1000 Sentences With "epiphytic" | Random Sentence Generator

The Epiphyllum oxypetalum is an epiphytic tropical cactus that will bloom at night during the summer months.

In their more humid, coastal conditions, redwood canopies tend to be thick with epiphytic lichens, bryophytes and even small trees, growing in pockets of rotted wood.

Similarly, roots will rot if an epiphytic orchid is planted in a pot without drainage and no means of removing the orchid to water outside of the planter.

Most commercially-sold orchids are epiphytic plants, which means they grow on the surface of a plant/rock/tree, so they catch the optimal amount of sun and moisture they need to grow and bloom.

These are a feature that plants such as mangroves (which live in saline coastal areas) and epiphytic orchids (which cling onto trees and have no contact with the soil) use to collect water from the air.

If an epiphytic orchid is planted in a regular potting mix, chances are the orchid roots will rot because the soil mix is too heavy and does not allow enough oxygen to circulate into the roots.

Dr Chomicki and Dr Renner discovered, in the course of study of the six species of Fijian Squamellaria, that P. nagasau worker ants harvest seeds from their epiphytic homes, carry them away, and then insert them into cracks in the bark of suitable trees.

Ascending redwoods in northwestern California, he found trunks wrapped in blankets of fuzzy, grass-green moss; twigs covered by whimsical chartreuse lichen wisps; and in places where they could eke out a precarious roothold, a variety of saplings and bushes — currant, huckleberry, hemlock and more — some of which had epiphytic communities of their own.

An epiphytic fungus is a fungus that grows upon, or attached to, a living plant. The term epiphytic derives from the Greek epi- (meaning 'upon') and phyton (meaning 'plant').

Distribution pattern analysis of epiphytic bacteria on ethnomedicinal plant surfaces: A micrographical and molecular approach . Journal of Microscopy and Ultrastructure 2 : 34–40.Samuel S. Gnanamanickam, J. Ebenezar Immanuel .Epiphytic bacteria, their ecology and functions Current studies on epiphytic bacteria are underway for biotechnological applications areas such as the promotion of plant growth.

Many examples of epiphytic microorganisms exist.Endophytic Microorganisms:A Review On Insect Control And Recent Advances On Tropical Plants The ergoline alkaloids found in Convolvulaceae are produced by a seed-transmitted epiphytic clavicipitaceous fungus .

Dracula vampira is an epiphytic orchid species, endemic to Ecuador.

Wildflowers include several types of orchids, including epiphytic, lithophytic and terrestrial.

Abrodictyum caudatum is an epiphytic fern, found in rainforests in eastern Australia.

Dracula sergioi is an epiphytic species of orchid in the genus Dracula.

Masdevallia agaster is a species of epiphytic orchid endemic to southern Ecuador.

Coelogyne tiomanensis is an epiphytic orchid. It is endemic to Peninsular Malaysia.

Species in this genus are either epiphytic or terrestrial in growth habit.

Found in rock pools in the littoral or upper sublittoral, epilithic or epiphytic.

35 species of epiphytic orchids and 8 species of terrestrial orchid are recorded.

This monocot has thin, white roots and leads an epiphytic type of life.

Lobaria scrobiculata, commonly known as the textured lungwort, is a large foliose, epiphytic lichen.

Podochilus warnagalensis is a species of epiphytic or lithophytic orchid endemic to Sri Lanka.

The oedogoniales include free-living and epiphytic members on other algae or freshwater angiosperms.

Epiphytic bacteria found in the marine environment have a role in the nitrogen cycle.

Medinilla speciosa is a perennial epiphytic plant in the genus Medinilla of the family Melastomataceae.

Epidendrum rondoniense is an epiphytic species of orchid of the genus Epidendrum, occurring in Brazil.

Epidendrum vesicatum is an epiphytic species of orchid of the genus Epidendrum, occurring in Brazil.

Usually epiphytic or epipetric. Rhizomes dictyostelic, dorsiventral, densely scaly. Stipes articulate at base. Phyllopodia short.

Dischidia ruscifolia, also known as million hearts, is an epiphytic plant native to the Philippines.

Pupation takes place in the ground at the base of trees covered with epiphytic Bromeliaceae.

Phalaenopsis taenialis is a species of epiphytic orchid occurring from the eastern Himalaya to China (Yunnan).

Venezuela to Peru, including Colombia, Bolivia, Ecuador, in tropical riparian forests. It is Epiphytic or xerophytic.

Tillandsia rothii is an epiphytic bromeliad native to Mexico. It can grow quite large and colorful.

Bulbophyllum gyrochilum is a species of epiphytic orchid described by Gunnar Seidenfaden, in the genus Bulbophyllum.

It is associated with epiphytic bromeliads where its tadpoles develop. It is threatened by habitat loss.

Miltoniopsis vexillaria ("the flag-like Miltoniopsis") is a species of epiphytic orchid in the genus Miltoniopsis.

Epiphytic on other algae such as Corallina also on rock in rock pools in the littoral.

Various epiphytic organisms settle and grow on the tubes which may be rather wrinkled near their bases.

Phalaenopsis stobartiana is a species of epiphytic plant in the family Orchidaceae. It is endemic to China.

Encyclia adenocaula is a species of epiphytic orchid of light purple flowers, native to forests in Mexico.

Mexico: Hidalgo. Dry forests. Lithophytic or epiphytic in dry forests. Seems rare and seldom collected in the field.

Orthotrichaceae is the only family of mosses in the order Orthotrichales. Many species in the family are epiphytic.

Hidalgoa ternata is a hemi-epiphytic vine. It is distinguished by its deep orange flowers and ternate leaves.

Wild Nature Press, Plymouth. UK. Epiphytic on other small algae where there are larger brown are not present.

Columnea minor is a species of epiphytic flowering plants in the family Gesneriaceae. It is found in Ecuador.

Columnea hirta is epiphytic. They are endemic to Costa Rica and Panama but are widely cultivated as an ornamental.

Epidendrum parahybunense is a species of orchid of the genus Epidendrum. This is an epiphytic orchid occurring in Brazil.

Epidendrum tridactylum is an epiphytic species of orchid of the genus Epidendrum, occurring in Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia and Brazil.

Epidendrum kautskyi is a species of orchid of the genus Epidendrum. This is an epiphytic orchid occurring in Brazil.

Epidendrum minarum is a species of orchid of the genus Epidendrum. This is an epiphytic orchid occurring in Brazil.

Impatiens paucidentata is an epiphytic species of Impatiens native to Uganda and the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo.

For the cultivation of epiphytic cacti, see Cultivation of Schlumbergera (Christmas or Thanksgiving cacti), and Cultivation of epiphyllum hybrids.

Lepismium is a genus of mostly epiphytic cacti, with a dozen species. They are found in tropical South America.

The species is epiphytic and grows on large, wet branches up to in altitude. The species produces extrafloral nectar.

Zygosepalum labiosum is an epiphytic orchid found in South America, growing in dense shade at up to in elevation.

Fish reported that aquatic larvae of a psychodid were abundant in epiphytic bromeliads in some localities in southern Florida.

Identifying Marine Phytoplankton, Academic Press. and are sometimes referred to as epiphytic. However, they are also observed to be planktonic.

Saccoglossum is a genus of epiphytic orchids comprising 5 species native to New Guinea and to the nearby Bismarck Islands.

Asplenium serratum is an epiphytic or lithophytic fern that grows on eroded limestone, tree trunks, rotting stumps, and fallen logs.

Epidendrum coronatum is a reed-stemmed epiphytic Epidendrum orchid that grows wild in the Neotropics at medium to low altitudes.

Growing on rock in pools at low water and also sublittoral to 30 m deep epiphytic on other large algae.

Cattleya rex is a species of epiphytic orchid of showy white flowers, native to montane forests in Peru and Bolivia.

Oncidium leucochilum (or white-lipped oncidium)IOSPE: Oncidium leucochilum is an epiphytic species of orchid occurring from southeastern Mexico to Honduras.

Renanthera matutina, common name early blooming renanthera, is a species of epiphytic orchid in the genus Renanthera of the family Orchidaceae.

The bird's nest fern, or crow's nest fern (Asplenium australasicum) is an epiphytic Australasian species of fern in the family Aspleniaceae.

The species was formerly considered to be synonym of Ranitomeya ventrimaculata. Arboreal habitat of Ranitomeya variabilis with epiphytic bromeliad Aechmea zebrina.

Rosette, typically unbranched herbs with somewhat succulent, strap-shaped leaves. In the wild, plants grow on the floor of primary rainforests, shallowly rooted in the humus-rich and leaf- litter layers. Plowmanianthus resembles its close relative, the epiphytic genus Cochliostema, but is smaller (its leaves reach only to ca. 30 cm in length) and is not epiphytic.

The vast majority of Graphidaceae species are restricted to the tropics. Most Graphidaceae species are epiphytic (i.e. they grow only on plants).

Pseudomonas parafulva is a Gram-negative bacteria. It is epiphytic and has been demonstrated to antagonise the fungal plant pathogen Botrytis cinerea.

Lepanthes calodictyon is a small epiphytic orchid Native to the montane forest of Ecuador and Colombia, Commonly found at elevations ranging from .

In marine systems, where soft sediment bottoms are common, hard substrates represent islands, supporting a variety of obligate epiphytic and epizoic taxa.

Cymbidiella, abbreviated as Cymla in horticultural trade, is a genus of 3 species of epiphytic orchids native to the moist forests of Madagascar.

Lockhartia parthenocomos is a species of orchid native to South America. This species is epiphytic and occurs in montane forests and cloud forests.

Lockhartia imbricata is a species of orchid found from Trinidad to tropical South America It is an epiphytic species growing in humid forests.

Epiblastus sciadanthus is a species of epiphytic orchid in the genus Epiblastus and is found in the Solomon Islands, Fiji, Samoa and Vanuatu.

Species are terrestrial, epiphytic, or lithophytic plants that are distributed around the world. They grow on various substrates, including rock, bark, and soil.

Selenicereus, or moonlight cacti, is an epiphytic, lithophytic, and terrestrial cactus genus found in Mexico, Central America, the Caribbean and northern South America.

Cephalaralia cephalobotrys is a species of epiphytic vine of the family Araliaceae, endemic to Australia. It is the only member of genus Cephalaralia.

Epiphytic fungi, however, may associate more commonly with limited clades of rhizoctonia, a polyphyletic grouping. These fungi may form significant symbioses with either an epiphytic or terrestrial orchid, but rarely do they associate with both. Using seed-baiting techniques researchers have been able to isolate specific species and strains of symbiotic orchid mycorrhizae. Using this technique seeds of the epiphytic orchid Dendrobium aphyllum were found to germinate to seedlings when paired with fungal strains of Tulasnella, however, seeds of this species did not germinate when treated with Trichoderma fungi taken from adult orchids, indicating there are stage specific symbionts.

Many epiphytic bacteria are rod- shaped, and classified as either gram negative or gram positive, pigmented or non-pigmented, fermentative or non-fermentative . Non-pigmented epiphytic bacteria have high a GC content in their genome, a characteristic which protects the bacteria from the ultraviolet rays of the sun. Because of this, these bacteria have special nutritional requirements.Fenella Mary War Nongkhlaw, S.R. Joshi . 2014.

The common infiltration of clouds into the forest also means that the region abounds with ferns, bromeliads, and literally hundreds of other epiphytic species'.

Epiphytic on other marine algae.Hardy, F.G. and Guiry, M.D. 2003. A Check-list and Atlas of the Seaweeds of Britain and Ireland. British Phycological Society.

Epidendrum pseudodifforme Hoehne & Schltr., 1925 is an epiphytic orchid, occurring in Brazil. It should not be confused with Epidendrum pseudodifforme Hoehne & Schltr., 1926 nom. illeg.

Epidendrum hemiscleria is a sympodial epiphytic orchid native to the tropical cloud forest of Ecuador (Loja in particular) and Peru, at altitudes near 3.3 km.

Decaisnina angustata is a species of flowering plant, an epiphytic hemiparasitic plant of the family Loranthaceae native to the Northern Territory and northern Western Australia.

Chysis laevis is a species of epiphytic orchid.Lindley, John. 1840. Edwards's Botanical Register 26: misc. 61 It is Chiapas, Oaxaca, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua.

Vanda garayi, or Garay's ascocentrum, is a small monopodial epiphytic orchid native to semi-deciduous and deciduous dry lowland forests of Thailand, Laos, and Sumatra.

Palmchats feed on fruits and berries, including those of palms and of the Gumbo-limbo tree, as well as on flowers, especially those of epiphytic orchids.

Aerangis citrata is an epiphytic species of orchid indigenous to Madagascar.Thouars, Louis-Marie Aubert du Petit. 1822. Histoire Particulière des Plantes Orchidées t. 61. Angraecum citratum .

The genus was endemic to the Santa Cruz cordillera of Bolivia. It occurred at 1,400 m. The species was apparently epiphytic and grew in montane forests.

Pachycentria glauca is a small, epiphytic shrub, 20–60 cm in height, with numerous hanging, creeping or erect branches, indigenous to Borneo, Sumatra, and Peninsular Malaysia.

Most species grow in the Andes mountains of Colombia and Ecuador, in shady, humid conditions. Most are epiphytic though some grow terrestrially in humus or moss.

Wilmotte completed her MSc (Botanical Sciences) at the University of Liège in 1982. Her thesis investigated the use of epiphytic marine cyanobacteria as indicators of pollution of Calvi Bay, Corsica, France. She subsequently completed her PhD in Botanical Sciences from the University of Liège. The title of her thesis was "Contribution to the taxonomic and ecological characterisation of marine epiphytic Oscillatoriaceae (Cyanophyceae) of the experimental cultivation and nucleic acid studies".

S latissima was also epiphytic but occupied the middle part of the stipe. Neither was present on the lower regions of the stipe and it was thought that this was due to grazing pressure from benthic macrofauna such as sea urchins.The epiphytic community of Pterygophora californica: Race Rocks MPA, British Columbia Retrieved 2011-09-11. Herbivores feed on P. californica and other kelps, the predominant grazers being sea urchins.

The 70 different epiphytic lichens found include: Phyllopsora rosei, the pollution-sensitive Lobaria pulmonaria. Around 85 different mosses and liverworts are found in this site including Nowellia curvifolia.

Renanthera matutina is a monopodial epiphytic orchid that produces a long branched pendulous stem about long, bearing the inflorescence. The numerous flowers are pinkish-yellow, with red spots.

Amyema biniflora, the twin-flower mistletoe, is a species of flowering plant within the genus Amyema, an epiphytic hemiparasitic plant of the family Loranthaceae endemic to Queensland, Australia.

Epidendrum sculptum is a sympodial, epiphytic reed-stemmed orchid native to the Neotropics from Chiapas Mexico to Brazil, at altitudes ranging from near sea level to 0.5 km.

Epidendrum ibaguense (pronounced ee-bah-GAIN-say) is a species of epiphytic orchid of the genus Epidendrum which occurs in Trinidad, French Guyana, Venezuela, Colombia and Northern Brazil.

Decaisnina signata is a species of flowering plant, an epiphytic hemiparasitic plant of the family Loranthaceae native to Australia. It is found from Cape York to the Kimberleys.

Sclerophora pallida is an epiphytic lichen with stipitated acomata. Ecology: In Europe, it is mostly found on broad leaf deciduous trees (e.g. Fraxinus excelsior, Ulmus spp., Acer platanoides).

Amyema bifurcata is an epiphytic, flowering, hemiparasitic plant of the family Loranthaceae native to Australia and found in Western Australia, the Northern Territory, Queensland and New South Wales.

Cavendishia is a genus of about 100 species of woody perennial plants, many of which are epiphytic. The genus is native to tropical South America and Central America.

These tiny epiphytic and rarely lithophytic orchids lack pseudobulbs. The erect, thick, leathery leaf is elliptic-ovate in shape. The aerial roots seem like fine hairs.Luer, C.A. (1996).

The specific epithet epiphytica refers to the epiphytic habit of this species.McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012. Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Borneo. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.

Basket ferns are epiphytic or epipetric and are native to tropical Africa, South Asia, East Asia, Southeast Asia, Australia, and Oceania. Some species are economically important as medicinal plants.

Epidendrum anceps, literally the "two-edged upon a tree," a species of epiphytic orchid in the genus Epidendrum, is sometimes known as the brown epidendrum or dingy-flowered epidendrum.

Scaphyglottis atwoodii is an epiphytic herb with stems up to 20 cm long. Leaves are oblong to elliptical, up to 10 cm long. Flowers solitary or in small clusters.

Tillandsia violacea is species of epiphytic flowering plant in the Bromeliaceae family. It is endemic to Mexico, particularly to the Central Mexican Plateau. This species' habitat is at elevations between 600–3,100 meters, and is epiphytic to large trees in humid temperate forests, primarily the species abies religiosa, quercus rugosa, and quercus laurina. In particular, it is a common epiphyte of the temperate pine forests of Hidalgo state, including El Chico National Park.

Rhipsalis is a genus of epiphytic flowering plants in the cactus family, typically known as mistletoe cacti. They are found in parts of Central America, the Caribbean and northern regions of South America. They also inhabit isolated locations in Africa and Asia, and are the only cactus group naturally occurring in the Old World. This is the largest and most widely distributed genus of epiphytic cacti (those which live on other plants without damaging them).

Bacteria which live on leaves are referred to as phyllobacteria, and bacteria which live on the root system are referred to as rhizabacteria. They adhere to the plant surface forms as 1-cluster 2- individual bacterial cell 3- biofilm .Samuel S. Gnanamanickam, J. Ebenezar Immanuel .Epiphytic bacteria, their ecology and functions The age of the organ also affects the epiphytic bacteria population and characteristics and has a role in the inhibition of phytopathogen on plant.

From Mexico (Oaxaca & Chiapas) to Honduras. Epiphytic (grows upon another plant) or lithophytic (grows on rocks) in moist or wet forests, sometimes in oak forests. 1.750 m alt. or less.

Plant poaching is of far lesser concern, as this species is not particularly sought after in the carnivorous plant hobby and its epiphytic habit makes it largely inaccessible to collectors.

It has been described as "epiphytic" or a "strangler" when young,Fagraea ceilanica. Biotik. implying that it partially relies on the support of surrounding tree trunks within the forest structure.

These are small arboreal frogs which live and breed exclusively on epiphytic bromeliad plants. They have large odontoids ("fangs") on the dentaries. Male Phyllodytes do vocalize, in contrast to Phytotriades.

Male Pristimantis orphnolaimus are about in snout–vent length and females . It has a characteristic, elongated conical tubercle on the eyelid. Arboreal habitat of Pristimantis orphnolaimus with epiphytic bromeliad Aechmea zebrina.

Pristimantis angustilineatus lives in cloud forests, occurring on low herbaceous vegetation or on epiphytic vegetation. It is a locally common species but threatened by habitat loss caused by expanding agricultural activities.

Hall, M. and S. Bell, Response of small motile epifauna to complexity of epiphytic algae on seagrass blades. Journal of Marine Research, 1988. 46: p. 613-630.Thomsen, M.S., et al.

The Aspleniaceae have a worldwide distribution, with the large genus Asplenium being native to almost all parts of the world except Antarctica and some high Arctic areas. The family is unusual in having high diversity in both temperate and tropical areas, and more-or-less equal numbers of terrestrial and epiphytic species. Plants are terrestrial, growing in the ground, lithophytic, growing on rocks, or epiphytic, growing on other plants; less often they are aquatic, growing in moving water.

Utricularia mannii is a small, perennial, epiphytic carnivorous plant that belongs to the genus Utricularia and is the only member of Utricularia sect. Chelidon. U. mannii is endemic to tropical Africa, particularly the islands in the Gulf of Guinea (Bioko, São Tomé, and Príncipe) and the adjacent mainland (Cameroon and Nigeria). It grows as an epiphytic plant on mossy tree trunks in rain forests at altitudes from to . It has been collected in flower between April and November.

The habitat of Colura zoophaga, epiphytic and deriving all nutrients from rainwater, has been compared to that of known carnivorous plants such as Brocchinia reducta, an epiphytic bromeliad. The carnivorous habit typically evolves in genera and species that are located in nutrient- poor habitats, but are very moist. In that way, this species of liverwort at least fits the profile for a carnivorous plant. The traps have been described as early as 1893 by Karl von Goebel.

Chiloschista, commonly known as starfish orchids or 异型兰属 (yi xing lan shu) is a genus of usually leafless, epiphytic or lithophytic orchids found in India, Southeast Asia and Australia.

S. opuntioides grows on trees (epiphytic) or on rocks (epilithic). It is listed in the category of "near threatened" due to loss of habitat in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

The plant is a climbing epiphytic fern. Its rhizome is long and covered with dense, narrowly lanceolate scales. Its fronds are 30–50 cm or more long and 5–12 cm wide.

This seedling is monocot that is it forms only a single initial leaf, and the plant has thin white roots which attach themselves to another plant or object, making it an epiphytic plant.

Pleione hookeriana Pleione is a small genus of predominantly terrestrial but sometimes epiphytic or lithophytic, miniature orchids.Pridgeon, A.M., Cribb, P.J., Chase, M.C. & Rasmussen, F.N. (2006). Epidendroideae (Part One). Genera Orchidacearum 4: 1-672.

World Checklist of Myrtaceae: 1-455. Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. They are mostly montane shrubs or trees, sometimes epiphytic. Flowers are yellow, usually 5-merous, in 3-flowered, axillary and terminal peduncles.

Dendrobium luteolum is a species of epiphytic orchid in the subtribe Dendrobiinae. Orchid Species.com: Dendrobium luteolum It is native to Peninsular Malaysia and Myanmar in Southeast Asia. It grows along streams at low elevations.

The members of Lycopodiaceae are terrestrial or epiphytic in habit and are most prevalent in tropical mountain and alpine environments. Though Lycopodiaceae are most abundant in these regions, they are cosmopolitan, excluding arid environments.

Disocactus ackermannii is an epiphytic cactus from tropical forests in the states of Veracruz and Oaxaca, Mexico. In cultivation, it has been confused with Disocactus × hybridus, a hybrid between D. phyllanthoides and D. speciosus.

The plant is a terrestrial or epiphytic fern. Its fronds are up to 80 cm in length, comprising a 10–40 cm stipe and a lamina 15–40 cm long, 20–50 cm wide.

Dendrobium pugioniforme adapts readily to cultivation, and can be grown in baskets in epiphytic orchid mix, or trained to grow on rock or bark slabs. It prefers a part-shaded position and extra moisture.

Pseudorhipsalis is genus of cacti. This genus is often included in Disocactus. It is epiphytic, many branched, and elongated with flattened, serrated leaves. In its early life, it stands erect, but soon becomes prostrate.

