"The top coat epoxy resin that don't benefit from these cleaning products," says White.
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Lam uses polyurethane foam, acrylic paint and epoxy resin to create her intricate pieces.
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The floors are epoxy resin, and there is under-floor heating throughout the house.
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To create the sculptures, Rinder says that Rondinone uses polystyrene foam, epoxy resin, and fabric.
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It consists of tiny microcapsules which contain pH-sensitive dyes, held in an epoxy resin.
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It's a six to 12-month effort requiring epoxy resin and regular rope cleaning with a toothbrush.
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Epoxy resin and fiberglass are applied to reinforce the foam, and the structure is made smoother with more layers of epoxy compound.
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From there we take the mold, usually an epoxy resin or gypsum, from which we obtain the positive in platinum silicone reinforced usually with fiberglass.
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Not limiting himself to traditional clay and glaze, Nagle uses industrial materials like epoxy resin, polyurethane, and car paint to create a dazzling range of effects.
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Her squiggly pink, yellow, and green lines are filled with caramel brown epoxy resin and set atop three steel curving pedestals, confections parked on highway off ramps.
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"If brains are like books, ASC is like soaking a book in crystal-clear epoxy resin and hardening it into a solid block of plastic," he explained.
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To achieve this, she used an epoxy resin along the break lines that reflects light the way porcelain does, tricking the eye into seeing a unified whole.
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The startup Lingrove is trying to lessen our reliance on trees, and the deforestation that comes with it, by creating wood products with flax fiber and bio-epoxy resin.
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He then layers on sheets of fiberglass and a coating of epoxy resin in a room heated to between 28 and 210 degrees, which helps keep the syrupy resin malleable.
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Writing Monday in the Nature Nanotechnology journal, the team revealed it was able to restrict pore-swelling by coating the material with epoxy resin composite that prevented the sieve from expanding.
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They are then cored to produce 163kg 'cheeses' — ultimately reduced to 20kg with Blue Hone inserts fixed to the top and bottom with an aircraft-grade epoxy resin that never sets.
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Yi has cultivated different bacteria on the agar, which covers the entire enclosed room; inside are versions of some of her previous works: draped epoxy resin sculptures and framed, artificial flowers.
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Tourists took photos of museum employees as they reattached the blue-and-gold beard using an insoluble epoxy resin that left a visible ring of glue around the edge of the beard.
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Mr. Freedman, the collector, said he did not mind the marks of time already evident on his Solid C1 epoxy resin chair that Patrick Jouin made with 3D printing techniques in 2004.
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Once you have that final shape, the board is laminated and covered in a layer of epoxy resin that keeps it waterproof and protects water from, you know, damaging the wood itself.
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Their approach was to embed a fragment of each object's patina in a block of epoxy resin, in order to preserve its physical structure, and then to slice the block up using a diamond saw.
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In one room, the lushly Fauvist landscape "Maannacht IV" (1912), by the Dutch artist Jan Sluijters, is displayed next to a vibrant sculpture of epoxy resin on wood, "The Performance," by Esther Tielemans, with similar blue, red and mustard hues.
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For example, one recreates a shot of the tsunami that hit Southeast Asia in 2004, using epoxy resin, plastic wrap and feathers; another the shallow crater made by a boot on the moon, the artists' own Converse footprints marking the border of the mock-up.
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He began designing a life-size replica of a 159-foot-long 767-223ER, with an epoxy-resin charcoal-blackened exterior, which he planned to show someday at the Deichtorhallen museum in Hamburg, Germany, where its fuselage would command the entire central space, one wing jutting through the building's arched windows like a charred limb.
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The fragments of painting themselves have been consolidated with an epoxy resin.
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Chemical compounds used in the internal coating of the can include types of epoxy resin.
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Peel test results using epoxy resin showed an increase from 0.9 N/cm to 8.9 N/cm.
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Epoxy resin systems are also used for the restoration of stone. Quartz sand in various grain sizes is mixed with epoxy resin, dyed and modelled onto the damaged areas of historically important ornamentation and sculptures.Michael Berude: Steinrestaurierung und Denkmalpflege. In: Steinmetzpraxis: Das Handbuch für die tägliche Arbeit mit Naturwerkstein. Hrsg.
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The fins were of sheet Duralumin on frames of the same material, joined primarily with epoxy resin rather than by riveting.
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Dog-bone shaped sample of two-component epoxy resin containing a lamellar (aluminum) inclusion. Photoelastic experiment to validate the rigid line inclusion model. Isochromatic fringe patterns around a steel platelet in a photo-elastic two- part epoxy resin compared to analytical solution obtained in plane-strain classical elasticity. Normal stress parallel to the inclusion line is applied.
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Durcon Epoxy Resin worksurfaces are thermosets cured through three stages. By combining two reactive materials – monolithic epoxy resin and the curing agent – with a catalyst and heat, the resin and curing agent react to result in the branching of chains. As curing continues, molecular weight accelerates causing viscosity to increase. Eventually, the material changes from a viscous liquid to a solid gel.
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Machined steel or aluminum; cast aluminum; silicone rubber; epoxy resin; nickel. The machines can be large or small depending on the size of part required.
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The global epoxy resin market was valued at approximately $8 billion in 2016. The epoxy resin market is dominated by the Asia-Pacific region, which contributes 55.2% of the total market share. China is the major producer and consumer globally, consuming almost 35% of the global resin production. The global market is made up of approximately 50–100 manufacturers of basic or commodity epoxy resins and hardeners.
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A related class is cycloaliphatic epoxy resin, which contains one or more cycloaliphatic rings in the molecule (e.g. 3,4-epoxycyclohexylmethyl-3,4-epoxycyclohexane carboxylate). This class also displays lower viscosity at room temperature, but offers significantly higher temperature resistance than the aliphatic epoxy diluents. However, reactivity is rather low compared to other classes of epoxy resin, and high temperature curing using suitable accelerators is normally required.
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The classic variety is epoxy resin, manufactured through polymerization- polyaddition or polycondensation reactions, used as a thermoset polymer for adhesives and composites. Epoxy resin is two times stronger than concrete, seamless and waterproof. Accordingly, it has been mainly in use for industrial flooring purposes since the 1960s. Since 2000, however, epoxy and polyurethane resins are used in interiors as well, mainly in Western Europe.
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It is an excellent solvent for cleaning epoxy resin as well as the gum on sticker-type price tags. It has been reported as an effective drain cleaner.
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The raw materials for epoxy resin production are today largely petroleum derived, although some plant derived sources are now becoming commercially available (e.g. plant derived glycerol used to make epichlorohydrin).
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When reacted with amines, polyamidoamines are produced which may be used as epoxy resin curing agents . Tall oil is also used in oil drilling as a component of drilling fluids.
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Phenolic Resin and Epoxy Resin are both functionally equivalent, but differ in their heat handling abilities. Other materials to build laboratory countertops may include plastic laminate, stainless steel and even wood.
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Dalle de verre, from French: "glass slab", is a glass art technique that uses pieces of coloured glass set in a matrix of concrete and epoxy resin or other supporting material.
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Most commonly a thermosetting resin is used that polymerizes by mixing with a curing agent (polymerization catalyst) at room temperature and normal pressure. The resins are named by analogy with plant resins, but are synthetic monomers for making polymer plastics. The so-called synthetic resins used include polystyrene resin, polyurethane resin, epoxy resin, unsaturated polyester resin, acrylic resin and silicone resin. Epoxy resin has a lower viscosity than polyurethane resin ; polyester resin also shrinks markedly while curing.
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The frame was made by electroplating gold onto the inside of an epoxy resin cast. B. J. S. Electroplating Co., a precious-metal electroformers, was commissioned by the Worshipful Company of Goldsmiths to make a fibreglass-reinforced polyester mould of a wax model of the coronet that Louis Osman had made using a wooden template. From this mould a negative epoxy resin cast was produced. B. J. S. involved Engelhard Industries to assist in the electroforming of the cast.
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The adhesive bond of the stone glues based on epoxy resin which have been developed by Akemi is very strong and weather-resistant. On account of the reaction mechanism, these two-component adhesives have to be mixed in an exact ratio, dependent upon the application area. Their application therefore requires a certain degree of know-how with regard to the correct mixing ratios, temperatures and occupational safety. Epoxy resin adhesives have the highest bonding strength of all natural stone adhesives but they harden relatively slowly.
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In the early 1970s, fusion-jazz bassist Jaco Pastorius coated the fingerboard of his de-fretted Fender Jazz Bass in epoxy resin, allowing him to use roundwound strings for a brighter sound without damaging the fretboard.
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A further application area is the surface treatment of fissured and porous natural stone with highly fluid, transparent epoxy resin using the so-called "resinating process" (Latin: resina = resin). By means of the application of epoxy resin it was now also possible to strengthen and deep-fill fissured and porous stone which otherwise could not have been commercially utilised. This is of ecological importance, too. The industrial processes require that many factors are taken into consideration, for example, the temperature, viscosity, mixing ratios of the components as well as occupational safety measures etc.
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Down investigated various room-temperature-cure epoxy resin adhesives suitable for use in glass conservation, testing their tendency to yellow. A fundamental molecular understanding of epoxy yellowing was achieved, when Krauklis and Echtermeyer discovered the mechanistic origin of yellowing in a commonly used amine epoxy resin, published in 2018 . They found that the molecular reason for epoxy yellowing was a thermo-oxidative evolution of carbonyl groups in the polymeric carbon–carbon backbone via a nucleophilic radical attack. Polyester epoxies are used as powder coatings for washers, driers and other "white goods".
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A product comprising more repeating units (n = 2 to 30) is at room temperature a colourless solid, which is correspondingly referred to as solid epoxy resin. Instead of bisphenol A, other bisphenols (especially bisphenol F) or brominated bisphenols (e. g. tetrabromobisphenol A) can be used for the said epoxidation and prepolymerisation. Bisphenol F may undergo epoxy resin formation in a similar fashion to bisphenol A. These resins typically have lower viscosity and a higher mean epoxy content per gram than bisphenol A resins, which (once cured) gives them increased chemical resistance.
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1,3 BAC chemically 1,3-bis(aminomethyl) cyclohexane is an organic molecule belonging to the sub class cycloaliphatic amine. It has the CAS Registry Number of 2579-20-6. Its key use is as an epoxy resin curing agent.
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Durcupan is a water-soluble epoxy resin produced by the Fluka subsidiary of Sigma-Aldrich. It is commonly used for embedding electron microscope samples in plastic so they may be sectioned (sliced thin) with a microtome and then imaged.
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Fred Tomaselli (born in Santa Monica, California, in 1956) is an American artist. He is best known for his highly detailed paintings on wood panels, combining an array of unorthodox materials suspended in a thick layer of clear, epoxy resin.
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Nitrilotriacetonitrile (NTAN) is a precursor for nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA, a biodegradable complexing agent and building block for detergents), for tris(2-aminoethyl)amine (a tripodal tetradentate chelating agent known under the abbreviation tren) and for the epoxy resin crosslinker aminoethylpiperazine.
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Ciba went on to become one of the three major epoxy-resin producers worldwide. Ciba's epoxy business was spun off and later sold in the late 1990s and became the advanced materials business unit of Huntsman Corporation of the US.
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FR-4 epoxy resin systems typically employ bromine, a halogen, to facilitate flame-resistant properties in FR-4 glass epoxy laminates. Some applications where thermal destruction of the material is a desirable trait will still use G-10 non flame resistant.
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Originally, the resulting works were subject to structural problems over time. However, modern technology has created solutions. An epoxy resin was created with the same expansion rate as the glass. This resin is now used as a matrix instead of concrete.
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FRP can be applied to strengthen the beams, columns, and slabs of buildings and bridges. It is possible to increase the strength of structural members even after they have been severely damaged due to loading conditions. In the case of damaged reinforced concrete members, this would first require the repair of the member by removing loose debris and filling in cavities and cracks with mortar or epoxy resin. Once the member is repaired, strengthening can be achieved through wet, hand lay-up of fibre sheets impregnated with epoxy resin, applied to the cleaned and prepared surfaces of the member.
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Zimmermann's work is extremely diverse. At the end of the 1980s he created his "Book Cover Paintings," in which the covers and titles of atlases, art books, travel guides and dictionaries were represented on canvas using epoxy. Through his cardboard objects he works with the spatial distortion of the written word and thus questions the relationship between text and image. The colourful motives in his epoxy resin images arise from digital templates, such as photos, film stills or diagrams, which he distorts by means of graphical algorithms and transfers onto the canvas in numerous transparent layers of epoxy resin.
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Originally, width (beam) restrictions were also enforced; these were revoked in 2000, spurring a flurry of innovations in boat designs. Modern boats are usually made of carbon fiber, aramid fiber (e.g., Kevlar) with epoxy resin, or variants of high-performance fiber-glass.
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Other applications include syntactic foamsH. S. Kim and Mahammad Azhar Khamis, “Fracture and impact behaviour of hollow micro-sphere/epoxy resin composites”, Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, Vol 32A, No 9, pp. 1311-1317, 2001. and particulate composites and reflective paints.
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These sections are strengthened and reattached then cleansed with base exchange resin compresses, and the wall and pictorial layer are strengthened with barium hydrate. The cracks and detachments are stopped with lime putty and injected with an epoxy resin loaded with micronized silica.
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153, p. 118, Telephone Publishing Corporation 1957. The cable termination in termination boxes were sealed with molten wax or epoxy resin to prevent the ingress of moisture which would seriously degrade the insulating properties of the paper insulation.Paper Maker and British Paper Trade Journal, vol.
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Front view of the monumentLong Live the Victory of Mao Zedong Thought () is an epoxy resin statue in Shenyang, Liaoning province, China.The China Business Handbook. London: China Economic Review, 1900. p. 226 The monument is located on Zhongshan Square in the centre of the city.
