This revealed that eyespots have a slightly different structure than the other feathers in the tail.
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So when it jiggles, it's like her whole world is moving, with the eyespots floating on top.
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Cuttlefish can scare off predators by forming eyespots on their bodies in order to look like giant fish.
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Instead the spots were probably an effort to raise the interest of females, similar to the way eyespots work on male peacock feathers.
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As a juvenile, the worm swallows solar-powered algae that lose their cell walls, eyes (yes, the algae have eyespots) and wiggly tails.
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A new paper in PLOS One concludes that the frequency at which those feathers vibrate can enhance this iridescent display—even as the eyespots remain almost perfectly still.
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For instance, the displays do seem to capture peahens' visual attention, but eye-tracking studies showed that they aren't spending much time gazing at the edges of the male trains, or at those brilliantly hued eyespots.
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The courtship behavior of peacocks is well known, and until quite recently, scientists had assumed that the female of the species (peahens) simply preferred males with longer feathered trains and more eyespots—the more brightly colored, the better.
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This involves two distinct behaviors: the aforementioned train-rattling, and "train-shivering":Not only does this produce a telltale rattle, but it has a unique visual effect: the background feathers appear to shimmer while the eyespots barely move at all.
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She creates visual parallels that consider the look and function of punch cards, magnetized beads, looms and fibers with depictions of silver and gold electronics that glow and morph into furry eyespots like those found on the wings of a moth.
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What worked for lacewings 165 million years ago continues to work for butterflies today, which is especially trippy considering that both seem to have evolved so-called "eyespots" on their wings, which are a common mimicry tactic for tricking predators into thinking they are being watched.
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Take a gander at the IO MOTH, which has large eyespots on its hind wings to convince predators that it is larger and scarier than it really is: ■ 18A: I had always thought of the kind of picks that African Americans use as "hair picks," but today AFRO PICK makes its New York Times Crossword debut.
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Moreover, the eyespots have small white centres.Butterflies of France This species is rather similar to a woodland ringlet but has smaller eyespots.
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Females typically have more spots than males. Males have more costally placed eyespots, compared to the females, whose eyespots are more spread over the wing margin.
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Eyespots may play a role in intraspecies communication or courtship; the best-known example is probably the eyespots on a peacock's display feathers. Eyespots are not necessarily adaptations, but may in some cases be spandrels, accidental artifacts of pattern formation. The morphogenesis of eyespots is controlled by a small number of genes active in embryonic development of a wide range of animals, including Engrailed, Distal-less, Hedgehog, Antennapedia, and the Notch signaling pathway.
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Also there are spots in the bottom of its hindwings similar to eyespots. The exterior of wings is brownish black with patterns similar to eyespots. Perhaps the only protection for this species is self-mimicry through the eyespots as regards to its morphology, considering its bright peacock colours and its fast flight.
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There are at least four bright orange ringed eyespots on the hindwing. The number of eyespots is rather variable. The two sides of the wings are similar. The female is generally paler than the male.
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This defensive posture emphasizes the eyespots and makes it more conspicuous. Some research have suggested that this allows the eyespots of the caterpillar to resemble a snake more closely than it could when it is at rest.
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Photoreceptors on the animal's eyespots provide sensory information on light and dark.
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The species name refers to the white marking between eyespots three and four.
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A startle display occurs when prey takes advantage of these markings after being discovered by a predator. The striking color pattern, which often includes eyespots, is intended to evoke prompt enemy retreat. Better formed eyespots seem to result in better deterrence.
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However, recent studies have failed to find a relation between the number of displayed eyespots and mating success. Marion Petrie tested whether or not these displays signaled a male's genetic quality by studying a feral population of peafowl in Whipsnade Wildlife Park in southern England. She showed that the number of eyespots in the train predicted a male's mating success, and this success could be manipulated by cutting the eyespots off some of the male's ornate feathers. Although the removal of eyespots makes males less successful in mating, eyespot removal substantially changes the appearance of male peafowls.
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The eyespots of a pygmy owl Some vertebrates species self-mimic their own body parts, through the use of patterns or actual anatomy. Two widespread examples of this are eyespots and false heads, both of which can misdirect, confuse, or intimidate potential predators. Eyespots are a form of automimicry in which an organism displays false eyes on a different part of its body, considered to be an aversion to predators who believe the prey animal has spotted them or is behaving aggressively, even when they are actually facing the other direction and unaware. In the case of attack, eyespots may also redirect damage away from the true head.
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Both subspecies are small brown butterflies with a wingspan rage of 34–44 mm. The upper surfaces of their wings are unmarked, while the undersides of the wings have rows of round, yellow-ringed eyespots. N. m. francisci is slightly darker, with more irregularly shaped eyespots.
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After molting to the fourth instar, the caterpillar becomes green. The swollen thorax has two black, yellow, and blue eyespots. These eyespots are much smaller than those of the similar-looking spicebush swallowtail caterpillar. A yellow and black transverse stripe is present between the first and second abdominal segments.
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The eyespots, one per wing, are oval in shape on the forewings and round on the hindwings. Each eyespot can have arcs of black, blue, red, yellow, green or white. The eyespots are thought to confuse potential predators. There are some sex-determined and regional differences in appearance.
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Few small eyespots are found above the outer margin of the hind wing. Larval food plant is Axonopus compressus.
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The hindwings are white with a black border and a pair of eyespots. The underside of the wings is similar, but there are three eyespots on the hindwings. The larvae feed on various Poaceae species, including Tetrarrhena species. They are dark green with a forked tail and a brown head with orange horns.
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The forewing has a black-tipped, hooked apex. The wings have a few red eyespots which are ringed with black. There are black spots near the margins of both the forewings and hindwings. The underside of the wings has a greenish-white base colour, with eyespots corresponding to those on the upper surface.
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One of the most easily identifiable traits is the bright eyespots found on the wings. These eyespots are essentially concentric circle of a wide variety of colours. Apart from the wide range of colours, eyespots are very limited in their plasticity. There are three main hypothesis to why these spots may have developed; they resemble the eyes of an enemy of the predator in order to intimidate them, they draw the attention of the predator to less vital components of the butterfly's body, or the spots are there simply to surprise the predator.
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C. marginatum is a yellow flatworm that can grow up to in the flesh of freshwater fish or the muscle of frogs. Distinguishing characteristics of this parasite in the "miracidium" stage are three eyespots located on the mid-dorsal line, posterior of lateral papillae. These eyespots are cup-shaped and contain a lens, forming a triangle-shaped appearance on the parasite. They also contain two pairs of flame cells; one pair located on the anterior between the eyespots and lateral papillae and one pair on the posterior side.
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A less reliable indicator is the row of black eyespots on the dorsal submarginal hindwing. In the American painted lady, those on the opposite ends of the row are often larger and have blue "pupils". In V. annabella, this applies to the inner two spots, while in V. cardui some of the black eyespots may have tiny blue pupils in the summer morph, but usually have none at all, and the eyespots themselves are all roughly the same size. The size of the wings are about 5 cm (2 in) across.
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Posterior pair of eyespots lacking lenses, lying immediately anterior to pharynx (two specimens lacking one member of the pair); anterior pair usually absent, often represented by few poorly associated chromatic granules (one specimen with well-developed anterior eyespots lacking lenses); accessory chromatic granules small, irregular, usually anterior to posterior pair of eyespots. Pharynx with muscular wall; esophagus short to nonexistent; intestinal ceca blind, extending posteriorly to near anterior limit of peduncle. Peduncle broad, tapered posteriorly. Haptor with dorsal and ventral anteromedial lobes containing respective squamodiscs and lateral lobes having hook pairs 2–4, 6, 7.
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Juveniles display different color patterns than adults with dominating light colors and eyespots blending in with soft coral habitats and potentially avoiding predation.
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Dorsal view The common wood- nymph can vary greatly. All individuals are brown with two eyespots on each forewing - the lower one often being larger than the upper one. Some may have many, few, or no eyespots on the ventral surface of the hindwing. In the southeastern part of its range, it has a large yellow patch on both surfaces of the forewing.
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The wing span of O. alpina is about forty millimetres. The wings are orangish-brown, with the base two thirds a much darker shade. The forewing has one to three eyespots with white centres and the hindwing has two. The underside of the wings also have these eyespots, and the underside of the hindwing is mottled with brown and grey streaks.
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Plate accompanying Hübner's original description The wingspan is 70–86 mm. The upperside is mottled brown and white although there is some red in the forewing cell bar. The hindwing eyespots have orange scales preceding black crescents. The underside of the hindwings is white and the submarginal eyespots are composed of a brown ring around a black crescent in a white center.
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The underside is marbled with ocher and dusty white bands. On the underside of each forewing there are two black eyespots ringed in yellow, the upper one with a white central spot. Between the two black eyespots there are two white spots. On the underside of the hindwings there may be a black spot near the posterior and anal margin.
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Mature cercariae are characterised by two eyespots and a long slender tail. They are stimulated by light through the sensory eyespots in sunlight and leave the snail. They swim about in water until they find plants or other suitable substrata, to which they adhere and encyst to become metacercariae. The process of this cyst formation requires about 20 minutes only.
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Antheraea polyphemus, the Polyphemus moth, is a North American member of the family Saturniidae, the giant silk moths. It is a tan-colored moth, with an average wingspan of 15 cm (6 in). The most notable feature of the moth is its large, purplish eyespots on its two hindwings. The eyespots give it its name – from the Greek myth of the cyclops Polyphemus.
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The wingspan is 35–45 mm. The dorsal wings are brownish black, with a jagged orange band on both wings surrounding three black eyespots on the forewings and two or three on the hindwings. The ventral side of the forewing is similar to the dorsal side. The ventral side of the hindwing is grey with eyespots are that are vague or absent.
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Early instars of the caterpillar are dull brown, but green individuals are also observed. Mature caterpillars are dark brown to reddish brown and show large eyespots. These are composed of a black pupil surrounded by a blue, then yellow ring. Between and below the eyespots are white markings, often described as looking like teeth, and resemble the teeth from a cartoon skeleton.
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It is likely that females mistake these males for sub-adults, or perceive that the males are physically damaged. Moreover, in a feral peafowl population, there is little variation in the number of eyespots in adult males. It is rare for adult males to lose a significant number of eyespots. Therefore, females' selection might depend on other sexual traits of males' trains.
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This small leech grows to a length of about when extended. It is roughly cylindrical, thicker in the middle and narrowing somewhat to a sucker at each end. Newly-hatched larvae are yellowish and transparent and have a pair of eyespots. As they grow they become opaque, with black speckles, and lose the eyespots; later they become beige or grey, and finally black.
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Length 7 mm, head yellow with dark eyespots and mouth parts, body white with one dorsal and two lateral narrow wine-red longitudinal lines.
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The female has two large eyespots and may have smaller spots on both wings. The ventral hindwings have greyish median bands with jagged borders.
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Females are smaller and duller than males, with shorter tails and fewer eyespots. They measure in total length, including a tail of , and weighs .
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Eyespots on wings are visual anti-predatory adaptations that have evolved in many species within Lepidoptera. The eyespots are usually dark circles surrounded by a brighter outer layer. The ‘pupil’ of the eye has a sparkle that mimics the natural reflection of the cornea. These eyes are thought to deflect a predator’s attack away from more vital organs and toward that spot on the wings.
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There is variation between individuals in the number of eyespots, the extent of the reddish-brown colouring around the eyespots, and the silvery- white markings on the undersides of the hindwings. The egg is ivory with vertical ribbing. The larvae is similar coloured from head to tail, being yellow brown with dark and light lateral striping. A fully grown larvae is roughly 20 mm long.
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The Arctic woodland ringlet is a medium-sized butterfly with a wingspan of between . Females tend to be a little larger than males. The upperside of both the forewings and hindwings are dark brown with black eyespots with red margins in a row near the edge. In the male the eyespots are small and do not usually have a white centre except possibly the front one.
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The Saturniinae or saturniines are a subfamily of the family Saturniidae. They are commonly known as emperor moths or wild silk moths. They are easily spotted by the eyespots on the upper surface of their wings. Some exhibit realistic eye-like markings, whilst others have adapted the eyespots to form crescent moon or angular shapes or have lost their wing scales to create transparent windows.
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Phototaxis there is mediated by simple eyespots that consists of a pigment cell and a photoreceptor cell. The photoreceptor cell synapses directly onto ciliated cells, which are used for swimming. The eyespots do not give spatial resolution, therefore the larvae are rotating to scan their environment for the direction where the light is coming from. Platynereis dumerilii nectochaete larvae can switch between positive and negative phototaxis.
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Taenaris is a genus of butterflies in the family Nymphalidae that live in Australasia. All species have highly developed eyespots that are either blue or yellow.
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The characteristics shared by northern and boreal bluets are their large eyespots, and a mushroom-shaped black spot on abdominal segment S2. Its best seen dorsally.
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Smerinthus is a Holarctic genus of hawkmoths in the family Sphingidae. It was described by Pierre André Latreille in 1802. Adults have conspicuous eyespots on the hindwings.
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On the nape there are two bright blue ocelli, or eyespots, which are thought to be defensive and to confuse predators. They grow to in standard length.
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Erebia aethiops has a wingspan of 42–46 mm. Antennae are clavate (club shaped). The background colour of the wings varies from dark brown to black brown, with reddish-yellow bands, black eyespots with white pupils and greyish wing fringes, weakly chequered in the females. On the forewing there are three or four eyespots, usually two apical plus a third detached, while on the hindwings there are four or five.
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The larva (caterpillar) of this species is grey on the dorsal side, and yellow on the ventral side. Along the prolegs there is a line of clear markings, as well as markings in the form of an eye, following the line of spiracles. In the adult, each wing presents a large eyespot. The eyespots on the hindwings are distinct, whereas the eyespots on the forewings are smaller and often duller.
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The Polyphemus moth uses defense mechanisms to protect itself from predators. One of its most distinctive mechanisms is a distraction display that serves to confuse, or simply distract, predators. This involves the large eyespots on its hindwings, which give the moth its name (from the cyclops Polyphemus in Greek mythology). Eyespots are also startle patterns, a subform of distraction patterns, used for camouflage via deceptive and blending coloration.
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The stigma (2) of the euglena hides a light-sensitive spot. The earliest predecessors of the eye were photoreceptor proteins that sense light, found even in unicellular organisms, called "eyespots". Eyespots can sense only ambient brightness: they can distinguish light from dark, sufficient for photoperiodism and daily synchronization of circadian rhythms. They are insufficient for vision, as they cannot distinguish shapes or determine the direction light is coming from.
