Brought to my attention by Laurel Dunn, a microbiologist and assistant professor of food science at the University of Georgia, "fried rice syndrome" is actually just a colloquial term for vomiting and diarrhea brought on by consuming Bacillus cereus, a "Gram-positive, rod-shaped, aerobic, facultatively anaerobic, motile, beta-hemolytic bacterium," which can survive, as a spore, being boiled and fried, then come out the other side ready to germinate and grow when left at room temperature.
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Two types of Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic bacteria can cause the infection.
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Enterobacter cloacae is a clinically significant Gram-negative, facultatively- anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium.
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Methylobacterium nodulans is an aerobic, facultatively methylotrophic, legume root nodule-forming and nitrogen-fixing bacteria.
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Hahella is a Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic genus of bacteria from the family of Hahellaceae.
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Persicobacter is a Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, chemoorganotrophic and motile genus from the family of Flammeovirgaceae.
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Brumimicrobium glaciale is a bacterium. It is gliding, rod-like and facultatively anaerobic with a fermentative metabolism.
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Paraliobacillus is a Gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic and endospore- forming genus of bacteria from the family of Bacillaceae.
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Chitinophagaceae is an aerobic or facultatively anaerobic and rod-shaped family of bacteria in the order of Sphingobacteriales.
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Sanguinolaria tellinoides can reach a size of 30–70 mm. It is a facultatively mobile infaunal deposit feeder.
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Isolated from mud and soil in the USSR, Hydrogenophaga flava is a Gram-negative facultatively autotrophic hydrogen bacteria.
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Methylobacterium salsuginis is a facultatively methylotrophic bacteria from the genus of Methylobacterium which has been isolated from seawater.
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This process is evidenced in the Khopa-Chkhala and Vitze-Arkabe dialects, where in intervocalic position facultatively r → y → ∅.
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Tessaracoccus is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming, facultatively anaerobic and non-motile bacterial genus from the family of Propionibacteriaceae.
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This species is gram negative, non-motile, non-pigmented, aerobic, chemoheterotrophic, and facultatively oligotrophic sphere-shaped. Its genome has been sequenced.
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A genus of Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria of the family Hafniaceae, they are occasionally opportunistic pathogens of humans.
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Facklamia sourekii is a Gram-positive and facultatively anaerobic bacteria from the family of Facklamia which has been isolated from humans.
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His last book, Interspecific Hybrid Derivatives Between Facultatively Apomictic Species of Bluegrasses & Their Responses to Contrasting Environments, was published in 1982.
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Aeromonas species are Gram-negative, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming, facultatively anaerobic bacteria that occur ubiquitously and autochthonously in aquatic environments.
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Catenococcus is a Gram-negative and facultatively anaerobic genus of bacteria from the family of Vibrionaceae with one known species (Catenococcus thiocycli).
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Methylobacterium pseudosasae is a Gram-negative, aerobic, facultatively methylotrophic bacteria from the genus of Methylobacterium which has been isolated from bamboo leaves .
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Microbacterium invictum is a Gram-positive and facultatively aerobic bacterium from the genus of Microbacterium which has been isolated from compost in Portugal.
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Aboriginella is an extinct genus of brachiopods found in Aksayan to Batyrbaian strata in Kazakhstan. It was a facultatively mobile infaunal suspension feeder.
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The species are aerobic but facultatively anaerobic. Their ideal growth temperature is 35° to 37 °C, while their ideal pH level is about 7.2.
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Gemmobacter lanyuensis is a Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic bacterium from the genus of Gemmobacter which has been isolated from a freshwater spring from Taiwan.
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Propionicimonas is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming and facultatively anaerobic bacterial genus from the family of Propionibacteriaceae with one known species (Propionicimonas paludicola).
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Persicobacter psychrovividus is a Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic and motile bacterium from the genus of Porifericola which has been isolated from shellfish in Japan.
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Dolosicoccus is a Gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic and non-motile genus of bacteria from the family of Aerococcaceae with one known species (Dolosicoccus paucivorans).
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Wohlfahrtiimonas populi is a Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic and motile bacterium from the genus of Wohlfahrtiimonas which has been isolated from tree Populus × euramericana.
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Dysgonomonas hofstadii is a Gram-negative and facultatively anaerobic bacterium from the genus of Dysgonomonas, which has been isolated from a post- operative abdominal wound.
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Labilibacter aurantiacus is a Gram-negative and facultatively anaerobic bacterium from the genus of Labilibacter which has been isolated from the sea squirt (Styela clava).
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Colwellia arctica is a Gram-negative and facultatively anaerobic bacterium from the genus of Colwellia which has been isolated from marine sediment from the Arctic.
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Saccharibacillus sacchari is a Gram-variable, rod-shaped, and facultatively anaerobic bacterium from the genus Saccharibacillus, which has been isolated from the plant Saccharum officinarum.
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Methylobacterium gossipiicola is a Gram-negative, aerobic, facultatively methylotrophic bacteria from the genus of Methylobacterium which has been isolated from cotton in Coimbatore in India.
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Nocardioides gilvus is a Gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic and non-motile bacterium from the genus Nocardioides which has been isolated from the Namtso Lake in Tibet.
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Candidimonas bauzanensis is a Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, psychrophilic and motile bacterium from the genus Candidimonas which has been isolated from soil from Bozen in Italy.
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Proteiniphilum saccharofermentans is a Gram-negative and facultatively anaerobic bacterium from the genus of Proteiniphilum which has been isolated from a mesophilic laboratory-scale biogas reactor.
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Seohaeicola zhoushanensis is a Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic and motile bacterium from the genus of Seohaeicola which has been isolated from seawater from the Zhoushan Islands.
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Geofilum rubicundum is a facultatively anaerobic bacterium from the genus of Geofilum which has been isolated from deep subseafloor sediments from the Shimokita Peninsula from Japan.
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Colwellia agarivorans is a Gram-negative and facultatively anaerobic bacterium from the genus of Colwellia which has been isolated from coastal seawater from Qingdao in China.
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Marinobacterium litorale is a Gram-negative, chemoheterotrophic and facultatively anaerobic bacterium from the genus of Marinobacterium which has been isolated from seewater the coast of Deokjeokdo.
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Allofustis is a Gram-positive, rod-shaped, facultatively anaerobic and non- spore-forming bacterial genus from the family of Carnobacteriaceae, with one known species (Allofustis seminis).
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Atopostipes is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming, facultatively anaerobic and non-motile bacterial genus from the family of Carnobacteriaceae, with one known species (Atopostipes suicloacalis).
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Dolosigranulum is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming, facultatively anaerobic and non-motile bacterial genus from the family of Carnobacteriaceae, with one known species (Dolosigranulum pigrum).
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Saccharibacillus deserti is a Gram-positive and facultatively anaerobic bacteria from the genus of Saccharibacillus which has been isolated from desert soil from Erdos in China.
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Saccharibacillus endophyticus is a Gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic and endospore-forming bacteria from the genus of Saccharibacillus which has been isolated from the plant Gossypium hirsutum.
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Pseudaeromonas sharmana is a Gram-negative and facultatively anaerobic bacterium from the genus of Pseudaeromonas which has been isolated from warm spring water from Jorhat in India.
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Marinifilum fragile is a Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic and moderately halophilic bacterium from the genus of Marinifilum which has been isolated from tidal flat sediments from Korea.
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Eremococcus coleocola is a Gram-positive and facultatively anaerobic bacteria from the family of Eremococcus which has been isolated from the reproductive tract of horses in England.
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Ignavigranum is a Gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic non-spore-forming and non-motile genus of bacteria from the family of Aerococcaceae with one known species (Ignavigranum ruoffiae).
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Ignavigranum ruoffiae is a Gram-positive and facultatively anaerobic bacteria from the family of Ignavigranum which has been isolated from a human wound in the United States.
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Terasakiella salincola is a Gram-negative, S-shaped, facultatively anaerobic and motile bacterium species from the genus of Terasakiella which has been isolated from seawater from Korea.
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Geofilum rhodophaeum is a Gram-positive and facultatively anaerobic bacterium from the genus of Geofilum which has been isolated from sediments from the coast of Weihai in China.
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Marinifilum albidiflavum is a Gram-negative and facultatively anaerobic bacterium from the genus of Marinifilum which has been isolated from sediments from the coast of Weihai in China.
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Colwellia chukchiensis is a Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, psychrotolerant and motile bacterium from the genus of Colwellia which has been isolated from sea water from the Chukchi Sea.
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Arenimonas alkanexedens is a Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod- shaped and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Arenimonas which has been isolated from frozen soil from China.
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Endozoicomonas euniceicola is a Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic and rod-shaped bacterium from the genus of Endozoicomonas which has been isolated from the octocorals Eunicea fusca and Plexaura.
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Oceanobacillus chironomi is a bacterium. It is Gram-positive, motile by peritrichous flagella, endospore-forming, halotolerant and facultatively alkaliphilic. The type strain is T3944DT (=LMG 23627T =DSM 18262T).
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Wohlfahrtiimonas larvae is a Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic and motile bacterium from the genus of Wohlfahrtiimonas which has been isolated from the gut of the larva Hermetia illucens.
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Ottowia thiooxydans is a Gram-staining, facultatively anaerobic, N2O-producing and non-motile bacterium from the genus Ottowia which has been isolated from activated sludge from Munich in Germany.
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Ammonifex thiophilus is an extremely thermophilic, anaerobic, and facultatively chemolithoautotrophic bacterium from the genus of Ammonifex which has been isolated from a hot spring in Uzon Caldera in Russia.
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Gemmobacter nanjingensis is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, facultatively anaerobic, propanil-degrading and rod-shaped bacterium from the genus of Gemmobacter which has been isolated from activated sludge.
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Dysgonomonas macrotermitis is a Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Dysgonomonas which has been isolated from the hindgut from the termite Macrotermes barneyi.
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Marinifilum flexuosum is a Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic and moderately halophilic bacterium from the genus of Marinifilum which has been isolated from seawater from the Mediterranean Sea in Spain.
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Endozoicomonas numazuensis is a rod-shaped, facultatively anaerobic and non- motile bacterium from the genus of Endozoicomonas which has been isolated from a marine sponge from Numazu in Japan.
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Allofustis seminis is a Gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped and non-spore-forming bacterium from the genus of Allofustis which has been isolated from pig semen in Canada.
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Vagococcus acidifermentans is a Gram-positive, coccus-shaped, non-spore- forming, facultatively species of anaerobic bacteria. The type strain is AC-1(T) (= KCTC 13418(T) = LMG 24798(T)).
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Aeromonas rivipollensis is a Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod- shaped and motile bacterium from the genus Aeromonas which has been isolated from river sediments from the Ter River in Spain.
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Neptunomonas antarctica is a species of bacteria. It is Gram-negative, motile, facultatively aerobic and oxidase- and catalase-positive. The type strain is S3-22T (=CCTCC AB 209086T=KACC 14056T).
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Ammoniphilus resinae is a Gram-variable, endospore-forming and facultatively anaerobic bacteria from the genus of Ammoniphilus which has been isolated from aged resin from a tropical rainforest in Indonesia.
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They are facultatively anaerobic and are able to break down glucose to acid under anaerobic conditions. They are Gram-negative, and catalase- and oxidase-positive, and reduce nitrates to nitrites.
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Pseudaeromonas pectinilytica is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped facultatively anaerobic and motile bacterium from the genus of Pseudaeromonas which has been isolated from a freshwater stream from Jeonju in Korea.
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Dysgonomonas gadei is a Gram-negative and facultatively anaerobic bacterium from the genus of Dysgonomonas which has been isolated from a gall bladder from a patient in Bergen in Norway.