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Durcon Incorporated, a Wilsonart LLC company, is a global company headquartered in Taylor, Texas that manufactures and fabricates chemical resistant epoxy resin countertops and sinks for use in laboratories, classrooms and other research environments. and solid surface counter tops for the commercial construction market.
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Uses include inhibition of corrosion, epoxy curing, surface activation, and as an asphalt additive. When used as an epoxy resin curing agent, it is usually used in conjunction with other amines as an accelerator as it only has 3 amine hydrogens for cross-linking.
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The mosque's design is a blend of Ottoman and Malay architectural styles, heavily influenced by the Blue Mosque in Istanbul, Turkey. It has 22 domes made from a composite material of glass fibre fabric mixed with epoxy resin to make it durable and light.
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For diagnostic purposes solid tissues are prepared for TEM in the same way as other biological tissues, they are fixed in glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide then dehydrated and embedded in epoxy resin. The epoxy resin block is trimmed and the target tissue is selected using a light microscope by viewing semithin sections stained with toluidine blue. The block is then retrimmed and the specific area for observation is ultrathin sectioned, preferably using a diamond knife. The ultrathin sections are collected on 3mm copper (mesh) grids and stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate to make the contents of the tissue electron dense (and thus visible in the electron microscope).
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In 1956 Dienes began to construct complex assemblages of glass bottles held together with epoxy resin, which she called 'Bottle Gardens'. The writer and ceramicist M.C. Richards wrote that Dienes' 'bottle sculptures rehearse for us that radiant void of which the sages speak. Forms press forth invisibly.
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In the aerospace industry, epoxy is used as a structural matrix material which is then reinforced by fiber. Typical fiber reinforcements include glass, carbon, Kevlar, and boron. Epoxies are also used as a structural glue. Materials like wood, and others that are 'low-tech' are glued with epoxy resin.
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Epoxy resin, mixed with pigment, may be used as a painting medium, by pouring layers on top of each other to form a complete picture. It is also used in jewelry, as a doming resin for decorations and labels, and in decoupage type applications for art, countertops, and tables.
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The material is then placed into a curing oven to increase durability and solidity. The final stage of curing results in completion of the cross-linking process at which the average molecule weight diverges to infinity. Thermosets like epoxy resin possess good dimensional stability, thermal stability and chemical resistance.
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A sample of ethylenediamine, a simple ethyleneamine Ethyleneamines are a class of amine compounds containing ethylene (-CH2CH2-) linkages between amine groups. These compounds are generally colorless, low-viscosity liquids with a fishy amine odor. They are primarily used as building block chemicals and in epoxy resin curing agent chemistry .
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Coating material (after curing) should have a thickness of when using acrylic resin, epoxy resin, or urethane resin. For silicone resin, the coating thickness recommended by the IPC standards is . There are several methods for measuring coating thickness, and they fall into two categories: wet film and dry film.
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Windecker Industries was an American aircraft manufacturer founded in 1962 as Windecker Research in Midland, Texas, by Leo Windecker, a dentist from Lake Jackson, Texas. In 1969, Windecker won Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) certification for the first-ever all-composite (fiberglass epoxy resin) airplane, the single-engine Windecker Eagle.
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Bildungszentrum für das Steinmetz- und Bildhauerhandwerk Königslutter. 2., überarbeitete Auflage. Ebner Verlag, Ulm 1994, , S. 428 In 2003 Akemi brought out an epoxy resin filler for anti-slip strips which can be used on stairs and floor surfacing which are made of natural or artificial stone.Jonas Pomakis: Harz kann helfen.
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Osmium(VIII) oxide is also used as a stain for lipids in optical microscopy. OsO4 also stains the human cornea (see safety considerations). A sample of cells fixed/stained with osmium tetroxide (black) embedded in epoxy resin (amber). The cells are black as a result of the effects of osmium tetroxide.
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Galvanized piping will eventually need to be replaced if housing stock is to outlast a 50 to 70 year life expectancy, and some jurisdictions require galvanized piping to be replaced before sale. One option to extend the life expectancy of existing galvanized piping is to line it with an epoxy resin.
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The golden swan was discovered in the warehouse of the Kraków Museum of Pharmacy in Jagiellonian University and was given back to the Bydgoszcz Museum of Pharmacy in July 2006. The actual swan sign is an epoxy resin copy of the antique one, realized by a local artist, Bogusław Czerwiński.
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HTPB uses isocyanates for curing, which have a relatively quick curing time; however, they are also generally toxic. PBAN based propellants also have a slightly higher performance than HTPB based propellants. PBAN is normally cured with the addition of an epoxy resin, taking several days at elevated temperatures to cure.
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Epoxy granite aggregate Precision granite castings are produced by mixing granite aggregates (which are crushed, washed, and dried) with an epoxy resin system at ambient temperature (i.e., cold curing process). Quartz aggregate filler can also be used in the composition. Vibratory compaction during the molding process tightly packs the aggregate together.
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Epoxy resins may be thermally cured with anhydrides to create polymers with significant property retention at elevated temperatures for extended periods of time. Reaction and subsequent crosslinking occur only after opening of the anhydride ring, e.g. by secondary hydroxyl groups in the epoxy resin. Homopolymerization may also occur between epoxide and hydroxyl groups.
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A mold is a hollow shape which exactly encloses the shape of a desired object. The object is usually created by pouring a liquid into the mold and allowing it to solidify: typical liquids include molten metal or plastic, plaster of Paris, epoxy resin. Molds generally divide into two classes: solid or flexible.
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This type of resin is typically used post-1930s and is an indication of modern conservation work. Generally epoxy is very hard but unlike shellac is not brittle. The color of epoxy resin can range from yellow/green to a dark yellow/brown. Yellowing of the resin is an indication of aging.
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Important epoxy resins are produced from combining epichlorohydrin and bisphenol A to give bisphenol A diglycidyl ethers. Structure of bisphenol-A diglycidyl ether epoxy resin: n denotes the number of polymerized subunits and is typically in the range from 0 to 25 Increasing the ratio of bisphenol A to epichlorohydrin during manufacture produces higher molecular weight linear polyethers with glycidyl end groups, which are semi-solid to hard crystalline materials at room temperature depending on the molecular weight achieved. This route of synthesis is known as the "taffy" process. More modern manufacturing methods of higher molecular weight epoxy resins is to start with liquid epoxy resin (LER) and add a calculated amount of bisphenol A and then a catalyst is added and the reaction heated to circa .
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These resins typically display low viscosity at room temperature (10-200 mPa.s) and are often referred to as reactive diluents. They are rarely used alone, but are rather employed to modify (reduce) the viscosity of other epoxy resins. This has led to the term ‘modified epoxy resin’ to denote those containing viscosity-lowering reactive diluents.
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Thin sections are prepared by first embedding a suitable specimen in epoxy resin. The embedded specimen can then be mounted and cut with a precision saw. The resulting slice is attached to a slide and ground down, then polished, until it is thin enough, with a suitable surface to be examined with a microscope.
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The addition of WS2 nanotubes to epoxy resin improved adhesion, fracture toughness and strain energy release rate. The wear of the nanotubes-reinforced epoxy is lower than that of pure epoxy. WS2 nanotubes were embedded into a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) nanofiber matrix via electrospinning. The nanotubes were well dispersed and aligned along fiber axis.
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Goldenberg began his career in the 1970s as a figurative sculptor of detailed, epoxy-resin works. He turning to abstract painting—between roughly 1974–1983Tom Goldenberg. Works, Archives, Retrieved February 7, 2019.—influenced by artists such as Clyfford Still and Richard Diebenkorn, which largely consisted of painterly fields and architecturally ordered, rectangular areas of color.
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Empacher, as all other racing shell manufacturers, have replaced wooden boats with carbon fibre and honeycomb sandwich constructions. The nomex honeycomb reinforces the kevlar/carbon fibre inner and outer frames. Empacher uses a vacuum bag technique to bond the outer layers with the honeycomb core. Combining kevlar and epoxy resin creates a tear and impact resistant outer shell.
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Dan Lam (born January 28, 1988) is an American sculptor of Vietnamese ancestry, best known for her "drippy" sculptures and use of vibrant color. Using non-traditional materials of polyurethane foam, acrylic paint and epoxy resin, her finished work often dangles over shelf ledges, contrasting emotions of desire and disgust. Lam lives and works in Dallas.
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The wing ribs are made from fiberglass, graphite rod and epoxy resin over Styrofoam. It has a span wing supported by lift struts and jury struts or, alternatively, cable bracing. Controls are conventional three axis, with the ailerons and elevator controlled by a center stick and rudder controlled by pedals. The landing gear is a fixed monowheel gear.
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3,4-Epoxycyclohexylmethyl-3',4'-epoxycyclohexane carboxylate (ECC) is a cycloaliphatic epoxy resin which is used in many industrial applications. It reacts by cationic polymerization using thermolatent photoinitiators to form crosslinked insoluble thermosets. Formulations based on cycloaliphatic epoxy resins such as ECC are known to form by curing thermosets with high heat and chemical resistance and good adhesion.
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The aircraft is made from high density PVC foam and epoxy resin composites. Standard engines available are the Rotax 912S, Jabiru 2200, Jabiru 3300 and the ULPower UL260i four- stroke powerplants. The landing gear is made from 7175-T6 aluminum alloy and employs a freely-castering nosewheel and main wheels brakes for steering. The wing features electrically-actuated flaps.
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The rudders and daggerboards are made from pre-preg carbon fibre. The spinnaker is made from nylon. ;Nacra F20 Carbon FCS (Flight Control System) :This sailing hydrofoil model commenced production in 2014. It shares most of its parts with the Nacra F20 Carbon, including hulls built predominantly from a carbon fibre foam sandwich with epoxy resin.
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Terrazzo installation includes both bonded and unbonded methods. Bonded systems include: bonded underbed, monolithic, chemically bonded, and the most recent, thin set method (epoxy resin). Bonded terrazzo is applied over a sand-cement mortar underbed which sits on top of a concrete slab. The sand-cement layer allows for variations in the finished concrete slab that it sits on.
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2-Butoxyethanol acetate is used in a variety of industries as a solvent for nitrocellulose and multicolored lacquers, varnishes, enamels, and epoxy resin. It is useful as a solvent because of its high boiling point. It is also used in the manufacture of polyvinyl acetate latex. It is an ingredient in ink removers and spot removers.
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BT-Epoxy belongs to the group of thermoset resins used in printed circuit boards (PCBs). It is a mixture of epoxy resin, a common raw material for PCBs and BT resins. BT stands for Bismaleimide-Triazine resin. This is in turn a mixture of bismaleimide, which is also used as a raw material for PCBs and cyanate ester.
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Pious Patric Rozario, known as "Patric Rozario" (born 11 July 1964, Selangor, Malaysia), is an artist and designer based in Doha, Qatar. Rozario's trades as "Own a Rozario". He designs and creates artistic metal panels made of aluminium coated with epoxy resin. The panels are decorated with embedded pearls, Swarovski crystals, gems and semi-precious stones.
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Henry Willet created the first sculptured gold window between 1948–49. When first devised, the sculptured gold overlay was based on leaded stained glass windows. Later, faceted glass set in epoxy resin was used. These glasses, about an inch in thickness, but possibly up to two inches for special effects, contribute great brilliance of color under transmitted daylight.
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Strip-build involves attaching strips of cedar onto formers, the strips themselves being glued edge-on with epoxy. The completed wooden monococque is then covered with fiberglass matting and epoxy resin. This method is very suitable for low- volume construction, avoiding the need to build a female mould; it is simpler and cheaper to manufacture a plywood jig that may be discarded afterwards.
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In one of the company's own laboratories, epoxy resin bondings for food areas can be developed and manufactured to meet the needs of key industrial customers in the automotive, rail, aviation and aircraft construction, container, furniture manufacturing, wood and designer furniture sectors. This also applies for the modification of orthopaedic products in the prosthesis construction sector.Industrie , an Akemi. Retrieved 15.
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The first sale doctrine only limits the distribution rights of copyright holders. This principle sometimes clashes with the holder's other rights, such as the right of reproduction and derivative work rights. For example, in Lee v. A.R.T. Co., the defendant bought plaintiff's artworks in the form of notecards and then mounted them on ceramic tiles, covering the artworks with transparent epoxy resin.
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It is a common resin in the marine industry due to its corrosion resistance and ability to withstand water absorption. Vinyl ester resin is extensively used to manufacture FRP tanks and vessels as per BS4994. For laminating process, vinyl ester is usually initiated with methyl ethyl ketone peroxide. It has greater strength and mechanical properties than polyester and less than epoxy resin.
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Bisphenol S (BPS) is an organic compound with the formula (HOC6H4)2SO2. It has two phenol functional groups on either side of a sulfonyl group. It is commonly used in curing fast-drying epoxy resin adhesives. It is a bisphenol, and a close analog of bisphenol A (BPA) in which the dimethylmethylene group (C(CH3)2) is replaced with a sulfone group (SO2).
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Being extremely thin, an SDF is also extremely fragile. Therefore, an SDF is usually mounted onto a special frame immediately after pulling and is never detached from this frame. The common way of securing a fibre to the mount is by a polymer glue such as an epoxy resin or an optical adhesive. Dust, however, may attach to the surface of an SDF.
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It is mainly used resins based on epoxy resin. Vinyl ester- based prepregs are also available. Since vinyl ester resins must be pre- accelerated with amine accelerator or cobalt, their processing time at room temperature is shorter than with epoxy-based prepregs. Catalysts (also called hardeners) include peroxides such as methyl ethyl ketone peroxide (MEKP), acetyl acetone peroxide (AAP) or cyclohexanone peroxide (CHP).
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The treatment had scholarly attention and press coverage. The vase was photographed and drawn to record the position of fragments before dismantling; the BBC filmed the conservation process. Conservation scientists at the museum tested many adhesives for long-term stability, choosing an epoxy resin with excellent ageing properties. Reassembly revealed some fragments had been filed down during the restorations, complicating the process.