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The Lethe diana wingspan ranges from 45 to 55 mm. Its forewings are dark brown, and sometimes have white belt-like patterns that are more apparent on the female. The hindwings are also dark brown with an eyespot pattern adorning the back, with about one or two small eyespots and on the forewings, and six eyespots ranging in size on the hindwing. The veins are a distinctly noticeable darker brown.
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Both the upper and lower wings are bright white, with some small light brown markings. There is a row of small eyespots on the underside of the hindwings.
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200px Hamadryas feronia is similar in appearance to Hamadryas guatemalena and Hamadryas iphthime. The upperside of the fore wing is a mosaic pattern of white, brown and bluish-grey, with a row of small eyespots parallel with the outer margin; a small red bar occupies the discal cell. The upperside of the hind wing is similar but has few white patches and larger more distinct eyespots. The underside of the fore wing is white or whitish-tan with dark markings, a small red bar and a black submarginal eyespot, and the under hind wing is white or whitish-tan, with dark markings and blue rings containing larger eyespots near the rear margin.
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Brakefield works mostly with butterflies and insects. Amongst other topics his research focuses on eyespots on butterflies, especially Bicyclus anynana. The butterfly species Bicyclus brakefieldi is named after him.
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These experiments together with the wide distribution of Dll across eyespot forming butterflies suggest that this transcription factor is a central regulator for the correct patterning of the eyespots.
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Physalaemus nattereri (common name: Cuyaba dwarf frog) is a frog native to central and southeastern Brazil and eastern Bolivia and Paraguay. It has two "false eyes" on its rear. The 3–4 cm frog lifts its rear end when threatened, startling predators. If a predator does not get fooled by the eyespots, and decides to move closer, the frog can produce an unpleasant secretion that comes from glands located in the eyespots.
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The very earliest "eyes", called eye-spots, were simple patches of photoreceptor protein in unicellular animals. In multicellular beings, multicellular eyespots evolved, physically similar to the receptor patches for taste and smell. These eyespots could only sense ambient brightness: they could distinguish light and dark, but not the direction of the light source. Through gradual change, the eye-spots of species living in well-lit environments depressed into a shallow "cup" shape.
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A large drawing depicts the deimatic warning display of a mantis, Pseudocreobotra wahlbergi with its spined forelegs raised and large spiral eyespots on its spread wings forming an image "suggestive of a formidable foe". Other drawings depict the eyespots of fish such as Chaetodon capistratus, the four-eye butterfly fish, which are "usually towards the tail end" and tending to direct attack away from the head.Cott, 1940. p. 373. ; Alluring and mimetic resemblances Chapter 6.
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Male birds of some species, such as the peacock, have conspicuous eyespots in their plumage, used to signal their quality to sexually selecting females. The number of eyespots in a peacock's train predicts his mating success; when a peacock's train is experimentally pruned, females lose interest. Several species of pygmy owl bear false eyes on the back of the head, misleading predators into reacting as though they were the subject of an aggressive stare.
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The hindwings are tailed and have ridged edges containing reddish eyespots. The body is black with green scales. The male has black hair on the forewings, which the female lacks.
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It was found that male birds display their pectoral tufts almost continuously throughout the night, whilst asleep, and one hypothesis is that these function as eyespots to deter nocturnal predators.
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O. M. Loennstedt, M. I. McCormick, D. P. Chivers, Predator-induced changes in the growth of eyes and false eyespots. Scientific Reports 3, (2013); published online EpubJul 25 (10.1038/srep02259).
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Sexes show sexual dimorphism. Male has dark brown dorsal surface, whereas female pale brown coloration. In male, dorsal surface is unmarked except few small dark eyespots. Ventral surface is heavily shaded.
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Some reptiles, such as the sand lizard of Europe, have eyespots; in the sand lizard's case, there is a row of spots along the back, and a row on each side.
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The two began working together to capture more videos of peacock courtship rituals to understand how the tail feathers vibrate, and how those vibrations are received by the females. They found that the train-rattling behavior only occurs when females are present and that, as the tail shakes, the eyespots on the tail appear not to move, leading them to conclude that the shaking behavior enhances the appearance of the eyespots of the tail. In previous work, Dakin found that the hue and iridescence of the tail's eyespots contribute to the mating success of the male. They also found that the tail feathers vibrate at their natural resonance frequency, producing sound waves that are within the audible range that females are able to hear.
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Aphantopus hyperantus and similar species in Karl Eckstein's Die Schmetterlinge Deutschlands Aphantopus hyperantus is a medium- sized butterfly with a wingspan of up to 35 to 42 millimeters. The wing upper and lower sides are solid brown with small, yellowish-rimmed eyespots. The newly emerged ringlet has a velvety appearance and is almost black with a white fringe to the wings. The number and size of the eyespots is variable, they may be missing on the upper wing surface.
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Males with fewer eyespots, thus with lower mating success, suffered from greater predation. She allowed females to mate with males with differing numbers of eyespots, and reared the offspring in a communal incubator to control for differences in maternal care. Chicks fathered by more ornamented males weighed more than those fathered by less ornamented males, an attribute generally associated with better survival rate in birds. These chicks were released into the park and recaptured one year later.
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Eyespots can be seen across the vertebrate taxa, from the four-eyed butterfly fish to pygmy owls. False-head mimicry occurs when an organism displays a different body part that has evolved to look like a head, achieving the same scare tactic as eyespots, and also protecting the vulnerable and important real head. For example, the rubber boa coil up and hide their heads, instead displaying their tails, which look morphologically like their heads, in a defensive behavior.
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It should deter predators while resting, feeding, mating, or emerging from the pupa. The role of eyespots as antipredator mechanisms has been discussed since the 19th century. Several hypotheses are suggested to explain their occurrence. In some butterflies, particularly Satyrinae (such as the gatekeeper butterfly and the grayling), it has been shown that ocelli (eyespots) serve as a decoy, diverting bird attack away from the vulnerable body, and towards the outer part of the hindwings or the forewing tip.
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Exposing their spots may increase detectability by their predators. Therefore, at rest, the grayling adopts its cryptic coloring position, pulling its forewings down behind its hindwings in order to conceal the eyespots.
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Here they observed that both seem to be expressed in eyespots, suggesting a relation with the Hh signaling pathway. However, other studies did not find evidence of Hh expression in B. anynana.
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The adult moths of Sematurinae are either day or night flying, depending on the genus and have the wings outspread at rest and the genus Sematura displays impressive eyespots at the hindwing tails.
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Male peafowl erect their trains to form a shimmering fan in their display to females. Marion Petrie tested whether or not these displays signalled a male's genetic quality by studying a feral population of peafowl in Whipsnade Wildlife Park in southern England. The number of eyespots in the train predicted a male's mating success. She was able to manipulate this success by cutting the eyespots off some of the males' tails: females lost interest in pruned males and became attracted to untrimmed ones.
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The underside of the forewing is dark brown with a reddish strip with black, white-centred eyespots near the outer edge. The underside of the hindwing is brown, edged with a row of more or less distinct dark coloured eyespots. The basal side of these is close to the centre of wing and there are one or two patches of white. The basal part of the hindwing of the female is a darker brown than the rest of the wing.
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There are two eyespots on the nape. Sexes are similar, but young birds are paler with a shorter tail and may have more prominent eye spots on the nape. The flight is deeply undulating.
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The wingspan is 35–44 mm. The wings are brownish black without eyespots. The forewings have a large chestnut-red patch both above and below. The underside of the hindwings is mottled grey and brown.
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Bigger eyespots have also been shown to deter predators from attacking completely. M. menelaus specifically has an eyespot that is 6.8 mm in diameter on its ventral wings that it uses to help avoid predation.
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Morpho cisseis is a large butterfly with a wingspan of 147 mm and 180 mm. The upperside is blue-green gray, the outer edge is largely bordered by black and broad black band extending over two-thirds of the forewing's costal edge. The reverse is copper decorated with a line of white chevrons and black, yellow and white eyespots, three on the forewings and a very large and three more small eyespots on the hindwings. Account in Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde Fruhstorfer, H. 1913.
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Near the tip on the underside of each arm there are small eyespots. These are not set on short stalks as they are in the otherwise similar Asterias rubens with which this species can be confused.
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In contrast, Chlamydomonas phototaxis is mediated by archaeal-type rhodopsins. Besides photoreceptor proteins, eyespots contain a large number of structural, metabolic and signaling proteins. The eyespot proteome of Chlamydomonas cells consists of roughly 200 different proteins.
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Larvae have been recorded feeding on Epipremnum pinnatum. They have eyespots along each side, with those on the first abdominal segment larger than the others. The tail has a horn that ends in an abrupt point.
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Amongst jawless fish, the lamprey has well-developed eyes, while the hagfish has only primitive eyespots. Fish vision shows adaptation to their visual environment, for example deep sea fishes have eyes suited to the dark environment.
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This second instar also develops an enlarged thoracic region. The second instar lasts five days. The third instar displays eyespots on the thoracic segment and reaches a length of 26mm. The third instar lasts 9 days.
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Colour can be used in advertising. Some butterflies have eyespots on their wings. These make no effort at concealment, but may startle a potential predator into trying elsewhere. The western skink has a distinctive blue tail.
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The wingspan is 30–36 mm.Captain's European Butterfly Guide These small butterflies have brown wings. Forewings show a postmedian band of orange oval to round markings containing small black spots. Hindwings have three or four postdiscal eyespots.
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Dorsal surface is dark brown with two eyespots at the sub marginal area. Lower eyespot is large, prominent and ringed with orange. Ventral surface is dull orange brown. Larval host plants include Ochlandra stridula and Bambusa species.
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On them and near their base are a number of simple eyespots, and there are more of these above the brain and a row of them round the margin of the body. The marginal eyespots are difficult to see in living specimens but the gut can be discerned through the skin and has the branching form typical of this order of flatworms. The upper surface is tan with a few darker brown streaks and spots while the underside is paler and largely unspotted. This species has no suckers on the underside.
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Tegumental scales with rounded anterior margins extending from peduncle anteriorly into posterior trunk. Cephalic region broad, with terminal and two bilateral poorly developed lobes, three bilateral pairs of head organs, pair of bilateral groups of cephalic-gland cells at level of pharynx. Two pairs of eyespots lacking lenses immediately anterior to pharynx; one to all eyespots poorly defined, apparently replaced by dissociated chromatic granules; accessory chromatic granules small, irregular in outline, usually present in cephalic region. Pharynx subspherical to subovate; esophagus short to nonexistent; intestinal ceca blind, extending posteriorly to near peduncle.
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Butterfly eyespots may also play a role in mate recognition and sexual selection. Some species of caterpillar, such as many hawkmoths (Sphingidae), have eyespots on their anterior abdominal segments. When alarmed, they retract the head and the thoracic segments into the body, leaving the apparently threatening large eyes at the front of the visible part of the body. Many butterflies such as the blues (Lycaenidae) have filamentous "tails" at the ends of their wings and nearby patterns of markings on the wings, which combine to create a "false head".
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Brassy ringlets are mid-sized members of their genus, with a length of 17–22 mm (roughly two-thirds to one inch). Like their relatives, they have black eyespots on their forewings. The largest eyespots are placed, two on each side, near the wingtip, and have a white dot in the center; they are surrounded by a copper-colored patch that is lighter than the blackish- brown upperwings. In some, a third black spot, much smaller and without the white dot, is present at the opposite end of the reddish patch.
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The species name refers to the conjoined terminal eyespots of the hindwings., 2014: A preliminary study of the genus Nymphicula Snellen from Australia, New Guinea and the South Pacific (Lepidoptera: Pyraloidea: Crambidae: Acentropinae). Zootaxa, 3774(5): 401-429.
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These eyespots are visible on both sides of the wing. The apex and outer margin of the forewing are darker than the basal region. The wing venation is similar to that of the Saturniidae. The wingspan ranges from .
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The only disadvantage to these spots is that they cause the butterfly to be a great deal more conspicuous.Stevens, Martin. "The Role of Eyespots as Anti- predator Mechanisms, Principally Demonstrated in the Lepidoptera." Biological Reviews 80.04 (2005): 573.
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Underside orange brown. The edges of the forewing and hindwing display rusty- brown lines with about 11 eyespots along the wing margins. The upperside from the apex to the tornus displays deep orange brown with black forewing border.
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These eyespots attract male bees to perform pseudocopulation with the orchid's blossom. The petals are ovoid and taper at the tip, and are similar in hue to the sepals. The lip and column are hidden within the tube.
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The sepals are larger than the petals and the petals are larger than the lip. The lip is trilobed and not spurred. The flowers have shiny pads and eyespots that lure male bees to perform pseudocopulation with the blossoms.
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The male is reddish or yellowish. Costal brown and grey fascia of forewings reaching the apex. Hyaline and ocellated spots (eyespots) are much larger than that of Antheraea roylei. The submarginal line of the hindwings close to the margin.
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The underside is similar to the upperside, but paler and the hindwings each have two eyespots. The larvae feed on various Poaceae species. They are green or brown with stripes along the body. Full-grown larvae are about 20 mm long.
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Although Lepadogaster purpurea overall is cryptic, it has a pair of distinct large eyespots on the top of its head. Cochleoceps bicolor, C. orientalis and Diplecogaster tonstricula are yellow to red with fine bluish lines. These three are cleaner fish.
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The larva is green with two false eyespots on the thorax. It has a few blue spots on the first abdominal segment to the eighth segment. It also lives in a leaf shelter.Thomas J. Allen, Jim P. Brock, Jeffrey Glassberg (2005).
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Common buckeye butterflies are colored mostly brown with some orange, black, white, blue, and magenta. The forewing features two proximal orange bars and a postmedian white band, which surrounds a prominent black eyespot and borders a smaller, more distal eyespot; both eyespots have a bluish center and each border a distal orange mark. The hindwing is mostly brown with an orange band towards the edge and a brown and white margin. It also has two eyespots, one larger and one smaller, each with a black and white outline, and a center consisting of black, blue, magenta, and orange.
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Some fishes have eyespots near their tails, and when mildly alarmed swim slowly backwards, presenting the tail as a head. Some insects such as some lycaenid butterflies have tail patterns and appendages of various degrees of sophistication that promote attacks at the rear rather than at the head. Several species of pygmy owl bear "false eyes" on the back of the head, misleading predators into reacting as though they were the subject of an aggressive stare. Pygmy owl (Glaucidium californicum) showing eyespots on back of head Some writers use the term "automimicry" when the mimic imitates other morphs within the same species.
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The funnel-shaped, symmetrical peristomium is fused with the prostomium to form the head, at the anterior end of the body. Worms of the genus Serpula have two photoreceptors or "eyespots" on the peristomium.Fan Worms & Feather Dusters (Annelids). Accessed 1 May 2010.