Epidendrum fimbriatum is a terrestrial (sometimes epiphytic) orchid native to high altitudes (2.2—3.4 km)H. G. Reichenbach "ORCHIDES", nr. 333 in C. Müller, Ed. Walpers. Annales Botanices Systematicae 6(1861)406—407. Berlin.

Anthurium forgetii is a species of plant in the genus Anthurium native to Colombia. Kept in cultivation for its round leaves that lack a sinus and have silver veining, it is thought to be epiphytic.

Libertia ixioides is common from coastal through to montane environments, and is especially common on ridges, cliffs, gullies, river banks, coastal cliffs, and upland forest. It has been recorded as epiphytic in some northern sites.

Haplopteris elongata, commonly known as the tape fern, is a species of epiphytic fern. In eastern Australia, it grows in rainforests north from the Richmond River in the south, to tropical Queensland in the north.

Aetheorhyncha is a genus of epiphytic orchids. It contains only one known species, Aetheorhyncha andreettae, endemic to Ecuador.Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant FamiliesPridgeon, A.M., Cribb, P.J., Chase, M.C. & Rasmussen, F.N. (2009). Epidendroideae (Part two).

Epidendrum spruceanum is an epiphytic reed-stemmed Epidendrum orchid native to the Tropical rainforest of Peru, Bolivia (including Santa Cruz and Cochabamba, where it has been found at an altitude of 0.3 km), and Brazil.

The genus contains about 19 species native to South America, Belize, Trinidad and Puerto Rico.Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families Terrestrial or epiphytic plants found in low to mid elevation, hill and mountain forests.

Most epiphytic seed plants and ferns are found in tropical and subtropical rainforests because they need high humidity to survive. The areas which most epiphytes grow are the montane rainforests. Epiphytic orchids are found on many positions of the host tree, depending on species requirements and size, some large species will grow in a fork, whereas some small species scramble through thin branches, other species will climb up the trunk etc. etc. The trees provide many habitats with different conditions of temperature, contact and light.

Bryophytes are non-vascular plants encompassing mosses, liverworts, and hornworts, which most often form symbioses with members from the cyanobacterial genus Nostoc. Depending on the host, the cyanobiont can be inside (endophytic) or outside the host (epiphytic). In mosses, cyanobacteria are major nitrogen fixers and grow mostly epiphytically, aside from two species of Sphagnum which protect the cyanobiont from an acidic-bog environment. In terrestrial Arctic environments, cyanobionts are the primary supplier of nitrogen to the ecosystem whether free-living or epiphytic with mosses.

Pleopeltis michauxiana, known as the resurrection fern, scaly polypody, and Gray's polypody, is a species of epiphytic fern native to North America and Central America. Pleopeltis michauxiana is found in the lower Midwest and Southeastern United States, Mexico, and Guatemala. It is the most widespread epiphytic fern in North America. In addition to growing on trees, P. michauxiana less typically grows on substrates such as rock (usually limestone or sandstone) and mossy banks, as well as man-made objects such as fences and buildings.

Diatoms are found in benthic and pelagic environments of the bay, and also as epiphytes living on other marine plants. There is a total of 336 diatom taxa identified in the bay, 50 of which are planktonic, 123 of which are epiphytic, and 282 of which are benthic (about 111 taxa overlap the epiphytic and benthic categories). Benthic diatom assemblage distributions correspond to sediment type, grain size, and wave energy. Sea lettuce, a macroalgae otherwise known as green nori, grows usually only in the summer.

Leach orchids (genus Stelis) is a large group of orchids, with perhaps 500 species. The generic name Stelis is the Greek word for 'mistletoe', referring to the epiphytic habit of these species. These mainly epiphytic (rarely lithophytic) plants are widely distributed throughout much of South America, Central America, Mexico, the West Indies and Florida.Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families Many of the older species were named by Lindley, Ruiz & Pavon and Reichenbach, while many of the recent species were named by Dr. C. Luer.

Pittosporum cornifolium, known as tāwhiri karo in Māori, is a species of plant in the Pittosporaceae family. It is an epiphytic plant endemic to the North Island and the Marlborough Sounds of the South Island, New Zealand. In the wild it is considered rare and threatened, although it occurs more frequently on offshore islands in the north-east, along with P. kirkii, the only other epiphytic member of the genus. Also grows well as a ground plant and is a popular garden ornamental with two recognised cultivars.

Tillandsia imperialis is an epiphytic species in the genus Tillandsia. This species is endemic to Mexico, specifically the states Hidalgo, Oaxaca, Puebla, Querétaro, and Veracruz, at elevations ranging from 800–2,600 meters. Its distribution is generally on the eastern portion of the eastern Sierra Madre Mountains and the eastern portion of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt. This species is primarily epiphytic to the branches and holes of the tree species Pinus patula and Quercus laurina, or on lianas of the same trees, in moist cloud forests.

Rhopalurus junceus can inhabit ecosystems ranging from savanna forests to semi-desert areas. They are commonly found under rocks or fallen trees and throughout the epiphytic vegetation within the Bromeliads.Teruel, R. (n.d.). Rhopalurus junceus (Herbst, 1800).

Epidendrum miserrimum ("the most miserable Epidendrum") is a small sympodial epiphytic orchid native to northern South America, the West Indies and Central America at altitudes as low as 0.7 km and as high as 1.2 km.

Pedilochilus is a genus of epiphytic orchids, native New Guinea and to nearby islands of the western Pacific. #Pedilochilus alpinus P.Royen \- New Guinea #Pedilochilus angustifolius Schltr. \- New Guinea #Pedilochilus brachiatus Schltr. \- New Guinea #Pedilochilus brachypus Schltr.

Odontoglossum crispum, the curled odontoglossum, is an epiphytic orchid from the genus Odontoglossum. It is considered by many to be the most beautiful orchid of all but is also one of the most difficult to grow.

Species in the order are robust pleurocarpous mosses that are epiphytic. They are generally characterized by basally reiterating stems or stipes with secondary branching towards the apex. The order is mostly restricted to the Southern Hemisphere.

The nest is a simple scrape, usually in the old nest of another bird, especially the sickle-billed vanga. The nest is located in a tree hole or amongst epiphytic growth. Three yellowish eggs are laid.

Oncidium longicornu is a species of orchid occurring from Brazil to northeastern Argentina, where it is recorded from the provinces of Misiones and Corrientes. It is an epiphytic plant, with yellow flowers appearing between October and November.

Amyema fitzgeraldii, the pincushion mistletoe, is a species of flowering plant within the genus Amyema, an epiphytic hemiparasitic plant of the family Loranthaceae endemic to Australia, and found in the Northern Territory, South Australia and Western Australia.

Chysis aurea, the golden-flowered chysis, is an epiphytic species of orchid. It is the type species of the genus Chysis. It is native to Panama, Colombia, and Venezuela.Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant FamiliesLindley, John. 1837.

This medium- sized orchid is epiphytic in forest at higher elevations. It has oblong- fusiform stems (pseudobulbs) carrying deciduous, ridged, many nerved, oblong- lanceolate, acute leaves. The leaves 4–5. Inflorescence arching to horizontal, 8-10 flowered.

The following species are recognized as of June 2014, all monopodial epiphytic plants except the lithophyte A. krabiense. # Aerides augustiana Rolfe - Philippines # Aerides crassifolia C.S.P.Parish ex Burb. - Assam, Indochina # Aerides crispa Lindl. - western India # Aerides emericii Rchb.f.

Epidendrum catillus is an epiphytic orchid native to Colombia (where the type was collected), Ecuador and Peru at altitudes ranging from 0.8 km to 1.6 km.Schweinfurth "Orchids of Peru" Fieldiana:Botany 30(1960)419,421. Field Museum. Chicago, Illinois.

Function of dead leaves in Espeletia schultzii (Compositae), and Andean caulescent rosette species. Biotropica 11: 43-47. The litter-trapping marcescent leaf crowns of Dypsis palms accumulate detritus thereby enhancing their nutrient supply, but in trapping nutrient-rich detritus, palms with marcescent leaf bases are also more likely to allow the germination of epiphytic figs in the marcescent leaves, with the figs possibly subsequently strangling the palms. Palm genera with taxa having marcescent leaf bases and attracting epiphytic fig growth include Attalea, Butia, Caryota, Copernicia, Elaeis, Hyphaene, Livistona, Phoenix, Sabal, and Syagrus.

When first observed the birds at Danum Valley In Sabah were feeding in a fruiting epiphytic mistletoe that was parasitising a large Koompassia excelsa tree. Other species of flowerpecker seen visiting the same mistletoe included the yellow-breasted, yellow-rumped, yellow-vented and orange-bellied flowerpeckers. A bird photographed by Hanyrol H Ahmad Sah from the Belalong Canopy Walkway in Brunei was feeding on the ripe orange berries of an epiphytic Medinilla plant at canopy level. At Bukit Batikap in Central Kalimantan, spectacled flowerpeckers have been observed feeding on Viscum mistletoes berries.

Dendrobium guamense is a species of epiphytic orchid endemic to Guam and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. It is currently known from nine occurrences totaling 550 individuals across the islands of Guam, Rota, Tinian, and Saipan.

The family contains about 1700 species and has a cosmopolitan distribution. Species may be terrestrial, epipetric, hemiepiphytic, or epiphytic. Many are cultivated as ornamental plants. The largest genera are Elaphoglossum (600+), Polystichum (260), Dryopteris (225), and Ctenitis (150).

Chelonistele is a genus of the orchid family consisting of 13 currently accepted species. It is native to Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines.Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families The plant grows as an epiphytic or lithophytic orchid.

Tmesipteris tannensis is a fern ally endemic to New Zealand. It is usually epiphytic on trees and tree ferns, but is occasionally terrestrial.P.J. Brownsey and J.C. Smith-Dodsworth. 1989. New Zealand Ferns and Allied Plants, Bateman, page 18J.

The plant is an epiphytic fern. It has a stout, erect rhizome with light brown, lanceolate scales. Its simple fronds combine a short stipe with a narrowly elliptic lamina 3–15 cm long and 0.4–0.8 cm wide.

The species is an efficient feeder, grazing on epiphytic algae and detritus, and in more eutrophic environments is capable of filter feeding on suspended organic matter and algae. Valvata piscinalis can also rasp off pieces of aquatic vegetation.

Hatiora cylindrica is a species of often epiphytic cactus in the tribe Rhipsalideae within the subfamily Cactoideae. It is native to east Brazil, where it grows in a variety of habitats, including moist forest, dunes and coastal rocks.

Bulbophyllum nocturnum is a species of epiphytic orchid that grows in New Britain. It was described in 2011, and is the first species of orchid known to consistently flower during the night, and close its flowers during the day.

Chaseella pseudohydra is a species of epiphytic orchids, of the monospecific genus Chaseella. It is endemic to the Honde and Haroni Valleys of Zimbabwe. It has also been reported from Kenya, although this remains to be confirmed.Vemuelen, J.J. 1987.

Cheiroglossa palmata, synonyms Ophioderma palmatum and Ophioglossum palmatum, variously known as hand fern, dwarf staghorn, or hand tongue, is an epiphytic or terrestrial fern. As an epiphyte it grows in old leaf bases of the cabbage palmetto (Sabal palm).

Sarcochilus argochilus, commonly known as the northern lawyer orchid, is a small epiphytic orchid endemic to Queensland. It has up to eight thin leaves and up to twelve small bright green to yellowish green flowers with a white labellum.

The plant is a very small epiphytic fern. It has a short rhizome with dark brown, pointed scales. Its simple fronds combine a short stipe with a narrowly oblanceolate lamina 2–8 cm long and 0.3–0.8 cm wide.

Dendrobieae is a tribe in the subfamily Epidendroideae, in the family Orchidaceae. The Dendrobieae are mostly tropical, epiphytic orchids which contain pseudobulbs. A few species in this tribe, such as Dendrobium and Bulbophyllum, are strongly favored by orchid growers.

Other outdoor collections include a medicinal garden, ornamental plants, and thematically arranged areas. Its greenhouses contain plants from the Mediterranean, tropics, and subtropics including coffee, cocoa, bananas, sugarcane, rice, carnivorous plants, succulents, epiphytic bromeliads and orchids, and Victoria cruziana.

J. Indian Bot. Soc. 71(1-4): 235-238. These epiphytic orchids occur in tropical lowland forests, growing on trunks or branches of trees. They are found from the Seychelles, Madagascar, India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Indonesia to the Pacific Islands.

Columnea consanguinea grow in tropical rainforests at altitudes of above sea level. They can be found either growing on the ground (terrestrial) or on the trunks of trees (epiphytic). They are endemic to Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Nicaragua, and Panama.

Dendrochilum cobbianum, or Cobb's dendrochilum, described by Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach in 1880, is an epiphytic orchid occurring in the Philippines, growing on moss-covered trees. It can sometimes occur as a lithophyte growing on rocks at altitudes above 1200 m.

Aechmea aciculosa is an epiphytic plant species in the genus Aechmea. This species is native to Ecuador and Colombia.Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant FamiliesCatalogue of Vascular Plants of Ecuador Retrieved 12 October 2009Smith, Lyman Bradford. 1963. Phytologia 9: 247, t.

'Dr. Who' is an epiphytic flowering plant, a hybrid cultivar of the genus Neoregelia in the Bromeliad family. It is an interspecific cultivated variety derived from the species Neoregelia carolinae and Neoregelia oligantha, both of which are endemic to Brazil.

This epiphytic cactus has smooth green skin and extensively branched stems. The primary stems are often woody. Secondary stems are flat and succulent, 20–30 cm long, 3–5 cm wide, and deeply lobed. The lobes are rectangular or slightly rounded.

Utricularia sect. Orchidioides is a section in the genus Utricularia. The species in this section are small or medium-sized terrestrial or epiphytic carnivorous plants native to Central and South America. Alphonse Pyrame de Candolle originally published this section in 1844.

Masdevallia odontocera, or the Tusked Masdevallia, is a species of epiphytic orchid native to the cloud forests of Colombia. The species name is derived from Greek odontoceras, meaning "a tusk". This is in reference to the appearance of the lateral sepals.

The orchid is endemic to the island of Java, in Indonesia. The epiphytic plants are found growing in large clumps on branches of large trees, in the mountains of Java at elevations of .Orchidspecies.com: Epigeneium triflorum & Epigeneium triflorum var. orientale .

Inquilinism: Tillandsia bourgaei growing on an oak tree in Mexico Inquilinism is the use of a second organism for permanent housing. Examples are epiphytic plants (such as many orchids) that grow on trees,C. Michael Hogan. 2011. Commensalism. Topic Ed. M.Mcginley.

Pyrrosia lingua Pyrrosia lingua is a species of epiphytic fern in the family Polypodiaceae. It occurs through China, Southeast Asia and into Japan and Taiwan. Pyrrosia lingua is grown as a cultivated plant, and multiple named cultivars have been developed.

Nepenthes hurrelliana plays host to a number of pitcher infauna. One of the most conspicuous examples is a small golden-coloured frog of the genus Philautus, which has been observed in the pitchers of epiphytic N. hurrelliana on Mount Lumarku.

The roots of several of these forms are known as Stigmaria. The fronds of some Carboniferous ferns are almost identical with those of living species. Probably many species were epiphytic. Fossil ferns include Pecopteris and the tree ferns Megaphyton and Caulopteris.

Rossioglossum grande, the tiger orchid, is an epiphytic species of orchid native to the area from Chiapas to Costa Rica.Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant FamiliesBreedlove, D.E. 1986. Flora de Chiapas. Listados Florísticos de México 4: i–v, 1–246.

Sarcochilus hirticalcar, commonly known as the harlequin orchid, is a small epiphytic orchid endemic to Queensland. It has up to eight bright green leaves and up to twelve cream-coloured to bright yellow flowers with purplish to reddish brown bands.

Japanese eelgrass is a small species and usually grows on the upper edge of seagrass beds, typically on mudflats exposed at low tide. The plants lose many of their leaves in the winter. In Hong Kong, algae grows on the blades of this seagrass and snails in the species Clithon graze on this epiphytic growth. In a research study, where the snails were excluded from certain areas of seagrass bed, the epiphytic load increased and this had a deleterious effect on the total biomass of the seagrass, reducing the amount of photosynthesis and increasing physical damage from waves and currents.

Species of ant that make gardens include Crematogaster carinata, Camponotus femoratus and Solenopsis parabioticus, all of which are parabiotic species which routinely share their nests with unrelated species of ant. Epiphytic plants that they grow include various members of the Araceae, Bromeliaceae, Cactaceae, Gesneriaceae, Moraceae, Piperaceae and Solanaceae. Epiphytic plants in the genus Codonanthe grow almost exclusively in ant gardens. The ant Camponotus irritabilis not only plants the seeds of Hoya elliptica in planned locations on its carton nest but also prunes the roots to accommodate its nest chambers and fertilises the areas where it wants extra plant growth to occur.

The first important monograph on epiphytic plant ecology was written by A.F.W. Schimper (Die epiphytische Vegetation Amerikas, 1888). Assemblages of large epiphytes occur most abundantly in moist tropical forests, but mosses and lichens occur as epiphytes in almost all biomes. In Europe there are no dedicated epiphytic plants using roots, but rich assemblages of mosses and lichens grow on trees in damp areas (mainly the western coastal fringe), and the common polypody fern grows epiphytically along branches. Rarely, grass, small bushes or small trees may grow in suspended soils up trees (typically in a rot-hole).

Epiphytic bacteria are bacteria which live non-parasitically on the surface of a plant on various organs such as the leaves, roots, flowers, buds, seeds and fruit. In current studies it has been determined that epiphytic bacteria generally don’t harm the plant, but promote the formation of ice crystals. Some produce an auxin hormone which promotes plant growth and plays a role in the life cycle of the bacteria. Different bacteria prefer different plants and different plant organs depending on the organ's nutritional content, and depending on the bacteria's colonization system which is controlled by the host plant.

Due to its epiphytic nature, T. obliqua grows best in areas of high rainfall, large amounts of shade and some humidity in communities with rocky surfaces. These very specific growth requirements, plus the delicacy of the species, makes it extremely difficult for cultivation.

Philodendron billietiae is a hemi-epiphytic species of plant in the genus Philodendron native to Brazil, Guyana, and French Guiana. A relatively recent discovery in 1995, P. billietiae is known especially for its distinctive orange-yellow petioles and wavy, ridged leaf edges.

Schlumbergera kautskyi grows either on rocks (epilithic) or more rarely on trees (epiphytic). It is listed as "endangered" in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species in view of the limited area in which it occurs and the threat of residential development.

Aerides emericii is a species of epiphytic orchid.Reichenbach, Heinrich Gustav. 1882. Gardeners' Chronicle & Agricultural Gazette 18: 586. It is endemic to the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal (politically part of India though closer to Myanmar, Thailand and Sumatra).

Angraecum mauritianum is a small, epiphytic species of orchid. It is native to Mauritius where it can still be found along roadsides. It favours low tree trunks or logs, and does not grow higher up in trees. Angraecum mauritianum in Monvert Nature Park.

Amyema cambagei, commonly known as sheoak mistletoe, is a species of flowering plant, an epiphytic hemiparasitic plant of the family Loranthaceae endemic to Australia, and found in New South Wales and Queensland in sclerophyll forest and woodland on several species of Casuarinaceae.

Sarcochilus borealis, commonly known as the small lawyer orchid, is a small epiphytic orchid endemic to Queensland. It has up to six thin but stiff, dark green leaves and up to ten green flowers with a white labellum that has reddish brown markings.

Polypodiaceae species are found in wet climates, most commonly in rain forests. In temperate zones, most species tend to be epiphytic or epipetric. Notable examples of ferns in this family include the resurrection fern (Pleopeltis polypodioides) and the golden serpent fern (Phlebodium aureum).

Bulbophyllum boonjee commonly known as the maroon strand orchid, is a species of epiphytic orchid that is endemic to tropical North Queensland. It has crowded, flattened pseudobulbs, stiff, pale green leaves and up to four small, bell-shaped maroon flowers with darker stripes.

Chiloschista segawae is a species of leafless epiphytic or orchid that forms clumps with many radiating, flattened green roots. Up to fifteen, whitish green or yellow flowers are arranged along a pendulous flowering stem. It grows on trees in forest on Taiwan.

A small epiphytic fern found on tree trunks, rocks and fallen logs. Fronds are 2 to 9 cm long, the main stem is not winged. The main leaf is branched and toothed. 0.5 to 6 cm long and 1.5 to 2.5 cm wide.

Catalogue of the vascular plants of Ecuador, Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 75: i–viii, 1–1181. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis. Masdevallia goliath is an epiphytic herb. Leaves are thick and leathery, narrow, up to 25 cm long.

It inhabits forests and forest edges where its habitat is terrestrial and epiphytic bromeliads where its tadpoles develop. Its known range is within a protected area but habitat loss is occurring nearby. While its known range is very small, it is locally abundant.

Gastrotheca andaquiensis is endemic to Colombia and Ecuador on the eastern foothills of the Andes. It is an arboreal frog occurring in cloud forest in foliage near water where there are trees with plenty of epiphytic growth. Its altitudinal range is between about .

Hymenophyllum moorei is a rare species of filmy fern in the family Hymenophyllaceae. It is endemic to the high cloud forest at Mount Gower and Mount Lidgbird at Lord Howe Island. A small epiphytic fern found usually on tree trunks and fallen logs.

The park is particularly known for occurrence of four varieties of tree ferns and of epiphytic orchids such as the orange-blossom orchid Sarcochilus falcatus and the rock orchid Dendrobium speciosum. The park was burnt quite badly in the 1983 'Ash Wednesday' bushfires.

Watson, D.M. and M. Herring, Mistletoe as a keystone resource: an experimental test. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Science, 2012. 279(1743):p.3853-3860.Yanoviak, S.P., et al., Effects of an epiphytic orchid on arboreal ant community structure in Panama.

Sarcochilus weinthalii, commonly known as the blotched butterfly orchid, is a small epiphytic orchid endemic to eastern Australia. It has between three and seven thin, leathery, yellowish green leaves and up to twelve cream-coloured flowers with large purple or reddish blotches.

Restrepia falkenbergii, commonly called the Falkenberg's Restrepia, is an epiphytic orchid, found at altitudes between 1,000-2,000 m in Colombia. This large orchid lacks pseudobulbs. The erect, thick, leathery leaf is elliptic- ovate in shape. The aerial roots seem like fine hairs.

Didymoglossum is a tropical genus of ferns in the family Hymenophyllaceae. It comprises more than 30 epilithic or low-epiphytic species under two subgenera.Ebihara et al.: A Taxonomic Revision of Hymenophyllaceae Blumea - Biodiversity, Evolution and Biogeography of Plants, Volume 51, Number 2, July 2006 , pp.

An epiphytic shade plant, Phalaenopsis philippinensis is found in the wilderness in the dampness of the lower portions of the forest, protected from direct sunlight by the thick forest canopy. It grows on tree trunks with abundant moss from which its roots extract nutrients.