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Although new to many machine tool builders, especially those in the United States, the composite base has been available in Europe for several years. Fritz Studer AG of Switzerland first came up with its Granitan S-100 technology in the early 1970s. The Granitan base is a mixture of reactable epoxy-resin binder developed by Ciba-Geigy Ltd., Switzerland, and granite or gravel.
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It used low-temperature cured epoxy resin with long cure times to achieve the desired finished physical properties. This process became the company's Pro-Set process, which has been commercially successful. In 1992 the company sold its wind turbine blade manufacturing business and terminated the catamaran production at the same time, having produced only 14 boats and never achieved full series production.
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Vinyl ester resins made by addition reactions between an epoxy resin with acrylic acid derivatives, when diluted/dissolved in a vinyl functional monomer such as styrene, polymerise. The resulting thermosets are notable for their high adhesion, heat resistance and corrosion resistance. They are stronger than polyesters and more resistant to impact than epoxies.F.A. Cassis and R.C. Talbot in Handbook of Composites, ed.
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This resin is often billed as being fuel resistant, but will melt in contact with gasoline. It tends to be more resistant over time to degradation than polyester resin and is more flexible. It uses the same hardeners as polyester resin (at a similar mix ratio) and the cost is approximately the same. Epoxy resin is almost transparent when cured.
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The Sapphire complies with the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale microlight rules. It features a strut-braced high-wing, a single-seat enclosed cockpit with a bubble canopy or, optionally, an open cockpit with a windshield, fixed conventional landing gear and a single engine in pusher configuration. The aircraft is made from fibreglass, epoxy resin and extruded foam. Its span wing has an area of .
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"Pentecost", (1972–73), Clifton Cathedral Haig also received a commission for Clifton Cathedral, the project dating from 1965 and completed in 1972–73. Like St Richard's, Ham, Clifton is a six-pointed star plan with a hexagonal interior space. Haig's window contains 8000 pieces of glass set in epoxy resin. The larger of the narthex windows depicts "Pentecost" and the smaller one "Jubilation".
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However, this is beginning to change. The Royal Netherlands Navy for one is starting to experiment with composite materials like resins or carbon fiber. These materials, when formed into a propeller, are flexible enough under pressure to “deflect,” which can reduce cavitation. Other options are made from carbon fiber, epoxy resin, or even glass, and are able to produce “a hydro elastic effect”.
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The Nacra F18 Infusion is a racing sailboat, built predominantly of epoxy resin and vinylester fibreglass over a foam core. It has a fractional sloop rig with aluminum spars. The hulls have vertical transoms, transom-hung carbon fibre rudders controlled by a tiller and dual retractable carbon fibre daggerboards. It displaces , uses twin crew trapezes and flies an asymmetrical nylon spinnaker of .
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A team led by Sottos and Wenle Li has developed polymeric structural materials that can indicate the presence of damage by changing color. Such self-reporting materials can act as a color changing warning system. The researchers created a polymer that contained microcapsules of epoxy resin and PH-sensitive dye. Damage to the polymer causes the capsules to break open and the epoxy and dye to mix.
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Variations offering high thermal insulation, or thermal conductivity combined with high electrical resistance for electronics applications, are available. As with other classes of thermoset polymer materials, blending different grades of epoxy resin, as well as use of additives, plasticizers or fillers is common to achieve the desired processing or final properties, or to reduce cost. Use of blending, additives and fillers is often referred to as formulating.
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The final step is to finish the board with fiberglass cloth and epoxy resin, which is necessary to prevent the wood from soaking up water. The wood used to craft the boards is white cedar, grown locally in Maine, and sustainably harvested. Left-over wood is not wasted; shavings are collected for use as animal bedding, and off-cuts are used to make sea-sleds or skateboards.
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The circuitboard substrates are usually dielectric composite materials. The composites contain a matrix (usually an epoxy resin) and a reinforcement (usually a woven, sometimes nonwoven, glass fibers, sometimes even paper), and in some cases a filler is added to the resin (e.g. ceramics; titanate ceramics can be used to increase the dielectric constant). The reinforcement type defines two major classes of materials: woven and non-woven.
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The reactivity and uses of TEPA are similar to those for the related ethylene amines ethylenediamine and diethylenetriamine and triethylenetetramine. It is primarily used as a curing agent or hardener in epoxy chemistry. This can be on its own or reacted with tall oil fatty acid (TOFA) and its dimer to make an amidoamine. This amidoamine is then used as the curing agent for epoxy resin systems.
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These are the most employed resins into the MEMS and microfluidic fields. They exploit cationic polymerization. One of the best known epoxy resin is SU-8, which allows thin film deposition (up to 500 µm) and polymerization of structures with a high aspect ratio. We can find many others epoxy resins such as: SCR-701, largely employed in micro moving objects, and the SCR-500.
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Adverse reproductive effects in male fathead minnows (pimephales promelas) exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of the natural oestrogens, oestradiol and oestrone.Aquatic Toxicology, 42, 243–253. Chemical structure of bisphenol A Bisphenol A is a chemical used to make polycarbonate plastic, epoxy resin, and other chemicals. It is also weakly estrogenic, and many of the same effects of oestradiol and oestrone can be seen with this compound.
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A-Square manufactured rifles usually came with stainless steel barrels as a standard feature. The barrels on the rifles use epoxy resin to bed the barrel to the stocks. Magazine boxes were manufactured from plate steel for rigidity and were also welded to the receiver. A-Square rifles were engineered to allow the firing pin to retract further into the bolt body than other firearms ().
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The barrel and rifling are chromium-plated to prevent fouling. The bolt housing has grooves to allow bolt movement, even in extremely adverse conditions such as exposure to mud, dust, or sand. The exterior surfaces of the firearm are finished with epoxy resin coating for protection against corrosion and damage. The weapon has a selective-fire option allowing a choice of single shot or fully automatic fire.
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Between 1998 and 2003, the canning industry voluntarily replaced its BPA- containing epoxy resin can liners with BPA-free polyethylene terephthalate (PET) in many of its products. For other products, it switched to a different epoxy lining that yielded much less migration of BPA into food than the previously used resin. In addition, polycarbonate tableware for school lunches was replaced by BPA-free plastics.
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The disadvantage of epoxy resin–based terrazzo is that it can only be used for interior, not exterior, applications. Epoxy-based terrazzo will lose its color and slightly peel when used outdoors, whereas cement-based terrazzo will not. In addition to marble aggregate blends, other aggregates have been used, such as mother of pearl and abalone shell. Recycled aggregates include: glass, porcelain, concrete, and metal.
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Due to its light weight – dried – it is about 30% lighter than common boat building woods, such as mahogany. For its weight it is quite strong but can be brittle. It glues well with epoxy resin or resorcinol adhesive. The wood typically used as an insect-repelling closet lining and to make cedar chests is a different species, Juniperus virginiana (also known as red cedar).
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The Crossover has a largely epoxy resin and carbon fibre structure. The three part wing has a rectangular plan, span central section and detachable trapezoidal outer panels, each either or long for the and span variants respectively. The wingtips have tall, narrow winglets. The trailing edge of the inner section is filled by two-section, double slotted, electrically driven Fowler flaps, with ailerons on the outer panels.
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The M212 is an all- composite aircraft with 95% of its weight in pre-pregs. The wing has two main spars plus an auxiliary one, all formed from glass and carbon fibre in epoxy resin. In plan the wing is gently straight tapered, with most sweep on the trailing edge and with turned up wingtips. It has 5° of dihedral and 2° of washout.
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An epoxy resin and a hardener can be stored in adjacent overlapping microchannel networks. Damage to the network structure causes the healing agents to autonomously mix and polymerize, effectively glueing together the damaged area. Healing was reported to occur at nearly 100 percent efficiency over multiple fracture cycles. This approach has potential applications in the design and use of fiberglass and other composite materials for structures including airplanes and wind turbines.
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The hull and deck are built with thin strips of lightweight wood, often cedar, pine or Redwood. The strips are edge- glued together around a form, stapled or clamped in place, and allowed to dry. Structural strength comes from a layer of fiberglass cloth and epoxy resin, layered inside and outside the hull. Strip–built kayaks are sold commercially by a few companies, priced US$4,000 and up.
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Solid epoxy resins are generally safer than liquid epoxy resins, and many are classified non-hazardous materials. One particular risk associated with epoxy resins is sensitization. The risk has been shown to be more pronounced in epoxy resins containing low molecular weight epoxy diluents. An assessment of skin sensitisation by the use of epoxy resin in the construction industry, 2003 Exposure to epoxy resins can, over time, induce an allergic reaction.
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ARL was responsible for developing a number of aeronautical-related adhesives, including Aerolite 306, Aerodux 500, Redux - a metal-to-wood, metal-to-metal adhesive, used on the de Havilland Hornet and Comet, and the epoxy resin Araldite. Other products included its Aeroweb honeycomb core, and Fibrelam panels. ARL was later sold to Ciba in 1947 and its range of products later marketed under the Ciba (ARL) name.
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Since a true epoxy begins to yellow at the age of 1 year acrylic polyurethane compound is used in the topcoat. This resin is also catalyzed with a hardener and can last up to 15 years or more with proper maintenance. Formica countertops can also be glazed in this fashion using a faux stone or granite look.The blue one is Epoxy Resin, the red one is Epoxy Hardener.
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Games Workshop also sells glue, tools, and acrylic paints for this purpose. Most Warhammer 40,000 models are made of polystyrene, but certain models which are made and sold in small volumes are made of lead-free pewter or epoxy resin. Each miniature model represents an individual warrior or vehicle. In the rulebooks, there is an entry for every type of model in the game that describes its capabilities.
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The major human exposure route to BPA is diet, including ingestion of contaminated food and water.Cichna-Markl, M. Methods (2012). It is especially likely to leach from plastics when they are cleaned with harsh detergents or when they contain acidic or high-temperature liquids. BPA is used to form epoxy resin coating of water pipes; in older buildings, such resin coatings are used to avoid replacement of deteriorating pipes.
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Thermal adhesive is a type of thermally conductive glue used for electronic components and heat sinks. It can be available as a paste (similar to thermal paste) or as a double-sided tape. It is commonly used to bond integrated circuits to heatsinks where there are no other mounting mechanisms available. The glue is typically a two-part epoxy resin (usually for paste products) or cyanoacrylate (for tapes).
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The hulls have plumb stems and a draft of with the daggerboards extended and with them retracted, allowing beaching or ground transportation on a trailer. ;Nacra F20 Carbon :The hulls on this model are built predominantly from a carbon fibre foam sandwich with epoxy resin. It has a length overall of , a beam of and displaces . The hulls have reverse raked stems and the rudders are a "kick-up" design.
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SU-8 is a 3 component UV-sensitive negative photo-resist based on epoxy resin, gamma butyrolactone and triaryl sulfonium salt. The SU-8 polymerizes at approximately 100 °C and is temperature-stable up to 150 °C. This polymer adhesive is CMOS and bio-compatible and has excellent electrical, mechanical and fluidic properties. It also has a high cross-linking density, high chemical resistance and high thermal stability.
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Different protocols are used depending on the field and the period. On present teeth, classical histological methods are often used and require decalcification of the dental tissue and staining protocol for collagen. In archaeology where collagen can be poorly preserved, tooth root is embedded in an epoxy resin and dried in a vacuum chamber. On human teeth, the crown and the upper third of the root are removed.
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A stitched canoe hull under construction. Stitch and glue is a simple boat building method which uses plywood panels stitched together, usually with copper wire, and glued together with epoxy resin. This type of construction can eliminate much of the need for frames or ribs.Boat terms Plywood panels are cut to shape and stitched together to form an accurate hull shape without the need for forms or special tools.
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The word "resin" has been applied in the modern world to nearly any component of a liquid that will set into a hard lacquer or enamel-like finish. An example is nail polish. Certain "casting resins" and synthetic resins (such as epoxy resin) have also been given the name "resin." Some resins when soft are known as 'oleoresins', and when containing benzoic acid or cinnamic acid they are called balsams.
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A sample of cells (black) stained with osmium tetroxide and uranyl acetate embedded in epoxy resin (amber) ready for sectioning. Sample preparation in TEM can be a complex procedure. TEM specimens should be less than 100 nanometers thick for a conventional TEM. Unlike neutron or X-Ray radiation the electrons in the beam interact readily with the sample, an effect that increases roughly with atomic number squared (Z2).
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This series was a trip through nostalgia. Back in the United States, he began a new series of sculptures in epoxy resin which he called “Herobots”, a term coined by the fusion of “Hero” and “Robot”. In 1980 he exhibited at the “Temple Gallery” in Rome a visionary reconstruction (on a 1:16 scale) of the obelisk of Piazza del Popolo re- arranged in neoclassical style by the architect Giuseppe Valadier.
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Filling of the cleaned and decontaminated canals is done with an inert filling such as gutta-percha and typically a Zinc oxide eugenol-based cement. Epoxy resin is employed to bind gutta-percha in some root canal procedures. Another option is to use an antiseptic filling material containing paraformaldehyde like N2.(Venuti P. 2014) A dynamic prospective cohort study of initial endodontic treatments of 627 teeth: Long term results.
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Schematic view and experimental setups of the RIC wettability testing method is described in Figure 1. Core plugs are divided into 3–4 core samples, each of 3.8 cm average diameter and 1.5 cm length. The lateral area of each core sample is sealed by epoxy resin to ensure one-dimensional liquid penetration into the core by imbibition. A hook is mounted on top side of the core sample.
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PC strand is classified according to the number of steel wires in a strand: 2 wire strand, 3 wire strand, 7 wire steel strand and 19 wire steel strand. It can be classified according to the surface morphology and can be divided into: smooth steel strand, scoring strand, mold pulling strand (compact), coated epoxy resin steel strand. They can also be classified by diameter, or intensity level, or standard.
