavin, NADPH, and H+. This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-NH group of donors with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is reduced-riboflavin:NADP+ oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include NADPH:flavin oxidoreductase, riboflavin mononucleotide (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, phosphate) reductase, flavin mononucleotide reductase, flavine mononucleotide reductase, FMN reductase (NADPH), NADPH- dependent FMN reductase, NADPH-flavin reductase, NADPH-FMN reductase, NADPH- specific FMN reductase, riboflavin mononucleotide reductase, riboflavine mononucleotide reductase, NADPH2 dehydrogenase (flavin), and NADPH2:riboflavin oxidoreductase.
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Fry Canyon was a uranium boom town during the 1950s, and the Fry Canyon Lodge opened in 1955, but it has since closed in 2007. The tiny hamlet, now a ghost town, is west- southwest of Woodenshoe Butte, and west-northwest of Natural Bridges National Monument. The activities of a uranium ore upgrader mill (1957-1960) and a subsequent copper heap leach operation (1963-1968) at Fry Spring, two miles southeast of Fry Canyon, caused uranium, copper and radium contamination of groundwater in colluvial channel deposits within Fry Creek. The U.S. Geological Survey (with funding from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and other agencies) installed three permeable reactive barriers, containing three different reactive materials (foamed zero-valent iron (ZVI) pellets, bone charcoal pellets, amorphous ferric oxyhydroxide (AFO) slurry mixed with pea gravel), at the site, which is managed by the U.S. Bureau of Land Management.
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Crystal structure of iron(II) oxalate dihydrate, showing iron (gray), oxygen (red), carbon (black), and hydrogen (white) atoms. Blood- red positive thiocyanate test for iron(III) Iron(III) complexes are quite similar to those of chromium(III) with the exception of iron(III)'s preference for O-donor instead of N-donor ligands. The latter tend to be rather more unstable than iron(II) complexes and often dissociate in water. Many Fe–O complexes show intense colors and are used as tests for phenols or enols. For example, in the ferric chloride test, used to determine the presence of phenols, iron(III) chloride reacts with a phenol to form a deep violet complex: :3 ArOH + FeCl3 → Fe(OAr)3 \+ 3 HCl (Ar = aryl) Among the halide and pseudohalide complexes, fluoro complexes of iron(III) are the most stable, with the colorless [FeF5(H2O)]2− being the most stable in aqueous solution.
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This change in wetland type results in a change in redox state for each reaction undergone and thus changes the plant species available to grow in those areas. The redox potential (Eh) can help to show the relationship of the redox reactions through the Nernst equation: > Eh=E0-(RT/nF)ln([Reductants]a/[Oxidants]b[H+]b) This equation allows for the calculation of the extent of reaction between two redox systems and can be used, for example, to decide whether a particular reaction will go to completion or not. An example of a change in these circumstances affecting the wetland system is in the transformation of pyrite (FeS2) through the reduction of SO42− (found in seawater). > Fe(OH)3 \+ e− \+ H+ → Fe(OH)2 \+ H2O > SO42− \+ 6e− \+ 8H+ → S + 4H2O > S + 2e− \+ 2H+ → H2S > Fe(OH)2 \+ H2S → FeS + 2H2O > FeS + S → FeS2 (pyrite) The drainage of the resulted pyrite then results in oxidation to ferric hydroxide and sulfuric acid, causing extreme acidity (pH < 2).
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Unusual for proteins, this enzyme crystallizes when dialysed against distilled water. More so, the enzyme purifies as a consequence of crystallization, making cycles of crystallization an effective final purification step. Much like catalase, the reaction of cytochrome c peroxidase proceeds through a three-step process, forming first a Compound I and then a Compound II intermediate: : CCP + ROOH → Compound I + ROH + H2O : CCP-compound I + e− \+ H+ → Compound II : Compound II + e− \+ H+ → CCP CCP-catalyzed redox cycle CCP in the resting state has a ferric heme, and, after the addition of two oxidizing equivalents from a hydroperoxide (usually hydrogen peroxide), it becomes oxidised to a formal oxidation state of +5 (FeV, commonly referred to as ferryl heme. However, both low-temperature magnetic susceptibility measurements and Mössbauer spectroscopy show that the iron in Compound I of CCP is a +4 ferryl iron, with the second oxidising equivalent existing as a long-lived free-radical on the side-chain of the tryptophan residue (Trp-191).
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Gore et al investigatedGore J C, Kang Y S and Schulz R J 1984 Measurement of radiation dose distributions by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging Phys Med Biol 29 1189–97 the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxation properties of irradiated Fricke or ferrous sulphate dosimetry solutionsFricke H and Morse S 1927 The chemical action of roentgen rays on dilute ferrous sulphate solutions as a measure of radiation dose Am J Roentgenol Radium Therapy Nucl Med 18 430–2 showing that radiation-induced changes, in which ferrous (Fe2+) ions are converted to ferric (Fe3+) ions, could be quantified using NMR relaxation measurements. In 1986 Appleby et alAppleby A, Christman E A and Leghrouz A 1986 Imaging of spatial radiation dose distribution in agarose gels using magnetic resonance Med Phys. 14 382-4 reported that Fricke dosimetry solutions dispersed throughout a gel matrix could be used to obtain three-dimensional (3D) spatial dose information using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). It was subsequently shown that irradiated Fricke-type gel dosimeters did not retain a spatially stable dose distribution due to ion diffusion within the irradiated dosimeters.
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The imprinted image turned out to be wash-resistant, impervious to temperatures of and was undamaged by exposure to a range of harsh chemicals, including bisulphite which, without the gelatine, would normally have degraded ferric oxide to the compound ferrous oxide. Instead of painting, it has been suggested that the bas-relief could also be heated and used to scorch an image onto the cloth. However researcher Thibault Heimburger performed some experiments with the scorching of linen, and found that a scorch mark is only produced by direct contact with the hot object—thus producing an all-or- nothing discoloration with no graduation of color as is found in the shroud. According to Fanti and Moroni, after comparing the histograms of 256 different grey levels, it was found that the image obtained with a bas-relief has grey values included between 60 and 256 levels, but it is much contrasted with wide areas of white saturation (levels included between 245 and 256) and lacks of intermediate grey levels (levels included between 160 and 200).
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In 1975, a large leak of hexavalent chromium spilled at the base with contamination reportedly 8000 times safe levels. The U.S. consulate in Naha dismissed the accident as a “flap” and warned “the newspapers and the leftists will certainly make good use of this issue against us.” In 1993, the US government issued a classified report entitled "USFJ Talking Paper on Possible Toxic Contamination at Camp Kinser, Okinawa". Publicly available U.S. military documents have quoted excerpts suggesting extensive pollution with Vietnam era chemicals stored there, like insecticides including DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) and heavy metals, rodenticides, herbicides, inorganic and organic acids, alkalis, inorganic salts, organic solvents like vapor degreasers and ferric chloride, of which 12.5 tons were buried.Mitchell, Jon, "Pentagon blocks report on ‘toxic contamination’ at base outside Okinawa capital", Japan Times, 16 Sep 2015Mitchell, Jon, "FOIA documents reveal hot spots, fish kills and toxic dumps on Okinawa military base", Japan Times, 29 September 2015 Evidence of wildlife contamination are the 2013 finding of mongooses caught near the installation with high levels of polychlorinated biphenyls and the September 2015 report of habu snakes from the vicinity of Camp Kinser with elevated concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls and DDT.
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