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Aeromicrobium flavum is a Gram-positive facultatively anaerobic and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Aeromicrobium which has been isolated from air from the Wuhan University campus in China.
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Dietzia psychralcaliphila is a facultatively psychrophilic alkaliphile that grows on hydrocarbons. It is aerobic, non-motile and gram-positive. The type strain is ILA-1T (= JCM 10987T = IAM14896T = NCIMB 13777T).
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Facklamia miroungae is a Gram-positive and facultatively anaerobic bacteria from the family of Facklamia which has been isolated from the nasal cavity of a southern elephant seal (Mirounga leonina).
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Thalassotalea sediminis is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped and facultatively anaerobic bacterium from the genus of Thalassotalea which has been isolated from sediments from the coast of Weihai in China.
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Shewanella chilikensis is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped, facultatively anaerobic and motile bacterium from the genus of Shewanella which has been isolated from sediments from the Chilika Lagoon in India.
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Shewanella dokdonensis is a Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, non-spore- forming and motile bacterium from the genus of Shewanella which has been isolated from seawater from the Sea of Japan.
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Belnapia moabensis is a Gram-negative, aerobic, facultatively fermentative and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Belnapia which has been isolated from biological soil crusts in the United States.
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Methylobacterium phyllostachyos is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, aerobic and facultatively methylotrophic bacteria from the genus of Methylobacterium which has been isolated from the surface of a bamboo leaf.
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Ferrimonas gelatinilytica is a Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic and motile bacterium from the genus of Ferrimonas which has been isolated from tidal flat sediments from the Yellow Sea in Korea.
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Ferrimonas sediminum is a Gram-negative and facultatively anaerobic bacterium from the genus of Ferrimonas which has been isolated from sediments of an amphioxus breeding zone from Qingdao in China.
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Aliagarivorans marinus is a Gram-negative, heterotrophic, facultatively anaerobic and agarolytic bacterium from the genus of Aliagarivorans which has been isolated from seawater from the An-Ping Harbour in Taiwan.
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Corallomonas stylophorae is a Gram-negative, halophilic, facultatively anaerobic and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Corallomonas which has been isolated from the coral Stylophora pistillata in Kenting on Taiwan.
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Paenalcaligenes hermetiae is a Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, short rod-shaped and non-motile bacterium from the genus Paenalcaligenes which has been isolated from the gut of the larva Hermetia illucens.
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Catenovulum maritimum is a Gram-negative, heterotrophic and facultatively anaerobic bacterium from the genus of Catenovulum which has been isolated from surface of the alga Porphyra yezoensis from Weihai in China.
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Tateyamaria pelophila is a Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic and motile bacterium from the genus of Tateyamaria which has been isolated from tidal flat sediments from the North Sea Coast from Germany.
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Propioniciclava tarda is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming, facultatively anaerobic and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Propioniciclava which has been isolated from rice-straw in Hokkaido on Japan.
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Lactobacillus paraplantarum is a rod shaped species of lactic acid bacteria first isolated from beer and human faeces. It is facultatively heterofermentative. Strain CNRZ 1885 (= CIP 104668) is the type strain.
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Arsenicicoccus is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming and facultatively anaerobic bacterial genus from the family of Dermatophilaceae. The genus was previously in the family Intrasporangiaceae, but was reclassified in 2018.
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Colwellia echini is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped and facultatively anaerobic bacterium from the genus of Colwellia which has been isolated from the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis from Øresund in Denmark.
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Arsenicicoccus bolidensis is a Gram-positive, coccus-shaped, non-spore-forming and facultatively anaerobic bacteria from the genus of Arsenicicoccus which has been isolated from lake sediments from Boliden in Sweden.
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Arenimonas maotaiensis is a Gram-negative and facultatively anaerobic bacterium from the genus of Arenimonas which has been isolated from water from the Maotai section of the Chishui River in China.
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Methylobacterium populi is an aerobic, pink-pigmented, facultatively methylotrophic, methane-utilizing bacterium isolated from poplar trees (Populus deltoides, hence its name). Its type strain is BJ001T (=ATCC BAA-705T =NCIMB 13946T).
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Paraliobacillus sediminis is a Gram-positive, slightly halophilic, facultatively anaerobic, endospore-forming and motile bacterium from the genus of Paraliobacillus which has been isolated from sea sediments from the East China Sea.
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Aeromonas fluvialis is a Gram-negative, oxidase- and catalase-positive, facultatively anaerobic, non-spore-forming bacterium of the genus Aeromonas isolated from water from the Muga River in Girona in northeastern Spain.
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Gemmobacter fontiphilus is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming, facultatively anaerobic and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Gemmobacter which has been isolated from a freshwater spring from Taiwan.
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Zobellella denitrificans is a Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, heterotrophic and denitrifying bacterium from the genus of Zobellella which has been isolated from sediments from a mangrove ecosystems from Miaoli County in Taiwan.
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Roseovarius aquimarinus is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming, facultatively anaerobic and motile bacterium from the genus of Roseovarius which has been isolated from seawater from Jeju Island in Korea.
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Marinifilum breve is a Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, short-clavate and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Marinifilum which has been from the Yongle Blue Hole from the South China Sea.
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Ancylomarina subtilis is a Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, moderately halophilic and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Ancylomarina, which has been isolated from sediments from the coast of Weihai in China.
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Marinobacterium zhoushanense is a Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic and motile bacterium from the genus of Marinobacterium with a single polar flagellum which has been isolated from seawater from the East China Sea.
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Flavobacterium aquicola is a Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic and non- spore-forming bacterium from the genus of Flavobacterium which has been isolated from water from the Tamagawa River in Atsugi in Japan.
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Arthrobacter livingstonensis is a species of bacteria. It is psychrotolerant, halotolerant, Gram-positive, motile and facultatively anaerobic. It possesses a rod–coccus cycle. Its type strain is LI2T (=DSM 22825T =NCCB 100314T).
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Ferrimonas balearica is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, facultatively anaerobic bacterium from the genus of Ferrimonas which has been isolated from sediments from the harbor of Palma de Mallorca in Spain.
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Ferrimonas kyonanensis is a facultatively anaerobic and mesophilic bacterium from the genus of Ferrimonas which has been isolated from the alimentary tract of a littleneck clam from the Tokyo Bay in Japan.
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Paraferrimonas haliotis is an iron-reducing, Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic and stick-shaped bacterium from the genus of Paraferrimonas which has been isolated from the intestine tract of an abalone Haliotis discus.
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Smith, A. R., et al. (2009). Social competition but not subfertility leads to a division of labour in the facultatively social sweat bee Megalopta genalis(Hymenoptera: Halictidae). Animal Behaviour 78(5), 1043-50.
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Actinobacillus succinogenes is a bacterium. It is a succinic acid-producing strain first isolated from the bovine rumen. It is a facultatively anaerobic, pleomorphic, Gram-negative rod. Its type strain is ATCC 55618T.
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Methylorosula polaris is a Gram-negative, aerobic, facultatively methylotrophic, psychrotolerant and motile bacteria from the genus of Methylorosula with bipolar flagella which has been isolated from tundra wetland soil in Vorkuta in Russia.
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Lactobacillus sakei is a bacterium species in the genus Lactobacillus. It is a facultatively heterofermentative Lactobacillus species (placed in Group II, with species able to produce either alcohol or lactic acid from sugars).
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Pontibacillus salipaludis is a Gram-positive, slightly halophilic, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped, endospore-forming and motile bacterium from the genus of Pontibacillus which has been isolated from a salt pan from Tuticorin in India.
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Microbacterium gubbeenense is a Gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, non- spore-forming and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Microbacterium which has been isolated from the surface of a smear-ripened cheese in Ireland.
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Kurthia huakuii is a Gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, spore-forming, short rod-shaped and motile bacterium from the genus of Kurthia which has been isolated from biogas slurry from the Hebei Province in China.
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Colwellia aquaemaris is a Gram-negative, heterotrophic and facultatively anaerobic bacterium from the genus of Colwellia which has been isolated from the fish Cynoglossus semilaevis from a recirculating mariculture system in Tianjin in China.
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Acidomonas methanolica is an acidophilic, facultatively methylotrophic bacterium from the genus of Acidomonas which was isolated from septic methanol yeast in East Germany.ATCCUniProt Acidomonas methanolica is the only known species from the genus Acidomonas.
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Jeotgalicoccus is a genus of Gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, and halotolerant to halophilic bacteria. The cells are coccoid. The genus is named after the Korean fish sauce jeotgal, whence these bacteria were first isolated.
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It can be grown on MAC agar and TSA, at 37 °C optimally, but it also grows at 25 °C. It is facultatively anaerobic and chemo-organotrophic, and produces acid when carbohydrates are catabolized.
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Paraliobacillus ryukyuensis is a Gram-positive, extremely halotolerant, alkaliphilic, endospore-forming, slightly halophilic and facultatively anaerobic bacterium from the genus of Paraliobacillus which has been isolated from a decomposing marine alga from Okinawa in Japan.
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Salana is a Gram-positive and facultatively anaerobic genus of bacteria from the family of Beutenbergiaceae with one known species (Salana multivorans). Salana multivorans has been isolated from sediments from the river Saale in Germany.
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Aquimarina agarivorans is a Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic and rod- shaped bacterium from the genus of Aquimarina which has been isolated from the red algae Gelidium amansii from the intertidal zone from Weihai in China.
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Lonepinella is a Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic and tannase-producing genus of bacteria from the family of Pasteurellaceae with one known species (Lonepinella koalarum). Lonepinella koalarum has been isolated from the faeces of koala bears.
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Eimeriorina is a suborder of phylum Apicomplexa. All species in this clade are homoxenous or facultatively homoxenous. Merogony, gamogony and oocyst formation all occur within the same host. The hosts may be vertebrates or invertebrates.
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Cellulomonas phragmiteti is a Gram-positive, moderately halophilic, alkalitolerant, facultatively anaerobic and motile bacterium from the genus of Cellulomonas which has been isolated from the plant Phragmites australis from the Kiskunság National Park in Hungary.
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Isobaculum is a Gram-positive and facultatively anaerobic genus of bacteria from the family of Carnobacteriaceae, with one known species (Isobaculum melis). Isobaculum melis has been isolated from the intestine of a badger in England.
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Yaniella soli is a Gram-negative, slightly halophilic non-spore-forming, facultatively alkaliphilic and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Yaniella which has been isolated from forest soil from the Hunan Province in China.
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Laribacter hongkongensis is a species of bacteria. It is facultatively anaerobic, non-sporulating, gram-negative, seagull- or spiral rod-shaped. It is a potential human pathogen.Raja, M. K., S. S. Lulu, and A. R. Ghosh.
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C. rufifacies could have an impact in distorting post mortem intervals by eliminating primary maggots on a corpse, due to its facultatively predatory nature during the second- and third-instar larval stages. The facultatively predatory instars feed on other dipteran larvae as alternative food sources, especially in conditions where limited food supplies exist. Even undernourished larvae can successfully pupate and become healthy adults. Further altering of the post mortem interval can occur due to cannibalism, which occurs when the second-instar larvae consume the first-instar larvae.
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Fictibacillus nanhaiensis is a Gram-positive, aerobic, slightly halophilic, facultatively alkaliphilic, rod-shaped, spore-forming snd motile bacterium from the genus of Fictibacillus which has been isolated from an oyster from the Naozhou Island in China.
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Kluyvera is a Gram negative, facultatively anaerobic bacterial and motile genus from the family of Enterobacteriaceae which have peritrichous flagella. Kluyvera occur in water, soil and sewage. Kluyvera bacteria can cause opportunistic infections in immunocompromised patients.