Restrepiella ophiocephala, commonly called the Snake's head restrepiella is an epiphytic orchid native to Mexico, Central America, Colombia, and Florida.Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant FamiliesHammel, B.E. & al. (2003). Manual de Plantas de Costa Rica 3: 1-884. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis.

Camaridium is a genus of epiphytic orchids widespread across the West Indies and through Latin America from Mexico to Bolivia.Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, genus Camaridium Pridgeon, A.M., Cribb, P.J., Chase, M.C. & Rasmussen, F.N. (2009). Epidendroideae (Part two). Genera Orchidacearum 5: 1-585.

It is found throughout a wide altitudinal range and is almost always epiphytic in nature, primarily growing in mossy forest. The specific epithet fusca is derived from the Latin word fuscus, meaning "dark brown" or "dusky", and refers to the colour of the pitchers.

The sporophyte features are variable between genera. Species are epiphytic, epilithic, or aquatic.Olsson, S, Buchbender, V, Enroth, J, Huttunen, S, Hedenäs, L & Quandt, D 2009, 'Evolution of the Neckeraceae (Bryophyta): resolving the backbone phylogeny', Systematics and Biodiversity, vol 7, no. 4, pp. 419-432.

Brassavola flagellaris is a species of epiphytic orchid of the Cattleya alliance. It grows wild in eastern Brazil (from Minas Gerais to Paraná),Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families where it fills the evening air with the citrus-like fragrance of its blossoms.

Angraecopsis gracillima is an epiphytic species of plant in family Orchidaceae. It is found in Kenya, Uganda, and eastern Congo at altitudes from 4,000-7,000 feet above sea level. The flowers are white with a yellow center and have a 4 cm long green spur.

Bulbophyllum gadgarrense, commonly known as the tangled rope orchid, is a species of epiphytic orchid with small pseudobulbs hidden beneath purplish brown bracts, dark green, grooved leaves and small white flowers with orange or yellow tips. It grows on rainforest trees in tropical North Queensland.

Sarcochilus parviflorus, commonly known as the southern lawyer orchid or green tree orchid, is an epiphytic orchid endemic to eastern Australia. It has up to eight rigid leaves and up to twelve small bright green to yellowish green flowers with reddish markings on the labellum.

Peperomia rossii is an epiphytic herb growing to about 50–100 mm in height. It is glabrous, with creeping stems, rooting at the nodes, with an erect flowering shoot. The leaves are usually opposite, elliptic, entire, and 10–30 mm long. It carries many flowers.

Mediocalcar pygmaeum is an epiphytic species of orchids in the genus Mediocalcar that is endemic to New Guinea. It has red, orange or orange-yellow coloured flowers with yellow, yellowish green or green tips. The pseudobulbs are a yellowish green colour with olive-green leaves.

A. maidenii on mulga (Acacia aneura) A. maidenii: fruit Amyema maidenii is a species of flowering plant within the genus Amyema, an epiphytic hemiparasitic plant of the family Loranthaceae native to Australia and found Australia-wide in the inland (but not in Victoria nor Tasmania).

Sarcochilus dilatatus, commonly known as the brown butterfly orchid, is a small epiphytic orchid endemic to eastern Australia. It has up to twelve, thin, leathery, dark green leaves and up to twelve brown or reddish brown flowers with a mostly white and yellow labellum.

Schoenorchis micrantha, commonly known as the tangled flea orchid, is a small epiphytic orchid that forms small, tangled clumps and has thin stems, many linear leaves and up to thirty small, white, bell-shaped flowers. It is found from Indochina to the south-west Pacific.

Sarcochilus hillii, commonly known as myrtle bells, is a small epiphytic orchid native to eastern Australia and New Caledonia. It has up to ten drooping, quill-shaped leaves and up to ten frosty white or pink flowers that have a hairy labellum with purple stripes.

Sarcochilus serrulatus, commonly known as the banded butterfly orchid, is an epiphytic orchid endemic to tropical North Queensland. It has up to six crowded leaves with finely toothed and wavy edges and up to ten reddish brown flowers with a white, yellow-banded labellum.

Schoenorchis sarcophylla, commonly known as the fleshy flea orchid, is a small epiphytic orchid with many thin roots, between three and seven crowded, dark green leaves and up to thirty crowded, tube-shaped white flowers. It is found in New Guinea and tropical North Queensland.

Neoregelia is a genus of epiphytic flowering plants in the family Bromeliaceae, subfamily Bromelioideae, native to South American rainforests.Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families The genus name is for Eduard August von Regel, Director of St. Petersburg Botanic Gardens in Russia (1875-1892).

They are epiphytic and terrestrial species distributed in Central America and the northwest Andes. Almost half the species are found in Ecuador. They prefer shade and rather cool temperatures. These caespitose orchids grow in tufts from a short rhizome, with a dense pack of stems.

This epiphytic orchid lacks pseudobulbs. The single, erect, thick, leathery leaf is elliptic-ovate in shape. The aerial roots seem like fine hairs. The flowers develop one at a time at the base of the leaf and reach a length of about 2.3 cm.

Hylocereus is a genus of epiphytic cacti, often referred to as night-blooming cactus (though the term is also used for many other cacti). Several species have large edible fruits, which are known as pitahayas or dragonfruits. Whether Hylocereus is a distinct genus is uncertain .

Thrixspermum congestum, commonly known as the cupped hairseed, is an epiphytic or lithophytic orchid that forms small clumps with many thin roots, up to fifteen leathery leaves and many star-shaped white or cream-coloured flowers. This orchid occurs from Papuasia to northern Australia.

Edwards et al. (2009) speculate that the spectacled flowerpecker is a rainforest canopy specialist, relying on ephemeral epiphytic fruits such as mistletoes, being highly mobile and rarely, if ever, visiting the understory of the forest - explaining why the new species remained undetected for so long.

The subfamily includes two distinct groups of ferns: the adiantoids, consisting of the single genus Adiantum, and the vittarioids, several genera, including Vittaria, which typically have highly reduced leaves, usually entire, and an epiphytic habit. The ferns historically considered as Adiantum include both petrophilic and terrestrial plants. The vittarioid ferns are primarily epiphytic in tropical regions and all have simple leaves with sori that follow the veins and lack true indusia; the sori are most often marginal with a false indusium formed from the reflexed leaf margin. The family also includes a species, Vittaria appalachiana, that is highly unusual in that the sporophyte stage of the life cycle is absent.

Around 5.5 million years ago, a clade of epiphytic Bromelioids arose in Serra do Mar, a lush mountainous region on the coast of Southeastern Brazil. This is thought to have been caused not only by the uplift of Serra do Mar itself at that time, but also because of the continued uplift of the distant Andes mountains, which impacted the circulation of air and created a cooler, wetter climate in Serra do Mar. These epiphytes thrived in this humid environment, since their trichomes rely on water in the air rather than from the ground like terrestrial plants. Many epiphytic bromeliads with the tank habit also speciated here.

It feeds on epiphytic ferns, green leafy material and vines including Scaevola and Tetracera. However, serious studies have not been conducted on the species. Currently, research is being compiled from the knowledge of the local people and a collection of the animals specific diet is being prepared.

Capanea is a genus of two species in the flowering plant family Gesneriaceae. The species are epiphytic and occur in Central America and the Andean regions of South America. Capanea grandiflora is thought to be bat pollinated. In older literature the name is often misspelled "Campanea".

1846) a pink-lipped, pale yellow brown patterned epiphytic orchid from Java; Rhododendron veitchianum (c. 1850), from Burma, Thailand and Indo-China. This is one of many Rhododendron species he collected and introduced to Britain including Rhododendron malayanum (c.1850) with small pink flowers, Rhododendron brookeanum (c.

Epiphytic ferns, such as Adenophorus spp., ohiaku (Hymenophyllum recurvum), Ophioglossum pendulum, ākaha (Asplenium nidus), ēkaha (Elaphoglossum hirtum), and makue lau lii (Grammitis hookeri), cover trees. Epyphytic mosses include Acroporium fuscoflavum, Rhizogonium spiniforme, and Macromitrium owahiense. Loulu fan palms (Pritchardia spp.) may tower over the forest canopy.

These bats are difficult to capture and few in number, so little is known about their biology. They appear to shelter in clumps of epiphytic plants that live in the cloud forest canopy. A pregnant individual was once encountered in May.Scanlon, A., Petit, S., & Bottroff, G. (2014).

The bark is usually brown or grey-brown and rather corky and provides an ideal stratum for the roots of epiphytic plants such as Astelia species and Freycinetia banksii (kiekie). The wood is reddish brown, and the manner of its growth results in a twisted grain.

Rossioglossum insleayi is an epiphytic species of orchid native to Mexico, where it grows in the humid high oak/pine forests on the Pacific West/ It was first described by Baker in 1840, and in 1976 was assigned to the genus, Rossioglossum, by Garay and Kennedy.

Dendrobium brevicaudum is an epiphytic or lithophytic herb with pendulous stems and leaves. The stems are dark green to yellowish, wide and up to long. The leaves are cylindrical, dark green long and wide. Between five and eight flowers are arranged on a flowering stem long.

The plants are epiphytic, or sometimes lithophytic. They show considerable variation in size, ranging from a few cm to nearly 1 m tall. They all have narrow, elongated pseudobulbs covered at the base by numerous evanescent sheaths. Each pseudobulb bears up to three long, narrow apical leaves.

Potamopyrgus antipodarum is a nocturnal grazer-scraper, feeding on plant and animal detritus, epiphytic and periphytic algae, sediments and diatoms.Broekhuizen, N., S. Parkyn and D. Miller. 2001. Fine sediment effects on feeding and growth in the invertebrate grazer Potamopyrgus antipodarum (Gastropoda, Hydrobiidae) and Deleatidium sp. (Ephemeroptera, Letpophlebiidae).

Sarcochilus australis, commonly known as the butterfly orchid or Gunn's tree orchid, is a small epiphytic orchid endemic to eastern Australia. It has up to ten oblong, dark green leaves and up to fourteen small green to yellowish or brownish flowers with a mostly white labellum.

Scaphyglottis atwoodii is a species of epiphytic orchid from Costa Rica. It is known from only one location at Finca de Selva, 3 km east of Puerto Viejo de Sarapiquí. Dressler, R. L. 1997. New species and combinations in Costa Rican orchids. Novon 7(2): 120–126.

Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. On Mount Mulu, N. vogelii occurs in a narrow altitudinal band (1200 to 1500 m) where its distribution does not overlap with those of the likewise epiphytic N. fusca and N. hurrelliana, which grow below 1200 m and above 1500 m, respectively.

Dendrobium adae, commonly known as the slender cane orchid, is an epiphytic, sometimes lithophytic orchid in the family Orchidaceae. It has cylindrical pseudobulbs, up to four dark green leaves and up to six white or greenish to apricot-coloured flowers. It grows in tropical North Queensland, Australia.

A single hermit crab can carry a mobile home weighing nearly thirty times its own weight. The tissues of the hydrocoral contain symbiotic zooxanthellae harboured within which provide additional nutrients for the colony. The hydrocoral often has epiphytic invertebrates such as barnacles living on its surface.

Masdevallia goliath is a species of epiphytic orchid native to northeastern Peru and southeastern Ecuador but is cultivated as an ornamental elsewhere. It grows in nature in cloud forests at elevations over 1500 m.Luer, Carlyle A. 1992. Three new species of Masdevallia (Orchidaceae) from South America.

Reproduction data for 'green' Charmosyna lorikeets is only available for the Red-flanked (C. placentis) and the red-fronted lorikeet (C. rubronotata). Breeding season probably is July–December, and possibly to February, or even all-year round. They excavate in arboreal termite nests or epiphytic ferns.

On the basis of their habitat, algae can be categorized as: aquatic (planktonic, benthic, marine, freshwater, lentic, lotic),Necchi Jr., O. (ed.) (2016). River Algae. Springer, . terrestrial, aerial (subaerial), lithophytic, halophytic (or euryhaline), psammon, thermophilic, cryophilic, epibiont (epiphytic, epizoic), endosymbiont (endophytic, endozoic), parasitic, calcifilic or lichenic (phycobiont).

Kilka nowych dla Polski i interesujących gatunków z rodzaju Oedogonium. Fragm. Flor. Geobot. Volume 4, 1,2: 247-259. Mrozińska-Webb T. 1976. A study on epiphytic alga of the order Oedogoniales on the basis of materials from Southern Poland. Fragm. Flor. Geobot. Volume 22, 1,2:147-227.

The plant is an epiphytic fern. It has an erect or shortly creeping rhizome with dense, chestnut brown, narrow pointed scales. Its simple fronds combine a 0.5–5 cm long stipe with a narrowly elliptic-linear lamina 5–20 cm long and 0.4–1.2 cm wide.

Thorius adelos is a very rare species only found in undisturbed cloud forests at elevations of above sea level. It is found in bromeliads and other epiphytic plants and in leaf-litter. It is threatened by habitat loss caused by logging, expanding agriculture, and human settlements.

Xanthomonas axonopodis has the capability to form a biofilm for attachment on the host. The biofilm is the result of the production of extracellular polysaccharides (xanthan). The biofilm ensures the virulence and epiphytic survival of X. axonopodis pv. citri prior to the development of citrus canker.

Epiphytic herb with cylindric or spindle-shaped pseudobulbs, up to 35 cm. high, with one leaf at the top.Schweinfurth, C., "Orchidaceae, Orchids of Peru", Fieldiana, Botany 30(3): 535 Leaf oblong or elliptic-oblong, obtuse, light green, up to 35 cm. long and up to 6 cm.

Tristerix aphyllus is a holoparasitic plant species of the genus Tristerix in the family Loranthaceae. It is endemic to Chile. T. aphyllus is sometimes called the "cactus mistletoe." It should not be confused with the mistletoe cactus, which is an epiphytic cactus, and not a mistletoe.

Tillandsia erubescens Schlechtendal, Linnaea 18: 427-429. 1844. is a species of epiphytic plants of the genus Tillandsia. This species is endemic to Mexico, found over much of the country from Chihuahua to Oaxaca.Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant FamiliesEspejo-Serna, A. & López-Ferrari, A.R. (2005). Bromeliaceae.

Renanthera, abbreviated as Ren in horticultural trade, is a genus of large scrambling monopodial epiphytic and terrestrial species of orchid found in China, the Himalayas, Southeast Asia, New Guinea, and Melanesia.Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant FamiliesRice, R. (2008). Renanthera of Borneo. Malesian Orchid Journal 1: 71-76.

Usually on the ground, but sometimes epiphytic. Often seen in rock crevices, caves, on fallen logs and tree trunks, beside streams, or near cliffs, or waterfalls. The fronds are 10 to 20 cm long, with 5 to 20 pairs of pinnae (leaflets), often fan-shaped or sometimes lanceolate.

Aechmea dealbata is a bromeliad in the subfamily Bromelioideae. This plant species has spiny green foliage with a complex pink and purple inflorescence. It is epiphytic but will grow in soil and is commonly cultivated. This species is endemic to the State of Rio de Janeiro in Brazil.

Huntleya is a small orchid genus native to South America, Central America and Trinidad.Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families These are epiphytic, pseudobulbless and often larger plants with subplicate leaves nearing forty centimeters long, erect and single-flowered. They occur in wet cloud forests at medium altitudes.

The Zamiaceae in Panama with comments on phytogeography and species relationships. Brittonia 45(1): 1–16. Zamia pseudoparasitica is the only known species of Zamia that is epiphytic, growing on the branches of forest trees. It has a very short trunk but long leaves over 3 m long.

Dendrobium fellowsii, commonly known as the native damsel orchid, is an epiphytic or lithophytic orchid in the family Orchidaceae and has upright pseudobulbs, up to five leaves and groups of up to five pale green or yellowish flowers with a deep purple labellum. It grows in tropical North Queensland.

Schomburgkia is a genus of plants belonging to the family Orchidaceae. This genus is named for Richard Schomburgk, a German botanist who explored British Guiana during the 19th century. Species in this genus are either epiphytic or lithophytic in their growth habit. According to the Royal Horticultural Society Schom.

Dendrobium nativitatis, commonly known as the Christmas Island crimp orchid, is a species of epiphytic orchid that is endemic to Christmas Island, an Australian territory in the north-eastern Indian Ocean. It has long, straggly stems, flattened pseudobulbs, a single leathery leaf and a single pale yellow flower.

Dendrobium macropus, commonly known as the Norfolk Island cane orchid, is a species of epiphytic or lithophytic orchid in the family Orchidaceae and is endemic to Norfolk Island. It has cylindrical pseudobulbs, thin, dark green leaves and between five and ten yellowish green flowers that do not open widely.

Dischidia tonkinensis is an epiphytic plant in the genus Dischidia. It is distributed mainly in the south China provinces of Yunnan, Guangxi, and Guizhou, at altitudes of 300 to 1,200 m above sea level. It normally grows in mountain forests and on rocks. Dischidia esquirolii is a synonym.

Masdevallia ionocharis (graceful violet-blue masdevallia) is an epiphytic orchid in the Masdevallia genus of orchids. Its name is derived from the Greek words ion meaning violetThe American Violet Society – Violet Traditions and charis meaning grace.Greek Lexicon – Charis It occurs in the Andean region, from Peru to Bolivia.

Billbergia pyramidalis var. concolor in cultivation. A perennial, clump-forming stemless bromeliad plant, it is adaptable, growing well as a terrestrial or epiphytic plant. When on the ground, plants quickly create large clumps, and when planted at the base of a tree, they will slowly climb the trunk.

The plant structure varies between species: some trail along the ground, some are dwarf shrubs, and some are larger shrubs perhaps tall. Some tropical species are epiphytic. Stems are usually woody. Flowers are epigynous with fused petals, and have long styles that protrude from their bell-shaped corollas.

Incubation takes 15–19 days, and fledging another 20–26. Very little color from the side. The food of this species is nectar, taken from a variety of small flowers, including epiphytic Ericaceae and bromeliads. Like other hummingbirds it also takes small insects as an essential source of protein.

Amyema nickrentii is an epiphytic, flowering, hemiparasitic plant of the family Loranthaceae native to the Philippines. It was found in coastal forest in the Aurora Province and "differs from all other described Amyema species in having a whorled leaf arrangement with mostly nine flat linear leaves per node".

Restrepia antennifera, the Antennae-carrying Restrepia, is an epiphytic, miniature species of orchid found at higher altitudes in cool, moist montane forests in Venezuela, Colombia and Ecuador. These tiny orchids lack pseudobulbs. The erect, thick, leathery leaf is elliptic-ovate in shape. The aerial roots seem like fine hairs.

Examples of Hylocereus seedlings The species of the genus Hylocereus grow hanging, climbing or epiphytic. They are freely branched, shrubby plants that form aerial roots and become very large with a height of 10 m or more. They are green, often glaucous shoots are usually terete or triangular.

Bryobium retusum, commonly known as the Christmas Island urchin orchid, is an epiphytic clump-forming orchid that has oval, fleshy green pseudobulbs, each with two leaves and between seven and twelve short-lived, self-pollinating, pale green, hairy flowers. This orchid is found between Java and New Caledonia.

Bryobium queenslandicum, commonly known as the dingy urchin orchid, is an epiphytic or lithophytic clump-forming orchid that has cylindrical, fleshy green pseudobulbs, each with two leaves and between three and twelve small, self-pollinating, cream-coloured or pinkish flowers. This orchid only occurs in tropical North Queensland.

Uncifera is a genus of epiphytic flowering plants from the orchid family, Orchidaceae. It is native to the Himalayas and to Indochina.Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant FamiliesFlora of China v 25 p 475, 叉喙兰属 cha hui lan shu, Uncifera Lindley, J. Proc. Linn. Soc., Bot.

Plant-soil-microorganism interactions: Heritable relationship between plant genotype and associated soil microorganisms. Ecology 89:773-781. litter dwelling arthropods,Zytynska, S.E., M.F. Fay, D. Penny, R.F. Preziosi. 2011. Genetic variation in a tropical tree species influences the associated epiphytic plant and invertebrate communities in a complex forest ecosystem.

This fern is sometimes epiphytic. The name of this species is a conflation of Polypodium californicum and Polypodium glycyrrhiza, because this species arose as a hybrid between those two species. It was not recognized as a separate species until 1991.Whitmore, S. A. and A. R. Smith. (1991).

Plant introductions credited to Thomas Lobb (illustrated in The Plant Hunters by Toby and Will Musgrave and Chris Gardner) show the route of his travels. They were introduced to Britain via cultivation at the Veitch nursery include: Phalaenopsis amabilis (1846), an epiphytic moth orchid from rainforests across Java, Philippines, New Guinea and Northern Australia; Nepenthes sanguinea (c.1847), a blood red marked climbing pitcher plant from cloud forest in Malaysia; Nepenthes albomarginata, a Nepenthes pitcher plant from Borneo; Aerides rosea (1850), a fox-brush orchid from India, Vietnam and China; Aerides multiflora, an orchid from India; Vanda caerulea (c.1850) a blue epiphytic orchid from Burma, Thailand and India; Vanda tricolor (c.

It commonly covers decomposing wood such as a fallen trees or rotting logs. Lanky moss can also grow on rocks. It can also take on epiphytic qualities and grow at the base of living trees. Lanky moss grows exceptionally well on soil types such as raw humus, acid humus or peat.

Vanda luzonica is a species of vanda, a flower of the orchid family. It is a rare type of orchid and is endangered. Vanda luzonica is named after the island of Luzon in the Philippines. Vanda luzonica is epiphytic and can grow quite large(growing up to a metre long).

Xanthomonas spp. life cycle Contaminated seeds, weeds, infected plant debris are the main route of transmission. Infection starts with epiphytic stage – i.e. bacteria grow on the aerial tissues of plant host (leaf, fruit, etc) followed by endophytic stage when bacteria enter and colonise host tissues through wounds or natural openings.

Rhipsalis mesembryanthemoides is an epiphytic plant with strong stems covered by tiny branchlets. Initially this plant grows erect; later it is pendent. The main branches are elongated, cylindrical and woody, 10 to 20 inches long and 1 to 2 millimeters in diameter. The white flowers appear at areoles of the branchlets.

The Microthyriales are an order of sac fungi. According to a 2008 estimate, the order contains 3 families, 62 genera and 323 species. Species in the Microthyriales have small, flattened fruit bodies with one of more central slits, and are saprobic or epiphytic on the leaves and stems of plants.

Tillandsioideae is a subfamily of plants in the bromeliad family Bromeliaceae. This subfamily contains the greatest number of species (1,277). Most are epiphytic or lithophytic, growing in trees or on rocks where they absorb water and nutrients from the air. Spanish moss of the Tillandsia genus is a well- known variety.