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Eyespots are the simplest and most common "eyes" found in nature, composed of photoreceptors and areas of bright orange- red pigment granules. Signals relayed from the eyespot photoreceptors result in alteration of the beating pattern of the flagella, generating a phototactic response.
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The species epithet is derived from Polyphemus, a character in Greek mythology, from the small eyespots on the wing. Polyphemus was the one-eyed son of Poseidon and Thoosa. Butterfly World in the United Kingdom Public Domain photo of Morpho polyphemus butterfly.
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O. sinica is a distinctive species, with stripes on the legs, and prominent eyespots on the carapace; the females' abdomen is unusually narrow, leaving the vulvae exposed. The legs are flattened at the end, and this is an adaptation to digging, not swimming.
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Butterflies and Moths of North America The wingspan is 42–51 mm. The wings are translucent and the fringes are often checkered. The upperside is gray brown with faint or absent eyespots. The underside of the hindwings is mottled black and gray.
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Bright-field microscope image of metatrochophore of annelid Pomatoceros lamarckii (family Serpulidae) ey = eyspot A metatrochophore (;) is a type of larva developed from the trochophore larva of a polychaete annelid. Metatrochophores have a number of features trochophores lack, including eyespots and segments.
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The larvae take on a green appearance in the fourth instar. In this stage, the thoracic segments are swollen and display colored eyespots. This instar grows to 40mm and lasts ten days. The fifth instar resembles the fourth but has more intense coloration.
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In some species (such as C. gemmatus), these markings also serve as eyespots when the mantis spreads its wings in a deimatic display.This Thembugs.com: image. Rather than resembling foliage or flowers, some species of Creobroter resemble ants during their early nymph stages.
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Two eyespots are near the tip both above and below on the forewing. These are usually located in a red patch. The underside of the hindwing is silver gray with very small dark markings. The larvae probably feed on grasses and sedges.
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There is an eyespot on each hindwing. The underside is similar to the upperside, but there are two eyespots on each hindwing. The larvae feed on various Poaceae species, including Digitaria didactyla, Imperata cylindrica and Themeda triandra. They are pinkish brown with dark longitudinal stripes.
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The underside of the wings is brown with two eyespots on each hindwing. The larvae feed on Imperata (including Imperata cylindrica) and Tetrarrhena species. They are green with a yellow forked tail, and a brown head. Full-grown larvae are about 15 mm long.
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Bicyclus heathi is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in the north‐eastern part of the Democratic Republic of Congo. The wingspan is 27 mm. The wings are dark reddish brown without eyespots, except a small amount of lighter scales placed.
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The wingspan is 29–38 mm. The wings are dark brown with no eyespots. The upperside has a submarginal row of orange dashes across both wings. The underside of the forewings repeats the upperside pattern and the hindwings have a row of yellow-cream spots.
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The forewings of the males do not show androconial area. The upperside of each hindwing usually has three eyespots surrounded by orange. The underside hindwings of the females shows a diffuse clear or whitish band, strongly dentate. The caterpillar and the chrysalis are pinkish brown.
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It is a small (wingspan of ), bright pink moth with yellow borders and large eyespots on its wings. Males have disproportionately large antennae. Larvae are cream with irregular black stripes and short black spines and feed on various species of Melianthus. Adults appear in autumn.
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It is emerald green with yellow and red eyespots on its wings. It has long hindwings, giving the appearance of tails. Larva are green with thin white bands and rows of long projections on the back. The cocoons are silvery and pitted with small holes.
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Imbrasia obscura has a wingspan reaching about . The basic colour of the wings is brown, with two large, black, red and white eyespots on each hindwing. Larvae are whitish, with black markings, while the head and the spiny appendages are red, with white hairs.
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Fountainea nobilis is a quite rare "leaf butterfly". The dorsal sides of the upperwings are reddish with dark brown edges. In the females the dorsal sides are usually brown, with clearer edges. On the hindwings there are a few small white and black eyespots.
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Eacles adoxa is a moth in the family Saturniidae. It is found in Venezuela, Peru, Guyana, French Guiana, Ecuador, Colombia, Brazil and Bolivia. It is yellow with heavy red-orange speckling all over the wings. Orange eyespots are located in the center of each wing.
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Vanessa virginiensis is most easily distinguishable by its two large eyespots on the ventral side, whereas V. cardui has four small eyespots and V. annabella has none. V. virginiensis also uniquely features a white dot within the forewing subapical field, set in pink on the underside and usually also in the dorsal side's orange field. The largest spot in the black forewing tips is white in V. cardui, pale orange in this species, and orange in the West Coast species. The latter also has a purer orange background color of the dorsal side, as opposed to the darker and (especially in V. virginiensis) redder hue of the other two.
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Schematic of standard wing terminology Aside from general differences in distribution, V. annabella can be distinguished from the other two painted ladies of North America as follows: Most conspicuously, it lacks obvious ventral eyespots on the hindwings; there are two large ones on V. virginiensis and four small ones on V. cardui. Like the latter, it also lacks a white dot in the pinkish-orange subapical field of the ventral and dorsal forewings. Its upperwing coloration has the purest orange of the three; the American painted lady is usually quite reddish. A less reliable indicator is the row of black eyespots on the dorsal submarginal hindwing.
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Antheraea polyphemus Automeris io The eye-like markings in some butterflies and moths, like the Bicyclus anynana, and certain other insects, as well as the sunbittern (a bird) do not seem to serve only a mimicry function. In some other cases, the evolutionary function of such spots is also not understood. There is evidence that eyespots in butterflies are antipredator adaptations, either in deimatic displays to intimidate predators, or to deflect attacks away from vital body parts. In some species, such as Hipparchia semele, the conspicuous eyespots are hidden at rest to decrease detectability, and only exposed when they believe potential predators are nearby.
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More elaborate ornamentation increases the likelihood that a male will mate and has been shown to affect survival of their offspring. The offspring of males with larger eyespots on their ornamented tails have been shown to weigh more and were more likely to be alive after 2 years than the progeny of males with fewer eyespots. Ornaments that play a role in reproduction develop under the influence of two series of genes. First, it develops from genes in males that determine the presence and characteristics of the ornament, and second it develops from genes in females that draw her to this kind of ornamentation.
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The underside of the wings is brown with two eyespots on the hindwings. The larvae feed on Gahnia clarkei, Eriachne pallescens, Alexfloydia repens, Cynodon dactylon and Imperata species. They are green or brown with dark lines along the body. Full-grow larvae are about 20 mm long.
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The underside of the wings is similar to the upperside, but the two eyespots are more equal in size. The larvae feed on various Poaceae species. Young larvae are green with a black head. Later instars are brown with indistinct longitudinal lines and a brown head.
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Abantiades sericatus is a moth of the family Hepialidae. It is endemic to Western Australia.Australian Faunal Directory The wingspan is about 70 mm. Adult females have pale brown forewings with a sinuous pattern of white patches with black outlines and two to three orange and blue eyespots.
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Sternocera sternicornis can reach a length of about . The basic color of the elytra is metallic bright green, with small yellow or ash-colored eyespots. Two larger spots are present at the base of the elytra. The surface of the thorax is covered with deeply impressed punctures.
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Prostoma jenningsi is a species of ribbon worm known only from one site near Croston, Lancashire. It was described in 1971, and is believed to be the county's only endemic species. It grows up to long, with 4–6 black eyespots, and has a long eversible proboscis.
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The wingspan is 31–44 mm. The dorsal wings are blackish brown. The forewing in the male has two black eyespots with white pupils sometimes surrounded by one or two orange rings. The male's hindwing has no spots or a partial row of very small spots.
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Ventral view ;Adult The wingspan is 29–48 mm. The forewing has two yellow-rimmed black eyespots on both sides, dorsal and ventral. The hindwing has two spots on the dorsal side but have smaller spots on the ventral. The other all color is light brown.
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Tornal area possess a series of eye spots ringed with purple. In female, dorsal surface possess creamy brown sub apical stripe on forewing. Series of large eyespots and wavy lines found on the sub marginal area of hind wing. Host plant belongs to family Poaceae such as Arundinaria debilis.
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The green eggs are laid singly on plants of the families Magnoliaceae and Rosaceae. Young caterpillars are brown and white; older ones are green with two black, yellow, and blue eyespots on the thorax. The caterpillar will turn brown prior to pupating. It will reach a length of .
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The combination of eyespots and osmeterium makes the caterpillar resemble a snake. Since adults are palatable, dark morph females use Batesian mimicry to protect themselves from vertebrate predators by mimicking the poisonous pipevine swallowtail. Dark morph females are more prevalent in the south, where B. philenor is more common.
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In general, flatfishes rely on their camouflage for avoiding predators, but some have conspicuous eyespots (e.g., Microchirus ocellatus) and several small tropical species (at least Aseraggodes, Pardachirus and Zebrias) are poisonous.Elst, R. van der (1997) A Guide to the Common Sea Fishes of South Africa. Debelius, H. (1997).
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On the dorsal side, the rays are rough with groupings of spinelets, each one have three to six glassy points. The sides of the rays are curving and smooth. The rays contain many of the organs in the sea star. On the tips of the rays are the eyespots.
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The Sargassum blenny has two quite distinct dorsal fins. The face is elongated and the mouth resembles that of a pike. There are no cirri. The general colour is brown with patches of silver on the flanks and there are 2 blue eyespots on the posterior dorsal fin.
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Trigonidium obtusum is about tall with short flower stems. The pseudobulbs of the plant are compressed and oblong, with two lanceolate leaves. The scapes spring from the rhizome, and each scape ends with a single flower. The flower is yellowish to pinkish with purple veins and blue eyespots.
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The upperside of the wings is brown in both sexes. The male forewing has white spots near the tip, and some yellow spots across the wing's center. The hindwing of the males has six dark eyespots that are submarginal. Females have much darker spots, which are more diffuse.
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The basic light-processing unit of eyes is the photoreceptor cell, a specialized cell containing two types of molecules in a membrane: the opsin, a light-sensitive protein bound to a chromophore, the pigment that absorbs light. Groups of such cells are termed "eyespots", and have evolved independently somewhere between 40 and 65 times. These eyespots permit animals to gain only a basic sense of the direction and intensity of light, but not enough to discriminate an object from its surroundings. Developing an optical system that can discriminate the direction of light to within a few degrees is apparently much more difficult, and only six of the thirty-some phylaThe precise number varies from author to author.
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In the western part of its range, it may have a pale yellow patch or may be lacking one. Individuals in the Northeast also lack the yellow patch, i.e., C. p. nephele. In individuals with no yellow patch, there are two pale yellow eye rings that encircle both the forewing eyespots.
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Mature larvae are green with white or pink markings and eyespots. They grow to a maximum length of about 45 mm. Mature caterpillars lack the camouflage of their immature state. Instead, when threatened by a bird or other predator, they produce a forked, orange-coloured organ known as an osmeterium.
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The red eyespot functions as a lens that allows organisms to respond to visual stimulation. While eyespots and plastids are found in both groups, the origin of these structures differ as discussed the tertiary plastid section. The following are some major discerning features of Durinskia. Species in Durinskia are mostly ovoid.
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When a predator is approaching an individual and attack seems imminent, the prey still has several options. One is to flee, whether by running, jumping, climbing, burrowing or swimming. The prey can gain some time by startling the predator. Many butterflies and moths have eyespots, wing markings that resemble eyes.
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Precis are medium-to-large butterflies (wingspan up to 5 cm). The upperside ground colour is black with white, pink, green, or blue spots and bands, the upperside may also have a brownish ground colour. The wings often have eyespots. The outer wing margins are wavy and toothed or scalloped.
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Scolecids have parapodia with rami that are all alike. The prostomium is distinct. The head has no appendages or palps and is usually conical, though in the Scalibregmatidae, it has a "T"-shaped tip, and in Paraonidae, there is a single, central antenna. In some families there are sometimes some tiny eyespots.
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Under the light microscope, eyespots appear as dark, orange-reddish spots or stigmata. They get their color from carotenoid pigments contained in bodies called pigment granules. The photoreceptors are found in the plasma membrane overlaying the pigmented bodies. The eyespot apparatus of Euglena comprises the paraflagellar body connecting the eyespot to the flagellum.
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The slender bluet, as its common name implies is a blue damselfly with a thin abdomen. The eyespots of both genders are large, with a thin blue line between them. The black shoulder stripes are thin in both genders. On the male slender bluet his abdominal segments 8 and 9 are blue.
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Butterflyfish are mostly between in length. The largest species, the lined butterflyfish and saddle butterflyfish, grow to . Many species are brightly coloured and strikingly patterned, though other species are dull in colour. Many have eyespots on their flanks and dark bands across their eyes, not unlike the patterns seen on butterfly wings.
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These nerve cords are connected by transverse nerves like the rungs of a ladder. These transverse nerves help coordinate the two sides of the animal. Two ganglia at the head (the "nerve ring") end function similar to a simple brain. Photoreceptors on the animal's eyespots provide sensory information on light and dark.
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The greater part of the mantle, however, under the shell is colourless and transparent. The foot is short, truncate before and behind, and with the epipodia (in much contracted specimens) apparently not well developed. The eyes are minute and quite invisible on the surface. The eyespots are deeply sunk in the tissues.
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Spirama retorta female A deimatic displays is a pattern of threatening or startling behaviour, such as suddenly displaying conspicuous eyespots, used to scare off or momentarily distract a predator, thus giving the prey animal an opportunity to escape. For example, some moths look threatening while at rest by displaying a sinister lurking face, such as those of genus Speiredonia, or the more aggressive face of a snake poised to attack, such as many species of genus Spirama. Adult Atlas moths of the genera Attacus and Rothschildia also display snake heads.Malcolm Edmunds, Encyclopedia of Entomology; Deimatic behaviour, 2005, p 677 The eyed hawkmoth displays its large eyespots on its wings and moves them slowly as if it were a vertebrate predator such as an owl.
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The second domain starts around 20 hours after pupation around the original central cluster of cells, in an area in which a black ring of the eyespot will be formed. Functional experiments using transgenic Bicyclus anynana (the squinting bush brown butterfly) have shown that overexpression or down-regulation of Dll in the first expression domain correlates with bigger and smaller eyespots respectively. However, if this is done on the second domain then the overall size of the eyespots remains the same, but the width of the black ring raises with a higher amount of Dll. This suggests that Dll might be responsible for the differentiation of the focus in the first expression domain and might be involved in establishing the ring color patterns in the second domain.
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Males and females: Upperside van Dyke brown, slightly darker, especially in the female, towards apex of forewing. Male. Forewing: a costal and two preapical spots white. Hindwing: the ocelli (eyespots) of the underside showing through, sometimes forming two or three obscure black spots; two slender subterminal black lines. Underside paler, shaded with dark brown.