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Brooklawnia cerclae is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming, facultatively anaerobic and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Brooklawnia which has been isolated from chlorosolvent-contaminated groundwater in Baton Rouge Louisiana in the United States.
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Cellulomonas pakistanensis is a plant-growth-promoting, facultatively anaerobic, moderately halotolerant rod-shaped and motile bacterium from the genus of Cellulomonas which has been isolated from paddy grains from the National Agricultural Research Centre in Pakistan.
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Psychroglaciecola arctica is a Gram-negative, facultatively methylotrophic, aerobic and motile bacterium from the genus of Psychroglaciecola with a single polar flagellum which has been isolated from soil from glacial foreland near Ny-Ålesund in Norway.
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Paeniglutamicibacter psychrophenolicus is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming, aerobic, rod-coccus, facultatively psychrophilic and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Paeniglutamicibacter which has been isolated from an alpine ice cave from Salzburg in Austria.
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Serratia proteamaculans is a Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod- shaped bacterium. S. proteamaculans HY-3 isolated from the digestive tract of a spider produces an extracellular protease named arazyme, with an estimated molecular mass of 51.5 kDa.
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Listeria thailandensis is a species of bacteria. It is a Gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, non-motile, non-spore-forming bacillus. It is non- pathongenic and non-hemolytic. It was isolated from a fried chicken sample from Thailand.
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Dysgonomonas mossii is a Gram-negative and facultatively anaerobic bacterium from the genus of Dysgonomonas which has been isolated from an abdominal drainage from a human from the Holy Cross Hospital in Detroit in the United States.
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Paeniglutamicibacter cryotolerans, also known as Arthrobacter cryotolerans, is a species of bacteria. It is psychrotolerant, halotolerant, Gram-positive, motile and facultatively anaerobic. It possesses a rod–coccus cycle. Its type strain is LI3T (= DSM 22826T = NCCB 100315T).
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Methylobacterium organophilum is a facultatively methylotrophic bacteria from the genus of Methylobacterium which was isolated from sediments from the Lake Mendota in Madison in the United States.UniProtDeutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen Methylobacterium organophilum can degrade methanol.
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Lacimicrobium is a Gram-negative, facultatively aerobic and motile bacteria genus from the family of Alteromonadaceae with one known species (Lacimicrobium alkaliphilum). Lacimicrobium alkaliphilum has been isolated from the Lake Xiaochaidan in the Qaidam Basin in China.
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Pseudobowmanella is a Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped and motile bacteria genus from the family of Alteromonadaceae with one known species (Planctobacterium marinum). Pseudobowmanella zhangzhouensis has been isolated from wather from the Jiulong River in China.
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Marinobacter nanhaiticus is a Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic and slightly halophilic bacterium from the genus of Marinobacter which has been isolated from sediments from the South China Sea. Marinobacter nanhaiticus has the ability to degrade polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
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Shewanella aestuarii is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped and motile bacterium with a polar flagellum from the genus of Shewanella which has been isolated from tidal flat from the Suncheon bay on Korea.
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The shells are generally biconvex, with equal valves round in outline, and slightly longer than wide. Their size varies from medium to large. The external ligament lacks transverse striations. These clams are a facultatively mobile infaunal suspension feeders.
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The bacteria are Gram-positive but can be mistaken for Gram-negative bacteria during analysis because they lose their staining easily. They are aerobic to facultatively anaerobic but not acid-fast.Stackebrandt, E., et al. (2006). The Genus Erysipelothrix.
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Arcanobacterium hippocoleae is a species of bacteria. It is a gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, club-shaped (coryneform) species first isolated from a vaginal discharge of a horse. The type strain of A. hippocoleae is CCUG 44697T (=CIP 106850T).
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All species of Marinilabiliaceae are heterotrophic, they do not perform photosynthesis. The genera Alkaliflexus and Anaerophaga as well as some other genera have a strictly fermentative metabolism. Marinilabilia is facultatively anaerobic. It has respiratory and fermentative types of metabolism.
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Pontibacillus litoralis is a Gram-positive, moderately halophilic, facultatively anaerobic, endospore-forming and motile bacterium from the genus of Pontibacillus which has been isolated from the surface of the sea anemone Anthopleura xanthogrammica from the Naozhou Island in China.
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Listeria marthii is a species of bacteria. It is a Gram-positive, motile, facultatively anaerobic, non-spore-forming bacillus. It is non-pathogenic, and non-hemolytic. The species was first isolated from Finger Lakes National Forest in New York.
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Quantification of progeny classes in two facultatively apomictic accessions of Hieracium. Hereditas. 138(1): 11–20. that pollination with compatible pollen can be required even in some species where endosperm development is autonomous. Pseudogamous apomixis occurs in many families.
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Some examples of facultatively anaerobic bacteria are Staphylococcus spp., Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Listeria spp., Shewanella oneidensis and Yersinia pestis. Certain eukaryotes are also facultative anaerobes, including fungi such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae and many aquatic invertebrates such as nereid polychaetes.
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Dysgonomonas alginatilytica is a Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, non- spore-forming and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Dysgonomonas which has been isolated from sea sand from Hiroshima on Japan. Dysgonomonas alginatilytica has the ability to degrade alginate.
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Dyella thiooxydans is a Gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped, thiosulfate- oxidizing, facultatively chemolithotrophic and motile bacterium from the genus of Dyella which has been isolated from rhizospheric soil of field with sunflowers (Helianthus annuus) from Junghwa-dong in Korea.
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Trueperella pyogenes is a species of bacteria that are nonmotile, facultatively anaerobic, and gram-positive. The cells typically measure 0.5 by 2.0 μm. They appear as pleomorphic or coccoid rods. They tend to be grouped singly, or in short chains.
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Salipaludibacillus neizhouensis is a Gram-positive, facultatively alkaliphilic, slightly halophilic, endospore-forming, rod-shaped, aerobic and non-motil bacterium from the genus of Salipaludibacillus which has been isolated from a sea anemone from Neizhou Bay from the South China Sea.
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The genus Thiomargarita. Heide Schulz. The Prokaryotes 2006, part 3, section 3.3, 1156–1163 Recent research has also indicated that the bacterium may be facultatively anaerobic rather than obligately anaerobic, and thus capable of respiring with oxygen if it is plentiful.
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Listeria rocourtiae is a species of bacteria. It is a Gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, motile, non-spore-forming bacillus. It is non- pathongenic and non-hemolytic. The species was first isolated from pre-cut lettuce in Salzburg, Austria in 2002.
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Rhodosalinus is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped, moderately halophilic, facultatively anaerobic and motile genus of bacteria from the family of Rhodobacteraceae with one known species (Rhodosalinus sediminis). Rhodosalinus sediminis has been isolated from a marine saltern from Wendeng in China.
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Tessaracoccus lapidicaptus is a facultatively anaerobic, Gram-positive, non- spore-forming and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Tessaracoccus which has been isolated from the deep subsurface of the Iberian pyrite belt from the Pena de Hierro in Spain.
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Tessaracoccus rhinocerotis is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming, facultatively anaerobic and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Tessaracoccus which has been isolated from the faeces of the rhino Rhinoceros unicornis from the Yunnan Wild Animal Park in China.
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Dominican ground lizards are omnivorous.Rudman 2009, p. 217, describes A. fuscata as "facultatively omnivorous," and as "dietary generalists." They forage through forest litter for fallen fruit such as mangoes, scavenge for carrion, and may also hunt invertebrates or other small lizards.
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Lactobacillus iners is a species in the genus Lactobacillus. It is a Gram- positive, catalase-negative, facultatively anaerobic rod-shaped bacterium with type strain CCUG 28746T. Lactobacillus iners is a normal inhabitant of the lower reproductive tract in healthy women.
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Some larvae that live in California are facultatively myrmecophilous, where they are reportedly tended by Formica francoeuri Bolton, a species formerly known as F. pilicornis Emery. How this relationship works is that the species takes care of the larvae when needed.
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Motilimonas is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming and facultatively anaerobic genus of bacteria from the family of Alteromonadales genera incertae sedis with one known species (Motilimonas eburnea). Motilimonas eburnea has been isolated from marine sediments from Weihai in China.
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Marinobacter santoriniensis is a Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, non- spore-forming and motile bacterium from the genus of Marinobacter which has been isolated from hydrothermal sediments in Santorini in Greece.Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen Marinobacter santoriniensis can metabolize arsenate and arsenite.
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Bacillus nealsonii is a species of bacteria first isolated from a spacecraft- assembly facility. Its spores are γ-radiation resistant. It is Gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped and produces endospores. Its type strain is FO-92T (=ATCC BAA-519T =DSM 15077T).
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Canibacter is a Gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, non-spore-forming and non-motile genus of bacteria from the family of Microbacteriaceae with one known species (Canibacter oris). Canibacter oris has been isolated from a human wound caused by a dog bite in Australia.
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Pedobacter cryoconitis is a species of bacteria. It is facultatively psychrophilic, Gram-negative, aerobic and rod-shaped strain, having been first isolated from alpine glacier cryoconite. It is also non-flagellated and non- spore-forming, with type strain A37T (=DSM 14825T =LMG 21415T).
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Jeotgalicoccus marinus is a species of Gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic bacteria. It is moderately halophilic, it grows in environments with 0.5–25.0 % total salts. The cells are coccoid. The species was isolated from a sea urchin (Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus) from the South China Sea.
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Effusibacillus lacus is a species of Gram positive, facultatively anaerobic, thermophilic bacterium. The cells are rod-shaped and form spores. It was first isolated from freshwater lake sediment from Lake Mizugaki, Japan. The species name is derived from lacus (of a lake).
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Aureimonas frigidaquae is a Gram-negative, catalase- and oxidase-positive, facultatively anaerobic bacteria from the genus of Aurantimonas which was isolated from a water-cooling system in Gwangyang in the Republic of Korea.Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen Aurantimonas frigidaquae was reclassified to Aureimonas frigidaquae.
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Brachybacterium faecium is a species of Gram positive, facultatively anaerobic bacterium. Colony pigmentation is grey, white, or pale yellow. The cells are coccoid during the stationary phase, and irregular rods during the exponential phase. It was first isolated from poultry deep litter in 1966.
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Diaphorobacter polyhydroxybutyrativorans is a Gram-negative, facultatively aerobic and rod-shaped bacterium from the genus of Diaphorobacter which has been isolated from biofilm from a denitrifying reactor in Beijing in China. Diaphorobacter polyhydroxybutyrativorans has the ability to degrade poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate).
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Neptunomonas concharum is a species of bacteria. It is Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, motile and rod-shaped, its type strain being LHW37T (=KACC 15543T =JCM 17730T). This species was first isolated from a dead ark clam, hence the specific epithet "concharum", meaning "of the shells".
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The genus name Oryzias is a reference to the scientific name for rice, Oryza. They have an unusual reproductive behavior where the female facultatively carries the eggs in a cluster at the pelvic or anal fins for a period after they have been fertilized.
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Listeria costaricensis (cos.ta.ri.cen′sis N.L. fem. adj. costaricensis ‘from Costa Rica’, the country from where the type strain was isolated) is a species of bacterium of the genus Listeria. It is a Gram-stain-positive, rod-shaped bacterium, non-spore-forming and facultatively anaerobic.
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Queens multiply mate, and colonies are facultatively polygynous. Nonreproductive workers of the colony 'police', that is, selectively destroy worker-laid eggs, but don't attack reproductive workers. Relatedness incentives are the most likely ultimate cause of the evolutionary maintenance of worker–egg policing in A. echinatior.