Hatiora salicornioides is found in the east of Brazil, in the regions of Northeast Brazil (Bahia), Southeast Brazil (Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo) and South Brazil (Paraná). It occurs in moist forest, savanna and rocky areas at elevations of . It is usually epiphytic or lithophytic.

Amyema melaleucae, also known as the tea-tree mistletoe, is a species of flowering plant within the genus Amyema, an epiphytic hemiparasitic plant of the family Loranthaceae native to Australia and found in Western Australia and South Australia on the coast, from north of Perth almost to the Victorian border.

Podochilus is a genus of about 65 species of small, moss-like epiphytic orchids, distributed across China, the Indian Subcontinent, Southeast Asia (Indochina, Indonesia, Philippines, etc.,) New Guinea, Australia and the Solomon Islands.Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant FamiliesPridgeon, A.M., Cribb, P.J., Chase, M.C. & Rasmussen, F.N. (2006). Epidendroideae (Part One).

The characteristic of having a widened tree trunk is ideal for epiphytes that require a host to live. Therefore, a substantial amount of epiphytic plants have cemented their existence in the flora of El Yunque, specifically in the dwarf forest due to the moisture, precipitation and protection from the sun.

Epidendrum mancum is an epiphytic orchid that grows in the tropical low elfin cloud forests of Ecuador and Amazonas, Peru,C.Dodson and D. Bennett, "Epidendrum Mancum Lindl." Plate 0065 of Icones Plantarum Tropicarum Series II: Orchids of Peru Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, 1989 at altitudes of 2–3 km .

Bulbophyllum argyropus, commonly known as the silver strand orchid, is a species of epiphytic or sometimes lithophytic orchid that is endemic to eastern Australia, including Lord Howe and Norfolk Islands. It has crowded pseudobulbs, tough, dark green leaves and up to four small whitish to yellowish flowers with an orange labellum.

Bulbophyllum pandanetorum is a rare species of epiphytic plant in the family Orchidaceae. It is found in Cameroon and Gabon, where its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests at elevations roughly between 200 and 950 meters. It is threatened by habitat loss. It was botanically described in 1954.

This is an isolated species with no close allies. Selenicereus chrysocardium seems to be the closest relative. Two other epiphytic cacti from other genera show similar strongly notched flat stems and which, when not in flower, are not readily distinguishable from this species: these are Epiphyllum anguliger and Weberocereus imitans.

Bayoud disease is an epiphytic fungal disease of date palm. The pathogen responsible for the disease is Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. albedinis. The disease was first reported from Morocco in 1870. The word "bayoud" is derived from the Arabic abiadh ("white"), and is a reference to the whitish discoloration of diseased fronds.

Dendrobium wassellii, commonly known as the furrowed pencil orchid, is a species of orchid endemic to a small area on Cape York Peninsula. It is an epiphytic or lithophytic orchid with branched stems, cylindrical, furrowed leaves and flowering stems with up to sixty crowded white flowers with a yellow labellum.

Epiphytic species have unbranched antennae which curve in front of the mouth and probably serve the same purpose, although it has been observed that they are also capable of holding a pocket of water in front of the mouth by capillary action, and that this assists with the trapping action.

Dendrobium moorei, commonly known as the drooping cane orchid, is a species of epiphytic or lithophytic orchid in the family Orchidaceae and is endemic to Lord Howe Island. It has cylindrical pseudobulbs, leathery, dark green leaves and between two and fifteen small, white drooping flowers that do not open widely.

Trichoglottis atropurpurea is a fairly large epiphytic species of orchid, with stems reaching long. Fleshy white roots grow out of the stems which are leafy towards the tip. The leaves, which overlap and semi-clasp the stem are oblong or oblong-ovate and slightly keeled. They are long and wide.

The stump, however, will not regenerate since it is dead organic matter. In nature, the fibrous trunks are hosts for a range of epiphytic plants including other ferns and mosses. The fern grows at 3.5 to 5 cm per year and produces spores at the age of about 20 years.

Amyema mackayensis, the mangrove mistletoe, is a species of flowering plant within the genus Amyema, an epiphytic hemiparasitic plant of the family Loranthaceae native to Australia, and found along its northern and eastern coasts in New South Wales, Queensland, the Northern Territory and Western Australia, and also in New Guinea.

The unbranched gametophytes are not photosynthetic, but rather subterranean and mycorrhizal. The Flora of North America distinguishes Huperzia from the epiphytic tropical genus Phlegmariurus on the basis of differences such as the former's complex and specialized shoots, the gemmae and the branchlets on which they are borne, and the unbranched gametophytes.

S. truncata usually grows on trees (epiphytic), or on rocks (epilythic). The native status of S. truncata has become confused because European cultivars were deliberately introduced into some areas, including the Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos, by the Brazilian Agricultural Department, to compensate for over-collecting of wild plants.

Bromeliad Collection: Bromeliads are a large diverse group of plants that belong to the Bromeliaceae Family. Many have brilliant colored inflorescences while others have strikingly colored foliage. Some bromeliads are terrestrial (grow in the ground) while many others are epiphytic (grow on trees). Bromeliads can be found throughout the Garden.

3497.7926 Plantations of introduced pine trees cover much of the mountain, but there are remnant patches of native montane evergreen forest near the summit, and riparian forests in ravines. The native forests are home to numerous epiphytic orchids and other species."Dedza Mountain Forest Reserve". Visit Dedza, accessed 19 August 2019.

Dendrobium linguiforme is an epiphytic or lithophytic orchid with prostrate stems that produce wiry roots along almost their whole length. The roots are long and in diameter. There is a single leaf at the end of each branch of the stem. The leaf is oblong to egg-shaped, long and wide.

Orchids in Zygopetalinae are mostly epiphytic but can be terrestrial, with pseudobulbs of one or several internodes or slender stems. All genera but one are sympodial. Leaves are convolute or duplicate, plicate, and articulate, with a smooth cuticle. Inflorescences of one to several spiral flowers rise from young shoots laterally.

Inga thibaudiana flowers and fruits throughout the year. It is a fast-growing tree and makes good firewood. It grows in areas of forest that are seasonally flooded and is often associated with other trees, such as Virola duckei and Brownea grandiceps. Many lianas and epiphytic plants grow among its branches.

Bryobium dischorense, commonly known as the spotted urchin orchid, is an epiphytic or lithophytic clump-forming orchid that has fleshy, oval pseudobulbs, each with a single thin leaf and between four and eight cup- shaped, cream-coloured or whitish flowers with red spots. This orchid occurs in New Guinea and Queensland.

Vanda testacea is a species of orchid occurring from the Indian subcontinent to Indochina at the elevations of 500 to 2000 meters. It is an epiphytic perennial. It flowers in 6-20 flowered racemes; flowers range in size from 1 to 1.5 cm. Flowers are yellow with a blue lip.

Trichoglottis australiensis, commonly known as the weeping cherub orchid, is an epiphytic or lithophytic clump-forming orchid. It has thick, cord-like roots, flattened, branching stems, many thick, leathery, glossy leaves and between two and six creamy yellow flowers with reddish blotches. This orchid only occurs in tropical North Queensland.

Trachoma speciosum, commonly known as the showy spectral orchid, is an epiphytic or lithophytic orchid that forms clumps with many thick, cord-like roots, between four and eight thick, leathery leaves and many short-lived, cream-coloured flowers with an orange and white labellum. This orchid occurs in tropical North Queensland.

Thrixspermum platystachys, commonly known as the starry hairseed, is an epiphytic or lithophytic orchid that forms untidy clumps with many tangled, wiry roots, up to ten stiff, leathery leaves and many star-shaped, cream- coloured flowers with an orange and white labellum. This orchid occurs from Papuasia to northern Queensland.

Bryobium eriaeoides, commonly known as the brittle urchin orchid, is an epiphytic or lithophytic clump-forming orchid that has fleshy, green pseudobulbs, each with two leaves and between three and twelve cup-shaped white to purplish flowers but that sometimes remain closed. This orchid occurs in New Guinea and Queensland.

Bryobium irukandjianum, commonly known as the small urchin orchid, is an epiphytic or lithophytic clump-forming orchid that has small, fleshy green pseudobulbs, each with two or three leaves and between seven and twelve small, short-lived, whitish to dull pink flowers. This orchid only occurs in tropical North Queensland.

Dendrobium cunninghamii, commonly known as winika, pekapeka, Christmas orchid, bamboo orchid or ladies slipper orchid, is a species of epiphytic orchids that is endemic to New Zealand. It is commonly found growing in rainforest in the North, South, Stewart and Chatham Islands and normally flowers in summer and early autumn.

Dendrobieae are mostly small, epiphytic orchids. The roots are covered by velamen. There are usually pseudobulbs present, with leaves at the top; sometimes the species lacks pseudobulbs and the leaves are spread across the stem or the plant is leafless. The flowers are terminal or axillary and spread across the stalk.

Members of this group are epiphytic orchids having a monopodial habit and are endemic to tropical Africa and Madagascar.Dressler, Robert L. Phylogeny and classification of the orchid family. (1993) Cambridge University Press. They are distinguished from the other subtribes in Vandeae by having an elongate rostellum, an elongate spur, and two pollinia.

She was author or co-author of a large number of publications. These include: May, Valerie (1982) The use of epiphytic algae to indicate environmental changes. Australian Journal of Ecology 7 101-102 May, Valerie (1981) The Occurrence of Toxic Cyanophyte Blooms in Australia. Chapter in: The Water Environment:Algal Toxins and Health.

Illustration of Phalaenopsis sumatrana from Curtis's Botanical Magazine, vol. 91, 1865 Phalaenopsis sumatrana is a medium-sized, epiphytic orchid. Being a monopodial, it has a short stem, usually singular, covered with large overlapping oval leaves. The flowers are mildly fragrant, with waxy or fleshy petals and sepals, and of somewhat variable color.

Typical mixes include large-grade drainage material such as perlite, pumice, or ceramic balls. The plants should be fed regularly with a fertilizer suitable for epiphytic plants. There is a persistent piece of folklore that hoyas prefer to be potbound - kept in a small pot. It is said that this will hasten flowering.

Around the house stretches of ancient deer park whose Fallow Deer are descendants of the original herd first recorded in 1628. Parham Park SSSI is a Site of Special Scientific Interest. It has special biological interest for its epiphytic lichen flora, as an area for two rare beetles and its large heronry.

Ada, abbreviated as Ada in horticultural trade, is a genus of 16 species in the orchid family (Orchidaceae), subfamily Epidendroideae, tribe Cymbidieae, subtribe Oncidiinae, alliance Oncidium. The type species is Ada aurantiaca. These are epiphytic or lithophytic orchids. They are native to Nicaragua down to northern South America, down the Andes to Bolivia.

In his description, Hooker affirms that the plant is highly interesting and an excellent addition to the known epiphytic species because it shows cylindrical leaves almost one meter long, different from anything ever found.Hooker, William Jackson: Scuticaria in The Botanical magazine 64: t. 3573. Ed. William Curtis, London, 1837. Published on Internet.

Basket ferns are epiphytic (growing on trees) or epipetric (growing on rocks). They can also sometimes be found in man-made structures like brick walls. They are found in wet tropical environments, usually in rainforests. Their native range extends from equatorial Africa to tropical South and East Asia, Southeast Asia, Australia, and Oceania.

Plants in the genus Cymbidium are epiphytic, lithophytic or terrestrial plants, or rarely leafless saprophytes. All are sympodial evergreen herbs. Some species have thin stems but in most species the stems are modified as pseudobulbs. When present, there are from three to twelve leaves arrange in two ranks and last for several years.

A relatively small Grammatophyllum speciousum in a tall clay Chinese orchid pot for Oncidiums.It is an epiphytic and occasionally a lithophytic plant, forming spectacular root bundles. Its cylindric pseudobulbs can grow to a length of 2.5 m. It can grow to gigantic clusters weighing from several hundred kilograms to more than one ton.

It lives in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean from Iceland to Senegal and Cape Verde, including the Mediterranean Sea and the southwestern Black Sea. This species is partially migratory, heading northwards in summer. It feeds mainly on benthic diatoms, epiphytic algae, small invertebrates and detritus. The thicklip grey mullet lays its eggs in winter.

For example, micro-autoradiography was used to examine whether atrazine was being metabolized by the hornwort plant or by epiphytic microorganisms in the biofilm layer surrounding the plant.Rupassara, S. I., R.A. Larson, G.K. Sims, and K.A. Marley. 2002 Degradation of atrazine by hornwort in aquatic systems. Bioremediation Journal 6(3): 217-224.

Urera trinervis (Hochst.) Friis & Immelman is a softly woody dioecious liane, sometimes epiphytic, climbing to 20 m, often to the canopy and hanging in festoons. It is one of some 44 species of Urera belonging to the nettle family Urticaceae. It is known in English as the tree climbing-nettle or climbing nettle.

Dendrobium baileyi, commonly known as the blotched gemini orchid, is an epiphytic or lithophytic orchid in the family Orchidaceae and has arching stems and flowering stems with one or two spidery, yellow flowers with dark purple spots emerging from leaf axis. It grows in tropical North Queensland, New Guinea and the Solomon Islands.

Dendrobium densiflorum, commonly known as 密花石斛 (mi hua shi hu), or ꯈꯣꯡꯒꯨꯃꯦꯂꯩ (khongumelei) is a species of epiphytic or lithophytic orchid that is native to Asia. It has club-shaped stems, three or four leathery leaves and densely flowered, hanging bunches of relatively large pale yellow and golden yellow flowers.

Clowesia is a genus of the family Orchidaceae. Species of this genus are epiphytic and contain many pseudobulbs with several internodes. The leaves of this plant are arranged alternatively in two vertical rows on opposite sides of the rachis. Clowesia has a simple gullet flower that allows for pollination by male euglossine bees.

Bulbophyllum wolfei, commonly known as the fleshy snake orchid, is a species of epiphytic or lithophytic orchid with thin, creeping rhizomes, and flattened pseudobulbs each with a single thick, fleshy, dark green leaf and a single cream-coloured flower with dark red stripes. It mostly grows on rainforest trees in tropical North Queensland.

Brachypeza archytas, commonly known as the sage orchid, is an epiphytic orchid that is endemic to Christmas Island, an Australian territory in the north- eastern Indian Ocean. It has many cord-like roots, four or five leaves arranged like a fan and a large number of small, crowded, short-lived, white flowers.

Numerous sessile animals (sponges, bryozoans and ascidians) are found on kelp stipes and mobile invertebrate fauna are found in high densities on epiphytic algae on the kelp stipes and on kelp holdfasts.Norderhaug, K.M., Christie, H., Rinde, E., 2002. Colonisation of kelp imitations by epiphyte and holdfast fauna; a study of mobility patterns.

This forest has an understory of Ericaceae with shrubs and epiphytic species of rhododendron and vaccinium. Species of Lauraceae, with Ericaceae and Oleaceae (at higher elevations with taxa in the Fagaceae, Primulaceae (formerly Myrsinaceae) and Araliaceae) are also recorded. Most of the tree trunks are covered with bryophyte mosses in this zone.

Graphis alboscripta, commonly known as white script lichen, is a species of epiphytic lichen that is endemic to the west coast of Scotland. Nationally rare, its distribution is confined to hazel woodlands.Smout, T. C., MacDonald, R. and Watson, Fiona (2007) A History of the Native Woodlands of Scotland 1500-1920. Edinburgh University Press. .

Some plants may have subaerial roots, either totally (epiphytic plants such as some orchids) or more commonly only partly so. The oil palm tree can grow roots into accumulations of decaying leaves on the soil surface; these roots are said to be subaerial.R.H.V. Corley & P.B.H. Tinker. The Oil Palm, 4th edition, page 37.

Epiphyte species make good houseplants due to their minimal water and soil requirements. Epiphytes provide a rich and diverse habitat for other organisms including animals, fungi, bacteria, and myxomycetes. Epiphyte is one of the subdivisions of the Raunkiær system. The term epiphytic derives from the Greek epi- (meaning 'upon') and phyton (meaning 'plant').

Compared to other genera of the family Araceae, philodendrons have an extremely diverse array of growth methods. The habits of growth can be epiphytic, hemiepiphytic, or rarely terrestrial. Others can show a combination of these growth habits depending on the environment. Hemiepiphytic philodendrons can be classified into two types: primary and secondary hemiepiphytes.

Sarcochilus spathulatus, commonly known as the small butterfly orchid, is a small epiphytic orchid endemic to eastern Australia. It has a single, more or less pendent growth with up to ten thin, leathery leaves and up to five green to dark brown flowers with a cream-coloured labellum that has purple markings.

Selenicereus undatus is lithophytic or hemiepiphytic. It is widely distributed through the tropics in cultivation. Like all true cacti, the genus originates in the Americas, but the precise origin of the species H. undatus is uncertain and it may be a hybrid. It is a sprawling or vining, terrestrial or epiphytic cactus.

Restrepia citrina is an orchid, close related to the pleurothallinids (subtribe Pleurothallidinae). The epithet 'citrina' (lemon-yellow) refers to the color of the lip. This rare epiphytic species is endemic to the cool, damp montane forests of the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia at altitudes of about 2,600 m. This tiny orchid lacks pseudobulbs.

Trachoma stellatum, commonly known as the starry spectral orchid, is an epiphytic or lithophytic clump-forming orchid with many thick roots. It has between three and eight thick, leathery leaves and many short-lived, cream- coloured flowers with purple markings and a yellow-tipped labellum. This orchid occurs in tropical North Queensland.

Octarrhena pusilla, commonly known as the wispy grub orchid, is an epiphytic or lithophytic plant in the orchid family. It has thin roots, usually only a single stem, between three and six fleshy, cylindrical leaves and up to twenty small, white to cream-coloured flowers. This orchid is endemic to tropical North Queensland.

Drymoanthus, commonly known as midget orchids is a genus of epiphytic orchids in the family Orchidaceae. Plants in this genus are relatively small and unbranched with thick roots, narrow crowded leaves and small scented green flowers with a white labellum. There are four species, found in Australia, New Zealand and New Caledonia.

Decaisnina hollrungii is a species of flowering plant, an epiphytic hemiparasitic plant of the family Loranthaceae native to the New Guinea, Queensland, Australia, and in the Bismarck Archipelago and the Solomon Islands. D. hollrungii In Queensland, D. hollrungii is found in rainforest and in dense coastal scrub on a wide range of hosts.

Epiphytes are not connected to the soil, and consequently must get nutrients from other sources, such as fog, dew, rain and mist, or from nutrients being released from the ground rooted plants by decomposition or leaching, and dinitrogen fixation. Epiphytic plants attached to their hosts high in the canopy have an advantage over herbs restricted to the ground where there is less light and herbivores may be more active. Epiphytic plants are also important to certain animals that may live in their water reservoirs, such as some types of frogs and arthropods. Epiphytes can have a significant effect on the microenvironment of their host, and of ecosystems where they are abundant, as they hold water in the canopy and decrease water input to the soil.

Tree branches are characteristically festooned with a variety of epiphytic mosses and lichens and, sometimes, by grazing-sensitive species such as bilberry and polypody. The horizontal habit of the trunks and limbs allows organic debris and humus to accumulate on them, favoring extensive growth of epiphytic vascular plants. These occur in much greater variety than in other British woodlands; in addition to polypody, which is the most common recorded epiphyte, and bilberry, these include many of the same species found on the forest floor. On the ground, boulders are usually covered by lichens and mossy patches – frequent species include Dicranum scoparium, Hypotrachyna laevigata, Rhytidiadelphus loreus and Sphaerophorus globosus – and, where soil has accumulated, patches of acid grassland grow with heath bedstraw, tormentil and sorrel.

The mountains are dominated by savannah woodland, including Brachystegia / miombo. There are also extensive sub- montane grasslands, local mist-belts with mosses and epiphytic and lithophytic ferns and sub-montane evergreen forest in the deeper ravines.Hyde, M.A. and Wursten, B. 2008. Flora of Mozambique: Location details: Bunga Views, VumbaHyde, M.A. and Wursten, B. 2008.

Species in the family are acrocarpous or pseudo-pleurocarpous mosses that are epiphytic. They are usually dioecious and have erect setae and capsules with a well-developed operculum. They are characterized as small plants growing loosely on coniferous trees, decaying coniferous wood, or in terrestrial habitats. Species are widespread in tropical and temperate regions.

T. obliqua is a weeping, epiphytic fern ally that grows on trunks of tree ferns, such as Dicksonia antarctica and some rocky surfaces. Fronds of T. obliqua are unbranched and grow to 20-65cm in length. T. obliqua has a thick fleshy rhizome but no true roots. This rhizome is brittle and resents disturbance.

Olax scandensRoxburgh W (1798) In: Plants of the Coast of Coromandel 2:2, t. 102. is a species of epiphytic plant in the family Olacaceae. Its native range is India, Indo-China and Malesia, with no subspecies listed in the Catalogue of Life. Its name in Vietnamese is dương đầu leo or mao trật.

Phlebodium aureum (golden polypody, golden serpent fern, cabbage palm fern, gold-foot fern, blue-star fern, hare-foot fern; syn. Polypodium aureum, Polypodium leucotomos) is an epiphytic fern native to tropical and subtropical regions of the Americas. Other common names include calaguala (Spanish language), laua`e haole (Hawaiian),Starr, F. and K. Starr. Phlebodium aureum.

Epidendrum piperinum is a small succulent epiphytic orchid native to the tropical Cloud forest of Colombia, Ecuador (including Carchi and Pichincha),C. H. & P. M. Dodson "EPIDENDRUM PIPERINUM Lindl." Plate 0481 of Icones Plantrum Tropicarum, Series II Orchids of Ecuador Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis. 1989 and Peru, at altitudes close to 3 km.

Brachycorythis kalbreyeri is a species of flowering plant in the family Orchidaceae. It is endemic to Equatorial Africa and was first discovered on Mount Cameroon by Guillermo Kalbreyer. It was subsequently named after Kalbreyer by Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach. The species is unique from others in its genus due to its semi-epiphytic growth habit.

Cyrtopodium, often abbreviated Cyrt in horticulture, is a genus of more than 40 species of epiphytic and terrestrial orchids found from Florida and Mexico through Argentina.Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families Cyrtopodium is the only genus in the monotypic subtribe Cyrtopodiinae.Pridgeon, A.M., Cribb, P.J., Chase, M.A. & Rasmussen, F. eds. (2009). Genera Orchidacearum, Volume 5.

Medinilla myriantha is a species of semi-epiphytic plant with pink flowers that are produced in the summer and spring. These plants grow up to six feet tall. It is also known as the Malaysian orchid, but is in the family Melastomataceae and is native to the Philippines.Calero, K., Pitzer, T., & Alberte, J. (2012).

Bulbophyllum bowkettiae, commonly known as the striped snake orchid, is a species of epiphytic or lithophytic orchid with thin, creeping rhizomes and flattened pseudobulbs each with a single tough, dark green leaf and a single cream-coloured flower with red stripes. It grows on trees and rocks in rainforest in tropical North Queensland, Australia.