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The mantis turns to face the aggressor, rears up by arching its back, curls its abdomen upwards (dorsiflexion), raises and waves its forelimbs, raises its wings to displays the large brightly coloured eyespots on the hindwings, and stridulates by scraping the edge of its hindwings against its tegmina, the leathery front wings.Prete, 1999. p 185.
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The head is formed from the prostomium and peristomium, which are fused. It bears two bundles of radioles or feeding tentacles which together form the funnel-shaped branchial crown. Each radiole is pinnately divided and covered in cilia. It has a central stiffening rod of connective tissue, a number of eyespots and a feeding groove.
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The mantle's edges are packed with symbiotic zooxanthellae that presumably utilize carbon dioxide, phosphates, and nitrates supplied by the clam. The mantle border itself is covered in several hundred eyespots about .5mm in diameter. Each one consists of a small cavity containing a pupil-like aperture and a base of one hundred or more photoreceptors.
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The peacock "tail", known as a "train", consists not of tail quill feathers, but highly elongated upper tail coverts. These feathers are marked with eyespots, best seen when a peacock fans his tail. Both sexes of all species have a crest atop the head. The Indian peahen has a mixture of dull grey, brown, and green in her plumage.
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Males have one to two black eyespots on the forewing; females have two to three. Males have a large, dark patch of sex scales on the forewing, extending from the basal area to near the apex. Females have dark scaling on the basal area of the forewing. Both sexes have a small eyespot near the hindwing tornus.
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The iridescent lamellae are only present on the dorsal sides of their wings, leaving the ventral sides brown. The ventral side is decorated with ocelli (eyespots). In some species, such as M. godarti, the dorsal lamellae are so thin that ventral ocelli can peek through. While not all morphos have iridescent coloration, they all have ocelli.
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Pseudocreobotra is a genus of Sub-Saharan flower mantisses. They are visually similar to Creobroter species of Asia, but belong to different subfamilies. Their forewings have prominent spiralled eyespots, which are flashed in a silent deimatic display, to startle would-be predators. The nymphs however, expand the raised abdomen in response to threats, to reveal a single dorsal eyespot.
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Both males and females are about 3-4 centimeters in length when adult while 1st instar nymphs are about 4-5 millimeters in length. The adults are bright green with rounded blue eyes; adult females have a pair yellow ocellated eyespots on their wings. The species is able to hunt prey larger than itself, attacking and chasing its prey.
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Research of Stevens et al. (2008), however, suggests that eyespots are not a form of mimicry and do not deter predators because they look like eyes. Rather the conspicuous contrast in the patterns on the wings deter predators. In this study, however, the influence of surrounding forms, like the head region of a predator, was not tested.
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Oxytenis is a genus of moths in the family Saturniidae and subfamily Oxyteninae. The genus was erected by Jacob Hübner in 1819. During its larval form, it has large eyespots on the front of its head in an attempt to mimic a snake. The larva has unusual, large, almost wing-like, fleshy protrusions on either side.
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The proposed role of the eyespots is to deflect attention of predators. Their resemblance to eyes provokes the predator's instinct to attack these wing patterns. Batesian and Müllerian mimicry complexes are commonly found in Lepidoptera. Genetic polymorphism and natural selection give rise to otherwise edible species (the mimic) gaining a survival advantage by resembling inedible species (the model).
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A close-up detail of the head and anterior part of Bursatella leachii Bursatella leachii is green to greenish brown. It has a broad and short head. Its mantle is covered with papillae (finger-like outgrowths), which give it a thorny aspect. The mantle has a network-like pattern with blue eyespots (ocelli) in black spots and green areas.
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It is a large pheasant, up to 76 cm long and greyish brown with finely spotted green eyespots, an elongated bushy crest, bare pink or yellow facial skin, white throat, and grey iris, bill and legs. The sexes are rather similar, but the female is smaller, darker and less ornamented than the male. The young resemble the female.
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Deflective marks. : Cott describes markings that help to deflect attack, such as the eyespots of butterfly wings and the twitching cast-off tails of lizards, both acknowledged to Poulton,Cott, 1940. pp. 368, 369. as well as the distraction displays of birds such as the partridge mentioned by Gilbert White in his Natural History and Antiquities of Selborne.
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Enodia portlandia, the southern pearly eye, Portland pearlyeye or just pearly eye, is a butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. It is found in the United States from eastern Oklahoma and eastern Texas east through the southeast.Butterflies and Moths of North America The wingspan is 56–70 mm. The upperside is brown with dark eyespots at the margins.
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They have the "tails" on the hindwings that are often found in swallowtails. Young caterpillars resemble bird droppings, and as they molt, they eventually turn bright green, with a pair of large yellow eyespots with black and blue pupils. The chrysalis is green in summer and dark brown in winter, and looks like a piece of wood.
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Trigonidium acuminatum is tall with fluted pseudobulbs and a narrow leaf that curves over at the tip. The flowering stem is slightly taller than the leaves, bearing a striped yellow-brown flower wide. The long sepals form a tubular flower that opens at the end. The reddish eyespots of the small petals are located within the tube.
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Their common and species name comes from them having dorsal fins of very different sizes, shapes, and areas compared to other angel sharks. Disparate angelsharks are usually dark brown on top (dorsal surface) without any thorns or eyespots (ocelli) though they do have two distinct round black spots on the upper edge of their pectoral fins and irregular, scattered whitish spots.
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The underside of the hindwings shows a whitish or cream bandingMatt Rowling Euro Butterflies but there is a slightly marked sexual dimorphism. In Scotland, the subspecies caledonia has a narrower reddish-yellow band and never contains more than three small eyespots. Three black spots are present on each hindwing. The egg is oval shaped, with 20 to 28 longitudinal ribs.
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This rhizomatous herb produces a hairy erect or decumbent stem measuring long. The leaves have heart-shaped or roughly lance- shaped blades borne on petioles a few centimeters long. A solitary flower is borne on a long, upright stem. It has five white petals with yellow bases, the lowest three veined with purple and the two lateral ones with purple eyespots.
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Junonia almana, the peacock pansy, is a species of nymphalid butterfly found in Cambodia and South Asia. It exists in two distinct adult forms, which differ chiefly in the patterns on the underside of the wings; the dry-season form has few markings, while the wet-season form has additional eyespots and lines.It is listed as Least Concern in the IUCN Red List.
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The species' body is minute, with a total length of and width of , including 27 chaetigers. Its prostomium is ovate, showing 4 eyes in a trapezoidal arrangement and 2 anterior eyespots. Its antennae are short and thin, spindle-shaped, its median antenna being shorter than the length of its prostomium and palps put together. Its palps are fused for their basal half.
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Then the miracidia lost their cilia to become sporocysts. After a few days they develop up to 8 rediae, which are rapidly liberated. Each redia contains about 15-30 cercariae. Mature cercariae are possess by two eyespots and a long slender tail, by which they find aquatic plants or other suitable substrata, to which they get attached and encyst to become metacercariae.
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Aposematism and camouflage are in this way opposing concepts, but this does not mean they are mutually exclusive. Many animals remain inconspicuous until threatened, then suddenly employ warning signals, such as startling eyespots, bright colours on their undersides or loud vocalizations. In this way, they enjoy the best of both strategies. These strategies may also be employed differentially throughout development.
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The anise swallowtail has a wingspan ranging from . Wings are mostly yellow, with black bands along the edges of both the forewings and hindwings. They are distinguished from tiger swallowtail butterflies by being smaller in size and lacking the vertical black striping patterns. There are yellowish-orange to red eyespots near the tails of each wing, each containing a black pupil.
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The cells swim in a coordinated fashion, with distinct anterior and posterior poles. The cells have anterior eyespots that enable the colony to swim towards light. The cells of colonies in the more basal Euvolvox clade are interconnected by thin strands of cytoplasm, called protoplasmates. Cell number is specified during development and is dependent on the number of rounds of division.
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Somewhat similar to Mycalesis adolphei but the eyespots on the median vein of the upper forewing much larger and encircled by a broad ring of orange red and extending towards the costal margin (leading edge). The underside is dark reddish brown. The eyespot on the hindwing is larger than in M. adolphei. The wingspan is about 5 to 6 cm.
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Cirina forda, the pallid emperor moth or shea defoliator, is a moth of the family Saturniidae. The species was first described by John O. Westwood in 1849. It is found in western Africa, including Ghana, Nigeria, Zimbabwe, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and South Africa. Adults are pale creamy brown with a small darker spot on each hindwing but lacking true eyespots.
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Pterotermes occidentis is the largest drywood termite found in the deserts of southwestern USA. It is a primitive species of termite and the castes are indistinct. The eggs hatch into nymphs which grow into "pseudergates", which act as workers before developing into either soldiers or winged reproductives. The winged reproductives have large black compound eyes with white eyespots immediately above.
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The thorax and abdomen are orange and the pronotum is relatively flat and does not curve downwards at the side. The soldiers have a rounded, flat- topped head, large wingbuds, and a massive pronotum with a V-shaped notch at the front which distinguishes them from other species found in the region. They are also unusual in having prominent eyespots.
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Eryphanis automedon has a wingspan reaching about . In males the dorsal sides of the wings show night blue iridescent patches, extending from submedial to postmedial areas, with well defined borders separating the non-iridescent sections. Ventral sides vary from faded brown to caramel color, with various eyespots. The female wingspan is slightly larger, with a slightly different wing color pattern.
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This starfish has ten to fourteen long tapering arms with distinctive large eyespots on the tips. These are each composed of about a hundred complex ocelli; on close examination these structures were found to be virtually devoid of sensory structures and may be non-functional. The disc and arms of this starfish are clad in spines, themselves armed with pedicellariae (small claw or wrench- shaped organs).
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The males have a set of eyespots on their forewings, but the females have spots on all their wings. In the northern part of the promethea silkmoth's range, there is one brood per year and it occurs during the early summer. In the southern part of the moth’s range, there are two broods, with one occurring in the spring and the other occurring in late summer.
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Dardanus megistos can reach a body length of about . These large crabs have a bright red body with small white eyespots surrounded by black. Their bodies are covered with long erect coarse hairs of a dark red color. They have a pair of long white primary antennae or antennules, a pair of secondary antennae, stalked green brown eyes and three pairs of mouth appendages.
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Barbronia weberi grows to a body length of about , with individuals becoming sexually mature from a length of about . The body is about wide and the rear suction cup has a diameter of approximately . The body surface is covered with tiny papillae and is a uniform red to dark reddish- brown colour, sometimes almost black. There are always three pairs of eyespots on the head.
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The California two-spot octopus (Octopus bimaculoides), often simply called a "bimac", is an octopus species native to many parts of the Pacific Ocean including the coast of California. One can identify the species by the circular blue eyespots on each side of its head. Bimacs usually live to be about two years old. They are closely related to Verrill's two-spot octopus (Octopus bimaculatus).
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Adult Ypthima singala show sexual dimorphism. In male specimens, the dorsal surface of both wings is brownish and one large eye-spot and a series of smaller eyespots are found on the ventral surface of the forewing. This large eyespot can be seen very faintly on the dorsal surface. In female specimens, a prominent eye-spot is found on the dorsal surface of the forewing.
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Adult in side view The eggs are white, slightly pointed at one end and sticky. Eggs measure on average 0.7 mm (~0.03 in ) in length and 0.5 mm (~0.02 in) in width. The larvae are creamy- white with six legs, black jaws, a pair of eyespots on either side of the head. They grow to about long making them the largest Ptininae found in Britain.
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Channa pleurophthalma was formally described in 1851 by the Dutch ichthyologist Pieter Bleeker as Ophiocephalus pleurophthalmus with the type locality given as Bandjarmasin on Borneo. The specific name is a compound of pleuro- meaning "side" and ophthalma meaning "eyed" a reference to the 2-3 eyespots or ocelli on its flanks and the single eye spots on the gill cover and on its caudal fin.
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These are usually of roughly equal size in V. cardui and lack blue centers, though the summer morph may have a few tiny ones. In the other two, usually two eyespots are larger and have more conspicuous blue centers. In V. virginiensis, these normally are the spot at each end of the row, whereas in the present species it is the two middle ones.
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The disc of the roundel skate is diamond-shaped. The short rounded snout has a clear area of skin on either side. The rest of the dorsal surface is an unblotched chocolate brown colour, although sometimes there are darker patches. A pair of distinctive dark eyespots with pale pink rims lie on either side of the middle of the dorsal surface (these may confuse potential predators).
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Samia cynthia, the ailanthus silkmoth, is a saturniid moth, used to produce silk fabric but not as domesticated as the silkworm, Bombyx mori. The moth has very large wings of , with a quarter-moon shaped spot on both the upper and lower wings, whitish and yellow stripes and brown background. There are eyespots on the outer forewings. The species was first described by Dru Drury in 1773.
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The species' body is small, with a total length of and width of , including about 30 chaetigers. It possesses short papillae on its dorsum, parapodia and cirri. Its prostomium is ovate, showing 4 eyes in a trapezoidal arrangement, as well as 2 anterior eyespots. Its antennae have bulbous bases and short tips, its median antenna shorter than the combined length of its prostomium and palps.
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Two isolated populations of similar fish have been reported from springs flanking Mount Kilimanjaro, with some disagreement as to whether they represent the same or distinct related species: at the Chemka springs of Tanzania, upstream of the Pangani,Job de Graaf, 2011, The Real Ctenochromis pectoralis. Eyespots no. 6, pp. 38-39 Van Heusden, H. 2015, Ctenochromis pectoralis: A most mysterious Tanzanian river cichlid.
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The fragile file clam has a pair of hinged, thin, asymmetric white valves and a red mantle with a fringe of long tapering pink and grey banded tentacles at its edge. Also around the margin of the mantle are a row of tiny eyespots that can detect light and shade, and may alert the animal to the approach of a predator.Limaria fragilis Saltcorner. Retrieved 2012-04-20.
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Fish eyes are similar to terrestrial vertebrates like birds and mammals, but have a more spherical lens. Their retinas generally have both rod cells and cone cells (for scotopic and photopic vision), and most species have colour vision. Some fish can see ultraviolet and some can see polarized light. Amongst jawless fish, the lamprey has well-developed eyes, while the hagfish has only primitive eyespots.
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Hindwing: a prominent subterminal series of ochraceous-red lunules traversed by short violet-blue lines; in interspaces 1,2 and sometimes in 3, these lunules are formed into more or less complete largely black centred eyespots by the addition of an admarginal portion of the red ring. Cilia conspicuously white in the interspaces. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen black, the latter three sprinkled with green scales above.