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Xanthobacter flavus is a Gram-negative, nitrogen-fixing and facultatively autotrophic bacteria from the family of Xanthobacteraceae which has been isolated from turf podsol soil in Russia.Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen UniProt Xanthobacter flavus has the ability to degrade phenol, oxalate and 1,4-dichlorobenzene.
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In microbiology labs, E. cloacae is frequently grown at 30 °C on nutrient agar or broth or at 35 °C in tryptic soy broth. It is a rod-shaped, Gram-negative bacterium, is facultatively anaerobic, and bears peritrichous flagella. It is oxidase- negative and catalase-positive.
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Riojasuchus is an extinct genus of Late Triassic (Norian) quadrupedal crurotarsan archosaur. Riojasuchus is a member of Ornithosuchidae, a family of facultatively bipedal carnivores that were geographically widespread during the Late Triassic. Two other genera, Ornithosuchus and Venaticosuchus, are currently known. The holotype specimen is PVL 3827.
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Animal Behavior, 46:431-439. this conclusion has been challenged, however, on the grounds that the observed pattern may result from differences in egg viability.Fournier, D., Aron, S. & Keller, L. (2004) Significant reproductive skew in the facultatively polygynous ant Pheidole pallidula. Molecular Ecology, 13:203-210.
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They are predominantly a shiny black, with variable white, yellow, and orange patterns. Melanistic forms also occur during autumn. They are facultatively gregarious, and can be found in large aggregations of overlapping orb webs. They feed on small flying insects that get entangled in their webs.
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Shigella dysenteriae is a species of the rod-shaped bacterial genus Shigella. Shigella species can cause shigellosis (bacillary dysentery). Shigellae are Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, facultatively anaerobic, nonmotile bacteria. S. dysenteriae has the ability to invade and replicate in various species of epithelial cells and enterocytes.
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Staphylococus hyicus, like other members of the Staphylococcus genus, is a gram-positive coccus that forms clusters. It is facultatively anaerobic. Six different serotypes have been identified to date. The bacterium is quite resistant and can remain viable in the environment for long periods of time without drying out.
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Thermothrix azorensis is a Gram-negative, facultatively chemolithoautotrophic, non-spore-forming, aerobic, thermophilic, sulfur-oxidizing bacterium of the genus Thermothrix, isolated from a hot spring on Sao Miguel Island in the Azores.UniProt T. azorensis uses thiosulfate, tetrathionate, hydrogen sulfide, and elemental sulfur for its sources of energy (chemolithoautotrophic).
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Some corvids have strong organization and community groups. Jackdaws, for example, have a strong social hierarchy, and are facultatively colonial during breeding. Providing mutual aid has also been recorded within many of the corvid species. Young corvids have been known to play and take part in elaborate social games.
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Brachybacterium conglomeratum is a species of Gram positive, facultatively anaerobic, whitish yellow to pale brown pigmented bacterium. The cells are coccoid during the stationary phase, and irregular rods during the exponential phase.Takeuchi M, Fang CX, Yokota A. Taxonomic Study of the Genus Brachybacterium: Proposal of Brachybacterium conglomeratum sp. nov., nom. rev.
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Pigmentiphaga litoralis is a gram-negative, oxidase and catalase-positive, facultatively anaerobic non-spore-forming, non-motile, rod-shaped bacterium from the genus Pigmentiphaga, which was isolated from a tidal flat sediment in the South China Sea in China.WoRMS World Register of Marine Species Colonies of P. litoralis are yellow colored.
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Insects of the Southwest, Da Capo Press, 1994. p122. They consume the immature host along with its provisions, and can often survive on the provisions alone, thus they are not obligatory parasitoids but rather food parasites that are facultatively parasitoid, or simply predatory. Adults feed on flowers and leaves of brittlebush.
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Kribbia is a genus of Gram positive, nonmotile, non-sporeforming bacteria. The bacteria are facultatively anaerobic and mesophilic. Cells of the genus can be irregular rods or coccoid. The genus is named after the Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), where research on the type species was performed.
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Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a curved, rod-shaped, Gram-negative bacterium found in brackish, saltwater, which, when ingested, causes gastrointestinal illness in humans. V. parahaemolyticus is oxidase positive, facultatively aerobic, and does not form spores. Like other members of the genus Vibrio, this species is motile, with a single, polar flagellum.
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Methylobacterium oryzae is a facultatively methylotrophic and aerobic bacteria from the genus of Methylobacterium which has been isolated from tissues of the rice plant Oryza sativa in Cheongwon in Korea.Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen UniProt Methylobacterium oryzae can utilize 1-aminocyclopropane 1-carboxylate. Methylobacterium oryzae can promote plant growth.
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More birds are facultatively siblicidal than obligatory siblicidal. This is perhaps because siblicide takes a great amount of energy and is not always advantageous. Siblicide generally only occurs when resources, specifically food sources, are scarce. Siblicide is advantageous for the surviving offspring because they have now eliminated most or all of their competition.
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Neisseria species are fastidious, Gram-negative cocci that require nutrient supplementation to grow in laboratory cultures. Neisseria spp. are facultatively intracellular and typically appear in pairs (diplococci), resembling the shape of coffee beans. Nesseria is non-spore-forming, capable of moving using twitching motility, and an obligate aerobe (requires oxygen to grow).
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The genus Bacillus was named in 1835 by Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg, to contain rod-shaped (bacillus) bacteria. He had seven years earlier named the genus Bacterium. Bacillus was later amended by Ferdinand Cohn to further describe them as spore-forming, Gram-positive, aerobic or facultatively anaerobic bacteria. Cohn F.: Untersuchungen über Bakterien.
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Thermosinus carboxydivorans is an anaerobic, thermophilic, Gram-negative, carbon-monoxide-oxidizing, hydrogenogenic bacterium, the type species of its genus. It is facultatively carboxydotrophic, curved, motile, rod-shaped, with a length of 2.6–3 μm, a width of about 0.5 μm and lateral flagellation. Its type strain is Nor1T (=DSM 14886T =VKM B-2281T).
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Arcanobacterium () is a genus of bacteria. They are gram-positive, non–acid fast, nonmotile, facultatively anaerobic, and non–endospore forming. They are widely distributed in nature in the microbiota of animals (including the human microbiota) and are mostly innocuous. Some can cause disease in humans and other animals (for example, Arcanobacterium haemolyticum infections).
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M. bicolor exhibits a rare case of mating amongst stingless bees. It is facultatively polygynous, meaning one or more physogastric queens can be found in the same colony. These queens interact with each other within the colony. They may rest together in a common court, and exhibit an interesting behavior when active.
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Most members are facultatively or obligately anaerobic, chemolithoautotrophic, and heterotrophic, but numerous exceptions occur. A variety of genera, which are not closely related to each other, convert energy from light through photosynthesis. "Proteobacteria" are associated with the imbalance of microbiota of the lower reproductive tract of women. These species are associated with inflammation.
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Listeria innocua is a species of Gram-positive rod-shaped bacteria. It is motile, facultatively anaerobic, and non-spore-forming. It was named innocua (innocuous) because as opposed to pathogenic Listeria monocytogenes, L. innocua was not found to be generally infectious. Another Listeria species, L. seeligeri, was named after one of discoverers of L. innocua.
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Referred skull Riojasuchus is a member of Ornithosuchidae, a family of facultatively bipedal carnivores that were geographically widespread during the Late Triassic. Two other genera, Ornithosuchus and Venaticosuchus, are currently known. The group was originally considered to be related to dinosaurs, before many phylogenetical analysises. Below is a phylogenetic cladogram by Butler et al.
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Eudorina colonies typically consist of 16, 32 or 64 cells, each of which is similar to Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. These cells are bedded within an extracellular matrix composed of glycoproteins. Colonies are spherical and motile, with motility derived from the flagellated individual cells. Eudorina is facultatively sexual, meaning colonies can reproduce either sexually or asexually.
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Polynucleobacter aenigmaticusHahn, M.W., Koll, U., Karbon, G., Schmidt, J., and Lang, E. (2017) Polynucleobacter aenigmaticus sp. nov. isolated from the permanently anoxic monimolimnion of a temperate meromictic lake. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 67:4646-4654. , is an aerobic, facultatively anaerobic, chemo-organotrophic, non-motile, free-living bacterium of the genus Polynucleobacter.
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The bacteria group together in a characteristic way, which has been described as the form of a "V", "palisades", or "Chinese characters". They may also appear elliptical. They are aerobic or facultatively anaerobic, chemoorganotrophs. They are pleomorphic through their lifecycles, they occur in various lengths, and they frequently have thickenings at either end, depending on the surrounding conditions.
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Colonies are facultatively polygynous, consisting of 1–15 queen ants and 20–200 workers. Colonies are also polydomous, where a colony consists of more than one nest site. Queenless colonies containing only brood and workers have been found, suggesting that these function as auxiliary brood rearing sites. Workers are produced throughout the year, as are reproductive females.
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Australian emperor laying egg, guarded by the male Insect species make up more than two- thirds of all extant animal species. Most insect species reproduce sexually, though some species are facultatively parthenogenetic. Many insects species have sexual dimorphism, while in others the sexes look nearly identical. Typically they have two sexes with males producing spermatozoa and females ova.
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Sulfurisphaera is a facultatively anaerobic, thermophilic, Gram-negative archaeon that occurs in acidic solfataric fields. The organism grows under the temperature range of 63–92 °C with the optimum temperature at 84 °C, and under the pH range of 1.0–5.0, with an optimum of pH 2.0. It forms colonies that are smooth, roundly convex, and slightly yellow.
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Actinomyces is a genus of the Actinobacteria class of bacteria. They all are gram-positive. Actinomyces species are facultatively anaerobic (except A. meyeri and A. israelii both obligate anaerobe), and they grow best under anaerobic conditions. Actinomyces species may form endospores, and, while individual bacteria are rod-shaped, Actinomyces colonies form fungus-like branched networks of hyphae.
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Hafnia is a genus of Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria in the family Hafniaceae. H. alvei is a commensal of the human gastrointestinal tract and not normally pathogenic, but may cause disease in immunocompromised patients. It is often resistant to multiple antibiotics, including the aminopenicillins. The name comes from Hafnia, the Latin name for Copenhagen.
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Alishewanella fetalis is a Gram-negative, non-motile, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium. These rods are about 2 μm in length and 0.5-1 μm in width. They typically occur as a single cell. It was initially mislabelled as Shewanella putrefaciens, previously known as Pseudomonas putrefaciens, due to the presence of similar fatty acids in its membrane lipids.
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A. fetalis grows at temperatures between 25° and 42 °C, with optimum growth at 37 °C. It cannot grow below 20 °C. It is facultatively anaerobic and can utilize electron acceptors such as trimethylamine oxide (TMAO), nitrate, nitrite, and thiosulphate, but not sulphite or ferric iron. It is not only halotolerant, but requires NaCl for growth.
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L. vaginalis is a Gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, catalase negative bacterium. These obligate heterofermentative lactobacilli produce both and isomers of lactic acid as the metabolic end-product of carbohydrate fermentation. Similarly to most other vaginal Lactobacillus species, L. vaginalis does not directly metabolize glycogen, but rather its depolymerization products. The bacterium occurs in less than 1% of healthy women.
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Kribbia dieselivorans is a species of Gram positive, nonmotile, non- sporeforming bacteria. The bacteria are facultatively anaerobic and mesophilic, and the cells can be irregular rods or coccoid. It was originally isolated from tidal flat sediment collected from Kwangyang, South Korea during a survey for diesel-degrading bacteria. The species name refers to its ability to degrade diesel fuel.
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Denitrification is the reduction of nitrates back into nitrogen gas (N2), completing the nitrogen cycle. This process is performed by bacterial species such as Pseudomonas and Paracoccus, under anaerobic conditions. They use the nitrate as an electron acceptor in the place of oxygen during respiration. These facultatively (meaning optionally) anaerobic bacteria can also live in aerobic conditions.