It occurs in the Himalayas, Nepal, North India, Bhutan, China (Yunnan to Western Guangxi) and Myanmar. It grows epiphytic on trees or lithophyte on rocks in lower montane forests at an altitude of 1000 to 1800 meters above sea level.Pridgeon, A.M., Cribb, P.J., Chase, M.A. & Rasmussen, F. eds.. Genera Orchidacearum vol. 4 - Epidendroideae (Part 1).

Epidendrum lanipes is an epiphytic sympodial orchid with spindle-shaped stems native to the montane tropical rainforest of Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru at altitudes ranging from 0.8 to 1.4 km.C. Dodson & C. Bennett: "EPIDENDRUM LANIPES Lindl." Plate 0064 of Icones Plantarum Tropicarum, Series II: Orchids of Peru. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO, 1989.

Dendrobium nativitatis is an epiphytic herb with straggly, sometimes branching, aerial stems long. The pseudobulbs are smooth, flattened, pale green, long and wide. There is a single leathery, narrow elliptic leaf long and wide on the end of the pseudobulb. A single, pale yellow flower long and wide develops at the base of the leaf.

Avicularia purpurea is primarily an arboreal spider. This climbing species builds its nests primarily in hollows in the trees, sometimes in the vicinity of epiphytic plants. These spiders eat mostly crickets, cockroaches, meal worms, waxworms and darkling beetles, but they also can catch small rodents. During mating the females become very aggressive towards the males.

Platycerium is a genus of about 18 fern species in the polypod family, Polypodiaceae. Ferns in this genus are widely known as staghorn or elkhorn ferns due to their uniquely shaped fronds. This genus is epiphytic and is native to tropical and temperate areas of South America, Africa, Southeast Asia, Australia, and New Guinea.

This algal species exists in two phases. The gametangial phase is always epiphytic, growing on Cystoseira and other algae. It forms erect, brownish-red, feathery fronds and grows to a length of up to . The fronds are flattened and bear crozier-shaped hooks which cling on to and get tangled with the host seaweed.

Asplenium parvum is a plant in the spleenwort group of ferns. An epiphytic fern, seen growing on rocks and trees in tropical rainforests, usually at high altitude in Queensland. The specific epithet parvum is derived from latin, meaning "few or small". Described by Reverend Watts from a cultivated specimen growing in Gladesville, New South Wales.

Dendrobium callitrophilum, commonly known as the thin feather orchid, is an epiphytic orchid in the family Orchidaceae with narrow pseudobulbs, one or two thin, leathery leaves and up to six greenish yellow flowers with a cream- coloured or apricot-coloured labellum. It grows in or near rainforest in isolated parts of tropical North Queensland.

Coelogyne barbata is a species of orchid. It is a shade-loving orchid that blooms in the months of October–November. It occurs in the Himalayas, Nepal, India, China and Myanmar. It grows epiphytic on trees or lithophyte on rocks in lower montane forests at an altitude of 1000 to 1800 meters above sea level.

Dendrobium fleckeri, commonly known as the apricot cane orchid, is a species of epiphytic or lithophytic orchid endemic to far north Queensland, Australia. It has cylindrical pseudobulbs with two or three dark green leaves and up to four apricot-coloured or yellowish green flowers with tangled white hairs on the edge of the labellum.

Vanilla raabii is a species of orchid in the genus Vanilla. It is endemic to the Philippines and can be found on Luzon, the Panay Peninsula, and Samar. It was named after Raab Bustamante. It is a climbing epiphytic orchid with terete roots and stems with oval to lanceolate leaves that are fleshy and thick.

Ecnomiohyla echinata (common name: Oaxacan fringe-limbed treefrog) is a species of frog in the family Hylidae. It is endemic to Sierra Juárez, Oaxaca, Mexico. Its natural habitat is cloud forest at around asl. It relies on humid habitats, in particular the vegetation along streams as well as epiphytic plants where it can find refuge.

Liparis fleckeri, commonly known as the slender sphinx orchid, is a plant in the orchid family and is endemic to Queensland. It is an epiphytic or lithophytic orchid with two thin leaves and up to twenty pale green or whitish flowers. It grows in rainforest at altitudes of or more in tropical far North Queensland.

Small, epiphytic plant that prefers a cool climate, it has an ovoid pseudobulb with 2 to 3 coriaceous, oblong-elliptic, obtuse, articular, basal and broad leaves that blooms in an erect, terminal, cluster-shaped inflorescence that can carry one to nine red-orange flowers. It produces its flowering in the spring and early summer.

Plectorrhiza erecta , commonly known as the upright tangle orchid, is an epiphytic or lithophytic orchid that has many coarse, cord-like roots, many bright green leaves and up to five yellowish orange, cup-shaped flowers with purplish blotches. It grows close to the ground on fibrous barked plants and only occurs on Lord Howe Island.

They are valued in horticulture for their racemes of showy, fragrant, colorful flowers. The name of the genus refers to the epiphytic growth habit of the species, and literally means "air-plant". The type species, Aerides odorata, was described by João de Loureiro in 1790. This genus is abbreviated Aer in the horticultural trade.

Requiring minimal care, the plant is used as groundcover in partial shade and in a protected position. It is drought and frost sensitive. Being epiphytic, these plants can also be grown in the branching of trees or on tree ferns. A slow-release fertiliser may be applied on the base of the plants in spring.

Dendrobium johannis, commonly known as the chocolate tea tree orchid, is a species of epiphytic or lithophytic orchid native to Australia and New Guinea. It has spindle-shaped pseudobulbs, between five and ten dark green leaves with purplish markings and flowering stems with up to fifteen chocolate brown flowers with a yellow labellum.Lewis Roberts.

Taeniophyllum lobatum, commonly known as the yellow ribbonroot, is a species of leafless epiphytic or lithophytic orchid that forms small clumps. It has short stems, flattened pale to greyish green roots pressed against the substrate on which it is growing and usually two pale to bright yellow flowers. It only occurs in tropical North Queensland.

Moist laurisilva is found on north-facing slopes and canyons. The predominant trees are Laurus azorica, Ocotea foetens, Persea indica, and Clethra arborea. Trees are covered with epiphytic mosses and lichens. Dry laurisilva is found on south-facing slopes, and predominant trees are Apollonias barbujana, Laurus azorica, Picconia excelsa, Visnea mocanera, and Clethra arborea.

Decaisnina brittenii is a species of flowering plant, an epiphytic hemiparasitic plant of the family Loranthaceae native to the Northern Territory, Queensland and northern Western Australia. D. brittenii has linear to narrowly lanceolate leaves and this is the only way in which it differs from D. signata. It is typically found on Melaleuca & Barringtonia.

Utricularia sect. Phyllaria is a section in the genus Utricularia. The sixteen species in this section are small or very small lithophytic or epiphytic carnivorous plants native to the mountains of Asia, ranging from India to China and New Guinea. One species, Utricularia striatula, is an exception and is widespread in much of the Old World tropics.

Dressler, Robert L. Phylogeny and classification of the orchid family. (1993). p. 128. Cambridge University Press. Members of this group are epiphytic and are distinguished from the other subtribes in the tribe Vandeae by their sympodial growth habit and the presence of four pollinia. Pollination is mostly by small species of bees, however some species (e.g.

The host species for the larvae of this moth is unknown. It has been hypothesised that the larvae of this species feeds on dead wood. It has also been suggested that the species might be associated with lichens and/or epiphytic mosses. Hudson collected the five known species of this moth by beating coastal scrub at Point Howard.

Whole plant Sarcochilus falcatus, commonly known as the orange blossom orchid, is a small epiphytic or lithophytic orchid that is endemic to eastern Australia. It has up to eight, leathery leaves with fine teeth on the edges and up to twelve white to cream-coloured flowers with a white labellum that has orange and purple markings.

Basidiocarps of the Tulasnellaceae are typically found in woodland, on the underside of fallen wood or in leaf litter. They are believed to be soil fungi and many species have also been isolated from the roots of terrestrial and epiphytic orchids. They may also form ectomycorrhizal associations with trees and other plants. Their distribution is cosmopolitan.

All their leaves are spineless (unarmed) and their fruit is a dry capsule containing winged seeds which are usually dispersed by breezes. Feathery seed plumes help them to adhere to a suitable epiphytic surface for germination. This subfamily is probably the most derived with special adaptations for survival in very dry conditions, with many described as xerophytes.

Little is known about the feeding habits or food preferences of Orthalicus reses reses. They feed on epiphytic growth on hardwood tree trunks, branches, and leaves. Likely food items include a variety of fungi, algae, and lichens found on many of the native hammock trees. Mixobacteria and some small mites may serve as a secondary food source.

S. microsphaerica usually grows on rocks (epilithic) or on trees (epiphytic). It is listed as threatened by loss of habitat in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, but placed in the category of "data deficient", meaning that there is insufficient information to determine its status further. Most plants are now in areas which are legally protected.

It grows as a small epiphytic shrub with initially upright and later hanging shoots. The dirty gray-green shoots are slender cylindrical, completely turning, up to 4 inches long and 0.6 inches in diameter. At the top, they branch into whorls. The 8 to 10 almost always pronounced ribs are finely striped in the longitudinal and transverse direction.

Lecanopteris is a genus of ferns in the family Polypodiaceae, subfamily Microsoroideae, according to the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I). They have swollen hollow rhizomes that provide homes for symbiotic ants. All are epiphytic plants that naturally occur from Southeast Asia to New Guinea. Several species are in commerce, being grown as houseplants and greenhouse curiosities.

Sarcostoma is a genus of epiphytic orchids with 5 species endemic to Malaysia. The rhizomes are short and branched, with short stems bearing 1-3 apical leaves and a single resupinate flower. The sepals are lateral, and the lip trilobed. Sarcostoma is similar to Dendrobium and especially Ceratostylis in having the foot of the column forming a projecting mentum.

Bryobium, commonly known as urchin orchids or 藓兰属 (xian lan shu), is a genus of flowering plants in the family Orchidaceae. Orchids in this genus are epiphytic or lithophytic plants with large, fleshy pseudobulbs, each with up to three leathery leaves and small, often hairy flowers. These orchids are found from tropical Asia to northern Australia.

The moths are much reduced in number as the great swarms "invading rooms, sufficient in number to extinguish lighted lamps" reported by early settlers no longer occur.D. Miller (1984) Common insects of New Zealand. ed 8. The wide spreading branches also provide room for epiphytic species such as Astelia, puka (Griselinia lucida) and northern rātā (Metrosideros robusta).

Cattleya iricolor is an epiphytic orchid with slightly compressed pseudobulbs with a single terminal leaf each. The leaves are narrow, up to 35 cm long and 3 cm wide. Flowers are very fragrant, creamy white or yellowish, 8 cm across in size, with long and narrow petals and sepals, pointy lip; up to 6 flowers per pseudobulb.

Dendrobium brevicaudum, commonly known as the Mount Finnigan pencil orchid, is an epiphytic or lithophytic orchid in the family Orchidaceae and is endemic to Queensland. It has hanging stems, cylindrical leaves and groups of about six yellowish or orange-brown flowers with red streaks and a white labellum. It is only known from two mountainous areas north of Cairns.

Billbergia 'Windii', angel's tears (Billbergia × windii), is a hybrid cultivar in the Bromeliad family. It is an evergreen flowering perennial plant, epiphytic in habit, growing to with pink and green flowers appearing from bracts on stems to . In temperate regions it is grown under glass. It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

Aeschynanthus pulcher, the lipstick plant or red bugle vine, is a species of evergreen perennial plant in the family Gesneriaceae, native to Indo-China and western Malesia.Middleton D.J. 2007. A revision of Aeschynanthus (Gesneriaceae) in Thailand. Ediburgh Journal of Botany 64 (3): 363–429 An epiphytic climber, it produces clusters of red flowers from summer to winter.

Hypnales are terrestrial, epiphytic or lithophytic plants that occur in the most diverse biotopes and are distributed worldwide. Many species of this family are not picky concerning their substrate and habitat. The earliest fossils of representatives of the Hypnales are known only from the Tertiary, indicating that this group is young compared to other groups of mosses.

Goldfish The wetland's flora consists of Schima, Castanopsis, laurel oak (Quercus laurifolia) and epiphytic orchids. Water lilly, cone trees, rhododendrons, and herbal plants also occur. Faunal species include white-rumped vulture, leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis), Eurasian otter (Lutra Lutra), and endemic Variegated mountain lizard (Japalura variegata). Invasion of gold fish (Carassius auratus) has adversely affected the indigenous fauna.

This species is listed as Vulnerable by IUCN as less than 1000 mature individuals occupy an area of less than 20 km2 (Holmes et al. 2005). This epiphytic orchid species grows in straggly clumps and has wiry, erect or semi-pendulous slender stems up to 30 cm long. The roots are thick and cord- like, approx. 5 mm wide.

Dendrobium cancroides, commonly known as the crab orchid, is an epiphytic or lithophytic orchid in the family Orchidaceae. It has long, narrow, flattened stems with up to fourteen leaves in the upper half and one or two star-shaped reddish brown flowers with a yellow centre. It grows in rainforest, often in trees overhanging streams in tropical North Queensland.

Dendrobium cancroides is an epiphytic or lithophytic herb with flattened stems long and wide. There are between eight and fourteen leaves long, wide mostly scattered along the upper half of the stem. One or two resupinate flowers long and wide are arranged in leaf axils. The flowers are reddish brown with a yellow centre and do not open widely.

Dendrobium schneiderae is an epiphytic herb which forms small, dense clumps. It has crowded cone-shaped to egg-shaped pseudobulbs long and wide. Each pseudobulb has two narrow oblong, dark green leaves long, wide on top. The flowering racemes are long and bear between five and thirty five yellow to greenish yellow, waxy, cup-shaped flowers that are wide.

Luisia tristis, commonly known as the velvet orchid, is a species of epiphytic or lithophytic orchid with wiry stems often forming tangled clumps, cylindrical leaves and flowering stems with up to three green flowers with a dark red to dark maroon labellum. This orchid occurs in tropical Asia, New Guinea, Australia and some islands of the Western Pacific Ocean.

Micropera fasciculata, commonly known as the pale dismal orchid, is a species of epiphytic or lithophytic orchid with wiry stems forming large, tangled clumps. It has stiff, leathery leaves and flowering stems with between ten and twenty cream-coloured flowers with a white labellum. This orchid occurs in New Guinea, Queensland, the Solomon Islands and New Caledonia.

Ornithochilus cacharensis an epiphytic orchid species, Larsenianthus assamensis a terrestrial zingiber species, Diospyros cacharensis a small deciduous tree belonging to family Ebenaceae and Alseodaphne keenanii a large tree belonging to family Lauraceae were described for the first time for this sanctuary and all are endemic to north-east India. The nearest town is Silchar, which is 40 km away.

Robiquetia wassellii is an epiphytic or lithophytic herb that forms sparse clumps. It has thick roots and a pendulous stem, long. There are between three and six dark green leaves long and about wide. A large number of resupinate, cup-shaped, dark green flowers with a pink to red centre, long, are crowded on a pendulous flowering stem long.

Dendrobium falcorostrum is an epiphytic herb that has crowded, yellowish green, spindle-shaped pseudobulbs long and wide. Each pseudobulb has between two and five narrow elliptic to lance-shaped, dark green, leathery leaves long and wide. The flowering stem is long with between four and twenty crowded white flowers long and wide. The dorsal sepal is long and wide.

Saccolabiopsis rectifolia, commonly known as the tiny pitcher orchid, is an epiphytic orchid from the family Orchidaceae. It has a short stem, thin roots, between three and six crowded leaves and up to fifteen cup-shaped green flowers with a white, purple spotted labellum. It grows on the thinnest outer branches of rainforest trees in tropical North Queensland, Australia.

Bulbophyllum grandimesense is an epiphytic herb with branching stems long and covered with brown bracts. The pseudobulbs are long, about wide and well-spaced along the stems. Each pseudobulb has a thick, fleshy, dark green leaf long and wide on a stalk . A single white flower long and wide is borne on a thread-like flowering stem about long.

Bulbophyllum bracteatum, commonly known as the blotched pineapple orchid, is a species of epiphytic or sometimes lithophytic orchid that is endemic to eastern Australia. It has crowded pseudobulbs, tough, pale green or yellowish leaves and up to twenty five cream-coloured to yellowish flowers with purplish or reddish blotches. It usually grows in the tops of rainforest trees.

Bulbophyllum bifarium, or two-sided bulbophyllum, is an epiphytic (occasionally lithophytic) plant species in the family Orchidaceae, flowering in November and endemic to Cameroon. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, where it is threatened by habitat loss. It was described in 1864 by Joseph Dalton Hooker.

A single female will usually lay about 40 capsules during summer, and about 20 capsules during autumn. Fresh capsules are white, but older capsules become yellow or brown and may bear an epiphytic outer layer. The capsules are around 1 mm in diameter (0.9–1.1 mm), but in brackish water they are usually smaller (about 0.8 mm).

Bulbophyllum minutissimum, commonly known as the red bead orchid or grain-of- wheat orchid, is a species of epiphytic or lithophytic orchid with small, flattened, reddish or green pseudobulbs, scale-like leaves and small whitish to reddish flowers with broad dar red stripes. It grows on trees and rocks, mostly in swamps and near streams in eastern Australia.

Bulbophyllum macphersonii, commonly known as eyelash orchids, is a species of epiphytic or lithophytic orchid that is endemic to Queensland. It has tiny, crowded, slightly flattened, dark green pseudobulbs, a single thick, fleshy leaf and a single dark red to purplish red flower with a narrow labellum. It grows on trees and rocks in sheltered places.

Aglaomorpha fortunei is an epiphytic (growing on trees) or epipetric (growing on rocks) plant. Like other species of Aglaomorpha, they possess two frond types - a fertile foliage frond and a sterile nest frond. Sterile nest fronds are rounded shallowly-lobed reddish- brown fronds overlapping each other. They bear no sori and form a 'basket' characteristic of the genus.

Melaleuca viridiflora forests provide habitat for orchid species including the rare, threatened or endangered Calochilus psednus, Pachystoma pubescens, Eulophia bicallosa and Cardwell midge orchid (Genoplesium tectum). Individual trees often host the epiphytic ant-house plant, (Myrmecodia beccarii). Plants distributed in south-eastern Florida in 1900 under the name Melaleuca viridiflora have been subsequently identified as Melaleuca quinquenervia.

E. pedicellatum, like all lichens, is a symbiotic, in this instance between an ascomycete fungus and cyanobacteria of the genus Scytonema, and is therefore capable of fixing nitrogen. E. pedicellatum may also be part of second symbiosis with the epiphytic liverwort Frullania asagrayana.Cornejo, C., P.R. Nelson, I. Stepanchikova, D. Himelbrant, P.-M. Jorgensen and C. Scheidigger. 2016.

Epiphytic herb with club-shaped pseudobulbs, up to 39 cm. or taller with one leaf at the top (total height of pseudobulb and leaf about 61 cm).Schweinfurth, C., "Orchidaceae, Orchids of Peru", Fieldiana, Botany 30(3): 535 Leaf oblong or broadly oblong, rounded at apex, light green, up to 35 cm. long and up to 6 cm.

Dendrophryniscus brevipollicatus is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae. It is endemic to Brazil and found on the coastal ranges of São Paulo state and Rio de Janeiro states. Its natural habitats are primary, secondary and seasonally flooded forests up to above sea level. It lives in terrestrial and epiphytic bromeliads, where it also places its eggs.

Noblella carrascoicola is a species of frog in the family Craugastoridae. It is endemic to the northeastern Andean slopes of Bolivia, at least between the Cochabamba and La Paz Departments. Its natural habitats are very humid cloud forest and Yungas forest. At day, they can be found in leaf-litter on the forest floor, or occasionally, epiphytic bromeliads.

Dendrobium macropus is an epiphytic or lithophytic orchid with cylindrical, yellowish green, cane-like pseudobulbs long and wide. There are between three and six narrow lance-shaped leaves on the end of the pseudobulb. The leaves are long and wide. Between five and ten fragrant, creamy yellow flowers long and wide are arranged on a flowering stem long.

Dendrobium brachypus, commonly known as the dwarf cane orchid, is an epiphytic or lithophytic orchid in the family Orchidaceae. It has crowded, yellowish green pseudobulbs, dark green leaves and two or three cream-coloured to whitish or greenish flowers which often do not open fully. It grows on trees and rocks on one mountain on Norfolk Island.

Amyema preissii, commonly known as wireleaf mistletoe, is a species of mistletoe, an epiphytic, hemiparasitic plant of the family Loranthaceae. It is native to Australia where it has been recorded from all mainland states. The flowers are red and up to 26 mm long. The fruits are white or pink, globose and 8–10 mm in diameter.

The epiphytic relationship is thought to be beneficial to the host. Though the relationship was once thought to be parasitic, it is decidedly an epiphyte only. This contrasts with Harveyella, which also uses Odonthalia and Rhodomela as hosts but is a true parasite. S. ulvoidea is fed on by herbivores such as amphipods, Littorina, and Idotea.

The trees are festooned at all levels with epiphytic plants, including orchids, ferns, bromeliads and mosses. The understory includes sedges such as Hypolitrum amplum and various species of ferns and tree ferns, including Cyathea armata and Danaea media. The endemic palm Rooseveltia frankliniana is also common. Cloud forests are found at the highest elevations, over , where Melastoma spp.

Billbergia nutans, or Queen's-tears, is an epiphytic bromeliad native to Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, and Argentina.Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant FamiliesSant'Ana Melhem, T., das Graças Lapa Wanderley, M., Ehlin Martins, S., Jung-Mendaçolli, S.L., Shepherd, G.J. & Kirizawa, M. (eds.) (2007). Flora Fanerogâmica do Estado de São Paulo 5: 1-476. Instituto de Botânica, São Paulo.

Wild date palms grow in some highland areas and near the Shire River, and raffia palms are found near upland streams and are common in the Nkhotakota Wildlife Reserve. Around four hundred species of orchid have been recorded in the country, 120 of them epiphytic. They are most abundant in Nyika National Park and growing on the surrounding mountainsides.

Dendrobium pugioniforme, commonly known as the dagger orchid is a species of orchid endemic to eastern Australia. It is an epiphytic or lithophytic orchid with pendulous, wiry stems, fleshy, sharply pointed leaves and flowering stems with one or two greenish or yellowish flowers with a white labellum. It grows on trees and rocks, mostly in humid forest.

Platycerium coronarium is an epiphytic species of staghorn fern in the genus Platycerium. It is found in maritime Southeast Asia and Indochina. and throughout the East Indies. It produces two kinds of leaves: Foliage leaves which are broad and upright in habit, and spore bearing leaves which are narrow, pendulous, dichotomously lobed and up to in length.