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The tail is long for an owl and is crossed by five or six pale bars. The underparts are off-white with brown streaks. The face shows little contrast except for white "false eyebrows". Like other pygmy owls (Glaucidium), it has yellow irises and a yellow bill, as well as two white-outlined black triangles on the back on the neck that suggest eyespots.
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The ocelli show through distinctly above and are yellow in the middle with white crescents and sharply ringed with black. On the forewing four or five, on the hindwing always four eyespots, the apical one sometimes doubled, being accompanied anteriorly by a halved eyespot. The species flies rather high; Garlepp met with it at Cocapata in Bolivia at elevations of about 2600 m.Fruhstorfer, H., 1913.
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The skin is naked and covers the body like a loosely fitting sock. They have cartilaginous skulls (although the part surrounding the brain is composed primarily of a fibrous sheath) and tooth-like structures composed of keratin. Colors depend on the species, ranging from pink to blue-grey, and black or white spots may be present. Eyes are simple eyespots, not lensed eyes that can resolve images.
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This helps them conceal their eyespots and makes them appear smaller, further helping them camouflage to their environment. Additionally, the forewing of a Hipparchia semele has one large and one small eyespot. When the grayling butterfly believes it may have been detected by a predator, it exposes these spots. However, there may be a balance between their cryptic coloring behavior and the exposure of their conspicuous eye spots.
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They lay pale glossy green eggs. The larvae are not typical of hawk moth caterpillars, with the horn on the terminal segment being less pronounced than usual, and absent in some species. The head and thorax segments can be retracted into the first and second segments of the abdomen, which then appear enlarged and display eyespots. The caterpillars feed mainly on plants of the Onagraceae and Rubiaceae families.
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About 150 are laid, and are packed closely in one or two layers, forming an egg plate that is stuck to a rock surface. They hatch in five or more weeks at and the development of the offspring is direct. Newly hatched young are pale brown with five to seven eyespots. By a week later, they have darkened in colour, the front end becoming browner and the hind end becoming reddish.
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Eyespot on a peacock's train feather. A peacock's copulation success rate depends on the colours of his eyespots (ocelli) and the angle at which they are displayed. The angle at which the ocelli are displayed during courtship is more important in a peahen's choice of males than train size or number of ocelli. Peahens pay careful attention to the different parts of a peacock's train during his display.
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Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri is a segmented oligochaete worm with tapering end and typical body length of 25–40 mm. It has a simple conical shaped head without eyespots and a long cylindrical body with 55-95 segments. Each of segments can regenerate into a new individual when separated from the worm body. On each side of the segment, there is an upper and lower bundle of setae to move and burrow sediment.
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The margin is ruffled, rimmed with orange and fringed with small orange tentacles. It has a tubular pharynx and two tentacles at the front of its head, formed from folds of parts of the front of its body. Just behind these is its brain, with two elongated clusters of ocelli (eyespots) on either side. It usually grows to about in length and occasional individuals may reach twice this size.
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With a ladder-like nerve system, it is able to respond in a coordinated manner. The planarian has a soft, flat, wedge-shaped body that may be black, brown, blue, gray, or white. The blunt, triangular head has two ocelli (eyespots), pigmented areas that are sensitive to light. There are two auricles (earlike projections) at the base of the head, which are sensitive to touch and the presence of certain chemicals.
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Females who were unable to mate during the breeding season were able to lay fertile eggs by storing sperm from the previous breeding season about a year before. This extra sperm was stored in the spermatheca after mating. Females only lay eggs once per mating season. The eggs initially are a dark purple color after laying, but as they mature they grow paler and have obvious black eyespots.
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Four-Eye Butterflyfish, Chaetodon capistratus, showing its concealed eye and false eyespot near the tail Many fish have eyespots near their tails, a form of automimicry, to distract attacks away from the vulnerable head and eye. For example, Chaetodon capistratus has both a (disruptive) eyestripe to conceal the eye, and a large eyespot near its tail, giving the impression that the head is at the tail end of the body.
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The inside of the mine looks as if it is overgrown with a small, whitish pearly fungus. The larva is cylindrical, clear, transparent, with sparse white hairs and 14 legs. The head is light brown with darker reddish brown sutures and two black eyespots. When full grown, it leaves the mine, turns vivid wine red, and spins a dense, oval, yellowish grey cocoon in a slight fold on the leaf.
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Many weakly- defended animals, including moths, butterflies, mantises, phasmids, and cephalopods such as octopuses, make use of patterns of threatening or startling behaviour, such as suddenly displaying conspicuous eyespots, so as to scare off or momentarily distract a predator, thus giving the prey animal an opportunity to escape. In the absence of toxins or other defences, this is essentially bluffing, in contrast to aposematism which involves honest signals.
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Automimicry is a type of mimicry that occurs within a single species, in which an individual mimics either a different member of its own species or a different part of its own body. In some cases, it is considered a form of Batesian mimicry, and is exhibited by a wide variety of vertebrates. Many of the basic strategies automimics use in invertebrates is repeated in vertebrates, such as eyespots.
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Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York. Saturniids are sometimes brightly colored and often have translucent eyespots or "windows" on their wings. Sexual dimorphism varies by species, but males can generally be distinguished by their larger, broader antennae. Most adults possess wingspans between 1-6 in (2.5–15 cm), but some tropical species such as the Atlas moth (Attacus atlas) may have wingspans up to 12 in (30 cm).
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Behavioural defences include perching and angling the wings to reduce shadow and avoid being conspicuous. Some female Nymphalid butterflies guard their eggs from parasitoidal wasps. The Lycaenidae have a false head consisting of eyespots and small tails (false antennae) to deflect attack from the more vital head region. These may also cause ambush predators such as spiders to approach from the wrong end, enabling the butterflies to detect attacks promptly.
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Many butterflies have eyespots on the wings; these too may deflect attacks, or may serve to attract mates. Auditory defences can also be used, which in the case of the grizzled skipper refers to vibrations generated by the butterfly upon expanding its wings in an attempt to communicate with ant predators. Many tropical butterflies have seasonal forms for dry and wet seasons. These are switched by the hormone ecdysone.
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The zoospores are flattened cells that contain a cup- shaped green chromatophore and two flagella of equal length arising from the basal body and extending beyond the length of body. They contain one contractile vacuole, nucleus, dictyosome, chloroplast, and single mitochondrial reticulum or branched mitochondria linked to microbody. Some species have a stigma (eyespots) which helps orient zoospores towards high light intensity. There are two types of endoplasmic reticulum cisternae.
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The species' body is small, with a total length of up to and width of , including about 30-34 chaetigers. It possesses small papillae on its dorsum and palps. Its prostomium is oval, showing 4 large eyes in a trapezoidal arrangement, as well as 2 anterior eyespots. Its antennae are spindle-shaped with bulbous bases and short tips, its median antenna similar to the combined length of its prostomium and palps.
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The head and neck usually have yellow and brown stripes and spot-like markings that lead up to a long upward pointed nose. The underbelly is whitish or yellow with bones visible underneath. The body is olive or tan with black speckles and a dark rim around the edge of their shell. Adult males have olive and yellow coloration on their carapaces, with black "eyespots", and a thicker tail than females.
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This is a long narrow flatworm, which is shiny black or dark brown on the upper surface, and mid-blue underneath (hence the specific epithet and the common name of "blue planarian".) There is a narrow creamy/fawn coloured longitudinal stripe running down the center of the upper surface. Multiple eyespots are present. The head on some individuals has a pinkish appearance. The adult length is 6 to 12 cm.
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For example, the wings of European peacock butterflies bear eyespots that birds respond to as though they were the eyes of a dangerous predator. There is also evidence that the brain in some ways operates on a slight "delay" in order to allow nerve impulses from distant parts of the body to be integrated into simultaneous signals.The Secret Advantage Of Being Short by Robert Krulwich. All Things Considered, NPR.
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It makes the animal appear much larger and more of a threat to the attacker. The black eyespots are also a distinct feature for species discrimination of the European mantis. Another unique feature of M. religiosa is its midline metathoracic ear (see Ultrasound avoidance). This “tympanal auditory organ” is an unpaired structure found on the ventral side of the animal on the metathorax between the third pair of legs.
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The colonies co-ordinate their flagellar movement to create a rolling, swimming motion. Pandorina shows the beginnings of the colony polarity and differentiation seen in Volvox since the anterior cells have larger eyespots. Molecular sequencing has shown that Pandorina is paraphyletic with respect to Volvulina. Asexual reproduction is by simultaneous division of all cells of the colony to form autocolonies that are liberated by a gelatinization of the colonial envelope.
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Uppersides, male left, female right Shows slight sexual dimorphism. Male upperside ground colour silky brown; cilia of both wings whitish. Forewing has a transverse row of four large orange spots, the apical one the largest, bearing a black, white-centred eyespot; beyond the row of orange spots a subterminal dark brown line. Hindwing uniform, but bearing a postdiscal row of from three to six black, white-centred, orange-ringed eyespots.
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Over a period of several hours the wings will enlarge to full size. Wingspan is typically 8–11.5 cm (3.1–4.5 in), and in rare instances as much as 17.78 cm (7.00 in). Females and males are similar in size and appearance: green wings, eyespots on both forewings and hind wings, and long, sometimes somewhat twisted tails extending from the back edge of the hindwings. Bodies are white and hairy.
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Intertidal Marine Invertebrates of the South Puget Sound They bear eyespots which alert them to sudden shadows or movements nearby. This enables the crown to be retracted into the tube very rapidly when danger threatens. The posterior segments of the worm bear hooked bristles which help anchor it in its tube.San Francisco Bay E. polymorpha can be distinguished from the very similar Eudistylia vancoveri by the cleft in the crown.
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The dorsal surface is covered by small, roughly conical dermal denticles. This species is grayish brown above, darkening around the eyes and on the snout and becoming translucent at the trailing fin margins. There are blackish saddle markings below the dorsal fin bases, and sometimes also large, dark blotches and "eyespots" scattered over the dorsal surface. The underside is almost completely white, with a black leading margin on the pectoral fins.
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Third instars are 11–16 mm, fourth 16–30 mm and fifth instar 30–50 mm. When a late instar larva is startled, it lifts its head and inflates the thorax, revealing the eyespots on the meta-thorax. If disturbed further, it everts red osmeterium from behind the head. Early instar larva tends to use osmeterium right away when disturbed, and osmeterium of the first instar is yellowish.
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Eyespots of foureye butterflyfish (Chaetodon capistratus) mimic its own eyes, deflecting attacks from the vulnerable head. Automimicry or intraspecific mimicry occurs within a single species. One form of such mimicry is where one part of an organism's body resembles another part. For example, the tails of some snakes resemble their heads; they move backwards when threatened and present the predator with the tail, improving their chances of escape without fatal harm.
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Head The bird has a generally subdued coloration, with fine linear patterns of black, grey and brown. Its remiges however have vividly colored middle webs, which with wings fully spread show bright eyespots in red, yellow, and black. These are shown to other sunbitterns in courtship and threat displays, or used to startle potential predators. Male and female adult sunbitterns can be differentiated by small differences in the feather patterns of the throat and head.
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Some animals such as many moths, mantises and grasshoppers, have a repertory of threatening or startling behaviour, such as suddenly displaying conspicuous eyespots or patches of bright and contrasting colors, so as to scare off or momentarily distract a predator. This gives the prey animal an opportunity to escape. The behaviour is deimatic (startling) rather than aposematic as these insects are palatable to predators, so the warning colors are a bluff, not an honest signal.
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Mycalesis, the bushbrowns, are a genus of brush-footed butterflies. They are common in the warm regions from Central Asia to Australia, and have a high diversity in South Asia and the Wallacea. They are notably polymorphic, with wet- and dry-season forms differing in many species, especially as regards size and number of underwing eyespots. Mycalesis superficially resemble the species Orsotriaena medus, but can readily be identified by the number of spots.
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They have short antennae and limbs, a pair of red eyespots, and a pair of long setae (bristles) at the back. When they have reached a suitable spot, they plunge their mouthparts into the plant, shed their skin and develop into second instar nymphs. There is a further instar stage before the adult stage is reached, the whole development period taking forty days or more. There may be several generations each year.
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In this patch there are black eyespots with a white dot in the middle, two immediately next to each other in the forewings and three or four more evenly spaced ones in the hindwings. These small spots do not touch each other.Butterfly guide However, the hindwing spots may be reduced or entirely absent, particularly in the males which also have a darker coloration overall. The underwings are cryptically coloured in lighter greyish brown.
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Common predatory targets include many species of damselfish.O. M. Loennstedt, M. I. McCormick, D. P. Chivers, Predator-induced changes in the growth of eyes and false eyespots. Scientific Reports 3, (2013); published online EpubJul 25 (10.1038/srep02259).C. S. Couturier, J. A. W. Stecyk, J. L. Rummer, P. L. Munday, G. E. Nilsson, Species-specific effects of near-future CO2 on the respiratory performance of two tropical prey fish and their predator.
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The shark is grey- brown with small, round black and white spots and a distinctive white neck spot. The bases and tips of the pectoral fins have symmetrical dark spots, as well as the base of the tail and the lower edge of the dorsal fins. Eyespots with white edges may be present. The outer edges of the dorsal and caudal fins are white, those of the thoracic and pelvic fins dark.
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Paul Martin Brakefield FRS (born 31 May 1952, Woking) is a British evolutionary biologist and Professor of Zoology at the University of Cambridge, where he is also director of the Museum of Zoology and Fellow of Trinity College. He previously held the Chair in Evolutionary Biology at Leiden University in the Netherlands, and was President of the Linnean Society of London from 2015 to 2018. He is best known for his research on butterfly eyespots.
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Others have deimatic behaviours, such as rearing up and waving their front ends which are marked with eyespots as if they were snakes. Some papilionid caterpillars such as the giant swallowtail (Papilio cresphontes) resemble bird droppings so as to be passed over by predators. Some caterpillars have hairs and bristly structures that provide protection while others are gregarious and form dense aggregations. Some species are myrmecophiles, forming mutualistic associations with ants and gaining their protection.
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The owl butterflies are species of the genus Caligo and are known for their huge eyespots, which resemble owls' eyes. They are found in the rainforests and secondary forests of Mexico, Central and South America. Owl butterflies are very large, , and fly only a few meters at a time, so avian predators have little difficulty in following them to their settling place. However, the butterflies preferentially fly in dusk, when few avian predators are around.