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Beggiatoa can grow chemoorgano-heterotrophically by oxidizing organic compounds to carbon dioxide in the presence of oxygen, although high concentrations of oxygen can be a limiting factor. Organic compounds are also the carbon source for biosynthesis. Some species may oxidize hydrogen sulfide to elemental sulfur as a supplemental source of energy (facultatively litho- heterotroph). Produced sulfur is stored intracellularly.
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Escherichia is a genus of Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria from the family Enterobacteriaceae. In those species which are inhabitants of the gastrointestinal tracts of warm-blooded animals, Escherichia species provide a portion of the microbially derived vitamin K for their host. A number of the species of Escherichia are pathogenic.C.Michael Hogan. 2010. Bacteria.
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E. vulneris is of the genus Escherichia, which it shares with the more commonly known E. coli. Its structure is rod- like (bacilli), and it is made motile by peritrichous flagella (covering the whole body of the bacteria). E. vulneris is facultatively anaerobic, and is not spore-forming. Optimal growth occurs at 35-37 °C, and can colonize on a simple nutrient medium.
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Brachybacterium zhongshanense is a species of Gram positive, facultatively anaerobic, halotolerant, cream-pigmented bacterium. The cells are coccoid during the stationary phase, and irregular rods during the exponential phase. It was first isolated from sediment along the Qijiang River, Zhongshan, China. The species was first proposed in 2011, and the name refers to the city from which it was first isolated.
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Brachybacterium paraconglomeratum is a species of Gram positive, facultatively anaerobic, pale brown pigmented bacterium. The cells are coccoid during the stationary phase, and irregular rods during the exponential phase. The species was identified when a strain of Brachybacterium faecium was found to be a different species of Brachybacterium. The name is derived from Latin para (alongside of, resembling) and conglomeratum (rolled together).
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It was not until the autopsies were conducted that the cause of these deaths was confirmed to be infection by H. influenzae aegyptius. Although BPF was thought to be confined to Brazil, other cases occurred in Australia and the United States during 1984–1990. Haemophilus species are non-spore-forming gram-negative coccobacilli . They lack motility and are aerobic or facultatively anaerobic.
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Wcislo, W. T. and V. H. Gonzalez. (2006). Social and ecological contexts of trophallaxis in facultatively social sweat bees, Megalopta genalis and M. ecuadoria (Hymenoptera, Halictidae). Insectes Sociaux 53(2), 220-25. Most communal nests are simply pairs: one queen that stays in the nest and lays eggs and one worker that leaves the nest to obtain food for herself and the queen.
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E. malodoratus is a nonmotile, facultatively anaerobic microbe, as well as a chemoorganotroph with fermentative metabolism. The cells are coccoid in structure, found mostly in pairs or short streptococcus chains. Unlike many other Enterococcus species, E. malodoratus does not usually grow at 45 degrees Celsius, nor does it survive heating at 60 degrees Celsius for 30 minutes. It is nonpigmented.
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Edwardsiella tarda is a member of the family Hafniaceae. The bacterium is a facultatively anaerobic, small, motile, gram negative, straight rod with flagella. Infection causes Edwardsiella septicemia (also known as ES, edwardsiellosis, emphysematous putrefactive disease of catfish, fish gangrene, and red disease) in channel catfish, eels, and flounder. Edwardsiella tarda is also found in largemouth bass and freshwater species such as rainbow trout.
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Colonies are facultatively polygynous (though weakly so); though the queens coexist amicably, contribution to the brood tends to be unequal. Nests are usually small, containing 500–2,000 workers. The workers are large, at long, and fast moving, though timid. To ensure that non-nest mate eggs are not reared, these workers will engage in a process known as worker policing.
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Tumebacillus avium is a species of Gram positive, facultatively aerobic, bacterium. The cells are rod-shaped, motile, and form spores. It was first isolated from faecal sample of a cinereous vulture (Aegypius monachus) from the Seoul Grand Park Zoo, Seoul, South Korea. The species was first described in 2018, and the name is derived from Latin avium (of the birds).
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Tumebacillus algifaecis is a species of Gram positive, facultatively anaerobic, bacterium. The cells are rod-shaped and form spores. It was first isolated from an algal bloom in Taihu Lake, China. The species was first described in 2015, and the name is derived from Latin alga (algae) and faex (faecis sediment, scum) and refers to its original isolation from the algal bloom.
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Brachybacterium endophyticum is a species of Gram positive, facultatively anaerobic, halotolerant, cream-pigmented bacterium. The cells are coccoid during the stationary phase, and irregular rods during the exponential phase. It was first isolated from surface-sterilized bark of Scutellaria baicalensis from Guizhou, China. The species was first proposed in 2018, and the name refers to the fact that the bacteria is likely an endophyte.
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Janibacter cremeus is a species of Gram positive, facultatively anaerobic, bacterium. The species was initially isolated from sea sediment near Rishiri Island, Hokkaido, Japan. The species was first described in 2013, and the species name refers to its cream-pigmented colonies when grown on agar. The optimum growth temperature for J. cremeus is 25 °C, and can grow in the 10-30 °C range.
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Brachybacterium horti is a species of Gram positive, facultatively anaerobic, white-pigmented bacterium. The cells are coccoid during the stationary phase, and irregular rods during the exponential phase. It was first isolated from soil from a garden in the Guro District of Seoul, South Korea. The species was first described in 2016, and the name is derived from the Latin horti (of/from a garden).
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Brachybacterium alimentarium is a species of Gram positive, facultatively anaerobic, yellow-pigmented bacterium. The cells are coccoid during the stationary phase, and irregular rods during the exponential phase. It was first isolated from the surfaces of Beaufort and Gruyère cheeses in 1978. Further work led to the proposal of the new species in 1996, and the name is derived from the Latin alimentanium (pertaining to food).
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Actinobacillus is a genus of Gram-negative, nonmotile and non-spore-forming, oval to rod-shaped bacteria occurring as parasites or pathogens in mammals, birds, and reptiles. It is a member of the family Pasteurellaceae. The bacteria are facultatively anaerobic or aerobic, capable of fermenting carbohydrates (without production of gas), and of reducing nitrates. The genomic DNA contains between 40 and 47 mol % guanine plus cytosine.
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Smith, A. R., et al. (2010). Socially induced brain development in a facultatively eusocial sweat bee Megalopta genalis (Halictidae). Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 277(1691), 2157-63. Most females are capable of producing eggs, but they are suppressed by the presence of a dominant queen in their group; if the queen dies, a foraging worker can take her place and lay eggs.
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Bacillus species are rod- shaped, endospore-forming aerobic or facultatively anaerobic, Gram-positive bacteria; in some species cultures may turn Gram-negative with age. The many species of the genus exhibit a wide range of physiologic abilities that allow them to live in every natural environment. Only one endospore is formed per cell. The spores are resistant to heat, cold, radiation, desiccation, and disinfectants.
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To send a parcel from a Packstation, the customer must first buy a package stamp at a post office, online or directly at a Packstation booth. Return labels from online shops may also be used. The client scans the bar code on the package stamp after facultatively logging in using the Goldcard. After the parcel size is specified, a compartment opens where the parcel can be placed.
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Shewanella haliotis, a species of rod-shaped, Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic bacteria, was first isolated from the gut microflora of abalones (large edible sea snails) collected from the ocean near Yeosu, South Korea, by Kim et al. in 2007. Further studies showed the cells to be catalase- and oxidase-positive. The species epithet haliotis is a reference to the genus name of abalones, Haliotis.
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A facultatively anaerobic lifestyle allows this bacterium to thrive at the oxic or anoxic interface of freshwater wetlands. There is growing evidence that A. capsulatum plays an important role in iron redox reactions. The ability to scavenge iron is critical for survival in soils. A. capsulatum contains gene that enable to take up iron from the environment, which encode a high-affinity ferrous iron transporter.
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Enterobacter is a genus of common Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod- shaped, non-spore-forming bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae. It is the type genus of the order Enterobacterales. Several strains of these bacteria are pathogenic and cause opportunistic infections in immunocompromised (usually hospitalized) hosts and in those who are on mechanical ventilation. The urinary and respiratory tracts are the most common sites of infection.
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M. morganii grown on blood agar Morganella morganii is facultatively anaerobic and oxidase-negative. Its colonies appear off-white and opaque in color, when grown on agar plates. M. morganii cells are straight rods, about 0.6–0.7 μm in diameter and 1.0–1.7 μm in length. This organism moves by way of peritrichous flagella, but some strains do not form flagella at 30 °C.
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Suttonella indologenes are Gram negative, but they can resists Gram decolorization. They are non-motile, but they have type 4 pili (fimbriae), which exhibits twitching motility. They are aerobic, and their aerobic growth is enhanced by high humidity and CO2, disguising the organisms to be facultatively anaerobic. They are straight rods that are 1.0 pm in diameter and 2 to 3 micrometers long and have rounded ends.
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Miomantis caffra (common name: Springbok Mantis) is a species of praying mantis native to Southern Africa. It appeared in New Zealand in 1978, and was found more recently in Portugal and Los Angeles, California, in North America Lessons About Love and Invasion from America's Foreign Mantises: Inside Science, likely spread through the exotic pet trade. Females are facultatively parthenogenetic and unmated females can produce viable offspring.
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Volvox is facultatively sexual and can reproduce both sexually and asexually. In the lab, asexual reproduction is most commonly observed; the relative frequencies of sexual and asexual reproduction in the wild is unknown. The switch from asexual to sexual reproduction can be triggered by environmental conditions and by the production of a sex-inducing pheromone. Desiccation-resistant diploid zygotes are produced following successful fertilization.
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Hygrophoropsis is a saprophytic genus, and causes brown rot in the wood it colonises. Some species may be facultatively mycorrhizal. Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca secretes large amounts of oxalic acid—a reducing agent and relatively strong acid—into the soil around its woody substrate. This chemical stimulates weathering of the humus layer of forest soil, as the organic matter in soil breaks down into smaller molecules.
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Kyrpidia tusciae is a species of Gram positive, facultatively anaerobic, thermophilic bacterium. The cells are rod-shaped and form spores. K. tusciae was first isolated from ponds in a fumerole in Tuscany, Italy. It was originally classified as Bacillus tusciae in 1984, but in 2011 further tests led to the creation of the genus Kyrpidia, of which K. tusciae was the first and only member.
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Shewanella is the sole genus included in the marine bacteria family Shewanellaceae. Some species within it were formerly classed as Alteromonas. Shewanella consists of facultatively anaerobic Gram-negative rods, most of which are found in extreme aquatic habitats where the temperature is very low and the pressure is very high. Shewanella bacteria are a normal component of the surface flora of fish and are implicated in fish spoilage.
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Brachybacterium rhamnosum is a species of Gram positive, facultatively anaerobic, whitish yellow-pigmented bacterium. The cells are coccoid during the stationary phase, and irregular rods during the exponential phase. It was first isolated from corn steep liquor, and the species was proposed in 1995 along with Brachybacterium conglomeratum and B. paraconglomeratum. The name is derived from the fact that there is an abundance of the sugar rhamnose in the cell wall.
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Enterobacter cowanii is a Gram-negative, motile, facultatively-anaerobic, rod- shaped bacterium of the genus Enterobacter. The species is typically associated with natural environments and is found in soil, water, and sewage. E. cowanii is associated with plant pathogens that exhibit symptoms of severe defoliation and plant death. This species, originally referred to as NIH Group 42, was first proposed in 2000 as a potential member of the family Enterobacteriaceae.