Dendrobium trilamellatum, commonly known as the fragrant tea tree orchid or large tea tree orchid, is a species of epiphytic orchid found in northern Australia and New Guinea. It has spindle-shaped pseudobulbs, between three and seven leathery, dark green leaves and between three and fifteen yellow, yellowish brown or brown flowers with a mauve to purple labellum.

In this manner, the plant's strategy is to obtain light early in its life at the expense of nutrients. Some primary epiphytic species have a symbiotic relationship with ants. In these species, the ants' nest is grown amongst the plant's roots, which help keep the nest together. Philodendrons have extrafloral nectaries, glands that secrete nectar to attract the ants.

The thinlip mullet is found in the eastern Atlantic Ocean from Cape Verde and Senegal north to the Baltic Sea. It is also found in the Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea and Azov Sea. It is a pelagic species, usually occurring inshore, entering lagoons and estuaries and rivers. It feeds on epiphytic algae, detritus and small benthic or planktonic organisms.

Sarcochilus hillii is a drooping, epiphytic herb with stems long. It has between two and ten linear or quill-shaped leaves long and about wide. Between two and ten frosty white or pink flowers, long and wide are arranged on a flowering stem long. The dorsal sepal is long and wide, the lateral sepals slightly longer.

Disocactus is a genus of epiphytic cacti in the tribe Hylocereeae found in Central America, the Caribbean and northern South America. It should not be confused with Discocactus, which is a different genus. Species of Disocactus grow in tropical regions either on trees as epiphytes or on rocks as lithophytes. They have two distinct growth habits.

Trachoma papuanum, commonly known as the yellow spectral orchid, is an epiphytic or lithophytic clump-forming orchid with a between three and six thick, fleshy leaves and many dull yellow flowers with a white labellum opening in groups of up to four. This orchid occurs in New Guinea, Queensland and some islands in the South Pacific.

Aparasphenodon is a genus of frogs in the family Hylidae. The genus is found in southeastern Brazil as well as in the Orinoco Basin in Venezuela, Colombia, and Brazil. These are tree-dwelling species usually hiding in the cisterns of epiphytic bromeliads. The top of the head carries a bony plate which is fused with the skin.

Thrixspermum carinatifolium, commonly known as the Christmas Island hairseed, is an epiphytic orchid with flattened, straggly stems that form clumps with many branching aerial roots. It has flattened fleshy leaves arranged in two ranks along the stems and white or yellowish, widely opening flowers. This orchid occurs from Peninsular Malaysia to Christmas Island, an Australian territory.

Dendrobium cunninghamii is an epiphytic or lithophytic orchid herb that forms tufts up wide with wiry, cane-like stems up to long and in diameter. The rhizomes are similar to the stems and produce many roots. The leaves are narrow linear, long and about wide. Up to eight flowers white are borne on a short lateral flowering stem.

Coolia is a marine dinoflagellate genus in the family Ostreopsidaceae. It was first described by Meunier in 1919. There are currently seven identified species distributed globally in tropical and temperate coastal waters. Coolia is a benthic or epiphytic type dinoflagellate: it can be found adhered to sediment or other organisms but it is not limited to these substrates.

Immature females have buff fringes on the feathers of the nape, face and rump. The call is a high-pitched fast kip. Male. The food of this species is nectar, taken from a variety of flowers. Males feed in the canopy, where their food plants include epiphytic Ericaceae and bromeliads, and defend flowers and scrubs in their feeding territories.

Orchids in the genus Drymoanthus are small, unbranched, epiphytic herbs with thick roots, a thin stem, narrow, crowded, thin, leathery leaves and small, short-lived green flowers with a white labellum. The sepals and petals are similar to each other although the petals are slightly shorter. The labellum is white, boat-shaped, unlobed and stiffly attached to the column.

Fritton Common, Morningthorpe is a biological Site of Special Scientific Interest east of Long Stratton in Norfolk. This damp acidic meadow common is traditionally managed by light cattle grazing. Scattered ancient trees have a wide variety of epiphytic lichens, including some which are locally rare. There are a number of natural ponds with diverse invertebrate fauna.

Tuberolabium is a genus of epiphytic flowering plants from the orchid family, Orchidaceae. It is native to the Old World Tropics, including Assam, Indochina, Taiwan, Indonesia, New Guinea, Philippines, Queensland, the Cook Islands and Micronesia. Of the 18 known species, 7 are endemic to the Indonesian island of Sulawesi.Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant FamiliesBerg Pana, H. 2005.

McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012. Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Sumatra and Java. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. The natural habitat of the Javan variant of N. spathulata (plant in centre) Plants growing in mossy forest and lower montane forest usually have an epiphytic habit, while those from stunted upper montane forest on summit ridges generally occur terrestrially.

Dermatobotrys is a rare plant genus endemic to coastal scarp forests in Madagascar and from southern Zululand to the Transkei in South Africa. It consists of a single species, Dermatobotrys saundersii, which is an epiphytic, deciduous shrub, of up to in height, growing on trees or occasionally on the forest floor. Its flowers are tubular and deep red, followed by smooth, brownish fruit.

Selaginella oregana is a species of spikemoss known by the common name Oregon spikemoss. It is native to the Pacific Coast of western North America, where it can be found from British Columbia to northern California. It grows in mossy, shady coastal forests. It is often epiphytic, growing attached to tree branches, its stems hanging in sheets of green, mosslike streamers.

Vines are also present, the most common being Cissus antarctica (kangaroo vine), but others include Cissus hypoglauca (water vine), Parsonsia sp. (native jasmine), Marsdenia rostrata, Hibbertia dentata (golden guinea flower) and Hibbertia scandens (snake vine). The climber Flagellaria indica and epiphytic orchids (Dendrobium linguiforme) can be located in the rainforest. The cabbage palm species Livistonia australis is a conspicuous canopy emergent.

These dwarf, epiphytic climbing orchids occur in mountainous or savanna forests and alongside rivers in Trinidad, Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, French Guiana, Suriname and Peru.Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families Aganisia produce pseudobulbs and small flowers produced from a creeping rhizome. These flowers generally reach 4 cm in width. Their color varies from a rose-tinted violet to a blue-tinted violet.

Pseuderia samarana is an initially terrestrial orchid during its seedling stage, then becomes epiphytic upon reaching maturity. The scented flowers, by are yellow in color with reddish-purple markings, borne on 2-flowered inflorescence, in a short peduncle long. The labellum is measured as by , naturally curved, elliptic- rhombic in shaped, and sparsely puberulous. The clinandrium has a characteristically entire margin.

Arbol de Higueron, Ficus aurea Alongside the diverse fauna, a highly diverse flora is also present in the conservation area. It is estimated that there are over 7,000 species of plants in this area. Of them, about 3,000 species are orchids and other epiphytic plants. The most notable species present is probably the Guanacaste tree, Enterolobium cyclocarpum, which is Costa Rica’s national tree.

Tillandsia ventanaensis is an epiphytic species in the genus Tillandsia first described in 1995. This species is endemic only to the state of Durango, Mexico between elevations of 1,800-2,000 meters, in the vicinity of the border of Sinaloa in the Sierra de las Ventanas. This plant is stemless, flowering erect 35-55 cm high, with rigid leaves up to 55 cm long.

The wood is hard, dense, and very strong. The bark is rough and flaky and provides an ideal stratum for the roots of epiphytic plants such as Astelia species and Freycinetia banksii (Kiekie). Southern rata is a major source of honey on the West Coast of the South Island. Kaka, tui, and bellbirds visit rata to take advantage of the abundant nectar.

Loefgrenianthus blanche-amesiae is a small epiphytic species which inhabits the highest areas of Atlantic Forest of Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo and Paraná States of Brazil,Pabst, Guido & Dungs, Fritz : Orchidaceae Brasilienses vol. 1 p. 148. Brucke-Verlag Kurt Schmersow, Hildesheim, 1975. particularly in Serra da Mantiqueira and Serra do Mar chains of mountains, where it is very rare.

Luisia, commonly known as velvet orchids or 钗子股属 (chai zi gu shu), is a genus of epiphytic or lithophytic orchids in family Orchidaceae. Plants in this genus have flattened roots, long leafy stems, narrow, thick, leathery leaves and short-lived flowers that open sporadically. There are about forty species found from tropical and subtropical Asia to the Western Pacific.

All species from Amazon are always epiphytic. The remaining species inhabit the area occupied by Brazilian Atlantic Forest. The only species that can be found widespread through several states is Scuticaria hadwenii, in the humid jungles of Serra do Mar from Santa Catarina to Bahia States,Toscano de Brito, Antônio & Cribb, Phillip: Orquídeas da Chapada Diamantina, pp. 284. Ed. Nova Fronteira, 2005.

The Exuma Cays Land and Sea Park is a protected area in the Exuma Cays of the Bahamas. The protected area extends from Shroud Cay in the north to Bell Cay in the south. The vegetation consists of mangrove communities, with the east sides being clad in low scrub and the western sides with taller scrub. There are many epiphytic orchids and bromeliads.

At cooler temperatures, asexual reproduction took place in multi-chambered "mitosporangia". The gametophyte phase only produces gametes when day length is long; with shorter days these too reproduce asexually. This is probably because the plants upon which they are epiphytic only grow in the spring. The gametophyte is filamentous – while the sporophyte bears parenchyma, even though it only reaches around in length.

Sites that are between off the ground are preferred. The golden lion tamarin tends to be active earlier and retire later in the warmer, wetter times of the years as the days are longer. During drier times, it forages for insects longer as they become more scarce. Golden lion tamarins are characterized by using manipulative foraging under tree barks and epiphytic bromeliads.

Two other, smaller brown algae, of the family Ectocarpaceae, Ectocarpus commensalis and Pylaiella gardneri, as well as the two red algae Microcladia borealis and Porphyra gardneri, are epiphytic on Postelsia. Pylaiella gardneri is an obligate epiphyte to Postelsia. As with all epiphytes, these algae are not harmful to Postelsia, and merely use the larger alga as a substrate to grow upon.

Cymbidium canaliculatum is an epiphytic, clump-forming herb with greyish green pseudobulbs long and wide. Each pseudobulb has between two and six rigid, fleshy, curved, deeply channelled leaves and wide. Between five and sixty flowers, long and wide are borne on a flowering stem long. The flowers are olive green, yellow, brown or purple often with spots, blotches or both.

Dendrobium antennatum, commonly known as the green antelope orchid, is an epiphytic orchid in the family Orchidaceae. It has cylindrical pseudobulbs with up to twelve leaves near their tips and up to fifteen white flowers with green petals and a white labellum with purple stripes. It grows in New Guinea and in tropical North Queensland where it is rare.Lewis Roberts.

Some of the red cedar grow in excess of tall. Of note is the large epiphytic ferns growing in the rainforest, such as birds nest ferns, staghorn fern, and elkhorn ferns. Koalas, eastern grey kangaroos, red-necked wallabies, wombats, and greater gliders are some of the many marsupial animals found here. Microbats rest in the gold mine shafts during the day.

Dendrobium teretifolium is an epiphytic or lithophytic herb with hanging, zig-zagged, branched stems, long and wide forming bushy clumps. Its leaves are cylindrical, long and wide and hang down. The flowering stems are long and bear between three and fifteen crowded, white, cream-coloured or greenish, crowded flowers. The flowers are long and wide with red or purplish marks in the centre.

Dendrobium bowmanii, commonly known as the straggly pencil orchid, is an epiphytic or lithophytic orchid in the family Orchidaceae. It has thin wiry, straggly stems with a small number of small leaves and up to four greenish or brownish flowers with a conspicuous white labellum. It grows in drier rainforests and coastal scrub in New South Wales, southern Queensland and New Caledonia.

Dendrobium bifalce, commonly known as the native bee orchid, is an epiphytic or lithophytic orchid in the family Orchidaceae. It has spindle-shaped pseudobulbs with up to four leathery leaves and up to ten pale green or greenish yellow flowers with purplish markings. It grows on trees and boulders in rainforest in tropical North Queensland, Australia and in New Guinea.Lewis Roberts.

Dendrobium bifalce is an epiphytic or lithophytic orchid with furrowed, spindle-shaped, yellowish or purplish pseudobulbs long and wide. Each pseudobulb has between two and four leathery, egg-shaped leaves long and wide. The flowering stems are long with between five and ten green or greenish yellow flowers with purplish markings. The flowers are long and wide with broad, fleshy sepals and petals.

Dendrobium fellowsii is an epiphytic or lithophytic herb that has upright, cylindrical dark purplish pseudobulbs long and wide. There are between two and five dark green leaves long and wide. The flowering stems are long and bear between two and seven resupinate, pale green or yellowish flowers long and wide. The dorsal sepal is egg-shaped, long and about wide.

Dendrobium carrii, commonly known as the furrowed moon orchid, is an epiphytic orchid in the family Orchidaceae and has well-spaced pseudobulbs with one or two leaves, and flowering stems bearing between five and ten white or cream- coloured flowers with an orange or yellow labellum. It mostly occurs on the ranges inland from Cape Tribulation and Innisfail in Queensland.

Dendrobium schneiderae, commonly known as the Eungella moon orchid or small moon orchid, is an epiphytic orchid in the family Orchidaceae and is endemic to eastern Australia. It has crowded pseudobulbs with two leaves on the tip of each and arching flowering stems with up to thirty five waxy, yellowish, cup- shaped flowers. It grows in open forest and rainforest.

Arboreal tarantulas live singly in specially constructed silken tube webs or in crevices, behind loose bark or among epiphytic plants.Natural history of tarantula spiders (PDF) Retrieved June 27, 2011. The Trinidad chevron tarantula breeds freely in captivity. Two silken egg sacs are commonly produced from one mating and each of these contains one hundred to one hundred and fifty eggs.

Karl U. Kramer. 1990. "Davalliaceae". pages 74-80. In: Klaus Kubitzki (general editor); Karl U. Kramer and Peter S. Green (volume editors) The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants volume I. Springer-Verlag: Berlin;Heidelberg, Germany. Species are epiphytic ferns, with fronds arising from long aerial rhizomes which grow on and over thick bark on trees or on rock crevices.

Pomatocalpa macphersonii, commonly known as the blotched bladder orchid, is an epiphytic or lithophytic orchid with thick, cord-like roots, between two and eight dark green, leathery leaves and up to thirty cup-shaped, yellow flowers with red blotches and a white labellum with red blotches. It usually grows on rainforest trees and is found in New Guinea and tropical North Queensland, Australia.

Robiquetia gracilistipes is an epiphytic or lithophytic herb that forms large, straggly hanging clumps. It has thick roots and a pendulous stem, long and about thick. There are many thick, leathery leaves long and wide. Between ten and forty resupinate, cup-shaped, cream-coloured, pale green or brownish flowers with red spots are crowded on a pendulous flowering stem long.

Saccolabiopsis armitii, commonly known as the spotted pitcher orchid, is an epiphytic orchid from the family Orchidaceae. It has a short stem, coarse, wiry roots, between three and six crowded, curved leaves and up to fifty yellowish green flowers with red markings and a white labellum. It usually grows in coastal scrub to rainforest in New Guinea and tropical North Queensland, Australia.

Sarcochilus argochilus is a small epiphytic herb with sparsely branched stems long with between two and eight leaves. The leaves are dark green, thin but rigid, oblong, long and wide. Between two and twelve bright green to yellowish green flowers long and wide are arranged on a flowering stem long. The sepal are long and wide whilst the petals are shorter and narrower.

Orchids in the genus Rhomboda are usually terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, sympodial herbs with a creeping, fleshy, above-ground rhizome anchored to the ground by wiry roots. A few species are epiphytic. The leaves are spirally arranged around the stem with the upper leaves forming a loose rosette. They are dark green to maroon or brownish with a central white or red line.

Dendrobium cucumerinum, commonly known as the cucumber orchid or gherkin orchid, is a species of orchid endemic to eastern Australia. It is an epiphytic orchid with creeping stems, gherkin-like leaves and flowering stems with up to eighteen cream-coloured, yellowish or greenish white flowers with purple stripes. It often grows on large trees near streams but is also found in drier forests.

Bulbophyllum minutissimum is an epiphytic herb with tangled, branching, hanging stems long. The stems have purplish brown bracts that hide the pseudobulbs that are only long and wide. Each pseudobulbs has a thick, fleshy, dark green leaf long and wide with a narrow groove and a stalk . A single flower long and wide is borne on a thread-like flowering stem about long.

Bulbophyllum argyropus is an epiphytic, rarely an lithophytic herb with crowded, warty and furrowed pseudobulbs long and wide. Young pseudobulbs are covered with papery white bracts. There is a single tough, dark green leaf, long and wide on each pseudobulb. Up to five whitish or yellowish flowers long and about wide are arranged on a warty, thread-like flowering stem long.

Dendrobium tetragonium is an epiphytic or lithophytic herb with pendulous pseudobulbs long and wide. The pseudobulbs have a thin, wiry base but expand to a fleshy, four-sided upper section and a tapering tip with between two and five thin but leathery leaves. The leaves are long and wide. The flowering stems are long and bear up to eight flowers.

Bulbophyllum gravidum is a species of epiphytic plant in the family Orchidaceae that is found in Equatorial Guinea and Cameroon (Bioko and Mount Cameroon, respectively). Its natural habitats are in montane, subtropical or tropical dry forests, at elevations of about 1,500 meters. The Mount Cameroon habitat, in particular, is threatened by the clearing of forest for the purpose of cocoyam (Colocasia esculenta) farming.

Bulbophyllum modicum is a possibly extinct, epiphytic plant species in the family Orchidaceae. It is endemic to Cameroon, and its natural habitat (montane subtropical or tropical dry forests of Mount Cameroon between 900 and 1,200 meters in altitude) is threatened. It was described in 1957. All (3) confirmed collections of B. modicum come from the outskirts of the town of Buea.

Dendrobium kingianum is usually a lithophyte but is occasionally an epiphytic or rarely a terrestrial plant. Within its natural range, it grows on boulders and in rock crevices in open forest or adjacent to forest creeks. It can also be found on cliff faces. It sometimes occurs as an individual plant but can also form large colonies several metres across.

Dendrobium baileyi is an epiphytic or lithophytic herb that has arching stems bearing well-spaced but partly overlapping leaves long and about wide. The leaves are dark green and narrow lance-shaped to narrow egg-shaped. The flowering stems are long and emerge from the stem opposite to leaf axils. There are one or two flowers on a pedicel long, each flower wide.

Bulbophyllum johnsonii, commonly known as the yellow snake orchid, is a species of epiphytic or lithophytic orchid that has a thin, creeping rhizome with flattened pseudobulbs, each with a single tough, dark green leaf and a single bright yellow to orange flower on a thread-like stalk. It grows on trees, shrubs and rocks in and near rainforest in tropical North Queensland.

Bulbophyllum schillerianum, commonly known as the red rope orchid, is a species of epiphytic or lithophytic orchid. It has well-spaced pseudobulbs each with a single grooved leaf and cluster of small, red or orange flowers with a hairy labellum. It grows on trees and rocks sometimes in rainforest but also on trees in cleared paddocks, and is endemic to eastern Australia.

Dendrophylax porrectus, the jingle bell orchid, or needleroot orchid, is a species of epiphytic orchid native to Mexico, El Salvador, Guatemala, Florida, Cayman Islands, Cuba, Hispaniola, Jamaica, and Puerto Rico.Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant FamiliesFlora of North America v 26 p 622, Harrisella porrecta (Reichenbach f.) Fawcett & Rendle, J. Bot. 47: 266. 1909. Acevedo- Rodríguez, P. & Strong, M.T. (2012).

Bulbophyllum lageniforme, commonly known as the smooth strand orchid, is a species of epiphytic or lithophytic orchid that is endemic to tropical North Queensland. It has flattened, pale green, grooved, clump-forming pseudobulbs, stiff, dark green leaves and up to four cream-coloured or pale green flowers with a pink labellum. It usually grows on shrubs, trees and rocks in highland rainforest.

Bulbophyllum nematopodum is an epiphytic or lithophytic herb that has crowded. flask-shaped pseudobulbs long, wide with a long narrow neck and pressed against the substrate. Each pseudobulb has an egg-shaped leaf long and wide on a stalk . A single cream-coloured or pale green flower with red spots, long and wide is borne on a thread-like flowering stem long.

Lepanthopsis melanantha, common name tiny orchid, is a very small epiphytic species of orchid. It is native to southern Florida and the Greater Antilles (Cuba, Hispaniola, Jamaica, Puerto Rico). In Florida, it is known only from the Fahkahatchee Swamp in Collier County.Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant FamiliesFlora of North America v 26 p 616, Lepanthopsis melanantha (Reichenbach f.) Ames, Bot. Mus. Leafl.

Patches of palm forest are also found in saturated riparian areas in the tabonuco forest. The palm forest reaches about 15 m in height. At the highest elevations is dwarf forest, a dense forest as short as , on saturated soils. Here the trees are covered with epiphytic mosses and vascular plants, especially bromeliads, and these also cover large areas of the ground.

Epidendrum ruizianum is an epiphytic reed-stemmed Epidendrum of the orchid family native to the cloud forests of Bolivia (including Cochabamba and La PazC. Dodson & R. Vsquez "EPIDENDRUM RUIZIANUM Steud." Plate 0230 in C. Dodson, Ed. Icones Plantarum Tropicarum, SeriesII Orchids of Bolivia Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis. 1989.), Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela, at altitudes of 2–3 km.

Philodendron cordatum, is an uncommon, toxic species not often found or offered as a houseplant. It is native to a small region in Southeastern coastal Brazil, not far from Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo. It is an epiphytic and epilithic species of Philodendron (growing upon trees or rock outcroppings). This philodendron is typically a vining plant and can tolerate shade.

Dendrobium affine is an epiphytic herb with cylindrical green pseudobulbs long and wide with between two and ten leaves on its upper half. The leaves are long and wide. The flowering stem is long and bears between two and twenty white flowers long and wide. The sepals are long, and wide with the lateral sepals slightly wider than the dorsal sepal.

Dendrobium smillieae is an epiphytic or lithophytic herb with crowded, ribbed, greenish or yellowish spindle-shaped pseudobulbs long and wide. The psudobulbs have leaves during their first year, but are leafless at maturity. The leaves are bright green, thin, often twisted, long and wide. The flowers are arranged in crowded, bottlebrush-like groups long on the end of the pseudobulbs.

Air Plants: Epiphytes and Aerial Gardens. Ithaca: Comstock Publishing Associates. Some are aerophytes, which have a minimal root system and grow on shifting desert soil. Due to their epiphytic way of life these plants will not grow in soil, but live on the branches of trees, in deserts and on other substrates that will not be saturated with water for very long.