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Four eyespots immediately anterior to pharynx, lacking lenses; members of posterior pair slightly larger, closer together than those of anterior pair; accessory chromatic granules small, irregular in outline, usually absent in cephalic region. Pharynx ovate, muscular; esophagus short to nonexistent; intestinal ceca blind, extending posteriorly to peduncle, diverging posterior to testis. Peduncle broad. Haptor subtriangular, with dorsal and ventral anteromedial lobes containing respective squamodiscs and lateral lobes having hook pairs 2–4, 6, 7.
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It has iridescent blue-green eyespots with a buff border on its upperwings, back, and on the 22 rectrices, a white throat running down to the center of the breast, and a loose, pointed and upturned dark blue-green crest on its forehead. A bare facial skin surrounds the eyes with their bluish-white iris; usually pink, it becomes bright orange-red during courtship. The bill and legs are blackish.McGowan (1994, 1998), Kimball et al.
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Peafowl are lekking species and males provide no care to their offspring, therefore females do not gain any direct benefits from mating with a more elaborate male. However, conflicting evidence has been found that removal of a large number of eyespots (≤20) from a male's train does reduce his mating success, although this is outside the natural variation of eyespot loss. This shows that peafowl preference is more complex than originally thought. Takahashi et al.
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The hagfish's eye, which lacks a lens, extraocular muscles, and the three motor cranial nerves (III, IV, and VI), is significant to the evolution of more complex eyes. A parietal eye and the parapineal organ are also absent in extant hagfish. Hagfish eyespots, when present, can detect light, but as far as it is known, none can resolve detailed images. In Myxine and Neomyxine, the eyes are partly covered by the trunk musculature.
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These small moths often bear metallic scales and are mostly day-flying (some also come to lights), with a jerky, pivoting behaviour, and may fluff up their wings at an extreme angle. Some tropical exemplars such as the genus Saptha are quite spectacular, with bright green metallic bands . The members of the genus Brenthia, usually placed in their own subfamily Brenthiinae, have eyespots on the wings and have been shown to mimic jumping spiders (Rota and Wagner, 2006).
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Armactica columbina is a moth of the family Nolidae first described by Francis Walker in 1865. It is found in the Australian states of New South Wales, Queensland and the north of Western Australia. Head The wingspan is about 20 mm. Adults have dark grey forewings with a grey, then white, brown and black band along the outer edge, a small blue eyespot near the centre and a row of five eyespots in each brown band.
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The species' body is small, its holotype possesses natatory chaetae, with a total length of and width of , including about 27 chaetigers. Its prostomium is ovate, showing 4 thick eyes in a trapezoidal arrangement, as well as 2 eyespots. Its antennae are spindle-shaped, its median antenna longer than its lateral antennae. The palps are similar in length to the prostomium or somewhat shorter, dorsally fused by a membrane, and containing a small distal notch, sometimes folded.
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It is a member of the subfamily Satyrinae in the family Nymphalidae. A similar species is the meadow brown; the two species can be difficult to distinguish with closed wings, since the underwing markings are very similar. However, the gatekeeper tends to rest with its wings open, whereas the meadow brown usually rests with its wings closed. The gatekeeper is also smaller and more orange than the meadow brown and has double pupils on its eyespots.
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Eustigmatophyte zoids (gametes) possess a single or pair of flagella, originating from the apex of the cell. Unlike other heterokontophytes, eustigmatophyte zoids do not have typical photoreceptive organelles (or eyespots); instead an orange-red eyespot outside a chloroplast is located at the anterior end of the zoid. Ecologically, eustigmatophytes occur as photosynthetic autotrophs across a range of systems. Most eustigmatophyte genera live in freshwater or in soil, although Nannochloropsis contains marine species of picophytoplankton (2–4 μm).
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Slow lorises appear to look similar to the cobras with "facial markings undeniably akin to the eyespots and accompanying stripes of the spectacled cobra". Dark contrasting dorsal stripes are also apparent in both species,, helping to confuse predators from above. When in aggressive encounters, slow lorises will make a grunting noise that mimics the hiss of a cobra. This example of Müllerian mimicry is likely unique to vertebrates due to its multiple modalities: biochemical, behavioral, visual, and auditory.
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It has an elongate body, with a length of about 670 µm and a width of about 290 µm. It possesses a scaly tegument, 3 pairs of head organs and 2 pairs of eyespots. The haptor is differentiated from its body, being less wide (about 220 µm), and exhibits 2 round squamodiscs, 2 pairs of lateral hamuli, 3 bars and 14 hooklets. There is a groove visible on the ventral side of its flat ventral bar.
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The proposed role of the eyespots is to deflect predators' attention. Their resemblance to eyes provokes the predator's instinct to attack these wing patterns. The role of filamentous tails in Lycaenidae has been suggested as confusing predators as to the real location of the head, giving them a better chance of escaping alive and relatively unscathed. Some caterpillars, especially members of Papilionidae, contain an osmeterium, a Y-shaped protrusible gland found in the prothoracic segment of the larvae.
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Rena humilis, like most species in the family Leptotyphlopidae, resembles a long earthworm. It lives underground in burrows, and since it has no use for vision, its eyes are mostly vestigial. The western blind snake is pink, purple, or silvery-brown in color, shiny, wormlike, cylindrical, blunt at both ends, and has light-detecting black eyespots. The skull is thick to permit burrowing, and it has a spine at the end of its tail that it uses for leverage.
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The inner zone is mostly light beige with three parallel, curved, interrupted, grey brown wavy lines, circling the wings' attachment to the body. A triangle based on the front of the forewing and bordering the division line has the dark grayish-brown color of the outer zone. The outer zone of the underside of the hindwing has a line of clear eyespots while the forewing has vaguer markings. The outer spur on the hindwing is well developed.
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A male big skate resting on the sea floor off Mt. Pinos Big skates are usually seen buried in sediment with only their eyes showing. They feed on polychaete worms, molluscs, crustaceans, and small benthic fishes. Polychaetes and molluscs comprise a slightly greater percentage of the diet of younger individuals. A known predator of big skates is the broadnose sevengill shark (Notorhynchus cepedianus); the eyespots on the skates' wings are believed to serve as decoys to confuse predators.
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Fertilization was a not very noticeable process by which motile (able to move) gamete (male) approached an unmoving one (female) and, following contact, the two cells fused rapidly. Many zygotes having two eyespots and two chloroplasts can be identified in this process. The development of zygotes and unfused gametes follow the same pattern leading directly to the formation of parenchymatous sporophytes. Germination results in a branched filament having a terminal (not produced within the organism) hair.
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Butler's ringlet has a wingspan of 35–43 mm, with a 40 mm average for males and a 37 mm average for females. Both males and females are smoky brown, though males tend towards the richer browns while the females tend towards the paler browns. The underside of the hindwing has wedge-shaped silvery-white marks. Both the underside and the topside of the wings have eyespots at the distal-most ends, surrounded by reddish-brown shading.
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The sporocysts turn into cercaria (juveniles) that have a tail, along with a digestive tract that is lined with an excretory bladder that extends into the tail. The tail of a cercaria has finfolds on the top and bottom and setae on the sides. Cercaria also have two eyespots. At the end of the cycle, the adults appear as worms that have spines and are dorsally flattened, with suckers in order to attach to the definitive host.
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The upperside of the wings are dark brown with a fine black and white hashed line along the hind margins. The forewing has a red or orange strip fairly near the edge on which are four black blotches with white-centred eyespots. The hindwing is plain brown. The underside of the forewing is similar to the upperside while the underside of the hindwing is greyish brown with a broad dark brown lateral band and a hashed black and white margin.
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Iniistius pavo can be identified by the dark vertical bar situated below the eye. This species has a small dark spot below the forward portion of the dorsal fin, a white patch behind the side behind the pectoral fin, and an oblique brown bar underneath the eye. It normally shows 5 dark bars when adult when the belly of female turns red. Juveniles have a black anal fin and two large eyespots which have narrow white margins in their dorsal fin.
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Eyespots are found in nearly all major animal groups, and are common among unicellular organisms, including euglena. The euglena's eyespot, called a stigma, is located at its anterior end. It is a small splotch of red pigment which shades a collection of light sensitive crystals. Together with the leading flagellum, the eyespot allows the organism to move in response to light, often toward the light to assist in photosynthesis, and to predict day and night, the primary function of circadian rhythms.
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The larvae of some species, such as the common Mormon (Papilio polytes) and the western tiger swallowtail look like bird droppings. For example, adult Sesiidae species (also known as clearwing moths) have a general appearance sufficiently similar to a wasp or hornet to make it likely the moths gain a reduction in predation by Batesian mimicry. Eyespots are a type of automimicry used by some butterflies and moths. In butterflies, the spots are composed of concentric rings of scales in different colors.
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The species' body is minute, densely covered by papillae which are small, short, sometimes being distributed on cirri and parapodia. Its prostomium possesses three antennae, four eyes and two anterior eyespots. Its peristomium is large, covering the posterior margin of the prostomium, and in cases forming two dorsolateral wings covering the nuchal organs; it counts with only one pair of tentacular cirri. Dorsal cirri on its second chaetiger 2 are either absent or present, depending on the species, although they are usually absent.
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The green color and the eyespots may also reduce predation. All larvae have osmeteria, appearing pink in the first three instars and a brighter red in the last two instars. This defensive organ, found in all papilionid larvae, resembles the forked tongue of a snake and may serve to scare off potential predators. They are only displayed when the larvae are provoked, which lead previous researchers to report that the larvae do not have osmeteria when they do in fact have them.
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The species' body is minute, with a total length of and width of , including about 19 to 22 chaetigers, covered with small papillae. Its prostomium is oval, showing 4 large eyes in a trapezoidal arrangement, as well as 2 anterior eyespots. Its antennae have bulbous bases and short tips, its median antenna about the same length as the prostomium and palps put together. The palps are similar in length to the prostomium, being fused along their length, and containing a distal notch.
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Museum specimens showing variation Similar to the male but somewhat paler and duller. Upperside of the forewing has the green postdiscal band shorter and more incomplete than in the male. Hindwing with the upper discal patch smaller, often green and not blue, the red subterminal lunule in interspace 7 is always present and more prominent than in the male. Underside of wings similar to that in the male, but the tornal and subtornal markings generally formed into more or less complete eyespots.
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Folsomia candida has an unpigmented, slender body up to in length. The head bears a pair of four- segmented antennae and a pair of post-antennal organs but no eyespots. The dorsal part of the first thoracic segment is reduced and the posterior three abdominal segments are fused. The ventral side of the fourth abdominal segment bears a furca, used in jumping, and it is the number of bristles on this organ that distinguishes this species from others in the genus.
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Dorsal view Caligo illioneus has a wingspan reaching about . In this large owl butterfly the dorsal sides of the wings vary from light brilliant blue to purplish with dark brown edges, while the undersides have a highly cryptic dull brown color, with huge yellow-rimmed eyespots resembling to the eyes of an owl. In the early stage the caterpillars are greenish with yellow stripes along the body, about long. Later they are light brown with dark brown longitudinal stripes, about long.
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Eyespots develop seven days after fertilization, with the foot developing soon after. Around the same time the foot develops, food-seeking behavior in the substratum, the sediment at the bottom of the ocean floor, can be observed. Twelve days after fertilization, the larvae begin to settle; about 45% of the larvae reach this stage. Once the larvae reach adulthood, growth mainly happens in the summer, with growth in the summer happening about three times as quickly as in the winter.
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Diseases, injuries, and genetic disorders may impair the body's symmetry and the tail. In experiments where eyespots are removed from their tail feathers, also known as trains, there is a significant decline in mating success compared with a control group. This supports the hypothesis that the train elaboration evolved, at least in part, as a result of female choice. The most common explanation for this adaptation is that the females gain indirect benefits such as good genes for their offspring.
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H. semele engages in cryptic coloring, with their tan and brown colored wings helping them camouflage into their surroundings. The grayling exposes the eyespots on its wings when it believes to have been detected by a predator, but generally keeps them hidden to avoid being seen. Male butterflies are territorial, and engage in flight performances to determine who settles in the best oviposition site. Additionally, the grayling regulates its body temperature by orienting its body and posture to adjust to the heat from the sun.
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Hipparchia statilinus has a wingspan of .Simon Coombes Captain's European Butterfly Guide These butterflies are rather variable, especially in the shades of brown present on the wings and in the intensity of the white bands. Usually the basic color of the upperside of the wings is dull brown in the male, lighter or ocher in the female, with a fringe on the edges. Two blind or very discreetly pupillated black eyespots are present on the forewings, while the hindwings show a very small eyespot.
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The bastard sole grows to a standard length of about . It is oval in outline, with a long ribbon-like dorsal fin with 71 to 86 soft rays, and a similar-shaped anal fin with 57 to 68 soft rays. The rounded caudal fin is separate from the dorsal and anal fins. In adults, the side of the fish with both eyes is sand-coloured or grey, but in juveniles there are additionally five or six eyespots; the other side of the fish is whitish.
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Caterpillar with an everted osmeterium The first three instars of the caterpillar are bird dropping mimics, coloration that helps protect it from predators. In later instars, the eyespots on the thorax serve to deter birds. Like all members of the family Papilionidae, the caterpillar of P. glaucus possesses an osmeterium, an orange, fleshy organ that emits foul- smelling terpenes to repel predators. Normally hidden, the osmeterium is located on the first segment of the thorax, and can be everted when the caterpillar feels threatened.
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The ocelli [eyespots] of the forewing are larger than in catenarius, those of the wing more distinctly white-centred. As luna Butler has described an aberration from Mexico with the black spots on both wings unusually well developed. The flight of polyphemus is extremely rapid and irregular, and according to Godman and Salvin the species ascends in Guatemala to 4000 ft. [1200 m] and is often met with near the ground in villages or also high up round the tops of trees in the timber- forest.
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Blue eyespots on the underside of the insect's forelegs helps in differentiating this species from Miomantis caffra, an introduced species from South Africa that became established in New Zealand during the 1970s. Photo of O. novaezealandiae female creating ootheca and discussion of Miomantis caffra The ootheca of the New Zealand mantis has eggs arranged in two rows, quite different from the messier egg mass of Miomantis caffra. Oothecae are generally arranged facing north towards the sun, on the warm faces of branches and tree trunks.
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Polyphemus is mentioned in the "Apprentice" chapter of Albert Pike's Morals and Dogma (1871), as, within Scottish Rite Freemasonry, Polyphemus is regarded as a symbol for a civilization that harms itself using ill directed blind force. The Polyphemus moth is so named because of the large eyespots in the middle of the hind wings. A species of burrowing tortoise, Gopherus polyphemus, is named after Polyphemus because of their both using subterranean retreats. A number of ships and English steam locomotives have also been named after the giant.