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A fecal coliform (British: faecal coliform) is a facultatively anaerobic, rod- shaped, gram-negative, non-sporulating bacterium. Coliform bacteria generally originate in the intestines of warm-blooded animals. Fecal coliforms are capable of growth in the presence of bile salts or similar surface agents, are oxidase negative, and produce acid and gas from lactose within 48 hours at 44 ± 0.5°C.Doyle, M. P., and M. C. Erickson. 2006.
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The Chloroflexia are one of six classes of bacteria in the phylum Chloroflexi, known as filamentous green non-sulfur bacteria. They use light for energy and are named for their green pigment, usually found in photosynthetic bodies called chlorosomes. Chloroflexia are typically filamentous, and can move about through bacterial gliding. They are facultatively aerobic, but do not produce oxygen in the process of producing energy from light, or phototrophy.
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Cronobacter is a genus of Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, oxidase- negative, catalase-positive, rod-shaped bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae. They are generally motile, reduce nitrate, use citrate, hydrolyze esculin and arginine, and are positive for L-ornithine decarboxylation. Acid is produced from D-glucose, D-sucrose, D-raffinose, D-melibiose, D-cellobiose, D-mannitol, D-mannose, L-rhamnose, L-arabinose, D-trehalose, galacturonate and D-maltose. Cronobacter spp.
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Therefore, in this facultatively social species, a foundress who rears a first brood of males only is considered solitary, while a foundress who rears both males and females in its first brood has the ability to be social. The males in the brood usually leave the nest after 4 days of emerging in order to mate. The population sex ratio can therefore be seen as male-biased in both solitary and social colonies.
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Bipedalism was common in all major groups of dinosaurs. Phylogenetic studies indicate that bipedalism in dinosaurs arose from one common ancestor, while quadrupedalism arose in multiple lines, coinciding with an increase in body size. To understand how bipedalism arose in dinosaurs, scientists studied extant facultatively bipedal lizards, especially of the clade squamata. The proposed explanation for the evolution of bipedalism in dinosaurs is that it arose in smaller carnivores that were competing with larger carnivores.
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L. monocytogenes is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming, motile, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium. It is catalase-positive and oxidase-negative, and expresses a beta hemolysin, which causes destruction of red blood cells. This bacterium exhibits characteristic tumbling motility when viewed with light microscopy. Although L. monocytogenes is actively motile by means of peritrichous flagella at room temperature (20−25 °C), the organism does not synthesize flagella at body temperatures (37 °C).
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T. litoralis grows near shallow and deep sea hydrothermal vents in extremely hot water. The optimal growth temperature for T. litoralis is 85–88 °C. It also prefers slightly acidic waters, growing between pH 4.0 to 8.0 with the optimal pH between 6.0-6.4. Unlike many other hyperthermophiles, T. litoralis is only facultatively dependent on sulfur as a final electron acceptor in fermentation, producing hydrogen gas in its absence and hydrogen sulfide when present.
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A Gemella species was first described as Neisseria hemolysans in 1938. It was reclassified as a new genus in 1960 when strains were found to be distinct enough from Neisseria to require a new genus. The name was suggested based on the organism being a diplococcus and gemellus is the diminutive of geminus, which is Latin for twin. They are facultatively anaerobic and give negative reactions to both oxidase and catalase tests.
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Proteus penneri is a Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium. It is an invasive pathogen and a cause of nosocomial infections of the urinary tract or open wounds. Pathogens have been isolated mainly from the urine of patients with abnormalities in the urinary tract, and from stool. P. penneri strains are naturally resistant to numerous antibiotics, including penicillin G, amoxicillin, cephalosporins, oxacillin, and most macrolides, but are naturally sensitive to aminoglycosides, carbapenems, aztreonam, quinolones, sulphamethoxazole, and co-trimoxazole.
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In Panama, where most studies of the species are conducted, they are normally found to be active in the dry season only. In addition, larger colonies seemed to be more prevalent towards the end of the active season. Because the species is facultatively social, it has been shown that an increasing colony size is linked to indirect benefits for those females who do not reproduce, which increases the reproductive output of the colony as a whole.
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Corynebacterium renale is a pathogenic bacterium that causes cystitis and pyelonephritis in cattle. C. renale is a facultatively anaerobic Gram-positive organism, characterized by nonencapsulated, nonsporulated, immobile, straight or curved rods with a length of 1 to 8 µm and width of 0.3 to 0.8 µm, which forms ramified aggregations in culture (looking like "Chinese characters"). The bacterium is sensitive to the majority of antibiotics, such as the penicillins, ampicillin, cephalosporins, quinolones, chloramphenicol, tetracyclines, cefuroxime, and trimethoprim.
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If not, they are more likely to become unavailable later on. Load carrying affects limb mechanics by increasing the force on the lower limbs, which may affect the evolution of anatomy in facultatively bipedal primates. Possible selective pressures for facultative bipedalism include resource gathering, such as food, and physical advantages. Great apes that engage in male-male fights have an advantage when standing on their hind legs, as this allows them to use their forelimbs to strike their opponent.
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The chrysalis is olive green/brown and formed on the ground, where it is attended by ants of genera Myrmica, Lasius, Formica, Plagiolepiss, Paolo Mazzei, Daniel Morel, Raniero Panfili Moths and Butterflies of Europe and North Africa which will often take it into their nests. The larva creates a substance called honeydew, which the ants eat while the butterfly lives in the ant hill. The relationship between these ants and blue common larvae is described to be facultatively mutualistic.
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From what has been observed, A. inermis reproduces entirely asexually through a process called parthenogenesis. Given that they haven't been seen to reproduce sexually at all they can be called obligately parthenogenic. Some other species of stick insect are facultatively parthenogenic meaning they can reproduce both sexually and asexually. The female of the species which appears to be the only members that are produced is able to spit her egg cells and recombine them to produce clones of herself.
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Aeromonas salmonicida is a Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, nonmotile bacterium. It is rod-shaped, about 1.3–2.0 by 0.8–1.3 μm in size, and grows optimally at temperatures between 22 and 25 °C. The bacterium readily ferments and oxidizes glucose, and is catalase- and cytochrome oxidase-positive. Its molecular properties include a special surface protein array called the A-layer, which is believed to be responsible for the bacterium's virulent traits, and lipopolysaccharide, the cells' major cell envelope antigen.
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Lactococcus garvieae is a facultatively anaerobic, non-motile, non-spore forming, Gram-positive ovoid coccus, occurring in pairs and short chains. It can produce α-hemolysis on blood agar (BA). It has the ability to grow at 4-45 °C in media containing 6.5% sodium chloride (NaCl) at pH 9.6. Its optimal growth temperature is 37 °C for a 24‑hour period, while at 4 °C it needs between 12 and 15 days for premium growth.
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Bacteria lose a large amount of genes as they transition from free-living or facultatively parasitic life cycles to permanent host-dependent life. Towards the lower end of the scale of bacterial genome size are the mycoplasmas and related bacteria. Early molecular phylogenetic studies revealed that mycoplasmas represented an evolutionary derived state, contrary to prior hypotheses. Furthermore, it is now known that mycoplasmas are just one instance of many of genome shrinkage in obligately host-associated bacteria.
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The Typhlocybine Cicadellids specialize in feeding on non-vascular mesophyll tissue of leaves, which is more nutritious than the leaf epidermis. Most Heteroptera also feed on mesophyll tissue where they are more likely to encounter defensive secondary plant metabolites which often leads to the evolution of host specificity. Obligate xylem feeding is a special habit that is found in the Auchenorrhyncha among Cicadoidea, Cercopoidea and in Cicadelline Cicadellids. Some phloem feeders may take to xylem sap facultatively, especially when facing dehydration.
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Brachybacterium tyrofermentans is a species of Gram positive, facultatively anaerobic, pale yellow-pigmented bacterium. The cells are coccoid during the stationary phase, and irregular rods during the exponential phase. It was first isolated from the surfaces of Beaufort and Gruyère cheeses in 1978, along with Brachybacterium alimentarium. Further work led to the proposal of the new species in 1996, and the name is derived from the Latin tyros (cheese) and fermentans (leavening), referring to the fermented cheese from which it was first isolated.
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Haemophilus influenzae satelliting colonies (pin point) near Staphylococcus aureus (yellow) on blood agar plate. Haemophilus influenzae (formerly called Pfeiffer's bacillus or Bacillus influenzae) is a Gram-negative, coccobacillary, facultatively anaerobic capnophilic pathogenic bacterium of the family Pasteurellaceae. H. influenzae was first described in 1892 by Richard Pfeiffer during an influenza pandemic. The bacterium was argued by some to be the cause of influenza until 1933, when the viral nature of influenza was firmly established, and infections are still colloquially known as bacterial influenza.
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This species is facultatively social; meaning that they may live communally when it is advantageous to do so, or otherwise be solitary nesters. They mass provision their nests, stocking them with all the pollen that the larvae will need to grow to maturity. The group size and frequency of social nesting change across the seasons. At the start of the dry season most bees are solitary, but later in the season up to half of the nests have multiple females.
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As a widely distributed species, C. rufifacies has a profound impact on both livestock and population of other dipteran species. It is beneficial to humans due to its facultatively predatory nature, in which it consumes maggots of other species, especially competitors on necrotic tissue. The species is known to control populations of Lucilia cuprina and Lucilia sericata, dipteran species that arrive first on a dead or rotten body. C. rufifacies can also behave cannibalistically when no other food source is present.
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The need for speed and agility prompted the adaptation of a larger hind-limb muscle, which in turn prompted the shift to facultative bipedalism, where the weaker front legs would not slow them down. Facultatively bipedal dinosaurs encountered ecological pressures for longer periods of high speed and agility, and so longer periods of bipedalism, until eventually they became continually bipedal. This explanation implies that facultative bipedalism leads to obligate bipedalism. In lizards, bipedal running developed fairly early in their evolutionary history.
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Facultatively-baccivorous birds may also eat bitter berries, such as juniper, in months when alternative foods are scarce. In North America, red mulberry (Morus rubra) fruits are widely sought after by birds in spring and early summer; as many as 31 species of birds recorded visiting a fruiting tree in Arkansas. Prior to 1980, most reports of avian frugivory were made in the tropics. From 1979–1981, a number of studies recognized the importance of fruits to fall temperate assemblages of passerine migrants.
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Male daffodil cichlids are facultatively polygynous. Polygyny is regarded as a beneficial mating strategy for males, whereas females often suffer a reduction in pair male contributions. Some males hold only one territory with one breeding female while other males hold multiple territories, each one with its own breeding female. Polygynous males are larger in size, body-scraped less (they suffered less from ectoparasites), have larger testes (when controlled for body mass), and have higher circulating levels of 11-ketotestosterone than monogamous males.
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C. megacephala larvae are known to compete with C. rufifacies larvae for food in a mixed-species environment. Research has shown that under specific population densities, C. rufifacies will facultatively feed on other species of maggots and on its own species. When C. rufifacies and C. megacephala larvae are put into cultures separately from one another in high densities, C. megacephala has a higher rate of survival than C. rufifacies. Both species had a lighter adult weight than normal and pupated earlier.
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A large aggregation of jewel spider orb webs enshrouding a fenceline in rural Victoria Jewel spiders are facultatively gregarious. They can often be found living near each other in large overlapping aggregations of orb webs of usually thirty individuals. These can entirely blanket shrubs, tree branches, or man- made structures. A 1997 study observed that aggregations do not seem to increase the amount of prey caught, but it is believed that they still benefit the individual members in other ways.