Epiphytic or terrestrial orchids with cylindrical rhizome from which the fleshy noodle-like roots grow. Pseudobulbs can be conical, spindle-shaped or cylindrical; with upright growth; one or two leaves growing from the top of them. The leaves can be oblong, lanceolate or elliptical, somewhat fleshy, with smooth margin. The inflorescence is a terminal raceme with few or several flowers.

Vittaria ensiformis, commonly known as the tape fern, is a species of epiphytic fern. In eastern Australia, it grows in rainforests north from the Watagan Hills in the south, to tropical Queensland and the Northern Territory in the north. This plant first appeared in scientific literature in 1799, published by the Swedish botanist Olof Swartz from a plant collected in Mauritius.

Guzmania (tufted airplant) is a genus of over 120 species of flowering plants in the botanical family Bromeliaceae, subfamily Tillandsioideae. They are mainly stemless, evergreen, epiphytic perennials native to Florida, the West Indies, southern Mexico, Central America, and northern and western South America.Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant FamiliesFlora of North America, Guzmania Ruiz & Pávon, Flora Peruviana. 3: 37. 1802.

Dendrobium moorei is an epiphytic or lithophytic orchid with cylindrical green or yellowish pseudobulbs long and wide. There are between two and five leaves long and wide. Between two and fifteen drooping white flowers with a tube-shaped base, long and wide are arranged on a flowering stem long. The sepals and petals are pointed, thin and do not open widely.

Fritziana goeldii is endemic to southeastern Brazil, where it is found in the states of Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo and Espírito Santo. Its natural habitat is forest at altitudes between sea level and about above sea level, but it is an adaptable species, able to live anywhere that there are trees and the epiphytic bromeliads in which it breeds.

Schlumbergera gaertneri, formerly Hatiora gaertneri, is a species of epiphytic cactus which belongs to the tribe Rhipsalideae within the subfamily Cactoideae of the Cactaceae. Together with the hybrid with S. rosea, Schlumbergera × graeseri, it is known as Easter cactus or Whitsun cactus and is a widely cultivated ornamental plant. It has received the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

Liparis nugentiae, commonly known as the large sphinx orchid, is a plant in the orchid family and is endemic to Queensland. It is an epiphytic or lithophytic orchid which forms clumps with flattened pseudobulbs, two to four thin leaves and up to twenty greenish or pale yellow flowers. It grows in rainforest at altitudes above in tropical far North Queensland.

Anthurium veitchii, the king anthurium, is an epiphytic species of flowering plant in the genus Anthurium native to Colombia. It is grown in more temperate climates as a greenhouse or houseplant for its large, pendulous leaves that can be several feet long. The Latin specific epithet veitchii refers to a longstanding group of plant nurseries based in Exeter, UK, originated by John Veitch.

The Mexican alligator lizard occurs in mesic, montane forest environments. It is typically found in cloud or pine-oak forests within humid temperate climates that may experience dramatic changes in temperature between day and night. This arboreal species is located among epiphytic vegetation, particularly bromeliads, but also lichens and orchids. This arboreal species can be found at heights of 40m in forest canopies.

Isidia ontogeny and its effect on the CO2 gas exchanges of the epiphytic lichen Pseudevernia furfuracea (L.) Zopf. Lichenologist 37(5): 445–462. The preferred growing surfaces for P. furfuracea are the so-called "nutrient poor" bark trees, including birch, pine and spruce. The species has two morphologically identical varieties that are distinguished by the secondary metabolites they produce: var.

The root system of Pinguicula species is relatively undeveloped. The thin, white roots serve mainly as an anchor for the plant and to absorb moisture (nutrients are absorbed through carnivory). In temperate species these roots wither (except in P. alpina) when the hibernaculum is formed. In the few epiphytic species (such as P. lignicola), the roots form anchoring suction cups.

Hymenophyllum flabellatum (Hymen-O-FIL-lum Flab-bel-Lah-tum), the shiny filmy- fern, is a species of fern in the family Hymenophyllaceae. This delicate fern is commonly epiphytic and is between 5 and 25 cm in length. It is distinct, with its thin, one-celled thick, membranous leaves. It is from the family Hymenophyllaceae and is dispersed world wide.

When a queen establishes a new colony, the nest is at first quite simple structurally. The nest gradually expands as the colony grows larger. Nests can be found in debris, decaying tree stumps, rotten logs, rocks, sand, and soil, and under stones. While most species nest underground, M. mjobergi is an arboreal nesting species found on epiphytic ferns of the genus Platycerium.

Hymenophyllum australe are rupestral or epiphytic ferns. The rhizomes are long-creeping, fine (typically 0.2-0.5 mm in diameter), branched and possess bare scattered hairs typically clustered near the base of the stipe. Stomata are absent. Characteristic of the Hymenophyllum genus, the sori are terminal on segments (see sketch below) and encompass a two-lipped indusium (protective cover), which often has notched margins.

Catasetum, abbreviated as Ctsm. in horticultural trade, is a genus of showy epiphytic Orchids, family Orchidaceae, subfamily Epidendroideae, tribe Cymbidieae, subtribe Catasetinae, with 166 species, many of which are highly prized in horticulture. Species of the genus Catasetum occur from Mexico to Argentina, including much of Central America, the West Indies, and South America. The largest number of species is in Brazil.

Dendrobium trilamellatum is an epiphytic herb with spindle- shaped, cane-like, green pseudobulbs long and wide. There are between three and seven leathery, linear to lance-shaped, dark green leaves, long and wide. Between three and fifteen pleasantly-scented flowers are borne on a flowering stem long. The flowers are yellow, yellowish brown or brown with darker stripes, long and wide.

Neritina reclivata is a species of freshwater snail with an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Neritidae, the nerites. The common name is olive nerite, but that same common name is also used for Neritina usnea. Neritina reclivata is a euryhaline organism living at salinities ranging from 0 to 19 ppt. It feeds on epiphytic and epibenthic algae.

Generally, bacterial communities from fallen epiphytic material are quickly replaced by forest floor bacterial communities, although not completely. Additionally, when limbs of a host tree containing canopy soils have been severed from the host, a shift in the bacterial community within the soil can be measured. This indicates that the communities contained in the canopy have some reliance on the host tree.

Antananarivo, Madagascar, 19 April 2006 The forest type within the red-bellied lemur's range is characterized by dense evergreen vegetation, with a canopy of . Typical canopy genera include Dalbergia, Diospyros, Ocotea, Symphonia, and Tambourissa; emergents of Canarium, Albizia and Brochoneura acuminata are also present. The eastern lowland forests also have a rich diversity of Pandanus, bamboo, and epiphytic orchid species.

Epiphyllum phyllanthus, commonly known as the climbing cactus, is a species of epiphytic cacti. It has no leaves, instead having stems that photosynthesise. It is thought to be pollinated by hawkmoths, as the flowers only open at night and produce a strong fragrance. It is the most common epiphyte on the tree, Platypodium elegans, particularly growing in cavities in the trunk.

Brunfelsia plowmaniana lives exclusively in Andean humid or cloud forests and shares its habitat with tree ferns like Dicksonia sellowiana as well as with members of the Podocarpaceae, Betulaceae, Cunoniaceae, Myrtaceae, Clethraceae and Caprifoliaceae families and numerous other Solanaceae. About one in three specimens of Brunfelsia plowmaniana is closely associated with epiphytic lichens, mosses and liverworts, reflecting the cloud forest habitat.

Taeniophyllum muelleri, commonly known as the chain ribbonroot, is a species of leafless epiphytic or lithophytic orchid that usually forms tangled colonies. It has short stems and cylindrical green roots pressed against the substrate on which it is growing. Between five and twelve yellowish green, tube-shaped flowers open one at a time. This orchid occurs in eastern Australia and New Caledonia.

Taeniophyllum hasseltii is a leafless, epiphytic herb that forms small clumps. It has a stem about long and flattened silvery grey photosynthetic roots about wide, up to long and pressed against the substrate. Pale yellow, tube-shaped flowers long and wide open one at a time. The sepals and petals are about long and wide, the petals slightly narrower than the sepals.

Bryobium retusum is an epiphytic herb that forms small dense clumps with crowded, cylindrical pseudobulbs long and wide. Each pseudobulb has two linear to lance-shaped leaves long and wide. Between seven and twelve pale green flowers about long and wide are arranged on a flowering stem long. The flowers are self-pollinating, short-lived and hairy on the outside.

Zelenkoa is a genus of flowering plants from the orchid family, Orchidaceae. It contains only one known species, Zelenkoa onusta, native to Ecuador and Peru. Zelenkoa onusta is an epiphytic desert orchid, that survives in the harsh conditions of dry forests in southwestern Ecuador and northwestern Peru between sea level and 1200 meters, growing on trees and cacti. Flowers are 2.

Orchids in the genus Plectorrhiza are epiphytic or lithophytic, monopodial herbs with long, thick, tangled roots mostly growing in the air. They have two or more short, leathery leaves on each shoot. There are several small, resupinate flowers on a short, thin flowering stem. The sepals and petals are similar to and free from each other, the petals slightly shorter than the sepals.

Schistotylus purpuratus, commonly known as purple sprites, is the only species in the genus Schistotylus from the orchid family, Orchidaceae. It is a small epiphytic orchid with up to six crowded, linear leaves and up to ten cup- shaped, pale green flowers with purple marking and a mostly white labellum. It grows in rainforest and swampy heath in eastern Australia.

The sepals, petals and column are usually white or cream, and the labellum is usually yellow, though white, apricot and orange coloured forms are sometimes encountered. Earina mucronata is generally epiphytic but occasionally grows as a lithophyte. Its distribution extends across the 3 main islands of New Zealand (the third being Stewart Island/Rakiura) and eastwards to the Chatham Islands.

Most often seen growing from cracks in rocks. But it can also be seen growing in "baskets" formed by other epiphytic ferns such as those in the genera Platycerium and Asplenium. The name "hare's foot" comes from the furry exposed rhizomes. The former specific epithet pyxidata is from Greek, and it refers to a "box", as the sori are partially encased by the frond.

When plants have outgrown their pots or mounts, it is recommended to move them into the new substrate while new roots are growing so that the plant can acclimate to its new conditions. Since P. bellina is epiphytic, it prefers to have good air movement around its roots. This means using a loose, airy medium such as fir bark, tree fern fiber, synthetic media, and others.

Columnea is a genus of ca. 200 species of epiphytic herbs and shrubs in the flowering plant family Gesneriaceae, native to tropical America and the Caribbean. The tubular or oddly shaped flowers are usually large and brightly colored - usually red, yellow, or orange - sometimes resembling a fish in shape. A common name is flying goldfish plants (see also the related Nematanthus) due to the unusual flower shape.

Tmesipteris obliqua, more commonly known as the Long fork-fern or Common fork- fern, is a weeping, epiphytic fern ally with narrow unbranched leafy stems. T. obliqua is one of many species apart of the genus, Tmesipteris, more commonly known as "hanging fork-ferns". Tmesipteris is one of two genera in the order Psilotales, the other genus being Psilotum. T. obliqua is endemic to eastern Australia.

Cyanobacterial associations with liverworts are rare, with only four of 340 genera of liverworts harbouring symbionts. Two of the genera, Marchantia and Porella, are epiphytic, while the genera Blasia and Cavicularia are endophytic. In hornworts however, endophytic cyanobionts have been described in more than triple the number of genera relative to liverworts. Bryophytes and their cyanobacterial symbionts possess different structures depending on the nature of the symbiosis.

Epidendrum polystachyum HBK (1816) is an epiphytic orchid, which grows wild in seasonally dry forests on the western slopes of the Andes in Ecuador and Peru (including PiuraC. Dodson and D. Bennett, "EPIDENDRUM POLYSTACHYUM HBK" Plate 0070 in Icones Plantarum Tropicarum Series II: Orchids of Peru Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, 1989) at altitudes near 2 km.H. G. Reichenbach. nr. 124 "Orchides" in C. Müller, Ed. Walpers.

A horticultural hybrid Anguloa with green flowers Tulip orchids are rather large terrestrial and sometimes epiphytic plants with fleshy pseudobulbs longer than 20 cm. The long, lanceolate and plicate leaves of a full-grown Anguloa can be more than 1 m long. Two to four leaves grow from the base of each pseudobulb. The leaves are deciduous, and are shed at the start of each new growth.

Probably many species were epiphytic. Fossil ferns and "seed ferns" include Pecopteris, Cyclopteris, Neuropteris, Alethopteris, and Sphenopteris; Megaphyton and Caulopteris were tree ferns. The Equisetales included the common giant form Calamites, with a trunk diameter of 30 to and a height of up to . Sphenophyllum was a slender climbing plant with whorls of leaves, which was probably related both to the calamites and the lycopods.

Coelogyne cristata is an epiphytic orchid that comes from cool, moist areas of the eastern Himalayas and Vietnam. It blooms every spring, before the snow begins to melt. Its genus name Coelogyne originates from two Greek words, (“hollow”) and (“woman”), because of the orchid’s pistil. Cristata takes its species name from , the Latin word for “comb”, because of the look of the flower’s lip.

Dendrobium bigibbum is an epiphytic or lithophytic orchid with green or purplish pseudobulbs long and wide, often with purplish edges. Each pseudobulb has between three and five egg-shaped leaves long and wide. The arching flowering stems are long with between two and twenty lilac-purple, rarely bluish or pinkish flowers. The flowers are resupinate, long and wide, the size depending on the variety.

Dendrobium antennatum is an epiphytic orchid with cylindrical, yellowish green pseudobulbs long and wide. There are between eight and twelve egg-shaped leaves long and wide on the upper two-thirds of the pseudobulb. The flowering stems emerge from upper leaf axils and are long with between three and fifteen flowers. The flowers are mostly white, long and wide but with pale green petals.

Dischidia nummularia is an epiphytic climbing plant that belongs to the genus Dischidia. It has tiny, opposite lens shaped leaves, and is frequently seen on the trunks of trees. In the wild it is found in India, China, Indonesia, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam, Myanmar, Malaysia, and Australia. It is a succulent plant and has become more and more popular as a houseplant over the last few years.

Dendrobium discolor, commonly known as antler orchids, are epiphytic or lithophytic orchids in the family Orchidaceae. They have cylindrical pseudobulbs, each with between ten and thirty five leathery leaves, and flowering stems with up to forty mostly brownish or greenish flowers with wavy and twisted sepals and petals. Antler orchids occur in northern Australia, New Guinea and Indonesia and there are several subspecies and varieties.

Utricularia alpina is a medium-sized terrestrial or epiphytic, perennial carnivorous plant that belongs to the genus Utricularia. U. alpina is native to the Antilles and northern South America, where it is found in Brazil, Colombia, Guyana, and Venezuela. In the Antilles it can be found in Dominica, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Jamaica, Martinique, Montserrat, Saba, Saint Kitts, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent, and Trinidad.Taylor, Peter. (1989).

Parham Park grounds are a Site of Special Scientific Interest. with a special biological interest for its epiphytic lichen flora, as an area for two rare beetles and its large heronry. Pulborough Brooks, a nature reserve in the north of the parish is also an SSSI. It is beside the River Arun which floods in winter, providing a rich habitat for wading birds, ducks and geese.

Utricularia asplundii is a small to medium-sized terrestrial or epiphytic, perennial carnivorous plant that belongs to the genus Utricularia. U. asplundii is endemic to western South America and is found in Colombia and Ecuador. It was originally published and described by Peter Taylor in 1975. Specimens cited by Alvaro Fernández-Pérez in 1964 from Colombia as U. jamesoniana were partly U. jamesoniana and partly U. asplundii.

Dendrobium carronii is an epiphytic herb that has cone-shaped to onion-shaped pseudobulbs long and wide, each with between two and four leaves on the top. The leaves are green to purplish, fleshy and channelled, long and wide. The flowering stem is long and bears between two and twelve resupinate pink flowers with dark brown and purple markings. The flowers long and wide.

Dendrobium canaliculatum is an epiphytic or lithophytic herb that has cone- shaped to onion-shaped pseudobulbs long and wide, each with between two and six leaves on the top. The leaves are dark green, deeply channelled, long and wide. The flowering stem is long and bears between five and thirty resupinate light brown to caramel-coloured flowers. The flowers are long lasting, pleasantly scented, long and wide.

Researchers currently believe that the probable cause of the disease is a strain of epiphytic cyanobacteria of the order Stigonematales. This particular bacterium grows very well on aquatic plants, particularly on the invasive species hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata), covering 20-90% of the leaf surface. These invasive hydrilla plants often take over any aquatic system to which they are introduced. Waterfowl then consume the hydrilla, ingesting the cyanobacteria.

Chiloschista phyllorhiza, commonly known as the white starfish orchid, is a species of leafless epiphytic or lithophytic orchid that forms small clumps with many radiating, flattened green roots. A large number of short-lived, crystalline white, star-shaped flowers with a yellow labellum are arranged along thin, arching flowering stems. It occurs in northern parts of Australia where it grows in rainforest, swamps and near streams.

Rhinerrhizopsis matutina, commonly known as the cupped freckle orchid, is an epiphytic orchid from the family Orchidaceae. It has thin, spreading roots, fibrous stems, between three and eight dark green, leathery leaves and up to fifty fragrant, short-lived, yellowish flowers with brown blotches and a white or yellowish labellum. It usually grows on rainforest trees and is found in tropical North Queensland, Australia.

Pomatocalpa marsupiale, commonly known as the branched bladder orchid, is an epiphytic or lithophytic orchid that forms large clumps. It has many thick roots, branched stems, many strap-like, leathery leaves and up to many upward- facing green flowers with a cream-coloured or yellowish labellum. It usually grows on high on rainforest trees and is found between Sulawesi and tropical North Queensland, Australia.

Pomatocalpa marsupiale is an epiphytic or lithophytic herb forming large clumps with a branched main stem, long and thick roots. There are many leathery, channelled yellowish green leaves, long and wide with their bases obscuring the stem. Between fifteen and twenty green flowers, long and wide are borne on each branch of a flowering stem long. The sepals and petals spread widely apart from each other.

Saccolabiopsis rectifolia is a tiny epiphytic herb with a single main growth, thin roots and an unbranched stem long. There are between three and six crowded, thin, light green to yellowish leaves long and wide. Between four and fifteen cup-shaped, resupinate green flowers about long and wide are arranged on a thin flowering stem long. The sepals and petals are about long and wide.

Bulbophyllum gracillimum is an epiphytic herb that has a creeping rhizome with olive green pseudobulbs long and wide well spaced along it. Each pseudobulb has a single thick, leathery, olive green, oblong to narrow egg-shaped leaf long and wide on its end. Between six and ten flowers are arranged in a spreading, semi- circular umbel long. The flowers are purplish red, resupinate, long and wide .

Bulbophyllum baileyi, commonly known as the fruit fly orchid, is a species of epiphytic or lithophytic orchid that is native to Queensland and New Guinea. It has coarse, creeping rhizomes, curved, yellowish pseudobulbs with a single thick, fleshy leaf, and a single cream-coloured flower with yellow, red or purple spots. It grows on trees and rocks in open forest, often in exposed places.

Bulbophyllum boonjee is an epiphytic herb with crowded, flattened, pale green pseudobulbs long and wide. Each pseudobulb has a single stiff, pale green leaf, long and wide. Between two and four bell-shaped maroon flowers with darker stripes, long and wide are arranged on a thread-like flowering stem long. The dorsal sepal is long and wide, the lateral sepals a similar length but twice as wide.

Bulbophyllum caldericola is a species of epiphytic or lithophytic orchid with inconspicuous, well-spaced pseudobulbs arranged along rhizomes which mostly hang from the surface on which they are growing. Each pseudobulb has a single, fleshy, channelled leaf and a single white flower with yellow tips. It grows on the trunks and larger branches of rainforest trees near the eastern border between New South Wales and Queensland.

Ilex hemiepiphytica is a plant species known only from Costa Rica.JSTOR Global Plants Ilex hemiepiphytica is a tree up to 18 m tall, sometimes epiphytic when young (unusual in the genus). Leaves are thick and leathery, green above, olive or yellow-green below, elliptic to ovate, up to 13 cm long. Leaf margins are toothed with a spine at the tip of each tooth.

Coral and calcareous algae provide complex habitats and areas that offer protection, such as cracks and crevices. Invertebrates and epiphytic algae provide much of the food for other organisms. A common feature on this forereef zone is spur and groove formations that serve to transport sediment downslope. The reef flat is the sandy-bottomed flat, which can be behind the main reef, containing chunks of coral.

Dendrobium densiflorum is an epiphytic or lithophytic orchid with stems that are club-shaped, swollen at the base, long and about wide. There are three or four leathery, oblong to lance-shaped leaves long and wide near the end of the stem. A large number of flowers are densely packed around a hanging flowering stem long. Each flower has a greenish white pedicel and ovary long.

Dendrobium callitrophilum is an epiphytic herb with pseudobulbs long and wide. There are one or two thin, leathery leaves long and wide. One or two flowering stems long bear up to six greenish yellow resupinate flowers that become apricot- coloured as they age. The sepals spread widely apart from each other, the dorsal sepal long, about wide and the laterals long and about wide.

Bulbophyllum weinthalii, commonly known as the wax orchid, is a species of epiphytic orchid that forms dense clumps on hoop pine (Araucaria cunninghamii). It has crowded pseudobulbs each with a single thin, leathery, dark green leaf and a single white, green or cream-coloured flower with red or purplish markings. It occurs from south-eastern Queensland to Dorrigo National Park in New South Wales.

Bulbophyllum weinthalii is an epiphytic herb that forms dense clumps with crowded pseudobulbs long, wide and covered with a white sheath. Each pseudobulb has a thin, leathery, dark green, narrow elliptic to egg-shaped leaf long and wide. There is a single white, green or cream-coloured flower with red or purplish markings, long and wide. The sepals and petals are thick, fleshy and waxy.

Bulbophyllum windsorense, commonly known as the thread-tipped rope orchid, is a species of epiphytic orchid that has small pseudobulbs partly hidden by brown, papery bracts. Each pseudobulb has a single fleshy, dark green, grooved leaf and one or two cream-coloured or greenish flowers. It mainly grows near the breezy tops of trees, especially Callitris macleayana trees and is endemic to tropical North Queensland.

Bulbophyllum lewisense is an epiphytic herb with stems long, covered with pale brown bracts. The pseudobulbs are dark green, long, about wide and pressed against the stem. Each pseudobulb has a single thick, narrow elliptic to oblong leaf long and wide with a broad channel on the upper surface. A single white resupinate flower long and wide is borne on a thread-like flowering stem about long.

Bulbophyllum radicans is an epiphytic or lithophytic herb that has hanging stems long with roots near the base. The stems are covered with brown papery bracts that partially cover the pseudobulbs that are long and wide. A single flower long and is borne on a thread-like flowering stem long. The flower is pink, cream-coloured or yellow flower with red or purplish stripes.