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G-10 is a high-pressure fiberglass laminate, a type of composite material. It is created by stacking multiple layers of glass cloth, soaked in epoxy resin, and by compressing the resulting material under heat until the epoxy cures. It is manufactured in flat sheets, most often a few millimeters thick. G-10 is very similar to Micarta and carbon fiber laminates, except that glass cloth is used as filler material.
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When glass is fragmented it should be bonded the secure the object's stability and aesthetic integrity. The adhesives used to glue glass fragments must be transparent, reversible and with good adhesion, and must not damage the glass. Paraloid B72 acrylic resin and the Araldite 2020 epoxy resin are preferred for its greater duration. The glass fragments must be cleaned and initially joined with adhesive tape or metal omega clips before the use of the adhesive.
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The most common application of this technique is proven in polymer coatings for corrosion protection. Corrosion protection of metallic materials is of significant importance on an economical and ecological scale. To prove the effectiveness of microcapsules in polymer coatings for corrosion protection, researchers have encapsulated a number of materials. These materials include isocyanates monomers such as DCPD GMA epoxy resin, linseed oil and tung oil.,Tatiya, P. D., Mahulikar, P. P., & Gite, V. V. (2016).
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The mechanic will catch the model by the wing, fill the tank from a pressurized can by a hose and finger valve, then restart the engine by hitting the carbon fiber/epoxy resin propeller with his finger. Ground time of a good pitstop is less than three seconds. The race course is 10 km, corresponding to 100 laps. Flying speeds are around , which means that the pilots have to turn one lap in 1.8 seconds.
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The Volitan is a proposed design for a boat equipped with solar cell panels, which uses both wind and solar energy. The proposed design is lightweight, with a stiff structure made of carbon fiber and epoxy resin and carbon foam core lamination. It also has an ultraviolet resistant coating. It is designed to be powered by a twin 220 HP/DC electric motor, with two suspended wings to help maneuver the ship.
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A widely used technique for determining acoustic dispersion is a broadband transmission method. This technique was originally introduced in 1978 and has been employed to study the dispersion properties of metal (1978), epoxy resin (1986), paper materials (1993) ultra-sound contrast agent (1998). In 1990 and 1993 this method confirmed the Kramers–Kronig relation for acoustic waves. Application of this method requires the measurements of a reference velocity to obtain values for the acoustic dispersion.
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Vinyl ester resin, or often just vinyl ester, is a resin produced by the esterification of an epoxy resin with acrylic or methacrylic acids. The "vinyl" groups refer to these ester substituents, which are prone to polymerize. The diester product is then dissolved in a reactive solvent, such as styrene, to approximately 35–45 percent content by weight. Polymerization is initiated by free radicals, which are generated by UV-irradiation or peroxides.
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It is also sometimes dyed or crushed, mixed with epoxy resin and formed into the desired shape. It can be carved and is popular because it is relatively cheap. Natural, unenhanced coral is more expensive than its treated counterpart but it is difficult to find sufficient attractive rough material on the market. The coral measures 3.5 on the Mohs scale of mineral hardness so besides being easy to work, it is also easy to damage.
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The laboratory countertops' styles and variations may differ according to where they are (geographical location) and what labs they are being used for. They are also often made of different materials depending on their usage. The most common and durable type of material used is phenolic resin because they are lightweight, strong, chemical and moisture resistant. It can handle heat exposure up to 350 °F (176 °C), beyond this temperature Epoxy Resin is used.
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Light microscopy can be used to magnify the structure of dinosaur eggshell for scientific research. To do so an eggshell fragment must be embedded in epoxy resin and sliced into a thin section with a thin-bladed rock saw. This basic method was invented by French paleontologist Paul Gervais and has remained almost unchanged ever since. Horizontally cut thin sections are called tangential thin sections while vertically cut thin sections are called radial sections.
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Under licence from Hamilton Standard de Havilland Propellers produced cold-air units for most types of civil and military aircraft. Used in conjunction with a heat exchanger, the units reduced the temperature of compressor-bleed air by more than 300 °C. The use of epoxy resin/glass fibre- reinforced plastics for airscrew spinners, blade root fairings and other components were also developed extensively by de Havilland Propellers Ltd. at their Stevenage plant.
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Microneurography is based on tungsten needle electrodes which are inserted through the skin and into a nerve. Anaesthetics are not required because surprisingly the procedure is not very painful. The tungsten microelectrodes have a shaft diameter of 100-200 μm, a tip diameter of 1-5 μm, and they are insulated to the tip with an epoxy resin. Electrode impedance varies between 0.3 and 5 MΩ at 1 kHz as measured initially.
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In the third step, the specimen is then placed in a bath of liquid polymer, such as silicone rubber, polyester, or epoxy resin. By creating a vacuum, the acetone is made to boil at a low temperature. As the acetone vaporizes and leaves the cells, it draws the liquid polymer in behind it, leaving a cell filled with liquid plastic. The plastic must then be cured with gas, heat, or ultraviolet light, to harden it.
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The Van's Aircraft RV-7 of semi-monocoque construction. In this method, the exterior surface of the fuselage is also the primary structure. A typical early form of this (see the Lockheed Vega) was built using molded plywood, where the layers of plywood are formed over a "plug" or within a mold. A later form of this structure uses fiberglass cloth impregnated with polyester or epoxy resin, instead of plywood, as the skin.
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Benzyl alcohol is used as a general solvent for inks, waxes, shellacs, paints, lacquers, and epoxy resin coatings. Thus it can be used in paint strippers, especially when combined with compatible viscosity enhancers to encourage the mixture to cling to painted surfaces. It is a precursor to a variety of esters and ethers, used in the soap, perfume, and flavor industries. E.g. benzyl benzoate, benzyl salicylate, benzyl cinnamate, dibenzyl ether, benzyl butyl phthalate.
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PETA is part of a family of acrylates used in epoxy resin chemistry and Ultraviolet cure of coatings. Similar monomers used are 1,6-Hexanediol diacrylate and TMPTA trimethylol propane triacrylate. It is a derivative of pentaerythritol One of the key uses of the material is in polymeric synthesis where it can form micelles and block copolymers. As the molecule has 4 acrylate groups that functionality enables the molecule to do the Michael reaction with amines.
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Epoxy resin coatings have long been used in marine, construction, and industrial environments for the high level of protection they offer as a final coating. That strength and clarity has increasingly been used by craftspeople and artists according to the Chicago Tribune. Such sort of flooring is discovered to be very beneficial in food industry where spillage of oil and food can produce the floor slippery. Epoxy flooring is highly advised for warehouse floors.
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They are usually oar powered. The Norwegian pram is commonly made of solid timber with much fore and aft rocker with a U-shaped cross section. In New Zealand and Australia the most common pram is an arc or v bottom rowboat commonly made of 6mm marine plywood often sealed with paint and/or epoxy resin. In the past often used as a tender; it has been replaced in this role by the small inflatable.
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When work on the aircraft was nearing completion the wing surfaces were coated in epoxy resin and then carefully rubbed down to minimise any waviness. That process took several days, with careful profile checking as it went ahead. Flight observations suggested that the procedure had produced the required result. This is supported by the fact that the measured level speed at sealevel of 323 mph was close to the design estimate of 330 mph.
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The reactor coil, depending on the device, can be made up of several aluminum wires, allowing equal distribution amongst the parallel wires. The stranded aluminum coil is wound in one layer. However, when the application of more than one layer is necessary, separation between layers is required to provide a cooling duct between them to avoid overheating. The cooling duct is created with spacer bars made out of epoxy resin and fiberglass.
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Akepox cartridge and mixing nozzle inserted into a so-called cartridge (applicator) gun. The epoxy resin adhesive systems are used in the natural stone as well as the automotive sectors. In the natural stone branch, these products have replaced the polyester systems as these only had a low resistance to the influences of the weather. The epoxy adhesives, however, are capable of resisting many acids and lyes and therefore the Akemi product range Akepox came into existence.
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Due to the high cost of building these amplifiers, (the JBL alone was $90, about 2–3 months rent in those days) they were used mostly by session musicians. Their high prices (about double a standard production amplifier) put them out of reach for most amateur musicians. By 1963, Standel introduced hybrid amplification and by 1965 developed a full line of all solid-state amplifiers. From 1963 to 1969, Crooks coated the amplifier's modules in color-coded epoxy resin.
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The adhesive, introduced in 1943, has been popular in aircraft and boat construction. Until the invention of epoxy resin, resorcinol was one of the most common marine glues. Unlike epoxy, it does not have gap filling properties, requiring joints to be close fitting and clamped under pressure to achieve good results. The glue comes in two parts — a deep red syrup and a light brown powder that are mixed to form a dark reddish-brown glue.
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CNTs can then chemically react with epoxy resin or other material forming strong covalent bonds. This results in a more durable hybrid composite structure that is between 20 and 30% stronger (with only 0.5% CNT contents) than a conventional reinforced plastic. The manufacturing process allows controlling the material properties such as electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity and viscosity. Different forms of hybtonite are available for different purposes such as laminating (glass fiber, carbon fiber), epoxy paints and glues.
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Development of the company's first design, the W.A.R. Focke-Wulf 190, commenced in 1973, with the first flight following in 1974. The aircraft are all half-scale World War II fighter aircraft replicas, based on a common design, consisting of a wooden fuselage box shape and wooden spar wing. Polyurethane foam was then used to create the different aircraft shapes and details. The foam was then covered in a high-strength laminating fabric and epoxy-resin.
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H.. Königswinter. 2005. Unfortunately, the production methods left the epoxy laminates prone to shrinkage which drastically affected performance due to the sensitive aerodynamics of the aerofoil sections used. The SZD-41A Jantar Standard was built primarily of Fibreglass-Epoxy resin composite with local strengthening from welded steel tube in the fuselage centre-section, foam ribs in the wings and plywood at equipment mounting points. The skin was composed of fibreglass laminates laid up in moulds to attain accurate profiles.
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While soil micromorphology begins in the field with the routine and careful use of a 10x hand lens, much more can be described by careful description of thin sections made of the soil with the aid of a petrographic polarizing light microscope. The soil can be impregnated with an epoxy resin, but more commonly with a polyester resin (crystic 17449) and sliced and ground to 0.03 millimeter thickness and examined by passing light through the thin soil plasma.
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Cast-resin power transformers encase the windings in epoxy resin. These transformers simplify installation since they are dry, without cooling oil, and so require no fire-proof vault for indoor installations. The epoxy protects the windings from dust and corrosive atmospheres. However, because the molds for casting the coils are only available in fixed sizes, the design of the transformers is less flexible, which may make them more costly if customized features (voltage, turns ratio, taps) are required.
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Other parts of the boat, including the rudder, seats (thwarts), keel and gunwales, may be built using suitable timbers. Most of the timber elements, including the planking and frames, are jointed and connected using either epoxy resin or Polyurethane glue. Oars for the St. Ayles skiff must be built using timber and, for competitive use, must not be spooned or asymmetrical. The original designs show oars of 12' length but builders may experiment with alternative designs and lengths.
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G-10 is generally safe to handle outside of extreme conditions. Hazards can result from cutting or grinding the material, as glass and epoxy dust are well known to contribute to respiratory disorders and increase the risk of developing lung cancer. For any work of this kind, the work space should be appropriately ventilated and masks or respirators must be worn. Epoxy resin is flammable and, once set on fire, will burn violently, giving off poisonous gases.
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Sottos has also focused on the design of microvascular networks for the distribution of active fluids in autonomous materials systems. Such designs offer possibilities for "self- healing, regeneration, self-sensing, self-protection and self-cooling" properties, similar to those of biological systems. To create such a material, a three-dimensional pattern of organic inks is laid down, and the interstitial pores in the pattern are filled with epoxy resin. The polymer is left to cure, and then the ink is removed.
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Both DCPD and Grubbs' catalyst are imbedded in an epoxy resin. The monomer on its own is relatively unreactive and polymerization does not take place. When a microcrack reaches both the capsule containing DCPD and the catalyst, the monomer is released from the core–shell microcapsule and comes in contact with exposed catalyst, upon which the monomer undergoes ring opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP). The metathesis reaction of the monomer involves the severance of the two double bonds in favor of new bonds.
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The first engine cooking experiments were done by hungry truckers who came up with the idea of making a small vent hole in the lid of cans of soup, and then placing it on the hot exhaust manifold before hitting the road. When arriving at the destination, lunch was ready. This however cannot be recommended as cans used for canned food are typically coated on the inside in a layer of epoxy resin. Other communities also have embraced engine cooking, including vandwellersvandwellers.
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They were used in the construction of the combustion chamber and the nozzle, and also the gas generator and some elements in the turbopumps. The combustion chamber and the nozzle are built from two layers. The internal layer is made of silica fiber and phenolic resin, and the external one is made of carbon fiber and epoxy resin. The phenolic resin reinforced with silica fiber pyrolyzes endothermally in the combustion chamber walls, releasing gases like oxygen and hydrogen, leaving a local carbon matrix.
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W. Brandt Goldsworthy is widely regarded as the inventor of pultrusion."Brandt Goldsworthy: Composites Visionary" Parallel to the work of Goldsworthy, who concentrated his work on unsaturated polyester resins, Ernst Kühne in Germany developed a quite similar process in 1954 based on epoxy resin. Invention, development and the issuance of patents continue in the pultrusion field through today. A later innovation in this field has been developed and patented by Thomas GmbH + Co. Technik + Innovation KG in Germany 2008 and is described below.
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New Zealand has pioneered the use of Radiata timber and plywood in small craft boatbuilding. Untreated clear timber or plywood is used that is then encapsulated in epoxy resin after construction. The key reason is the low cost of the wood rather than any inherent properties of the wood which is of moderate weight but fractures easily when bent, when dried to 12% moisture. One of the largest ply factories in New Zealand is located on the Volcanic Plateau at Tokoroa.