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A group of orthologous or homologous genes can be analysed in terms of the presence or absence of group members in the reference genomes; such patterns are called phylogenetic profiles. To find HGT events, phylogenetic profiles are scanned for an unusual distribution of genes. Absence of a homolog in some members of a group of closely related species is an indication that the examined gene might have arrived via an HGT event. For example, the three facultatively symbiotic Frankia sp.
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Electron micrograph of Bacillus cereus Bacillus cereus is a Gram-positive, rod-shaped, facultatively anaerobic, motile, beta-hemolytic, spore forming bacterium commonly found in soil and food. The specific name, cereus, meaning "waxy" in Latin, refers to the appearance of colonies grown on blood agar. Some strains are harmful to humans and cause foodborne illness, while other strains can be beneficial as probiotics for animals. The bacteria is classically contracted from fried rice dishes that have been sitting at room temperature for hours.
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Corynebacterium bovis is a pathogenic bacterium that causes mastitis and pyelonephritis in cattle. C. bovis is a facultatively anaerobic, Gram-positive organism, characterized by nonencapsulated, nonsporulated, immobile, straight or curved rods with a length of 1 to 8 µm and width of 0.3 to 0.8 µm, which forms ramified aggregations in culture (looking like "Chinese characters"). In mastitic infections, C. bovis is spread from cow to cow most commonly through improper milking technique. However, it is usually a mild infection resulting in an elevated somatic cell count.
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Like other reptiles, dinosaurs are primarily uricotelic, that is, their kidneys extract nitrogenous wastes from their bloodstream and excrete it as uric acid instead of urea or ammonia via the ureters into the intestine. In most living species, uric acid is excreted along with feces as a semisolid waste. However, at least some modern birds (such as hummingbirds) can be facultatively ammonotelic, excreting most of the nitrogenous wastes as ammonia. This material, as well as the output of the intestines, emerges from the cloaca.
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Ornithosuchidae is an extinct family of pseudosuchian archosaurs (distant relatives of modern crocodilians) from the Triassic period. Ornithosuchids were quadrupedal and facultatively bipedal, meaning they had the ability to walk on two legs for short periods of time. They had distinctive downturned snouts, unique "crocodile-reversed" ankle bones, and several other features that paleontologists use to distinguish them from other archosaurs. Ornithosuchids were geographically widespread during the Carnian and Norian stages of the Late Triassic, with members known from Argentina, Brazil, and the United Kingdom.
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Corynebacterium amycolatum is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming, aerobic or facultatively anaerobic bacillus capable of fermentation with propionic acid as the major end product of its glucose metabolism. One of its best known relatives is Corynebacterium diphtheriae, the causative agent of diphtheria. C. amycolatum is a common component of the natural flora found on human skin and mucous membranes, and as such, is often disregarded by physicians as a contaminant when found in blood cultures. However, C. amycolatum is actually an opportunistic pathogen capable of causing serious human disease such as endocarditis and sepsis.
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Streptococcus mutans is a facultatively anaerobic, gram-positive coccus (round bacterium) commonly found in the human oral cavity and is a significant contributor to tooth decay. It is part of the "streptococci" (plural, non- italic lowercase), an informal general name for all species in the genus Streptococcus.The microbe was first described by James Kilian Clarke in 1924. This bacterium, along with the closely related species Streptococcus sobrinus, can cohabit the mouth: Both contribute to oral disease, and the expense of differentiating them in laboratory testing is often not clinically necessary.
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Two L. acervorum queens fighting each other Leptothorax acervorum is a model organism to investigate the social structure of multiple-queen colonies. Leptothorax acervorum is a facultatively polygynous ant, meaning that colonies with one or more than one queen occur, and these colonies acquire extra queens by adoption—thus polygyny is secondary. Electrophoretic allozyme analysis showed that cohabiting queens are close relatives. This reinforces the assumption that the queens in L. acervorum colonies form mother-daughter-sister groups, which arise from adopting newly mated queens into their natal nests.
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Megalopta genalis is widely studied for its facultatively social behavior, especially in terms of its parental manipulation that demonstrates the effect of environmental factors on development of offspring. Foundresses often manipulate daughters so that they remain worker bees and do not compete with them for mating or dominance. They do this by limiting their larval food intake of pollen, which ensures that the female offspring will be smaller in size as an adult. Although it was previously mentioned that adult size does not necessarily impact fecundity, it does determine signs of dominance.
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Anaerobic infections are caused by anaerobic bacteria. Obligately anaerobic bacteria do not grow on solid media in room air (0.04% carbon dioxide and 21% oxygen); facultatively anaerobic bacteria can grow in the presence or absence of air. Microaerophilic bacteria do not grow at all aerobically or grow poorly, but grow better under 10% carbon dioxide or anaerobically. Anaerobic bacteria can be divided into strict anaerobes that can not grow in the presence of more than 0.5% oxygen and moderate anaerobic bacteria that are able of growing between 2 and 8% oxygen.
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Many species have been found to be induced ovulators and the reasons for this are not always clear. However, one possible reason is that induced ovulation could provide a better reproductive potential for those species that typically have shorter life spans and less encounters resulting in lower mating opportunities throughout their lifetime. Other species may be 'facultatively-induced ovulators' meaning that while they can spontaneously ovulate, the cycle may speed up or slow down depending on the presence of males, females or mating. Some rodents such as squirrels and mole-rats are known induced ovulators.
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Basal members of Sauropodomorpha are often collectively termed prosauropods, although this is likely a paraphyletic group, the exact phylogeny of which has not been conclusively determined. True sauropods appear to have developed in the Upper Triassic, with trackways from a basal member known as the ichnogenus Tetrasauropus being dated to 210 million years ago.Rogers, et al. 2005. p. 23 At this point, the forelimbs had lengthened to at least 70% of the length of the hindlimbs and the animals moved from a facultatively bipedal to a quadrupedal posture.
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Paternal investment strategies vary facultatively based on alloparental care, the costs and benefits of offspring investment, societal pressures, divisions of labor, cultural expectations and norms, and the individual qualities of males in any given society. In the field of reproductive ecology, it has been a recent interest to explore the endocrinology of social relationships, including the relation of paternal investment and endocrine function. It has been shown that fatherhood in general, reduces testosterone levels and competition for mates increases testosterone. It is also shown that male endocrine function is mediated by interactions with children.
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Vibrio harveyi is a Gram-negative, bioluminescent, marine bacterium in the genus Vibrio. V. harveyi is rod-shaped, motile (via polar flagella), facultatively anaerobic, halophilic, and competent for both fermentative and respiratory metabolism. It does not grow below 4 °C ( optimum growth: 30° to 35 °C). V. harveyi can be found free-swimming in tropical marine waters, commensally in the gut microflora of marine animals, and as both a primary and opportunistic pathogen of marine animals, including Gorgonian corals, oysters, prawns, lobsters, the common snook, barramundi, turbot, milkfish, and seahorses.
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This mechanism of action was elucidated in 1970 by John Vane (1927–2004), who received a Nobel Prize for his work (see Mechanism of action of aspirin). COX-1 is a constitutively expressed enzyme with a "house-keeping" role in regulating many normal physiological processes. One of these is in the stomach lining, where prostaglandins serve a protective role, preventing the stomach mucosa from being eroded by its own acid. COX-2 is an enzyme facultatively expressed in inflammation, and it is inhibition of COX-2 that produces the desirable effects of NSAIDs.
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Thus, in PLFA analysis, the sum of monounsaturated and cyclopropane fatty acids may provide an estimate of the abundance of Gram-negative bacteria. A high ratio of cyclopropane to monounsaturated fatty acid indicates stress conditions. Anaerobic bacteria in agriculture are primarily a factor in soils of low oxygen levels such as occur in greater depths or of wet conditions such as in rice paddies. Using PLFA analysis in early sampling, the bacteria- archaea consortia in rice paddy soil was about 44% aerobic bacteria, 32% facultatively anaerobic- bacteria and 24% archaea.
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Sumner was educated at University College London where she was awarded a Bachelor of Science in Zoology and in 1999 was awarded a PhD on Conflicts over reproduction in facultatively eusocial hover wasps'. Her postdoctoral work was with Jacobus Boomsma at the University of Copenhagen in Denmark and she then held fellowships at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute in Panama and at the Institute of Zoology, London. Sumner moved to the University of Bristol as a Senior Lecturer in 2012 and then moved to University College London as a Reader in Behavioural Ecology in 2016, her current position.
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A facultative biped is an animal that is capable of walking or running on two legs (bipedal), as a response to exceptional circumstances (facultative), while normally walking or running on four limbs or more. In contrast, obligate bipedalism is where walking or running on two legs is the primary method of locomotion. Facultative bipedalism has been observed in several families of lizards and multiple species of primates, including sifakas, capuchin monkeys, baboons, gibbons, and chimpanzees. Different facultatively bipedal species employ different types of bipedalism corresponding to the varying reasons they have for engaging in facultative bipedalism.
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It has been estimated that there may be 75 distinct lineages of eukaryotes. Most of these lineages are protists. The known eukaryote genome sizes vary from 8.2 megabases (Mb) in Babesia bovis to 112,000–220,050 Mb in the dinoflagellate Prorocentrum micans, showing that the genome of the ancestral eukaryote has undergone considerable variation during its evolution. The last common ancestor of all eukaryotes is believed to have been a phagotrophic protist with a nucleus, at least one centriole and cilium, facultatively aerobic mitochondria, sex (meiosis and syngamy), a dormant cyst with a cell wall of chitin and/or cellulose and peroxisomes.
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Collared pikas generally mate with their nearest neighbors and are believed to be facultatively monogamous, but they have also been predicted to participate in polygynandry and reproduce with multiple partners, because males often travel to territories of several females during the spring before mating season begins. The males receive the females around the end of spring. However, the pinnacle of the mating season arises in May and early June. Collared pikas, both male and female, are reproductively developed at one year of age and give birth to two or three young each year in their nests within the talus.
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The Pristichampsus was described by Adrian Hodges and Tim Haines as a "bit souped-up for our show – bigger, more powerful, all that sort of stuff" and "a running crocodile, he's also quite bipedal". It seems to be based on the real fossil crocodilian genus Pristichampsus, of which one species (P. rollinatii) was facultatively bipedal. Pristichampsus has a vague similarity to Amut, it is later revealed that the Ancient Egyptians thought that the creature was the god Sobek, because of the similarities that they have, and that the anomaly was a gateway to the land of the gods.
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The stegosaur classification has fallen out of favor, but is seen in older dinosaur books. Cladistic analyses have invariably recovered a basal position for Scelidosaurus, outside of the Eurypoda. The position of Scelidosaurus according to a cladistic study of 2011 is shown by this cladogram:Richard S. Thompson, Jolyon C. Parish, Susannah C. R. Maidment and Paul M. Barrett, 2011, "Phylogeny of the ankylosaurian dinosaurs (Ornithischia: Thyreophora)", Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 10(2): 301–312 Fossil records of thyreophorans more basal than Scelidosaurus are sparse. The more "primitive" Scutellosaurus, also found in Arizona, was an earlier genus which was facultatively bipedal.
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While nitrogen fixation converts nitrogen from the atmosphere into organic compounds, a series of processes called denitrification returns an approximately equal amount of nitrogen to the atmosphere. Denitrifying bacteria tend to be anaerobes, or facultatively anaerobes (can alter between the oxygen dependent and oxygen independent types of metabolisms), including Achromobacter and Pseudomonas. The purification process caused by oxygen-free conditions converts nitrates and nitrites in soil into nitrogen gas or into gaseous compounds such as nitrous oxide or nitric oxide. In excess, denitrification can lead to overall losses of available soil nitrogen and subsequent loss of soil fertility.