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The edges of these wings are bordered with dark brown. Underside: Palpi, legs, breast, and abdomen cream coloured. Anterior wings next the tips tinged with red brown; the remainder of the wings being of the same colour as on the upperside. Posterior wings next the body pale clay, which occupies half the wings; below which is a white bar, the remainder of the wings being dark orange: the two black eyespots are very small on this side, and the white spot above them not so distinct.
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The species' body is small, with a total length of and width of , including 31 chaetigers, covered with small and scattered papillae on its dorsum. Its prostomium is rectangular, showing 4 large eyes in a linear arrangement, as well as 2 anterior eyespots. Its median antenna about the same length as the prostomium and palps put together, while its lateral antennae are shorter. The palps are shorter in length to the prostomium, being fused along their length, and containing a distal notch with few small papillae.
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Male at Disney's Animal Kingdom The great argus is a brown-plumaged pheasant with a blue head and neck, rufous red upper breast, black hair-like feathers on the crown and nape, and red legs. The male is one of the largest of all pheasants, measuring in total length, including a tail of , and weighing . Males have very long tail feathers and huge, broad and greatly elongated secondary wing feathers decorated with large eyespots. Young males develop their adult plumage in their third year.
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This form of mimicry provides a natural defense mechanism against potential predators. In addition to their appearance, every caterpillar of the swallowtail family has an osmeterium, a special scent gland behind the head that, when disturbed, is everted from its pouch and releases a foul odor. The gland is orange red, fleshy, forked and generally intimidating to potential predators. The mimicry induced by the eyespots and forked gland give the caterpillar the appearance of a snake, adding to its defense mechanisms against potential predators.
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The dryandra moth (Carthaea saturnioides) is a species of moth that is considered to be the sole member of the family Carthaeidae. Its closest relatives are the Saturniidae and it bears a resemblance to many species of that family, bearing prominent eyespots on all wings. The common name is derived from the Dryandra shrubs of the genus Banksia, on which the larva of this species feed, and is hence restricted to the south-west of Western Australia where these shrubs grow. Other Grevillea shrubs may also be used as host plants.
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A darker band arches between the forward and back margins of the hindwing, which has a prominent silvery sheen also found in closely related species of Erebia and conspicuous at a distance when these butterflies fly around in the sun. The reddish patches and the eyespots of the forewing also occur on the underwings, those of the hindwings usually do not. The adults fly only for a brief time during summer, mainly in July and August, feeding on nectar of the preferred yellow mountain flowers. The eggs are green, oval and show many longitudinal ribs.
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Fleas are wingless insects, long, that are agile, usually dark colored (for example, the reddish-brown of the cat flea), with a proboscis, or stylet, adapted to feeding by piercing the skin and sucking their host's blood through their epipharynx. Flea legs end in strong claws that are adapted to grasp a host. Unlike other insects, fleas do not possess compound eyes but instead only have simple eyespots with a single biconvex lens; some species lack eyes altogether. Their bodies are laterally compressed, permitting easy movement through the hairs or feathers on the host's body.
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Spirama helicina resembling the face of a snake in a deimatic or bluffing display Deimatic behaviour or startle displayStartle Display. Elsevier. Retrieved 17 December 2016 means any pattern of bluffing behaviour in an animal that lacks strong defences, such as suddenly displaying conspicuous eyespots, to scare off or momentarily distract a predator, thus giving the prey animal an opportunity to escape. The term deimatic or dymantic originates from the Greek δειματόω (deimatόo), meaning "to frighten". Deimatic display occurs in widely separated groups of animals, including moths, butterflies, mantises and phasmids among the insects.
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Interference is recognised by characteristic dependence of color on the angle of view, as seen in eyespots of some butterfly wings, although the chemical components remain the same. White babies are usually born blue-eyed since there is no pigment in the stroma, and their eyes appear blue due to scattering and selective absorption from the posterior epithelium. If melanin is deposited substantially, there will be brown or black color, if not, they will remain blue or gray."Sensory Reception: Human Vision: Structure and function of the Human Eye" vol.
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Ocelloids are considered a synapomorphic character for the warnowiids - that is, they are present in all warnowiids and presumed present in the common ancestor, but are not present in the closest extant relatives, the polykrikoid dinoflagellates. These two groups share other unusually complex subcellular structures such as nematocysts and pistons. The molecular evidence is compelling that ocelloids are composed of multiple endosymbionts: mitochondria and at least one type of plastid. Ocelloids are likely to be homologous to much less complex plastid-containing eyespots found in other, distantly related dinoflagellates.
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Prostoma jenningsi is a slender worm, with an elliptical cross-section. Young animals are translucent white, but take on a yellowish hue as they age, eventually becoming "dark yellowish or pale reddish-brown". They are long when they hatch, reach their adult colouration above and can reach up to long as adults. P. jenningsi has 4–6 black eyespots on the top of the head, The eversible proboscis is two-thirds to three-quarters of the body length, and is armed with one central stylet and paired pouches each containing 2–5 accessory stylets.
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Larvae are a brown to tan all over have no eyes (instead they have eyespots) and are called ammocoetes. They also have seven gill openings and do not have any paired fins, they have only a long continuous fin runs from the dorsal to the ventral side. Ammocoetes also have no teeth and instead have an oral hood which houses skin extensions that help them filter particles out of the water as they draw it into their oral cavity. A detailed view of a Sea lamprey's oral disc.
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The male has a wingspan of about with brown and white forewings marked with red and orange fascia and a bold black and orange eyespot. The hindwings are orange with a similar eyespot. The female is larger with a wingspan of about , but less brightly coloured than the male, being generally grey and white but has all wings marked with eyespots similar to the male. The male flies rapidly during the day from mid-April to late June looking for the rather sluggish females, which usually only fly at night.
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The basic color in males is bright metallic blue, sometimes bluish. In the females the upper surfaces of the wings are partially blue and have a wide dark gray-brown margins, decorated with small white spots running along the outer edge of both wings. From closely related species Morpho amathonte is distinguished by a large dark spot at the top of the front wings. The undersides of the wings are brown, becoming lighter towards the edges, with three or four colorful and bright eyespots clearly visible on each wing.
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Underside opaque blue black. Forewing with a dark red streak at base and the subterminal internervular streaks as on the upperside but grey and more prominent. Hindwing with four or five small patches of dark red at base, a complete dark red eyespot in interspaces 1 and 2, and indistinct subterminal very variable markings of red in the other interspaces, sometimes formed into half eyespots in interspaces 3 and 4; within this line of markings there is an incomplete discal lunular series of mixed red and blue scaling. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen black.
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Indian peacock in full display The Indian peafowl (Pavo cristatus), also known as the common peafowl, and blue peafowl, is a peafowl species native to the Indian subcontinent. It has been introduced to many other countries. The male peacock is brightly coloured, with a predominantly blue fan-like crest of spatula-tipped wire-like feathers and is best known for the long train made up of elongated upper-tail covert feathers which bear colourful eyespots. These stiff feathers are raised into a fan and quivered in a display during courtship.
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While train length seems to correlate positively with MHC diversity in males, females do not appear to use train length to choose males. A study in Japan also suggests that peahens do not choose peacocks based on their ornamental plumage, including train length, number of eyespots and train symmetry. Another study in France brings up two possible explanations for the conflicting results that exist. The first explanation is that there might be a genetic variation of the trait of interest under different geographical areas due to a founder effect and/or a genetic drift.
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Adult females are generally too large and heavy for their wings to enable a take-off. Mantids show strong deimatic display from very early life stages on. This behavior can be observed throughout different groups of animals and is used to scare or startle potential predators to give the attacked animals a chance to escape. The deimatic display in M. religiosa involves wing spreading and bending of the raptorial legs to reveal two matched black eyespots with a yellow or white center at the base of the coxae (legs).
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Its prostomium is wider than long, with 4 coalescent lensed eyes arranged trapezoidally; anterior eyespots are absent. It counts with pyriform antennae with bulbous bases and elongated tips, its median antenna measuring 40 µm long, while lateral ones measure 33 µm, which is longer than its prostomium and palps together. Its median antenna is inserted between its anterior pair of eyes, the lateral ones attached on the anterior margin of its prostomium. The animal's palps are ventrally-directed, fused along their length and with a dorsal notch and few small papillae.
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The Notch (N) gene expression precedes an upregulation of Dll in the cells that will become the center of the focus. This makes N the earliest developmental signal, so far studied, that is related with the establishment of the eyespots. Loss of N completely disrupts Dll expression, and eventually eyespot formation, in several butterfly species. A variety of other wing patterns are determined by N and Dll patterns of expression in early development of the wing imaginal disc, suggesting that a single mechanism patterns multiple coloration structures of the wing.
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In one species, the body surface is divided into 102 annuli, but the body consists of 33 segments, a number constant across all leech species. Of these segments, the first five are designated as the head and include the anterior brain, several ocelli (eyespots) dorsally and the sucker ventrally. The following 21 mid-body segments each contain a nerve ganglion, and between them contain two reproductive organs, a single female gonopore and nine pairs of testes. The last seven segments contain the posterior brain and are fused to form the animal's tail sucker.
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A male peacock courting a female peahen with his large tail Biological ornaments are used in courtship displays in many species, especially insects, fish, and birds. A well known ornament used in courting displays is seen in peafowls. Male peacocks spread and shake their tails to attract and impress potential mates. Peahens choose the peacocks with the largest number of eyespots on their tails, because only the healthiest peacocks can afford to divert energy and nutrients towards growing expensive and cumbersome plumage, as explained by the handicap principle.
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In the female they may be no bigger but many of them have white centres and they may be more numerous forming a continuous line. The underside of the wings is similar to the upperside. This butterfly can be distinguished from the rather similar Lapland ringlet (Erebia embla) and the Arran brown (Erebia ligea) by the fact that it has no white blotches on the under surfaces of the wings. It can be distinguished from the Arctic ringlet (Erebia disa) by the fact that it always has eyespots on its hindwings.
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P. pensylvanica is a somewhat flattened beetle to in length. Its primary color is black, but it has two bright red eyespots on its thorax, as well as yellow edging on its thorax and wing cases and usually a lengthwise yellow stripe partway down the center of each of the latter. The species is carnivorous, feeding mostly on insects but also on other invertebrates, such as land snails and earthworms. The terminal segments of its abdomen are white- yellow and glow greenish-yellow when the insect manifests its bioluminescence.
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This species is only visible during the first two days of monsoon showers, when it tends to congregate in temporary water puddles including in abandoned roadside quarries, which was where the type specimens were discovered. During courtship, the male tends to raise the hind part of its body, displaying a pair of black "false eyes" or eyespots. This action is also performed when individuals are disturbed, indicating that they may also be used to ward off predators. After 4 or 5 days, all adult frogs disappear from the breeding site, leaving just the eggs.
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These rise to the surface of the water where they are fertilised by sperm liberated by the male. The developing larvae become less buoyant after three days, feed on the yolks of their eggs, swim with cilia, and develop a pair of larval arms. After about 18 days, they sink to the sea bed, where each one attaches itself to the substrate with a sucker. Here it undergoes metamorphosis during which it develops a disc and first five and then more arms, a pair of tube feet, relatively long spines, red eyespots on the tips of the arms, a mouth, and an anus.
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In contrast to Petrie's findings, a seven-year Japanese study of free-ranging peafowl concluded that female peafowl do not select mates solely on the basis of their trains. Mariko Takahashi found no evidence that peahens preferred peacocks with more elaborate trains (such as with more eyespots), a more symmetrical arrangement, or a greater length. Takahashi determined that the peacock's train was not the universal target of female mate choice, showed little variance across male populations, and did not correlate with male physiological condition. Adeline Loyau and her colleagues responded that alternative and possibly central explanations for these results had been overlooked.
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The species' body is small, with a total length of and width of , including natatory chaetae from chaetiger 8 to 23 (from a total of 28). Its prostomium is oval, a bit wider than its length, and is contracted on its anterior segments; it shows 4 large eyes in a trapezoidal arrangement and 2 anterior eyespots. All of its antennae are similar, being mamilliform, its median antenna inserted between its posterior eyes and its lateral antenna in front of its anterior eyes. The palps are short, fused along their entire length except for a terminal notch, which possesses papillae.
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In Batesian mimicry, harmless animals may appear to be distasteful or poisonous. In automimicry, animals may have eyespots in less important parts of the body than the head, helping to distract attack and increase the chance of survival. In more active forms of anti-predator adaptation, animals may feign death when they detect a predator, or may quickly conceal themselves or take action to distract a predator, such as when a cephalopod releases ink. In deimatic behaviour, a harmless animal adopts a threatening pose or displays startling, brightly coloured parts of its body to startle a predator or rival.
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Beetle in the family Cerambycidae with conspicuous emargination of the compound eye (black) where it extends partway round the base of the antenna Larva of a species in the family Sphingidae. The large eyespots on the back have no function concerning vision at all; when threatened, the caterpillar retracts its head, leaving the spots resembling either a threat, or as a more tempting target than the vulnerable head. The stemmata are visible as an arc of about four tiny spots slightly lateral to, and above the mouthparts. They are inconspicuous and do have a visual function.
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Allacma fusca in Estonia Allacma fusca is a large species of springtail with a dark brown globular abdomen; adults reach a length of around . There is often a "snowflake"-like marking on the abdomen, which is most noticeable in paler coloured individuals. The mouthparts are internal, and the head bears a pair of antennae, two groups of eyespots known as "composed eyes" and a pair of small post-antennal organs. The setae (bristles) on the third antennal segment are unequal in length, some being much longer than others, and the fourth antennal segment is divided into sixteen sub-segments.
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Argyrophenga antipodum is approximately 12–17 mm long with a wingspan of about 35–45 mm.(Early, 2009) Male and female common tussock butterflies are quite different in body shape, as females are shorter and have more rounded bodies compared to the males.(Craw, 1978) Common tussock butterflies have very distinct markings on the underside of their wings;(O'Brien, 1985) they are described as silver streaks and give the butterflies an advantage when it comes to camouflage.(Lindsay & Morris, 2000) The butterfly itself is brown and red, with distinctive eyespots, this is believed to be an evolutionary adaptation to prevent prey from attacking.
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Numerous tegumental scales with rounded anterior margins extending from posterior ends of intestinal ceca into peduncle. Cephalic region broad, with rounded terminal and two poorly developed bilateral lobes; three bilateral pairs of head organs; pair of bilateral groups of cephalic-gland cells at level of pharynx. Four eyespots lacking lenses immediately anterior to pharynx; members of posterior pair larger, equidistant or slightly closer together than those of anterior pair; accessory chromatic granules small, irregular in outline, uncommon or absent in cephalic region. Pharynx ovate, muscular; esophagus short to nonexistent; intestinal ceca blind, extending posteriorly to level of peduncle.