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Alisport Silent 2 The fuselage is carbon and glass fiber composite with epoxy resin. The wings have an elliptical planform, vertical or elliptical design winglets. The wing structure includes extensive use of carbon fiber, both in the sandwich skins and in the tapered I-beam wing spar which uses pultruded carbon rods for the spar caps. The wing geometry is notable in that it varies non-linearly from the root to the tip, both in overall planform shape and in wing section profile.
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Terrazzo with stylized Native-American design at the Hoover Dam Terrazzo wall at the Gamla stan metro station, Stockholm Terrazzo artisans create walls, floors, patios, and panels by exposing marble chips and other fine aggregates on the surface of finished concrete or epoxy-resin. Much of the preliminary work of terrazzo workers is similar to that of cement masons. Marble-chip, cementitious terrazzo requires three layers of materials. First, cement masons or terrazzo workers build a solid, level concrete foundation that is deep.
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Corrosion can cause unprotected magnets to spall off a surface layer or to crumble into a powder. Use of protective surface treatments such as gold, nickel, zinc, and tin plating and epoxy-resin coating can provide corrosion protection; the majority of neodymium magnets use nickel plating to provide a robust protection. Originally, the high cost of these magnets limited their use to applications requiring compactness together with high field strength. Both the raw materials and the patent licenses were expensive.
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The success of the SZD-37x prototypes in the World Championships was not repeated, due partly to shrinkage of the epoxy resin causing irregularities in the wing surfaces, and partly to the improved performance of the competing aircraft. The SZD-38 broke seven Polish National records in 1973, but was soon out-classed in competitions. The standard instrument fit included variometer, turn and bank, compass as well as standard ASI, altimeter etc. Provision was also made for an artificial horizon and oxygen equipment.
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FR-4 (or FR4) is a NEMA grade designation for glass-reinforced epoxy laminate material. FR-4 is a composite material composed of woven fiberglass cloth with an epoxy resin binder that is flame resistant (self-extinguishing). "FR" stands for flame retardant, and does not denote that the material complies with the standard UL94V-0 unless testing is performed to UL 94, Vertical Flame testing in Section 8 at a compliant lab. The designation FR-4 was created by NEMA in 1968.
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Using high-carbon steel wire rod, after surface treatment it is cold drawn into steel wire, and then the strand structure will be a number of steel wires stranded into shares. Next the elimination of stress by way of a stabilization process. In order to extend durability, the wire can have metal or non-metallic coatings, such as galvanized, or epoxy resin coating. In order to increase the bond strength with the concrete, the surface can have nicks and so on.
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Difficult sections are removed with soft brushes and localized vacuuming. The other areas that are easier to remove (because they had been damaged by less water) are removed with a paper pulp compress saturated with bicarbonate of ammonia solutions and removed with deionized water. These sections are strengthened and reattached then cleansed with base exchange resin compresses and the wall and pictorial layer were strengthened with barium hydrate. The cracks and detachments are stopped with lime putty and injected with an epoxy resin loaded with micronized silica.
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Underwater patching is almost always done by divers. As much patch fabrication and rigging as possible should be done out of the water to minimise diving time. Small leaks are generally sealed off and made watertight by wooden plugs and wedges, small wooden patches and concrete boxes, small steel plate patches or combinations of these, caulked and sometimes additionally sealed with epoxy resin or fire- reinforced resins. Small steel patches for minor leaks are usually fitted with gasket material to seal against the damaged hull.
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Overall reactivity potential for different hardeners can roughly be ordered; aliphatic amines > cycloaliphatic amines > aromatic amines, though aliphatic amines with steric hindrance near the amino groups may react as slowly as some of the aromatic amines. Slower reactivity allows longer working times for processors. Temperature resistance generally increases in the same order, since aromatic amines form much more rigid structures than aliphatic amines. Aromatic amines were widely used as epoxy resin hardeners, due to the excellent end properties when mixed with a parent resin.
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In the electronics industry epoxy resins are the primary resin used in overmolding integrated circuits, transistors and hybrid circuits, and making printed circuit boards. The largest volume type of circuit board—an "FR-4 board"—is a sandwich of layers of glass cloth bonded into a composite by an epoxy resin. Epoxy resins are used to bond copper foil to circuit board substrates, and are a component of the solder mask on many circuit boards. Flexible epoxy resins are used for potting transformers and inductors.
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Lithium-iodide or lithium anode cells became the standard for future pacemaker designs. A further impediment to reliability of the early devices was the diffusion of water vapour from the body fluids through the epoxy resin encapsulation affecting the electronic circuitry. This phenomenon was overcome by encasing the pacemaker generator in a hermetically sealed metal case, initially by Telectronics of Australia in 1969 followed by Cardiac Pacemakers Inc of Minneapolis in 1972. This technology, using titanium as the encasing metal, became the standard by the mid-1970s.
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Norman began his professional career designing window displays for the Bullocks Wilshire department store in Los Angeles. He later moved to New York to design window displays for department stores including Bergdorf Goodman and Bonwit Teller -- his work featured in Vogue and other periodicals. In 1946, he designed ornate headgear for performers in the 1946 Hollywood musical Blue Skies. On a trip to Europe, he discovered an affinity for working with plastics, especially epoxy resin, which would ultimately become a mainstay of his work.
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Aromatic polyamides and polyamides are practical compounds due to their temperature resistance, electrical or insulating characteristics, and their mechanical strength. Some of the polyamides and polyimides that can be synthesized by o-Cresophthalein are polycarbonate, polyacrylate, and epoxy-resin. The diether-diamine 3,3-bis[4-(4-amino- phenoxy)-3-methylphenyl]phthalide, or BNMP, is synthesized by 12 g o-cresophthalein, 11.5 g p-chloronitrobenzene, 5.1 g anhydrous potassium carbonate, and 55 mL of DMF. The compounds should be refluxed together at 160°C for eight hours.
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Lugs are added and crimped to form attachment points for the motor's three phases. A specialized automatic sewing machine then binds the coils together to keep them in place, the increased tightness of the binding provided by a robotic sewing machine increases the efficiency of the motor. The stator is then encased in a two part epoxy resin to help in evenly distributing the motor's heat. The stator is now complete and is inserted into a heated metal case, locking the stator inside as the case cools.
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Competitive paddles are still made in small shops, but the technology has advanced beyond early paddles. Modern paddles combine polymer foams, high- strength metals, graphite and epoxy resin. Paddles are made in home shops by craftsmen such as eight-time national champion Mike Wisniewski of Bay City, Michigan, who builds a few paddles—more than needed for personal use, but not enough to be considered a manufacturer. These "Wiz paddles" are well-enough made that they are often kept on display when not in use.
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In practice, this often means having to heat the pieces to be glued, and gluing in a very warm room,Courtnall 1999, p. 62. though these steps can be dispensed with if the glue and clamp operation can be carried out quickly. Where hide glue is in occasional use, excess glue may be held in a freezer, to prevent spoilage from the growth of microorganisms. Hide glue has some gap filling properties, although modern gap-filling adhesives, such as epoxy resin, are better in this regard.
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The sculpture of two women in bronze, Jag tänker på mig själv - Växjö ( 'I am thinking of myself - Växjö') by Marianne Lindberg De Geer, 2005, outside of the art museum of Växjö, Sweden. Its display of one anorexic woman and one obese woman is a demonstration against modern society's obsession with how we look. The sculpture has been a source of controversy in town, with both statues being vandalized and repaired during 2006. This photograph shows Yolanda, an epoxy resin statue created by Miriam Lenk.
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Waterborne resins find use in Coatings, Adhesives, Sealants and Elastomers. Specifically they find use in industrial coatings, UV coatings, floor coatings, hygiene coatings, wood coatings, adhesives, concrete coatings, automotive coatings, clear coatings and anticorrosive applications including waterborne epoxy based anticorrosive primersHowarth G.A. “Waterborne epoxy resin systems for use in anti-corrosive primers” Pigment and Resin Technology Vol. 24 No 6 Nov./Dec. 1995 pp 3-6Howarth, G.A. and Hayward, G.R., “Waterborne Resins,” OCCA Student Monograph No. 3, Oil and Colour Chemists’ Association, UK, 1996.
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National Assembly for Wales The soft red-brown timber has a tight, straight grain and few knots. It is valued for its distinct appearance, aroma, and its high natural resistance to decay, being extensively used for outdoor construction in the form of posts, decking, shingles, and siding. It is commonly used for the framing and longwood in lightweight sail boats and kayaks. In larger boats it is often used in sandwich construction between two layers of epoxy resin and/or fibreglass or similar products.
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Two pairs of scissor legs attached to the bottom support the mine and allow it to be aimed vertically. On both sides of the sight are fuse wells set at 45 degrees. Internally the mine contains a layer of C-4 explosive behind a matrix of about seven hundred steel balls set into an epoxy resin. When the M18A1 is detonated, the explosion drives the matrix forward, out of the mine at a velocity of , at the same time breaking it into individual fragments.
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The mechanical strength of cellulose fibers can be increased by an order of magnitude by adding only 0.1 wt% of TMCH nanotubes, and measurements of electrical conductivity of polycaprolactone doped with TMCH nanotubes revealed a percolative behavior with an extremely low percolation threshold. The addition of WS2 nanotubes to epoxy resin improved adhesion, fracture toughness and strain energy release rate. The wear of the nanotubes-reinforced epoxy was eight times lower than that of pure epoxy. WS2 nanotubes were also embedded into a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) nanofiber matrix via electrospinning.
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Gelcoat or 'Gel Coat' is a material used to provide a high-quality finish on the visible surface of a fibre-reinforced composite. The most common gelcoats are thermosetting polymers based on epoxy or unsaturated polyester resin chemistry. Gelcoats are modified resins which are applied to moulds in the liquid state. They are cured to form crosslinked polymers and are subsequently backed with thermoset polymer matrix composites which are often mixtures of polyester resin and fiberglass, or epoxy resin which is most commonly used with carbon fibre for higher specific strength.
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The centre console along with the back of the seats had exposed metal parts. The cylinders, or pressure cells, inside the fiberglass storage tank were lined with a gas-impermeable high density polyurethane (HDPE) thermoplastic and wrapped in a hybrid mix of high-strength carbon and super-tough glass filaments that were wound with an epoxy resin. The cylinders were laid into a foam egg crate to absorb impacts. They were designed to be strong yet lightweight, resistant to environmental damage, reliable and durable. The fuel could be stored at 3,600 lb³ of pressure.
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Being inflatable they are virtually unsinkable and often more stable than hardshell designs. New drop-stitch technology means slab, rather than tube shapes are used in the designs with higher inflation pressures (up to 10psi), leading to considerably faster, though often less stable kayaks which rival hardshell boats in performance. Wooden hulls don't necessarily require significant skill and handiwork, depending on how they are made. Kayaks made from thin strips of wood sheathed in fiberglass have proven successful, especially as the price of epoxy resin has decreased in recent years.
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In 2009, the nano-knife was used to create indentation marks on biological cell plasticizer (epoxy resin). The whole cutting process is currently limited by electron charging of polymeric specimen in the SEM, which makes it difficult to observe any small cut or mark as the carbon nanotube is pressed against the specimen. Nanoknife Procedure Doctors use a special medical device designed for the specific purpose of performing irreversible electroporation. The device implements a direct current generator which emits short pulses of high voltage electric current through electrodes into the cell membrane.
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In Europe, about 323,000 tonnes of epoxy resin were manufactured in 2017 generating some €1,055 million in sales. Germany is the largest market for epoxy resins in Europe, followed by Italy, France, the UK, Spain, the Netherlands and Austria. These commodity epoxy manufacturers mentioned above typically do not sell epoxy resins in a form usable to smaller end users, so there is another group of companies that purchase epoxy raw materials from the major producers and then compounds (blends, modifies, or otherwise customizes) epoxy systems from these raw materials. These companies are known as "formulators".
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The primary risk associated with epoxy use is often related to the hardener component and not to the epoxy resin itself. Amine hardeners in particular are generally corrosive, but may also be classed as toxic or carcinogenic/mutagenic. Aromatic amines present a particular health hazard (most are known or suspected carcinogens), but their use is now restricted to specific industrial applications, and safer aliphatic or cycloaliphatic amines are commonly employed. Liquid epoxy resins in their uncured state are mostly classed as irritant to the eyes and skin, as well as toxic to aquatic organisms.
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A recent photo in Japan The body is composed of a front with air-intake low, square and very large, with a large vent hot air in front for the passenger as in 1000 V changed; however, is for the first time, realized in composite: fiberglass and epoxy resin, set through rapid hooks that allow a quick replacement. The cockpit area is coated panels in aluminium, while the fairing over the rear wheels, which is also fiberglass, complete the body that leaves the central rear of the first real wing adjustable incidence adopted by Bandini.
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The products were produced in thermoset presses, with and without inserts, in injection molding (compression molding with a built-in injection plunger), in thermoset injection molding, and in thermoplastic injection molding. For this purpose, Sheet Molding Compounds were pressed in the thermosetting area as well as a kneading-type thermosetting resin with long glass fibers. Thermoplastics: Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene, Polyoxymethylene, Polystyrol, Polycarbonate, Polyethylene, Polypropylene (also with glass fibers). In the thermosetting range: phenol-formaldehyde resin, melamine-formaldehyde resin, urea-formaldehyde resin, unsaturated polyester resins, phenolic resins, epoxy resin. .
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Between 1986 and 1992, Genzken conceived her series of plaster and concrete sculptures to investigate architecture. These sculptures consist of sequentially poured and stacked slabs of concrete featuring rough openings, windows and interiors.Isa Genzken: Everybody needs at least one window, May 14 – June 28, 1992 Renaissance Society, Chicago. A later series consists of other architectural or interior design quotations made from epoxy resin casts, such as column or lamp sculptures. In 1986, Genzken's architectural references switched from the 1910s, 20s and 30s to the 1950s, 60s and 70s.