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Most facultatively fermentative yeast species cannot grow in the complete absence of oxygen. That means limitation of oxygen availability might be useful in controlling food spoilage caused by fermentative yeasts. However, it has been observed that Z. bailii is able to grow rapidly and ferment sugar vigorously in a complex medium under strictly anaerobic condition, indicating that the nutritional requirement for anaerobic growth was met by the complex-medium components. Therefore, restriction of oxygen entry into foods and beverages, which are rich in nutrients, is not a promising strategy to prevent the risk of spoilage by this yeast.
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Morchella tridentina fruit bodies grow solitary, scattered, or in small groups in spring, in mountainous forests and maquis. The exact trophic status of the fungus is not yet known with certainty, but it is suspected to be facultatively mycorrhizal or biotrophic. Tree species associated with the fungus include pacific madrone (Arbutus menziesii), oaks (Quercus spp.), Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana), and white fir (Abies concolor). In Europe it is often found with holm oak (Quercus ilex), strawberry trees (Arbutus andrachne), olive trees (Olea europaea), Spanish fir (Abies pinsapo), Silver fir (Abies alba) and Scot's pine (Pinus sylvestris).
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The polyps spread their tentacles to feed, gathering plankton and other food particles from the water passing by. The colony grows by budding, and in favourable conditions, the clump can grow at the rate of one new polyp every three days. In colder conditions it may stop growing and the coenosarc (soft tissues) may die back to some extent or lose symbionts via expulsion,Dimond, J. and Carrington, E., 2008 Symbiosis regulation in a facultatively symbiotic temperate coral: zooxanthellae division and expulsion Coral Reefs, 27(3), pp.601-604 rendering the stony skeleton prone to being fouled by other organisms and undergoing a winter quiescence.
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Like the other anguillids, short-finned eels are catadromous: when they reach maturity, they stop feeding and migrate downstream to the sea, then anything up to three or four thousand kilometres to a spawning ground in deep water somewhere in the Coral Sea off New Caledonia. The larvae recruit from the sea as small adults when they lack colour and are transparent-giving them the name 'glass eel'. Tropical species have year round recruitment where temperate species such as the short-finned eel have strong seasonal recruitment. Recent evidence that has utilised analytical microchemical techniques in eel otoliths has suggested that eels are facultatively catadromous rather than obligatory.
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G. thermoglucosidasius is gram-positive (bacterium that retains Crystal violet dye during gram-staining) and facultatively anaerobic(produces ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present, but capable of switching to fermentation or anaerobic respiration if oxygen is absent). G. thermoglucosidasius is classified as a thermophile as optimal growth occurs at 60 °C (140 °F), although strains have demonstrated ability to grow at temperatures between 37 °C (98.6 °F) and 68 °C (154.4 °F). Their rod-shaped cells are less than 3.0 micrometers (μm) long and less than 0.9 μm in diameter. Under a microscope, the cells are observed to occur either singly or in short chains, while possessing peritrichous fagella for motility or appearing non-motile.
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This is suggested by studies into the common grackle, Quiscalus quiscula and the masked booby, Sula dactylatra. The theory of kin selection may be seen as a genetically mediated altruistic response within closely related individuals whereby the fitness conferred by the altruist to the recipient outweighs the cost to itself or the sibling/parent group. The fact that such a sacrifice occurs indicates an evolutionary tendency in some taxa toward improved vertical gene transmission in families or a higher percentage of the unit in reaching a reproductive age in a resource-limited environment. The closely related masked and Nazca boobies are both obligately siblicidal species, while the blue-footed booby is a facultatively siblicidal species.
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In a facultatively siblicidal species, aggression occurs between siblings but is not always lethal, whereas in an obligately siblicidal species, aggression between siblings always leads to the death of one of the offspring. All three species have an average brood size of two eggs, which are laid within approximately four days of each other. In the few days before the second egg hatches, the first-born chick, known as the senior chick or A-chick, enjoys a period of growth and development during which it has full access to resources provided by the parent bird. Therefore, when the junior chick (B-chick) hatches, there is a significant disparity in size and strength between it and its older sibling.
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According to Anderson, the average age of death of the junior chick in a masked booby brood is 1.8 days, while the average age of death of the junior chick in a blue-footed booby brood may be as high as 18 days. The difference in age of death in the junior chick in each booby species is indicative of the type of siblicide that the species practices. Facultatively siblicidal blue-footed booby A-chicks only kill their nest mate(s) when necessary. Obligately siblicidal masked and Nazca booby A-chicks kill their sibling no matter if resources are plentiful or not; in other words, siblicidal behavior occurs independently of environmental factors.
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0.003130) ,, is an aerobic, facultatively anaerobic, chemo-organotrophic, non-motile, free-living bacterium of the genus Polynucleobacter.LPSN - List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature The type strain was isolated from a small acidic lake located in Norway. Other strains representing this species were isolated from acidic or circum-neutral lakes and ponds located in Finland, Germany, The Czech Republic, Austria and France. The northernmost observation of this species was reported for the Pasvikdalen valley in the Finnmark, Norway near Kirkenes at a latitude of about 69°N, while the southernmost known occurrence was reported for Lake Creno (Lac de Creno) at the Mediterranean island Corsica, France near the village Soccia at a latitude of about 42°N.
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Leptothorax acervorum vastly populate Central, Western, and Northern Europe, ranging from central Spain and Italy (40° N) to the tundra/taiga ecotone habitats of northern Scandinavia and Siberia (40° N). This species typically lives in facultatively polygynous colonies. They can, however, exist in monogynous colonies at the periphery of its geographic range. When this species is found at the margins, where resources for survival may not be as readily available, areas for colony development and nesting are less frequently found. For instance, according to Trettin et al., in the northern mountain ranges of Spain, colonies were found to be functionally monogynous; here, the survival of the colonies were presumed to be at risk, unlike those that preferably exist at “low-skew” population of Boreal Eurasia.”.
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Social behavior in facultative social bees is often reliably predicted by ecological conditions, and switches in behavioral type have been experimentally induced by translocating offspring of solitary or social populations to warm and cool climates. In H. rubicundus, females produce a single brood in cooler regions and two or more broods in warmer regions, so the former populations are solitary while the latter are social. In another species of sweat bees, L. calceatum, social phenotype has been predicted by altitude and micro-habitat composition, with social nests found in warmer, sunnier sites, and solitary nests found in adjacent, cooler, shaded locations. Facultatively social bee species, however, which comprise the majority of social bee diversity, have their lowest diversity in the tropics, being largely limited to temperate regions.
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White-headed marmoset Reproductive suppression involves the prevention or inhibition of reproduction in otherwise healthy adult individuals. Quote is from p. 513. It includes delayed sexual maturation (puberty) or inhibition of sexual receptivity, facultatively increased interbirth interval through delayed or inhibited ovulation or spontaneous or induced abortion, abandonment of immature and dependent offspring, mate guarding, selective destruction and worker policing of eggs in some eusocial insects or cooperatively breeding birds, and infanticide (see also infanticide (zoology)), and infanticide in carnivores) of the offspring of subordinate females either by directly killing by dominant females or males in mammals or indirectly through the withholding of assistance with infant care in marmosets and some carnivores.Saltzman, W., Leidl, K.J., Salper, O.J., Pick, R.R., Abbott, D.H. (2008) Hormones and Behavior 53: 274-286.
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This is based on a notion referred to as phenotypic plasticity, essentially phenotypes under the EE approach can respond to varying environmental conditions. What is important to gather is,that by applying an EE analysis to anthropological and archaeological phenomena, it allows researchers to employ phenotypic plasticity to the explanations of human behavior. By doing so, this explanatory framework gives humans the cognitive abilities to “adapt to change quicker that they could through natural selection acting on genetic variation” (Boone and Smith, 1998) Evolutionary ecology assumes that “behavioral variation itself is not the direct product of natural selection, rather, selection enters the explanation only indirectly, as the process that designed the behaving organism (or in fact its ancestors) to respond facultatively and adaptively to particular environmental conditions” (Boone and Smith, 1998).
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Yarasuchus was proposed to be facultatively bipedal by Dasgupta in 1993 on the basis of its gracile body, slender shoulder girdle and proportionately short forelimbs, among other features, and this suggestion was repeated by Sen in its official description in 2005. The closely related Teleocrater has since been interpreted to have been a quadruped, and as Yarasuchus has similar limb proportions, it likely was as well. The lack of definitive jaw material leaves the diet of Yarasuchus ambiguous, however the teeth of Teleocrater imply aphanosaurs were carnivorous, as with other early avemetatarsalians. Furthermore, histological samples from Teleocrater show that its growth rates were more similar to those of other avemetatarsalians compared to pseudosuchians and stem-archosaurs, and so Yarasuchus may have also had a similarly higher growth rate.
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Myco-heterotrophic roots of Monotropa uniflora with Russula brevipes mycelium Full (or obligate) myco-heterotrophy exists when a non-photosynthetic plant (a plant largely lacking in chlorophyll or otherwise lacking a functional photosystem) gets all of its food from the fungi that it parasitizes. Partial (or facultative) myco-heterotrophy exists when a plant is capable of photosynthesis, but parasitizes fungi as a supplementary food supply. There are also plants, such as some orchid species, that are non-photosynthetic and obligately myco-heterotrophic for part of their life cycle, and photosynthetic and facultatively myco-heterotrophic or non-myco-heterotrophic for the rest of their life cycle. Not all non-photosynthetic or "achlorophyllous" plants are myco-heterotrophic – some non-photosynthetic plants like dodder directly parasitize the vascular tissue of other plants.
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Serratia is a genus of Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria of the family Yersiniaceae. According to the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing Nomenclature (LPSN), there are currently 19 species of Serratia that are credibly published with accurate names as of 2020: S. aquatilis, S. entomophila, S. ficaria, S. fonticola, S. grimesii, S. liquefaciens, S. marcescens, S. microhaemolytica, S. myotis, S. nematodiphila, S. odoriferae, S. oryzae, S. plymuthica, S. proteamaculans, S. quinivorans corrig, S. rubidaea, S. symbiotica, S. ureilytica, S. vespertilionis. They are typically 1–5 μm in length, do not produce spores, and can be found in water, soil, plants, and animals. Some members of this genus produce a characteristic red pigment, prodigiosin, and can be distinguished from other members of the order Enterobacterales by their unique production of three enzymes: DNase (nucA), lipase, and gelatinase (serralysin).
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Once considered an anadromous species, a recent study affirms that A. naccarii is an euryhaline species facultatively migratory, which lives also into the sea but spends most of its life in the lower part of the rivers. In the same study it has been reported that, unlike most of the species of sturgeons, A. naccarii is a facultative anadromous, since a small, isolated and structured population was spawning and maintaining above Isola Serafini Dam before the building of a fish ladder (on 2017, EU project Life11nat/IT/000188), at the mouth of Ticino river in the Po, without any migration to the sea; the distribution of the catches of this sturgeon throughout the year confirm this hypothesis. This was never confirmed for the obliged anadromous A. sturio and Huso huso, other two species of sturgeon which once lived simpatrically with A. naccarii.
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Forensic entomologists can use various extraction methods to test the composition of the alimentary canal of the larvae to determine if victims had any drugs or mind-altering substances in their systems before they were killed. It is important, though, for forensic entomologists to determine whether the Old World screwworm, Chrysomya rufifacies, is present in the maggot masses on the body, because C. rufifacies is usually after C. macellaria in the succession of colonising a body and C. rufifacies second- and third-instar larvae are facultatively predatory. This could result in a post mortem interval being off by a few days at the most if the C. rufifacies were to prey upon all of the C. macellaria larvae. Secondary screwworms have the stereotypical metallic green body of the genus, and the larvae are extremely similar to those of C. hominivorax.
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