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The anterior of a larva has two large eyespots and resembles the head of a snake. Since one or more broods (generations) of spicebush swallowtails typically occur each year, spicebush is a useful plant for the butterfly garden, since the egg-laying females are strongly attracted to it. Promethea moth cocoons, if present, are obvious during the cold season after leaf drop, and resemble dead leaves still hanging from twigs. Neither of these insects is ever present in sufficient quantities to defoliate a medium through large spicebush, although very small specimens may suffer even from a single caterpillar.
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I. oratoria is very pale when young but matures to grass green, and grows to about 6.5 cm long. The species may be distinguished from Mantis religiosa and other mantids with which it shares a range and general size and shape by the red-orange spot on the ventral side of the fourth (second to last) abdominal segment; also, its cerci are shorter than those of M. religiosa.Animal JunctionD. Oliveira, Mantid Genera Key The species is distinctive in having two large startling violet-brown eyespots on its hind wings which are revealed when its wings are unfolded.
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Adult female head and upper neck Male profile Green peafowl, taken in Imphal Zoo, Manipur, India Unlike the related Indian peafowl, the sexes of green peafowl are quite similar in appearance, especially in the wild. Both sexes have long upper tail coverts which cover the actual tail underneath. In the male, this extends up to 2 m and is decorated with eyespots, while in the female, the coverts are green and much shorter, just covering the tail. Outside the breeding season, however, the male's train is moulted and distinguishing the sexes can be difficult unless they are observed up close.
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Several genes involved in eyespot formation have been identified that can fit into these models, but only two of them have been functionally tested. These genes are the transcription factor Distalless (Dll) and the ligand (a signaling substance that binds a cell surface receptor) Hedgehog (Hh). Butterfly eyespot morphology appears to be the result of the evolution of an altered version of the regulatory circuit which patterns the wings of other insects. This rogue regulatory circuit is able to pattern both the anterior and posterior eyespots independent of the usual anterior/posterior wing compartmentalization restrictions seen in the fruit fly Drosophila.
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The Hh gene is the other element that has been functionally tested in the formation of eyespots. Investigating genes involved in wing development and morphogenetic activity has led to the discovery that Hh has a primary role in the morphogenetic signaling center of the foci. In a manner that is similar to the development of Drosophila fruit flies, Hh is expressed in all cells in the posterior compartment of the developing butterfly wing during the mid fifth instar of butterfly wing development. However, in butterflies, Hh expression is significantly higher in those cells that flank the potential foci.
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Larva of elephant hawkmoth (Deilephila elpenor, Sphingidae), displaying eye- spots when alarmed Some species of caterpillar, such as many hawkmoths (Sphingidae), have eyespots on their anterior abdominal segments. When alarmed, they retract the head and the thoracic segments into the body, leaving the apparently threatening large eyes at the front of the visible part of the body. Automimicry: many blue butterflies (Lycaenidae) such as this gray hairstreak (Strymon melinus) have a false head at the rear, held upwards at rest. Many insects have filamentous "tails" at the ends of their wings and patterns of markings on the wings themselves.
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She predicted that mimetic butterfly coloration would be shown to be caused by a combination of selection by bird predators and sexual selection by male butterflies, working on preadaptations involving suitable genes which enabled mimicry to develop. Around the same time, Bernard Kettlewell carried out experiments on industrial melanism in the peppered moth, showing that it was driven by bird predators. A generation later, a pioneer of evolutionary developmental biology, Sean B. Carroll, investigated the way that interacting genes such as distal-less (dll) control the development of butterfly wing patterns. This gene is active at the wing margin of butterflies, and at the centre of their conspicuous eyespots.
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Aposematism has also led to the development of mimicry complexes of Batesian mimicry, where edible species mimic aposematic taxa, and Müllerian mimicry, where inedible species, often of related taxa, have evolved to resemble each other, so as to benefit from reduced sampling rates by predators during learning. Similarly, adult Sesiidae species (also known as clearwing moths) have a general appearance that is sufficiently similar to a wasp or hornet to make it likely that the moths gain a reduction in predation by Batesian mimicry. Eyespots are a type of automimicry used by some lepidopterans. In butterflies, the spots are composed of concentric rings of scales of different colours.
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Upperside: Antennae black. Head, thorax, abdomen grey brown. Anterior wings grey brown, thin, and slightly diaphanous, with a small light-coloured bar running from the anterior edge near the tips to the posterior. Posterior wings having one-third next the body grey brown, divided by a line drawn across the wings from the anterior to the abdominal edges; next to this is an angulated white patch, the rest of these wings being orange coloured, with two black eyespots, having white centres, placed one at the upper, the other at the abdominal corners, the former having a small white spot joining to its upper part.
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This species was described by Charles Frédéric Girard in 1855; its specific epithet binoculata is derived from the Latin bi meaning "two", and oculatus meaning "eyed", referring to the two prominent eyespots on its wings. Girard also described what would later be determined to be a junior synonym of B. binoculata, R. cooperi, based on notes made by James G. Cooper on a decaying big skate found ashore near the entrance of Shoalwater Bay, Washington. In some older literature, this species is placed in the genus Dipturus. In 2012, the big skate was moved from Raja to the new genus Beringraja together with the mottled skate (B. pulchra).
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The Carolina mantis has a dusty brown, gray or green color useful as camouflage in certain environments. The Carolina mantis' color varies because the nymphs are able to adjust their color to match the environment they are in at the time of molting. They can adjust their color over each molt, if necessary, until they reach their final molt to adulthood. An unusual trait is that its wings only extend three-quarters of the way down the abdomen in mature females; this trait is also seen in Iris oratoria, which can be distinguished by the large eyespots on the hind wings (inner wings) of both adult male and female Iris oratoria.
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The Philippines angelshark (Squatina caillieti) is a species of angelshark, family Squatinidae, known only from a long immature female caught in the Philippines, where it is the only known representative of its family. It has a flattened body and head with greatly expanded pectoral and pelvic fins, and is greenish above with brown spots. Identifying traits of this species include the spiracles, which are more widely spaced than the eyes and bear papillae (nipple-shaped structures) on the posterior inner rims, and the relative positions of the two dorsal fins. Additionally, S. caillieti lacks fringes on its barbels, enlarged thorns along the middle of its back, and ocelli ("eyespots") on its fins.
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Echinoderms have a simple radial nervous system that consists of a modified nerve net consisting of interconnecting neurons with no central brain, although some do possess ganglia. Nerves radiate from central rings around the mouth into each arm or along the body wall; the branches of these nerves coordinate the movements of the organism and the synchronisation of the tube feet. Starfish have sensory cells in the epithelium and have simple eyespots and touch-sensitive tentacle-like tube feet at the tips of their arms. Sea urchins have no particular sense organs but do have statocysts that assist in gravitational orientation, and they have sensory cells in their epidermis, particularly in the tube feet, spines and pedicellariae.
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The deimatic display (a rapid change to black and white with dark ‘eyespots’ and contour, and spreading of the body and fins) is used to startle small fish that are unlikely to prey on the cuttlefish, but use the flamboyant display towards larger, more dangerous fish, and give no display at all to chemosensory predators such as crabs and dogfish. One dynamic pattern shown by cuttlefish is dark mottled waves apparently repeatedly moving down the body of the animals. This has been called the passing cloud pattern. In the common cuttlefish, this is primarily observed during hunting, and is thought to communicate to potential prey – “stop and watch me” – which some have interpreted as a type of "hypnosis".
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Many have laterally compressed bodies (flattened from side to side) allowing them to fit into fissures and swim through narrow gaps; some use their pectoral fins for locomotion and others undulate their dorsal and anal fins. Some fish have grown dermal (skin) appendages for camouflage; the prickly leather-jacket is almost invisible among the seaweed it resembles and the tasselled scorpionfish invisibly lurks on the seabed ready to ambush prey. Some like the foureye butterflyfish have eyespots to startle or deceive, while others such as lionfish have aposematic coloration to warn that they are toxic or have venomous spines. Flatfish are demersal fish (bottom-feeding fish) that show a greater degree of asymmetry than any other vertebrates.
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Tegumental scales absent. Cephalic region with terminal and two bilateral poorly developed lobes; three pairs of head organs; pair of bilateral groups of cephalic-gland cells at level of pharynx. Two pairs of eyespots anterior to pharynx lacking lenses; chromatic granules small, irregular in outline; accessory granules usually absent in cephalic region. Pharynx subspherical; esophagus short to nonexistent; intestinal ceca blind, extending posteriorly into anterior portion of peduncle. Haptor with dorsal and ventral anteromedial lobes containing respective squamodiscs and lateral lobes having hook pairs 2–4, 6, 7. Squamodiscs subequal, with 12 or 13 concentric U-shaped rows of rodlets; innermost rows of ventral squamodisc (three) and dorsal squamodisc (two) closed, forming ovals.
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Three main camouflage methods predominate in water: transparency, reflection, and counter-illumination. Transparency and reflectivity are most important in the top 100 metres of the ocean; counter- illumination is the main method from 100 metres down to 1000 metres; while camouflage becomes less important in the dark waters below 1000 metres. Camouflage in relatively shallow waters is more like terrestrial camouflage, where additional methods are used by many animals. For example, self- decoration is employed by decorator crabs; mimesis by animals such as the leafy sea dragon; countershading by many fish including sharks; distraction with eyespots by many fish; active camouflage through ability to change colour rapidly in fish such as the flounder, and cephalopods including octopus, cuttlefish, and squid.
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Though very little is known on the specific reproductive behavior of Pagurus acadianus, information on their adolescence was attained by Roberts during his laboratory studies of this species. Roberts found that the incubation period of the larva is approximately 30 days, and the optimal temperature during gestation is 55.4 degrees Fahrenheit. Once they hatch, the size of the eggs is about 0.58 by 0.64 millimeters, and can be distinguished by varying hues of red and yellow coloration, in addition to distinctive eyespots. Both larval and adult Acadian hermit crabs are often confused with the closely related Pagurus berhnardus, or the common marine hermit crab of western Europe, and this comparison has been the focal point of many scientific evaluations, as demonstrated by Benedict's work.
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Enodia anthedon, the northern pearly-eye, is a butterfly species of the subfamily Satyrinae that occurs in North America, where it is found from central Saskatchewan and eastern Nebraska east to Nova Scotia, south to central Alabama and Mississippi.Enodia anthedon, Butterflies and Moths of North America Larva The wingspan is 1 1/2 to 2 1/2 inches (43–67 mm.)Northern Pearly-eye, Butterflies of Canada The upperside is brown with dark eyespots and the underside is brown. Adults feed on dung, fungi, carrion and sap from willows, poplars, and birches. The larvae feed on various grasses, including Leersia virginica, Erianthus species, Muhlenbergia species, bearded shortgrass (Brachyelytrum erectum), Uniola latifolia, bottlebrush grass (Hystrix patula), and false melic grass (Schizachne purpurascens).
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The hindwings have no black spots in many, but in some taxa there are a few (2-4 or so) black dots, usually without white in the center, paralleling the outer margin. If hindwing spots are present, they are sometimes surrounded by a lighter brown field like the forewing spots, sometimes not. The wing undersides are cryptically colored, usually in grayish-brown and often with a noticeable band arching through the central hindwing, the rest of which has a silvery sheen which makes these species quite recognizable in flight. The eyespots and the forewing patch surrounding them are found on the forewing undersides also; if a hindwing pattern is present, it may or may not show up on the under hindwings either whole or in parts.
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Sirembo is a genus of cusk-eels of the subfamily Neobythitinae, family Ophidiidae, which are found in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. The species in this genus have a rather robust body with the dorsal fin originating over vertebrae 1–5. The head and bod are completely covered in scales, they have large eyes which are almost equal in diameter to the length of snout, the pelvic fins have two rays which are joined together within an area of tough skin, They have a short spine on the operculum which does not extend to the posterior edge of the head. Their coloration is variable but almost all species have black spots or eyespots on the dorsal fin, sometimes both, while the middle part of the anal fin frequently has a black band.
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This butterfly can be distinguished from the rather similar Lapland ringlet (Erebia embla) and the Arctic ringlet (Erebia disa) by the fact that it has white blotches on the under surfaces of the hindwing and those butterflies do not. It can also be distinguished from the Arctic ringlet by the fact that it always has eyespots on its hindwings while the upperside of the Arctic ringlet's wings are plain brown. Another very similar species is the dewy ringlet, but that has a more rusty red forewing and the red strip along the underside of the wings is not continuous. It is questionable whether this butterfly occurs in the British Isles but historical collections of the Scotch argus (Erebia aethiops) contain some specimens of Arran brown among the very similar specimens of Scottish argus.
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Thayer in his "Peacock in the Woods" (1907) suggested that the function of the ornate tail was camouflage The colours of the peacock and the contrast with the much duller peahen were a puzzle to early thinkers. Charles Darwin wrote to Asa Gray that the "sight of a feather in a peacock's tail, whenever I gaze at it, makes me sick!" as he failed to see an adaptive advantage for the extravagant tail which seemed only to be an encumbrance. Darwin developed a second principle of sexual selection to resolve the problem, though in the prevailing intellectual trends of Victorian Britain, the theory failed to gain widespread attention. The American artist Abbott Handerson Thayer tried to show, from his own imagination, the value of the eyespots as disruptive camouflage in a 1907 painting.
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Under such circumstances, the female has been known to respond with a defensive deimatic display by flashing the colored eyespots on the inside of her front legs. The reason for sexual cannibalism has been debated; experiments show that females on poor diets are likelier to engage in sexual cannibalism than those on good diets. Some hypothesize that submissive males gain a selective advantage by producing offspring; this is supported by a quantifiable increase in the duration of copulation among males which are cannibalized, in some cases doubling both the duration and the chance of fertilization. This is contrasted by a study where males were seen to approach hungry females with more caution, and were shown to remain mounted on hungry females for a longer time, indicating that males that actively avoid cannibalism may mate with multiple females.
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Hindwing with two black spots, the upper bearing often, the posterior more rarely, a red central dot; the posterior spot sometimes altogether wanting or only indicated by a dot; in the abdominal area usually a black band-like spot, and beyond the cell along the edge of the wing black dusting. The female more sharply and extendedly marked with grey; the forewing bearing beyond the cell a more or less complete median band, which is however sometimes indicated also in the male, and a submarginal band which is more sharply defined than in the male being, moreover, separated from the vitreous edge only by a row of white halfmoons. Hindwing of female more extendedly blackish; the eyespots mostly without red pupil, sometimes however also the anal ocellus bearing a red spot; near the distal margin a distinct blackish and somewhat undulate band, which is occasionally vestigial in the male. Often both wings more or less densely dusted with black.
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