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The holotype, CPC 25730, was reconstructed from hundreds of frost-shattered pieces using a combination of polyvinyl acetate and epoxy resin. This prevented the use of acetic acid requiring the use of mechanical methods for specimen preparation. CPC 25730 consists of incomplete right and left mandibles and an incomplete skull missing the basicranium. The other four specimens consist of one partial rostrum, a partial skull consisting of the right side, the rear section of a skull including basicranium, and a partial skull consisting of the narial region and a partial endocranial cast.
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The colonisation of planets or moons will require obtaining local building materials, such as regolith. For example, studies employing artificial Mars soil mixed with epoxy resin and tetraethoxysilane, produce high enough values of strength, resistance, and flexibility parameters. Asteroid mining could also involve extraction of metals for construction material in space, which may be more cost-effective than bringing such material up out of Earth's deep gravity well, or that of any other large body like the Moon or Mars. Metallic asteroids contain huge amounts of siderophilic metals, including precious metals.
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In the past, phenolic thermosetting resins have been used, but modern epoxy is becoming more popular because reduced shrinkage during curing results in a better mount with superior edge retention. A typical mounting cycle will compress the specimen and mounting media to and heat to a temperature of . When specimens are very sensitive to temperature, "cold mounts" may be made with a two-part epoxy resin. Mounting a specimen provides a safe, standardized, and ergonomic way by which to hold a sample during the grinding and polishing operations.
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The building's design with a number of large "sails" made up of 22,194 pre-cast concrete segments proved challenging to construct. The segments were to be fixed in position with epoxy resin and Bertony determined that a temporary steel "erection arch" falsework would be required to support the structure in the temporary condition. Bertony settled on a mobile telescopic truss system and completed the 30,000 necessary calculations by hand in six months. The structure, which had no flat elements, was complex, and the margin of error required was .
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New England is no longer the center of dory construction and dories have been built all over the world. Modern dory designers include Phil Bolger of Gloucester and John Welsford of New Zealand. Most modern dories are about 15–16 feet long, built of lightweight plywood, fastened by fibreglass tape and epoxy resin. They are much lighter than traditional dories and compensate for the lack of initial stability by having slightly wider bottoms and very low (8 inch high) seats and are fitted with skegs for directional stability.
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"Sewer Sealing Machine Patches Cracks Underground." Popular Mechanics, April 1956, p. 86. Today, a similar method using epoxy resin is used by some municipalities to re-line aging or damaged pipes, effectively creating a "pipe in a pipe". These methods may be unsuitable for locations where the full diameter of the original pipe is required to carry expected flows, and may be an unwise investment if greater wastewater flows may be anticipated from population growth, increased water use, or new service connections within the expected service life of the repair.
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The first car to be produced by Schumacher was the XL Lexan chassis pan car in 1981 which had intentionally highly flexible chassis suitable for indoor racing. This was followed in 1983 by the "C" car which was made out of fibreglass reinforced epoxy resin sheet and designed specifically for racing on carpet. It included many features that are still around on every modern 1/12-scale car; race wins include the euros in 1985 and 1988. In the latter half of the 1980s, off-road RC cars increased in popularity.
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A stamped circuit board (SCB) is used to mechanically support and electrically connect electronic components using conductive pathways, tracks or traces etched from copper sheets laminated onto a non-conductive substrate. This technology is used for small circuits, for instance in the production of LEDs.Heraeus SCB technology enhances thermal management in LED luminaires, LEDs Magazine Similar to printed circuit boards this layer structure may comprise glass-fibre reinforced epoxy resin and copper. Basically, in the case of LED substrates three variations are possible: # the PCB (printed circuit board), # plastic-injection molding and # the SCB.
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Bisphenol A (BPA) is a key component of epoxy resin systems. BPA is a suspected endocrine disruptor and is banned in many countries from being used in products like baby bottles. Because BPA is a reproductive, developmental, and systemic toxicant in animal studies and is weakly estrogenic, there are questions about its potential impact particularly on children’s health and the environment. US-EPA intends to initiate alternatives analyses for BPA in BPA-based materials lining water and waste water pipes since this application may have a potential for human and environmental exposure.
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Measurements show a single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) room-temperature thermal conductivity about 3500 W/(m·K), and over 3000 W/(m·K) for individual multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs). It is difficult to replicate these properties on the macroscale due to imperfect contact between individual CNTs, and so tangible objects from CNTs such as films or fibres have reached only up to 1500 W/(m·K) so far. Addition of nanotubes to epoxy resin can double the thermal conductivity for a loading of only 1%, showing that nanotube composite materials may be useful for thermal management applications.
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The 18th-century restorations were in part replaced with casts in epoxy resin, "to show the original as much as possible free of alien additions" according to the conservator Jerry Podany.Podany, 1994, quoted in Salvador Muñoz Viñas, Contemporary Theory of Conservation 2005:95–97, quote p. 96: "Thus, for the sake of truth, authentic imprints of real history (in this case, the substantial work of a neoclassical sculptor) were removed due to them being considered alien to the object." They have been re-integrated with the sculpture more recently.
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However, it does not resist impact damage as well as meranti. It is often sheathed in epoxy resin to increase strength and give more impact and abrasion resistance, and to increase water resistance over conventional marine enamel paints. It is often used in sandwich construction using the West (and other similar) epoxy system. Its attractive appearance means that it is often used decoratively as the top surface veneer in panelling and furniture, or in solid form, in luxury items such as boxes for cigars or other high-value items (e.g.
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Pushing down on the metal cover to reseat the ULA was normally sufficient to rectify these issues. Issue 5 and 6 boards utilized a different epoxy resin covering directly over the ULA, which resolved this issue. The keyboard included a form of quick keyword input, similar to that used on the Sinclair Spectrum, through use of the 'Func' key in combination with other keys labelled with BASIC keywords. However, unlike the Spectrum, this method of rapid keyword entry was optional, and keywords could be entered manually if preferred.
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Actually, his primary N4 (alder) bears an L500XL Bill Lawrence USA pickup—made before Bill Lawrence left the company—rather than the more recent L500. Although similar in appearance, there is controversy among fans over which pickup is genuine in sound to the original pickups Bettencourt used. A "Bill Lawrence USA" logo may appear on the bridge pickup. Else, if the spaces of the pickup's chrome case have been filled with epoxy resin, it is a Bill Lawrence USA L500 rather than Wilde (which doesn't employ epoxy potting in their design).
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Crosslinking is the general term for the process of forming covalent bonds or relatively short sequences of chemical bonds to join two polymer chains together. The term curing refers to the crosslinking of thermosetting resins, such as unsaturated polyester and epoxy resin, and the term vulcanization is characteristically used for rubbers. When polymer chains are crosslinked, the material becomes more rigid. In polymer chemistry, when a synthetic polymer is said to be "cross-linked", it usually means that the entire bulk of the polymer has been exposed to the cross-linking method.
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Constructed almost entirely from glassfibre using epoxy resin, the SZD-49 had a welded steel tube centre-section truss to accept the loads from the wings, undercarriage and towing hook. A one-piece forward-opening canopy with integral glare-shield gave access to the cockpit for entry/egress and maintenance. The wings are fitted with full-span flaps with drooping ailerons as well as single-leaf airbrakes extending from top and bottom surfaces of the wing. Ailerons are driven through a patented linkage entirely enclosed inside the wing.
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There are numerous thermoset composites, including paper composite panels. Many advanced thermoset polymer matrix systems usually incorporate aramid fibre and carbon fibre in an epoxy resin matrix. Shape memory polymer composites are high- performance composites, formulated using fibre or fabric reinforcement and shape memory polymer resin as the matrix. Since a shape memory polymer resin is used as the matrix, these composites have the ability to be easily manipulated into various configurations when they are heated above their activation temperatures and will exhibit high strength and stiffness at lower temperatures.
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He was therefore present – drawing details of the launch platform and the shuttle - at the unfortunate launch of 1986 where the Challenger was destroyed. He then created for the NASA Art Museum a 6-meter high obelisk in epoxy resin to commemorate the Space Shuttle “Challenger”. The names of the seven astronauts who lost their lives in the disaster are written on the obelisk, using a “Three-Dimensional Universal Language Transcription System”, a hieroglyphic code capable of rationally transcribing every human language by coding the minimal articulatory constituents of their sounds.
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Like other alkylalkanolamines, N-methylethanolamine is used in water- and solvent-based paints and coatings as a solubilizer for other components, such as pigments and as a stabilizer. In cathodic dip-coating, N-methylaminoethanol serves as cation neutralizer for the partial neutralization of the epoxy resin. It also serves as a chain extender in the reaction of high molecular weight polyepoxides with polyols. Being a base, N-methylaminoethanol forms neutral salts with fatty acids, which are used as surfactants (soaps) with good emulsifying properties and find applications in textile and personal care cleansing products.
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In 1995, the SW-4 project was formally re-launched and, in addition to the switch of power plant, the rotorcraft's design was substantially modified. Design alternations include the adoption of epoxy resin-based composite materials for the fuselage structure, further streamlining of the fuselage, and a revised tail and tail boom made primarily of aluminium. SW-4 idling prior to takeoff, 2006 In December 1994, the project had proceeded to ground testing of a non-flying prototype. Subsequently, a pair of flight-capable prototypes were assembled to support the development program.
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The contact copier is used today, particularly in the areas hobbyist, for the photoengraving of prototype printed circuit boards (PCBs) before being sent to production (artisanal creation ). Substantially similar to the contact printer used in photography, this variant usually uses ultraviolet lamps to impress a copper base specifically pre-sensitized. Burned by exposure to light parts reproduce patterns drawn on a transparent photolith film on a pre-sensitized plate (epoxy or Bakelite). This pre-sensitized plate comprises an insulating plate (epoxy resin or bakelite), adhered with a layer of copper, and coated with a varnish layer sensitized.
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Another early form of insulation was paper, however, paper is hygroscopic and absorbs moisture which is detrimental and is disadvantaged by the inflexible linear designs. Cast resin technology, has dominated insulated products since the 1960s, due to its flexibility of shape and its higher dielectrical strength. Typically, paper insulation is later impregnated either with oil (historically), or more commonly today with resin. In the case of resin, the paper is film coated with a Phenolic resin to become Synthetic Resin Bonded Paper, (SRBP) or impregnated after dry winding with epoxy resins, to become Resin Impregnated Paper or Epoxy Resin Impregnated Paper (RIP, ERIP).
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The names of the adhesives and stone fillers usually indicate their chemical components, for instance epoxy resin adhesive, and their field of application, for example marble filler. The adhesives can be used to attain load-carrying bonds between workpieces made of natural stone and engineered quartz composite as well as other materials. The fillers are used to fill pores or imperfections in natural stone products. In the natural stone sector the most frequently implemented adhesive systems are based on epoxy resins (EP resins) and unsaturated polyester resins (UP resins) as well as acrylic resins, methacrylate resins and polyurethane systems (PUR resins).
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D-Shape is a large 3-dimensional printer that uses binder-jetting, a layer by layer printing process, to bind sand with an inorganic seawater and magnesium- based binder in order to create stone-like objects. Invented by Enrico Dini, founder of Monolite UK Ltd, the first model of the D-Shape printer used epoxy resin, commonly used as an adhesive in the construction of skis, cars, and airplanes, as the binder. Dini patented this model in 2006. After experiencing problems with the epoxy, Dini changed the binder to the current magnesium- based one and patented his printer again in September 2008.
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In the same year, they developed a new injection molding resin by applying proprietary nanocomposite technology and developed toughness-enhancing master batches for epoxy resin. In 2008, the company developed a new resin with high mechanical strength and high light resistance named "ILLUMIKA", and developed world's most advanced high thermal conductive graphite sheet, named Graphinity. Takasago plant In 2010, the company developed new thermally conductive plastics with electric insulating properties, and the first dual UV/moisture-curing adhesive, together with ChemTech. In the same year, the company formed a capital alliance with the Belgian biotechnology company Eurogentec.
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Epoxy resin may be reacted with itself in the presence of an anionic catalyst (a Lewis base such as tertiary amines or imidazoles) or a cationic catalyst (a Lewis acid such as a boron trifluoride complex) to form a cured network. This process is known as catalytic homopolymerisation. The resulting network contains only ether bridges, and exhibits high thermal and chemical resistance, but is brittle and often requires elevated temperature for the curing process, so finds only niche applications industrially. Epoxy homopolymerisation is often used when there is a requirement for UV curing, since cationic UV catalysts may be employed (e.g.
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Due to the thickness required of a SUP, solid boards have a foam core that is then covered in one of many materials available, such as wood veneers, fiberglass, or carbon fiber. Epoxy resin can be added on top of those materials to create a stronger board. Another option is an inflatable SUP, or iSUP, which is built from a drop-stitch core of thousands of fine threads, that is then covered by one or more layers of PVC. iSUP can be used for all types of paddling activities, and when deflated, can be small enough to fit into a backpack.
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Brock began publicly supporting and, eventually, began to fit to all Holden Dealer Team specials a device called the "Energy Polariser" containing crystals and magnets in an epoxy resin that, it was claimed, improved the performance and handling of vehicles through "aligning the molecules". The device was based on the principles of orgone energy pseudoscience. The "Polariser" is being sold once more in an official HDT, Brock tribute upgrade pack. The overwhelming majority of the Australian motoring community regarded the device as pseudoscience, and Brock's promotion of it drove away HDT drivers like John Harvey, Allan Moffat and Larry Perkins.
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'Little Wave', wood, epoxy resin, aniline dye, metal and oil-based lithography ink work by John Cederquist, 1990-1991, Metropolitan Museum of Art John Carl Cederquist (born August 7, 1946) is an American sculptor in wood and builder of studio furniture who was born in Altadena, California. He graduated from Long Beach State College with a BA in 1969 and an MA in 1971. Cederquist is best known for his playful, trompe-l'œil wood assemblages―often in the form of pieces of furniture―that blur the distinctions between reality and illusion. He often employs cartoon-like drawings and skewed perspectives.
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The class has since progressed with the times, including a new deck and cockpit layout and changing the construction from GRP to a foam sandwich. In the last few years the rules have allowed a bigger spinnaker, longer spinnaker pole and the use of epoxy resin in the construction of the hull. The Tempest has an unusual aspect in that it is a keelboat but also has a trapeze, a rigging element usually only found on certain dinghies. As a result the Tempest is just as exciting to sail as fast dinghies, but is much more forgiving and is unable to be capsized.
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However, in fact the vast majority of wooden aircraft built in recent decades (mostly amateur-built aircraft) instead use other types of adhesives (primarily epoxy resin systems), which offer greater strength and, even more importantly, much less criticality in perfect application technique. Most newer adhesives are much more tolerant to typical construction mistakes (such as small gaps or misalignments between parts) than resorcinol, which offers virtually no tolerance for such everyday construction situations. This can pose major difficulties, especially in complex assemblies. Resorcinol is, however, still used by some builders/restorers, and is commonly seen in vintage aircraft.
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Epoxy resin, usually as a two part mix system, cures under a wider range of temperatures and moisture content than other glues, does not require pressure while curing, and has good gap-filling properties: near-perfect joints with very small gaps actually produce weaker bonds. Use of epoxy requires careful attention to the mixing ratio of the two parts. It bonds to most cured wood glues (except PVA). Two part epoxy adhesive is very resistant to salt water, most epoxy is heat resistant up to , the formulations containing powdered metal and rubber or plasticizers are very tough and shock resistant.
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The lantern panels were cemented together with epoxy resin within thin concrete ribs, a technique invented for the job. Side chapels were also framed in glass to their designs. In 1966 Walter Hussey, the Dean of Chichester Cathedral, commissioned Piper to produce a tapestry to enliven the dark area around the high altar of the cathedral. Piper had designed the cope presented to Hussey when he left his previous post in 1955; and for Chichester he produced a very brightly coloured tapestry with an abstract design of the Holy Trinity flanked by the Elements and by the Evangelists.
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Working at the Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Academic Hospital, Uppsala, they collected data resulting in the first complete papers representing three areas to become major fields of microneurography, i.e. afference from intra-muscular sense organs during voluntary contractions, response of cutaneous sense organs related to touch stimuli, and efferent sympathetic activity controlling the constriction state of human blood vessels. The microneurography approach of Hagbarth and Vallbo based on epoxy resin coated tungsten electrodes is now generally accepted whereas an alternative attempt using glass coated platina-iridium electrodes had obviously limited success as it yielded a single short note alone.
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There are three main categories of powder coatings: thermosets, thermoplastics, and UV curable powder coatings. Thermoset powder coatings incorporates a cross-linker into the formulation. Most common cross-linkers are solid epoxy resins in so-called hybrid powders in mixing ratios of 50/50, 60/40 and 70/30 (polyester resin/ epoxy resin) for indoor applications and triglycidyl isocyanurate (TGIC) in a ratio of 93/7 and β-hydroxy alkylamide (HAA) hardener in 95/5 ratio for outdoor applications. When the powder is baked, it reacts with other chemical groups in the powder to polymerize, improving the performance properties.
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Hüseynova began exhibiting works in 1957, in both Azerbaijan and in various of the republics of the USSR, which mainly focused on cultural icons—literary figures, scientists, war heroes and ordinary working people. For sculpture, she worked in a variety of media including bronze, ceramics, epoxy resin, marble, plaster, stone, and wood. She worked with different types of woods and materials to produce the most appealing images of her subjects. She married Togrul Narimanbekov and the couple had a daughter, Asmar Narimanbekov, who was named after her mother's brother and would become an Honored Artist of Azerbaijan, as well.
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Other readily available types include stainless steel, and composite bars made of glass fiber, carbon fiber, or basalt fiber. The steel reinforcing bars may also be coated in an epoxy resin designed to resist the effects of corrosion mostly in saltwater environments, but also land based constructions. Bamboo has been shown to be a viable alternative to reinforcing steel in concrete construction. These alternate types tend to be more expensive or may have lesser mechanical properties and are thus more often used in specialty construction where their physical characteristics fulfill a specific performance requirement that carbon steel does not provide.
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BMC is manufactured by mixing strands (Greater than 1/8” and less than 2") of chopped glass fibers, styrene, an initiator, and filler in a mixer with an unsaturated thermoset resin (commonly polyester resin, vinyl ester resin or epoxy resin). The mixing is done at room temperature and stored at low temperatures to slow down curing prior to molding. The concentration of the mixture can vary depending on application, but is typically 30% glass fibers, 25% filler, and 45% resin, styrene, and initiator. The material is provided in bulk or in logs approximately 4" in diameter.
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Sheet moulding compound (SMC) or sheet moulding composite is a ready to mould glass-fibre reinforced polyester material primarily used in compression moulding. The sheet is provided in rolls weighing up to 1000 kg. Alternatively the resin and related materials may be mixed on site when a producer wants greater control over the chemistry and filler. SMC is both a process and reinforced composite material. This is manufactured by dispersing long strands (usually >1”) of chopped fiber, commonly glass fibers or carbon fibers on a bath of thermoset resin (typically polyester resin, vinyl ester resin or epoxy resin).
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The Megavirus particle exhibits a protein capsid diameter of 440 nanometres (as seen by electron microscopy on thin sections of epoxy resin inclusions), enclosed into a solid mesh of bacterial-like capsular material 75 nm to 100 nm thick. The capsid appears hexagonal, but its icosahedral symmetry is imperfect, due to the presence of the “stargate”, at a single specific vertex of the icosahedron. The stargate is a five-pronged star structure forming the portal through which the internal core of the particle is delivered to the host's cytoplasm. This core is enclosed within two lipid membranes in the particle, also containing a large and diverse complement of viral proteins (e.g.
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The formulation may then be reacted in the same way as pure bisphenol A. Some (non-crosslinked) epoxy resins with very high molar mass are added to engineering thermoplastics, again to achieve flame retardant properties. Fluorinated epoxy resins have been investigated for some high performance applications, such as the fluorinated diglycidether 5-heptafluoropropyl-1,3-bis[2-(2,3-epoxypropoxy)hexafluoro-2-propyl]benzene. As it has a low surface tension, it is added as a wetting agent (surfactant) for contact with glass fibres. Its reactivity to hardeners is comparable to that of bisphenol A. When cured, the epoxy resin leads to a thermosetting plastic with high chemical resistance and low water absorption.
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Genzken's work has undoubtedly impacted art culture through her unique ability to create sculptures out of many materials such as wood, plaster, concrete, steel, epoxy resin, and even household kitchen materials, as seen in her "Babies" semblance from 1997. Genzken redefined the art of creating sculptures and even combated discrimination against sculpture art in the 60s and 70s as she pursued her unique talent. Simply put, her work has been seen as an attempt to encourage and broaden the art of sculpture without eliminating it. Genzken's art and media have always stayed true to the logic of her work, which continues to be contradictory, unpredictable, and in opposition throughout the sculpture.
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In the same year the Belém Tower was classified by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site. In the 1990s, the property was transferred to the Instituto Português do Património Arquitectónico (forerunner of IGESPAR), which began a full restoration of the building that lasted from February 1997 to January 1998; this included reinforcing the tower and bastion, reinforcing the south balcony supports with stainless steel rods and epoxy resin, treating the mortar joints, and general structural cleaning. The statues of Saint Vincent of Saragossa and the Archangel Michael received the same treatment. In 1999 the project received the Europa Nostra award for its restoration of the exterior.
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The new foam is unique in that it is more homogeneous and possesses greater uniform strength than other commercially available syntactic foam yet, with a specific density of about 0.7, will float in water. The foam is composed of very small hollow glass spheres suspended in an epoxy resin and comprises about 70% of the submarine's volume. The foam's strength enabled the Deepsea Challenger designers to incorporate thruster motors as part of the infrastructure mounted within the foam but without the aid of a steel skeleton to mount various mechanisms. The foam supersedes gasoline-filled tanks for flotation as used in the historic bathyscaphe Trieste.
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This adduct can then be dissolved in water and used to emulsify more epoxy resin and again either portion or both may be pigmented. The advantage with these systems is that they do not need glacial organic acids to solubilize them. This is an advantage if the coating is to be used over a highly alkaline substrate such as fresh concrete, as the alkali from the cement will neutralise the acid and cause instability on repeated dipping of a brush into the canHowarth G.A "Synthesis of a legislation compliant corrosion protection coating system based on urethane, oxazolidine and waterborne epoxy technology" Master of Science Thesis April 1997 Imperial College London.
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The next development of the SZD-48 involved a new forward fuselage with forward opening single piece canopy, which simplified production as well as improving access to the instrument panel and rudder controls, a rudder with increased area and revised water ballast system with individual vent/jettison valves for each wing tank and special funnel for filling. This version entered production as the SZD-48-3 Jantar Standard 3. The Jantar Standard 2s and 3s are of all glassfibre/epoxy resin construction with frames and ribs and a centre-section truss, built up from welded steel tubes, to support the wings, single wheel retractable undercarriage and the towing hook.
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A tow is typically a bundle of carbon fibers impregnated with epoxy resin and is approximately wide by thick and comes on a spool. Fiber placement machines (FPM) generally have a capacity of 12 to 32 tows or when placing all tows at a time in a course, have respective course widths of 1.5 in to 4 in. The tows are fed to a heater and compaction roller on the FPM head and through robotic type machine movements, are placed in courses across a tool surface. Courses are generally placed in orientations of 0°, +45°, -45° and 90° to build up plies which in combination, have good properties in all directions.
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First label of the polyester adhesive in 1953 In 1952 he put the first adhesive based on polyester on the natural stone market and called it "Stein- und Marmorkitt Universal" unsaturated polyester (Universal Stone and Marble Filler). To satisfy the steadily growing demand for the products on the domestic market and abroad, he built up a distribution network and expanded his range of filler and adhesive systems. He brought out a new bonding system based on epoxy resin which was used at first for natural stone and later for cars too. After the death of Erich Höntsch in 1970, his widow, Angelika Höntsch, took over the business and in 1972 the company moved into new buildings.
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Bandini Sport 1300 Bandini Sport 1300 The bodywork is made of composite material and epoxy resin matrix fibre glass, except for the two side panels in aluminium fixed to the frame through rivets. This allows a further reduction of weight that can be used as ballast. Compared to younger sister, the air-intake on the front and venting, are less pronounced, however the rear wing, monoplane to impact adjustable, is larger and the fairing also closes the rear of the engine compartment to the air incanalando radiator of the oil. Small openings elliptical on the front provide for the cooling of the disc brakes front and rear tyres and brakes receive grids prepared the same purpose.
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Abrahams' post-Cubist architectural structures of the 90s resulted in a commission by the Goodwood Sculpture Park and the purchase of the bronze Head of the Stairs by the Royal Borough of Kensington & Chelsea. In the 2000s a series of owls and cockerels, using various media, including enamel on steel epoxy resin and decal, culminated in the 2005 Mayor Gallery exhibition 'A Parliament of Owls'. 2007 saw a mini retrospective entitled The Four Seasons of Ivor Abrahams at One Canada Square in Canary Wharf. In 2008 the Henry Moore Institute mounted an exhibition of early work untitled By Leafy Ways showing the 1972 film of the same name, which prompted a reintroduction of the Garden image.
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Originally built by Laser, boats tagged 'V3000' currently built to the design by VanderCraft are constructed from woven glass and epoxy resin using vacuum-bagging to produce a boat which is very stiff and light yet durable. These boats race together with Laser 3000's in races within the 3000 Class. Again, while the original Hyde sails are still competitive, North Sails now offer a cheaper alternative using the latest cloth technology. The centre-sheeting optionally via a deck-mounted jammer or directly ‘off-the-boom’ may include a centre or an aft bridle, and a compression-strut kicker (‘Gnav’) is allowed which gives the crew much more space than the conventional kicking strap.
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HDT and Brock's association with Holden ended sensationally in 1987, after Brock began fitting a device known as the "Energy Polarizer" to his range of vehicles. This device was a small box with crystals and magnets encased in an epoxy resin, which Brock claimed improved the performance and handling of vehicles through "aligning the molecules". Brock was also quoted as saying that the Polarizer "made a shithouse car, good." Regarded as pseudoscience by Holden and the vast majority of the Australian motoring community, a new VL-series based "Director" model was then released in February 1987, which incorporated not only the Polarizer, but also a new independent rear suspension system developed by HDT without Holden's approval.
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The fuselage is carbon and glass fiber composite with epoxy resin. The wings have an elliptical planform, vertical or elliptical design winglets. The wing structure includes extensive use of carbon fiber, both in the sandwich skins and in the tapered I-beam wing spar which uses pultruded carbon rods for the spar caps. The wing geometry is notable in that it varies non-linearly from the root to the tip, both in overall planform shape and in wing section profile. The flaperons stretch for 11.0 meters of the full wingspan and their range of motion varies from positive landing L +8°, to +4° for thermalling, to 0°, -4°, and S -8° reflex positions for cruising.
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These resins can then be made water soluble by reacting further with glacial organic acids or formaldehyde. Resins like these are usually left with yet further amine functionality on the polymer backbone to enable them to cure and crosslink an epoxy resin.Richardson F.B “Water-borne Epoxy Coatings: Past, Present and Future” Modern Paints and Coatings April 1988 pages 84-88 Paints may then be made from them by pigmenting either the epoxy or the amine hardener portion or even both. Polyamine curing resins as opposed to polyaminoamide resins are generally made by partially adducting polyfunctional amines with an epoxy resin and/or epoxy diluent and leaving the species with residual amine functionality.
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Impression of a visit on the Horizon Field Horizon Field Hamburg, a large- scale art installation by British sculptor Antony Gormley, consisted of a 25 m by 50 m platform suspended by steel cables 7.5 m above the ground in the 3800 m² Hall for Contemporary Art of the Deichtorhallen in Hamburg. It was constructed from a steel-and-wood understructure covered by a highly polished black epoxy resin surface. The construction had a total weight of about 60 tons, using 40 tons of steel. It took two years of planning, and was erected in one month. The installation was created for the occasion of the documenta 2012 exhibition, and opened to the public on 27 April 2012.
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The bridge had been subject to continual restoration work from the 1970s on due to an incorrect initial assessment of the effects of creep of the concrete. This resulted in excessive deferred displacement of the vehicle deck so that it was neither level nor flat; at the worst points, it undulated in all three dimensions. Only after continual measurement, redesign and associated structural work was the vehicle deck considered acceptable, approaching horizontal by the mid-1980s. In a 1979 report, Morandi himself recommended for authorities to "remove all traces of rust on the exposure of the reinforcements, fill the patches with epoxy resin, and cover everything up with elastomer of very high chemical resistance".
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The spacecraft carried a digital "time capsule" containing over 30 million pages of data, including a full copy of the English-language Wikipedia, the Wearable Rosetta disc, the PanLex database, the Torah, children's drawings, a children's book inspired by the space launch, memoirs of a Holocaust survivor, Israel's national anthem ("Hatikvah"), the Israeli flag, and a copy of the Israeli Declaration of Independence. At the last minute, genetic samples and tardigrades were added in epoxy resin between the digital layers. Its scientific payload included a magnetometer supplied by the Israeli Weizmann Institute of Science to measure the local magnetic field, and a laser retroreflector array supplied by NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center to enable precise measurements of the Earth–Moon distance.
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During the setting process, the liquid monomer polymerizes into the polymer, thereby hardening into a solid. Single- monomer resins may be used in the process, which form homopolymers (polymers containing only one type of polymer). In such uses, the "curing agent" mixed with the resin contains what is loosely referred to as a "catalyst," but which is more technically an initial source of free radicals (such as MEKP) to act as an initiator in a free-radical chemical chain reaction polymerization. Alternately, resin casting may be accomplished with a resin plus a nearly equal amount of a "hardener" liquid (as in many epoxy resin or polyester resin systems), which functionally contains a second polymer, for use in forming a final product plastic which is a copolymer.
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The boat's design goals were, "a lightweight, trailerable catamaran that was fast, fun to sail, had weekend accommodations for 2 or 3 and was priced below $35,000." The design was intended to reach a break-even point at a production rate of two boats per week and would be profitable at three boats per week. The design challenge was to built a boat of this size that could be transported on a trailer behind a mid-sized car, a requirement that restricted the design to a towed weight of a maximum of . The design used a new manufacturing technique: single vacuum bagged epoxy resin laminate construction, conventional polyester gelcoat and reinforcing fibers fully wetted-out mechanically on a rolling machine.
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After a series of experiments with a few joint designs Basil Henriques and Birch (using Henriques' Fender 1000 pedal steel guitar as a testbed) came up with a new pickup design using multiple polepieces and a coil potted in baked epoxy resin. On subsequent BBC "Night Ride" broadcasts and later EMI Abbey Road recordings, the pickups on Basil's guitar proved to be a revolutionary design in both sustain and fidelity. EMI were so impressed with the stereo sound of Basil's guitar that they offered Basil and the Waikiki Islanders a 10-year contract on their Stereo Label "Studio Two Stereo". At Basil's instigation, John quit his day job and started making pickups for the guitarists in the local Birmingham beat group scene.
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Epoxy Art Group (active from 1982 to 1992) was a group of six Hong Kong native artists who were based in New York City. This group consisted of the artists Ming Fay, Jerry Kwan, Kwok Mang Ho, Bing Lee, Kang Lok Chung, and Eric Chan. Exalting the values of collaboration, they chose to use the name “Epoxy”, which derives from epoxy resin, a binding agent, to symbolize an innate bond they felt through their similar backgrounds and the idea that they could create better art together than by themselves, thus subverting notions of individualistic studio practices. They were able to establish opportunities together that they would not have own their own as it was a disadvantage to be an Asian-American artist.
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The KR-1's wings have a two- spar construction; the front spar of spruce, and the rear spar from spruce and plywood. The wing ribs are formed from polyurethane foam, and the space around them filled with the same material before the entire wing structure is covered with fabric impregnated with epoxy resin. The fuselage is built around a wooden framework, the lower part skinned in plywood and the upper part built up of polystyrene foam covered in epoxy-coated fabric. KR-1 builders have the choice of three different upper fuselage configurations: the "fastback" with a turtledeck behind the cockpit, the "pursuit" with a fighter-style bubble canopy, and the "sportsman" with an open cockpit and a small fairing behind it for rollover protection.
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This is a normal, usually wooden oar to which weight has been added at the inboard end so that the blade end is noticeably lighter and easier for a rower to operate without fatigue. The two methods of adding weight are to either have a much larger section in the oar immediately next to the handle for a distance of about or to drill an hole inside the handle for a distance of about and add about 12 oz of lead secured by epoxy resin glue. For a oar the balance point is about 12 inches outboard of the rowlock. Often surplus wood is removed from the blade's width and thickness and at the neck between the blade and the shaft to further reduce outboard weight.
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The hulls of early 505s were built in cold-molded marine plywood, new hulls are now built using composite molding: glass fibre and/or carbon fibre mats and vinylester or epoxy resin using either a wet layup technique or using heat-cured prepreg sheets. Hulls are usually cored with foam, balsa or Nomex to increase stiffness and durability, spars traditionally were manufactured from aluminium alloy, later rule changes have permitted the use of carbon fibre for boom and spinnaker pole. The hull shape and sail plan are tightly controlled, while the spars, foils and rigging are more open which allows the boat's rig and controls to be set up to the preferences of the crew, rather than dictated by the class rules.
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A syringe of "5-minute" epoxy glue, containing separate compartments for the epoxy resin and the hardener Structure of the epoxide group, a reactive functional group present in all epoxy resins Epoxy refers to any of the basic components or cured end products of epoxy resins, as well as a colloquial name for the epoxide functional group. Epoxy resins, also known as polyepoxides, are a class of reactive prepolymers and polymers which contain epoxide groups. Epoxy resins may be reacted (cross-linked) either with themselves through catalytic homopolymerisation, or with a wide range of co-reactants including polyfunctional amines, acids (and acid anhydrides), phenols, alcohols and thiols (usually called mercaptans). These co-reactants are often referred to as hardeners or curatives, and the cross-linking reaction is commonly referred to as curing.
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USA-17 (formerly known as BMW Oracle Racing 90 or BOR90) is a sloop rigged racing trimaran built by the American sailing team BMW Oracle Racing to challenge for the 2010 America's Cup. Designed by VPLP Yacht Design with consultation from Franck Cammas and his Groupama multi-hull sailing team, BOR90 is very light for her size being constructed almost entirely out of carbon fiber and epoxy resin, and exhibits very high performance being able to sail at 2.0 to 2.5 times the true wind speed. From the actual performance of the boat during the 2010 America's Cup races, it can be seen that she could achieve a velocity made good upwind of over twice the wind speed and downwind of over 2.5 times the wind speed. She can apparently sail at 20 degrees off the apparent wind.
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Powder particles are typically produced by cryogenic grinding in a ball mill at temperatures well below the glass transition temperature of the material, which can be reached by running the grinding process with added cryogenic materials such as dry ice (dry grinding), or mixtures of liquid nitrogen and organic solvents (wet grinding). The process can result in spherical or irregular shaped particles as low as five microns in diameter. Powder particle size distributions are typically gaussian and range from 15 to 100 microns in diameter, although this can be customized to suit different layer thicknesses in the SLS process. Chemical binder coatings can be applied to the powder surfaces post-process; these coatings aid in the sintering process and are especially helpful to form composite material parts such as with alumina particles coated with thermoset epoxy resin.
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In the early 1970s, fusion-jazz bassist Jaco Pastorius created his own fretless bass guitar by removing the fretsIn interviews, Pastorius gave various versions of how he accomplished this; the versions mention the use of pliers, a putty knife, and, in at least one interview (Guitar Player magazine, 1984) he states that he bought the instrument with the frets already removed, badly, with the slots where the frets once were not yet filled in. from a Fender Jazz Bass, filling the holes with wood putty, and coating the fretboard with epoxy resin. Pastorius used epoxy rather than varnish to obtain a glass-like finish suitable for the use of roundwound strings, which are otherwise much harder on the wood of the fingerboard. Some fretless basses have "fret line" markers inlaid in the fingerboard as a guide, while others only use guide marks on the side of the neck.
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"Hook" manufactured by Grays circa 1986 In 1982 a Dutch inventor, Toon Coolen, patented a hockey stick with a "hook" head. The hockey stick manufacturers Grays took the design up in 1983 and the first mass-produced hockey sticks, with laminated timber head parts, were manufactured in Pakistan. This new design was possible because of the development of epoxy resin glues that did not require perfectly dry timber for bonding and curing to a strength that could cope with the immense stresses placed on a stick head when a hockey ball is struck with it. By 1993 the "Hook" patent, had been ruled (following a court case in Germany) to protect only hook shapes within 20° of the vaguely written "nearly 180°" (referring to the degree of upturn of the toe in relation to the shaft of the stick in the patent description; the shaft of the handle being described a being bent through "nearly 180°" to form the hook shape of the stick head).
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Pod slurping is the act of using a portable data storage device such as an iPod digital audio player to illicitly download large quantities of confidential data by directly plugging it into a computer where the data are held, and which may be on the inside of a firewall. There has been some work in the development of fixes to the problem, including a number of third-party security products that allow companies to set security policies related to USB device use, and features within operating systems that allow IT administrators or users to disable the USB port altogether. Unix-based or Unix-like systems can easily prevent users from mounting storage devices, and Microsoft has released instructions for preventing users from installing USB mass storage devices on its operating systems. Additional measures include physical obstruction of the USB ports, with measures ranging from the simple filling of ports with epoxy resin to commercial solutions which deposit a lockable plug into the port.
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Synthesis of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether The most common epoxy resins are based on reacting epichlorohydrin (ECH) with bisphenol A, resulting in a different chemical substance known as bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (commonly known as BADGE or DGEBA). Bisphenol A-based resins are the most widely commercialised resins but also other bisphenols are analogously reacted with epichlorohydrin, for example Bisphenol F. In this two-stage reaction, epichlorohydrin is first added to bisphenol A (bis(3-chloro-2-hydroxy-propoxy)bisphenol A is formed), then a bisepoxide is formed in a condensation reaction with a stoichiometric amount of sodium hydroxide. The chlorine atom is released as sodium chloride (NaCl), the hydrogen atom as of water. Higher molecular weight diglycidyl ethers (n ≥ 1) are formed by the reaction of the bisphenol A diglycidyl ether formed with further bisphenol A, this is called prepolymerization: Synthesis of bisphenol- A-diglycidyl ether with a high molar mass A product comprising a few repeat units (n = 1 to 2) is a viscous, clear liquid; this is called a liquid epoxy resin.
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Ceramic tiles have a "multiple hit capability" problem in that they cannot sustain successive impacts without quickly losing much of their protective value.W. S. de Rosset and J. K. Wald, "Analysis of Multiple-Hit Criterion for Ceramic Armor", US Army Research Laboratory TR-2861, September 2002 To minimise the effects of this the tiles are made as small as possible, but the matrix elements have a minimal practical thickness of about one inch (25 mm), and the ratio of coverage provided by tiles would become unfavourable, placing a practical limit at a diameter of about four inches (ten centimetres). The small hexagonal or square ceramic tiles are encased within the matrix either by isostatically pressing them into the heated matrix,Bruchey, W., Horwath, E., Templeton, D. and Bishnoi, K.,"System Design Methodology for the Development of High Efficiency Ceramic Armors", Proceedings of the 17th International Symposium on Ballistics, Volume 3, Midrand, South Africa, March 23–27, 1998, p.167-174 or by gluing them with an epoxy resin.
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The piece was produced by introducing computer-made sculpture elements. Pushed by his growing interest in the transcription systems of world languages, he produced, through computer elaboration, a series of “Technological Hieroglyphs” in epoxy resin. He became a Visiting Lecturer, and then an Assistant Professor at Temple University Tyler School of Art in Rome where he teaches sculpture until 1988. In 1981 at the “Lerici Foundation” in Stockholm he inaugurated a travelling exhibition through major European cities titled ”Plastica Visionaria” The director of the Zoological Museum in Rome hosted him and his students in the Department of Taxidermy. Free access to the exhibited pieces represented a major source of inspiration, which would result in many drawings, photographs, models, plaster casts of animals and bone structures, leading eventually to the “Museum of Unnatural History”, a series of boxes containing Insects and other “Mechanical Animals”. NASA invited him to participate in the “NASA Fine Art Program” with the task of documenting through his work the launch of the Space Shuttle Challenger at the Kennedy Space Center of Cape Canaveral.
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The narthex is a zone of transition from the busy world of everyday life outside, to a quieter and more intimate spiritual space within the cathedral. Narthex window 'Jubilation', by Henry Haig, Clifton Cathedral The West Country artist Henry Haig designed the windows [W on Plan]. The glass windows use a technique known as dalle de verre – shaped coloured glass pieces mounted in metal frames with epoxy resin – constructed from over 8,000 pieces of glass collected from England, France and Germany. The window closest to the Portal of St Paul [W on Plan] is titled 'Jubilation', intended to express the Catholic concept of joy in God's Creation, and prompted by the Second Vatican Council’s instructions on a duty of care for the environment.Vatican II ‘Sacrosanctum Concilium 4 December 1963 – Vatican Council II: Volume 1 ’The Conciliar and Post Conciliar Documents’ Reverend Austin Flannery OP ‘Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World – Gaudium et Spes’ The window nearer the Portal of St Peter is titled 'Pentecost’ [W on Plan].
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