Bulbophyllum lamingtonense is an epiphytic or lithophytic herb with stems long and covered with brown bracts. The pseudobulbs are long, about wide and spaced apart along the stems. Each pseudobulb has a thick, fleshy, narrow oblong to lance-shaped leaf long and wide with a channelled upper surface. A single cream-coloured or white flower long and wide is borne on a flowering stem long.

Sarcochilus parviflorus is an epiphytic, rarely lithophytic orchid with sparsely branched stems long with between two and eight leaves. The leaves are dark green, rigid, egg-shaped to narrow oblong, long and long wide. The flowering stems are long and bear between two and twelve bright green to yellowish green flowers long and wide. The sepal are long and wide whilst the petals are narrower.

The organism may encrust bare rock surfaces, or be epiphytic upon frondose algae - particularly Laminaria hyperborea. It typically grows in the shadow of these larger algae, in the intertidal zone, and its adaption to low light levels means it is also common in caves. It reproduces in winter using tetrasporangia and don't bear any monosporangia. Rhodochorton is typically marine, but R. investiens dwells in fresh water.

Liparis fleckeri is an epiphytic or lithophytic herb with fleshy, dark green pseudobulbs and wide. There are two thin, dark green, linear to lance-shaped leaves long and about wide. Between five and twenty pale green or whitish flowers, long and wide are borne on an arching flowering stem long. The sepals are long, about wide and the petals are a similar length but only about wide.

Bromheadia brevifolia is a small epiphytic orchid species in the genus Bromheadia. It is native to the Malay Peninsula, where it is found in the Malaysian states of Pahang and Perak, and on the island of Borneo in the Malaysian states of Sabah and Sarawak, as well as in Brunei.Kruizinga, J., H.J. van Scheindelen, and E.F. de Vogel. 1997. Revision of the genus Bromheadia (Orchidaceae).

Dendrobium brachypus is an epiphytic or lithophytic orchid with crowded, yellowish green pseudobulbs long and wide. Each pseudobulb has between two and four dark green, egg-shaped to elliptic leaves long and wide. The flowering stems are long and bear two or three cream-coloured to whitish or greenish flowers with thick ovaries. The flowers are long and wide, self-pollinating and usually do not open widely.

It is believed to have previously been a medieval deer park. The majority of the estate is a Site of Special Scientific Interest of . The park is particularly important in that the trees "support the richest epiphytic Lichen flora in East Anglia" with 92 species of lichen and 14 of bryophytes. The estate is managed with a mixture of agricultural, woodland and field sports use.

Acineta chrysantha Acineta, abbreviated as Acn in horticultural trade, is a small genus belonging to the orchid family (Orchidaceae). The name is derived from the Greek word 'akinetos' (immobile), referring to the rigid labellum (lip). These epiphytic orchids occur in tropical mountainous forests from Mexico to western South America, at altitudes up to 2,000 m. They are sometimes lithophytic when found on steep embankments.

Eucalyptus tereticornis (forest red gum) identified by the bark on its trunk which sheds to expose white, grey or bluish patches may also be seen, too. Epiphytic orchids may be observed growing in some of these trees, as well. The hazardous stinging tree (Dendrocnide excelsa) is found in various locations throughout the park. This is a dangerous plant and physical contact with it should be avoided.

Heterotaxis sessilis is an epiphytic orchid widespread across the West Indies (Cuba, Hispaniola, Jamaica, Trinidad), Central America (all 7 countries), southern Mexico (Chiapas, Veracruz, Oaxaca, Quintana Roo), Florida and northern South America (Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, northern Brazil, Venezuela, the Guianas).Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant FamiliesFlora of North America v 26 p 645, Maxillaria crassifolia (Lindley) Reichenbach f., Bonplandia (Hanover). 2: 16. 1854.

Camaridium vestitum, called purple tiger orchid, is a species of epiphytic orchids native to Florida, the West Indies and through Latin America from Mexico to Bolivia.Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families Camaridium vestitum has long been called Maxillaria parviflora including in Flora of North America.Flora of North America, v 26 p 645, Maxillaria parviflora (Poeppig & Endlicher) Garay, Bot. Mus. Leafl. 21: 258. 1967.

An experimental study of factors affecting the distribution of yellow perch and central mudminnows along a species richness gradient. Environmental Biology of Fishes 33:399-404. Central mudminnows are known to eat a large variety of zooplankton and benthic and epiphytic macroinvertebrates. Adults are also known to feed energetically in the winter months on littoral fish.Robinson, J. M., Jirka, K. J. and Chiotti, J. A. 2009.

Angraecum penzigianum is a species of comet orchid that is endemic to Madagascar, and is recorded from Antsiranana, Fianarantsoa and Toamasina provinces, from elevations of 1,000–2,000 m. It is an epiphytic perennial which grows in mossy forests. It was previously thought to be endemic to the Andringitra Massif. It is threatened by slash-and-burn cultivation, cattle grazing, charcoal production and bush fires.

Dendrobium crumenatum, commonly called pigeon orchid, or 木石斛 (mu shi hu) is an epiphytic orchid in the family Orchidaceae and is native to Asia, Southeast Asia, New Guinea and Christmas Island. It has two rows on leaves along its pseudobulb and relatively large but short-lived, strongly scented white flowers. It usually grows in exposed positions in lowland rainforest and coastal scrub.

Antrophyum austroqueenslandicum (previously A. sp. Blue Pool) was a species of epiphytic or lithophytic fern known from subtropical rainforest in Lamington National Park in the state of Queensland, Australia. Only one plant was known in the wild and when this plant died the specimen was preserved and used to describe the species. Further searching in nearby habitat has not located any more specimens of this fern.

The lowland forests are characterized by dense evergreen forests, 82% of which is endemic species, with a canopy exceeding . Typical canopy species include Dalbergia, Diospyros, Ocotea, Symphonia, and Tambourissa; emergents of Canarium, Albizia, and Brochoneura acuminata rise above the canopy. The lowland forests have a rich diversity of Pandanus, palm, bamboo, and epiphytic orchid species. At higher elevations the trees become shorter and have a denser undergrowth.

The best-known epiphytic plants include mosses, orchids, and bromeliads such as Spanish moss (of the genus Tillandsia), but epiphytes may be found in every major group of the plant kingdom. 89% of terrestrial epiphyte species (about 24,000) are flowering plants. The second largest group are the leptosporangiate ferns, with about 2800 species (10% of epiphytes). In fact, about one third of all ferns are epiphytes.

The fairy lorikeet is assumed to feed on pollen and nectar foraged from flowers high in the forest canopy and is often associated with Melicope trees. Breeding has been observed in December, January and April. A nesting site is often a hole at the base of an epiphytic plant where a clutch of one or two eggs is incubated for about twenty five days.

Bulbophyllum globuliforme is an epiphytic herb with pale green, more or less spherical pseudobulbs that are in diameter. Each pseudobulb has a single papery, scale-like leaf long. A single cream-coloured flower about long and wide is borne on a thread-like flowering stem long. The sepals and petals spread widely, the sepals about long and wide, the petals about long and wide.

When herbivores eat seagrass leaves they ingest algal epiphytes and toxic dinoflagellates that live on the seagrass leaves.Kitting CL, Fry B and Morgan MD (1984) "Detection of inconspicuous epiphytic algae supporting food webs in seagrass meadows" Oecologia, 62 :145–149. The German anthropologist Christian Rätsch thinks that dreamfish might contain the hallucinogen DMT.Pickover, Clifford A (2005) [ Sex, Drugs, Einstein, and Elves] Chapter 1, page 9, Smart Publications. .

Fragilaria is a genus of freshwater and saltwater diatoms. It is usually a colonial diatom, forming filaments of cells mechanically joined by protrusions on the face and in the center of their valves. The individual diatoms appear swollen in their centers where they are joined to the colonial ribbon. the genus grows as both plankton and benthic species, free living in colonies or epiphytic.

Sarcochilus spathulatus is a small epiphytic herb with a single, more or less pendent growth with stems long. There are between two and ten thin, leathery, narrow egg-shaped leaves long and wide. Up to five green to dark brown flowers long and wide are widely spaced on a pendulous flowering stem long. The sepals and petals are narrow oblong, often distinctly expanded near the tip.

Orchids in the genus Eulophia are mostly terrestrial herbs with either an underground rhizome or pseudobulbs on the surface. The only two epiphytic species occur on Madagascar. Many species have no leaves, but when leaves are present they are long and narrow, sometimes pleated. The flowers are borne on a flowering stem which sometimes appears before the leaves with a few to many flowers.

Dark septate endophytes have been found in the subantarctic, boreal coniferous forests in Canada, temperate and boreal forests in Northern and Central Europe, exotic pine plantations in New Zealand, temperate grasslands, epiphytic plants in tropical rain forests, alpine environments, and semi-arid environments. Studies in alpine and semi-arid ecosystems have shown that dark septate endophytes are more prevalent than arbuscular mycorrhizae in these environments.

Restrepia chocoensis is a species in the orchid family (Orchidaceae), named for the Department of Chocó, Colombia, where it was discovered. This rare epiphytic species has only been found on two occasions in the cool, damp montane forests of the Western Cordillera of Colombia at altitudes between 1,800 m to 2,000 m. This tiny orchid lacks pseudobulbs. The erect, thick, leathery leaf is elliptic-ovate in shape.

Taeniophyllum confertum is a leafless, epiphytic herb that only grows as single plants. It has a stem long and flattened green photosynthetic roots long, wide and pressed against the substrate. Between five and ten resupinate, pale green, tube-shaped flowers about long and wide open one at a time. The sepals and petals are fleshy with only the tips spreading apart from each other.

Taeniophyllum malianum is a leafless, epiphytic or lithophytic herb that forms untidy, tangled clumps. It has stems long that become covered with stiff hairs as they age. The photosynthetic roots are flattened, green with irregular white spots, long, wide and pressed against the substrate. There are between five and fifteen fragrant yellow, resupinate flowers long and wide borne on a thin, wiry flowering stem long.

Vanda hindsii, commonly known as the native strap orchid or the Cape York vanda,is a large epiphytic or lithophytic clump-forming orchid. It has thick, white, cord-like roots, branching stems, many thick, leathery, strap-like leaves and between three and seven shiny brown flowers with greenish to yellow markings and a white labellum. This orchid occurs in New Guinea and tropical North Queensland.

Hatiora is a small genus of epiphytic cacti which belongs to the tribe Rhipsalideae within the subfamily Cactoideae of the Cactaceae. Recent taxonomic studies have led to the three species formerly placed in subgenus Rhipsalidopsis being removed from the genus, including the well known and widely cultivated ornamental plants known as Easter cactus or Whitsun cactus (cultivars or hybrids of the former Hatiora gaertneri).

In the eight specimens distributed, > four were taken from a sterile plant and had considerable shorter leaves > than those as here described and which may not belong to this species. In > the summit region of Urdaneta or above there are three or more distinct > terrestrial species, while on Cawilanan and Duros peaks at a lower elevation > there is the high epiphytic species Nepenthes truncata MacF.

Orchids in the genus Trachoma are evergreen, epiphytic, monopodial herbs with long branching roots mostly adhering to the trees on which they grow. The stems are relatively short, thick and leafy. The leaves are leathery, crowded and arranged in two ranks with their bases sheathing the stem. A large number of relatively small resupinate flowers are arranged on a short, sometimes club-shaped flowering stem.

Thrixspermum congestum is an epiphytic or lithophytic herb that forms small clumps with many thin roots and flattened stems long. It has between six and fifteen crowded stiff, leathery leaves long and wide. The flowers are cream- coloured or white, long and wide arranged on a wiry flowering stem long. The sepals are long and wide, the petals a similar length but only about .

Taeniophyllum norfolkianum, commonly known as the Norfolk Island ribbonroot, is a species of small, leafless epiphytic orchid. It has short stems, cylindrical green roots pressed against the substrate on which it is growing and between two and five small, tube-shaped, yellowish green flowers opening one at a time. It occurs on Norfolk Island but has also been reported from the North Island of New Zealand.

Amyema benthamii, commonly known as the twin-leaved mistletoe or Bentham's mistletoe, is a species of flowering plant, an epiphytic hemiparasitic plant of the family Loranthaceae native to Western Australia and the Northern Territory of Australia in semi-arid woodland. This species is named in honour of the English botanist George Bentham who between 1863 and 1878 published Flora Australiensis, the first flora of Australia.

Liparis angustilabris, commonly known as the twisted sphinx orchid, is a plant in the orchid family and is endemic to northern Queensland. It is an epiphytic or lithophytic orchid with tapered pseudobulbs, each with a single linear leaf and up to thirty five pale green to yellowish flowers that have twisted sepals and petals. This orchid grows on trees and rocks in tropical North Queensland.

Liparis bracteata, commonly known as the yellow sphinx orchid, is a plant in the orchid family. It is an epiphytic or lithophytic orchid with cone-shaped pseudobulbs, each with two linear to lance-shaped leaves and between seven and twelve star-shaped pale green flowers that turn yellow as they age. This orchid grows on trees and rocks in rainforest in tropical North Queensland.

Bryobium queenslandicum is an epiphytic or lithophytic herb that forms dense clumps with crowded, cylindrical pseudobulbs long and wide. Each pseudobulb has two lance-shaped to egg-shaped leaves long and wide. Between three and twelve cream-coloured or pinkish, resupinate flowers about long and wide are arranged on a flowering stem long. The flowers are cup-shaped, self-pollinating and hairy on the outside.

Oberonia attenuata is an epiphytic herb with between four and seven thin, dark green, hanging leaves long and wide with their bases overlapping and sharply pointed tips. A large number of pale reddish brown flowers about wide are borne on a pendulous flowering stem long. The flowering stem has whorls of tiny thread-like bracts. The sepals and petals spread widely apart from each other.

Eria kingii is an epiphytic or lithophytic herb with crowded, cone-shaped pseudobulbs long and wide. Each pseudobulb has three or four dark green, elliptic to egg-shaped, channelled leaves long and wide. Between fifteen and fifty white or cream-coloured, cup-shaped, resupinate flowers long and wide are arranged along a stiffly erect flowering stem long. The flowers are hairy on the outside.

Trichoglottis mindanaensis is a species of epiphytic orchid endemic to the Philippines growing at elevations of 60 to 1,500 meters above sea level. The species was first found on trees overhanging a tidal stream in island of Mindanao in Zamboanga peninsula, hence the specific epithet. The orchid is widely distributed throughout the Philippine archipelago and can also be found in islands of Luzon, Panay and Samar.

Plectorrhiza, commonly known as tangle orchids, is a genus of three species of flowering plants from the orchid family, Orchidaceae and is endemic to Australia. Orchids in the genus Plectorrhiza are epiphytic or lithophytic herbs with short stems, long, tangled roots, short leathery leaves and small flowers on a short, thin flowering stem. Two species occur in eastern Australia and one is endemic to Lord Howe Island.

Orchids in the genus Micropera are epiphytic, monopodial herbs with fibrous stems up to long supported at intervals by coarse, thick roots. Widely spaced, leathery, linear leaves up to long and wide are arranged along the stems. Short flowering stems emerge oppose the leaves bearing non-resupinate, whitish, pink or yellowish flowers. The sepals and petals are narrow, fleshy and similar to and free from each other.

Apeape (Gunnera petaloidea), oha wai (Clermontia spp.), hāhā (Cyanea spp.), kāmakahala (Labordia hirtella), kanawao (Broussaisia arguta), Phyllostegia spp., ākala (Rubus hawaiensis), kāmanamana (Adenostemma lavenia), Pilea peploides, māmaki (Pipturus albidus), olonā (Touchardia latifolia), and alaala wai nui (Peperomia spp.) are common understory plants. Vines include maile (Alyxia oliviformis) and hoi kuahiwi (Smilax melastomifolia). Iei.e. (Freycinetia arborea), puaakuhinia (Astelia menziesiana) and ōlapa (Cheirodendron trigynum) are epiphytic flowering plants found in wet forests.

Acrorchis is a monotypic genus from the orchid family (Orchidaceae), subfamily Epidendroideae, tribe Epidendreae, subtribe Laeliinae. The only species, Acrorchis roseola, is an epiphytic orchid that occurs in Costa Rica and PanamaKew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families at heights between 900 and 2,500 m. It is clump-forming, magenta orchid, reaching a height of 15 cm. The sepals and petals of its small flowers have distinct lengths and shapes.

Orchids in the genus Trichoglottis are epiphytic or climbing herbs with a monopodial habit, thick roots and straggly or pendulous stems. There are many large, leathery linear to elliptic leaves arranged in two ranks with their bases sheathing the stems. From one to a few relatively small flowers are arranged on flowering stems arising from leaf axils. The flowers are resupinate and commonly yellowish with light brown or purple markings.

Orchids in the genus Luisia are epiphytic or lithophytic, monopodial herbs with long, fibrous stems and thick, more or less flattened roots. A large number of cylinder-shaped, narrow leathery leaves are arranged along the stems. Up to ten resupinate, usually small, fleshy flowers are arranged on a short, thickened flowering stem and open sporadically. Each flower has a short, curved stalk and petals that are longer than the sepals.

One important characteristic of the area is total absent of epiphytic species. Detailed Floristic Study of Vetal Hill was carried out by V. N. Joshi and M. S. Kumbhojakar of Agharkar Research Institute, Pune in 1997. They enumerated occurrence of 416 species of angiosperms belonging to 101 families, 2 pteridophytes and one Bryophyte. Much before Joshi and Kumbhojkar’s work, ecological survey of the hill was conducted by Ezekiel around 1917-1918.

Aerangis fastuosa, commonly known as the 'Magnificent Aerangis', is a species of epiphytic orchid endemic to Madagascar. It is widespread across Madagascar, stretching from the eastern coastal forests across to the south and along the central plateau. Aerangis fastuosa belongs to the family Orchidaceae, substribe Aerangidinae. It was formally named by Rudolf Schlechter in 1914, but was first described by Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach in 1881, as Angraecum fastuosum.

Vanda ampullacea is a perennial epiphytic orchid found in southeast Asia from Nepal to China (southern Yunnan) and India, including the eastern Himalayas. It has had various classifications, initially called Aerides ampullacea by William Roxburgh when it was first described in 1814. It was most recently reclassified in 2012 during a taxonomic revision of Vanda. In 1868, one if its cultivars received a First Class Certificate from the Royal Horticultural Society.

The Mediterranean parrotfish feeds primarily on epilithic and coralline algae, but may also take epiphytic algae (growing on seagrass) and small invertebrates.Papoutsoglou & Lyndon (2003). Distribution of α-amylase along the alimentary tract of two Mediterranean fish species, the parrotfish Sparisoma cretense L. and the stargazer, Uranoscopus scaber L.. Mediterranean Marine Science 4(2): 115-124. The jaws and dentition are specially adapted to this feeding.Monod, Hureau & Bullock (1994).

Pinalia, commonly known as gremlin orchids, is a genus of flowering plants in the family Orchidaceae. Orchids in this genus are large epiphytic or lithophytic plants with prominent pseudobulbs, each with up to three thin, flat leaves and cup-shaped, relatively short-lived flowers with scale-like brown hairs on the outside. There are about 120 species occurring from tropical to subtropical Asia to the south-west Pacific.

Cymbidium suave is an epiphytic herb that forms clumps of grass-like leaves but lacks prominent pseudobulbs. It has stems long and wide covered with overlapping leaf bases. There are between four and eight strap-shaped leaves long and wide on each stem. Between five and fifty strongly scented, olive green to dark or brownish green flowers long and wide are borne on an often arching flowering stem long.

Bromheadia, commonly known as reed orchids, is a genus of about 29 species of orchids in the family Orchidaceae. They are evergreen terrestrial and epiphytic plants with unbranched stems, the leaves arranged in two rows along the flowering stem. The flowers appear in succession near the end of the flowering stem with the sepals and petals free from each other. The labellum is like a landing platform and has three lobes.

Bulbophyllum bowkettiae is an epiphytic or lithophytic herb that has thin, creeping rhizomes pressed against the surface on which it grows and flattened deeply grooved pseudobulbs long and wide. Each pseudobulb has a tough, dark green, egg-shaped leaf long and wide. A single resupinate, cream-coloured, red striped flower long and wide is borne on a thread-like flowering stem long. The flower is sometimes completely red.

Illustration of Cymbidium hookerianum'Cymbidium hookerianum is a species of medium to large size orchid, which prefers cold weather. It is epiphytic with an ovoid pseudobulb, elongated with ligulate, acuminate, and articulated leaves. It blooms in a solid inflorescence, sheathed at the base, hanging and arched, 75 cm long, apical with triangular floral bracts and bearing 6 to 15 flowers, 14 cm long. It has a very fragrant and long-lasting oder.

Dendrobium teretifolium, commonly known as the thin pencil orchid, rat's tail orchid or bridal veil orchid, is an epiphytic or lithophytic orchid in the family Orchidaceae. It has long, thin hanging stems, pencil-like leaves and rigid flowering stems bearing up to twelve crowded white to cream-coloured flowers. It grows in rainforest and humid open forest mostly in near-coastal districts in New South Wales and Queensland.

On the other hand, these name were duly publicized in the Orchid Research Newsletter Issue 36 (July 2000), equally by the Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew. Distribution is similar to that of Houlletia. Large-growing epiphytic orchids with only a few species known from Mexico (or possibly Guatemala through Central America to Bolivia. They are found growing epiphytically and terrestrially on embankments in cool, humid, wet areas, 1,000-2,200 m elevation.

The park's "Tolkien Tree", 2008 Mopane is the most common large plant species in the park. The epiphytic orchid, Microcoelia ornithocephala is nearly endemic to the park, also being recorded on nearby Sambani Hill. Other plants in the park include: acacias, miombo, Albizia harveyi, Adansonia digitata, reedbeds along the rivers, evergreen forests fringing tributaries, Vachellia xanthophloea (fever tree), Borassus (Palmyra palm), capers, Hyphaene coriacea (Lala palm), and Kigelia (sausage trees).

Dendrobium canaliculatum, commonly known as the brown tea tree orchid or thin tea tree orchid, is an epiphytic or lithophytic orchid in the family Orchidaceae. It has cone-shaped or onion-shaped pseudobulbs, up to six deeply channelled, dark green leaves and up to thirty star-shaped, light brown to caramel-coloured white or greenish to apricot-coloured flowers with darker tips. It grows in tropical North Queensland and New Guinea.

Pristimantis ecuadorensis is known from primary forest as well as banana and sugar cane plantations bordering native forest. They are closely associated with the leaf axils of bromeliads, Heliconia plants and fronds of Ceroxylon and Wettinia palms. They may be found perching on top of leaves or inside leaf axils some above the ground, creased leaves, or moss of epiphytic plants. Males have also been heard calling from these microhabitats.

Taeniophyllum clementsii is a leafless, epiphytic herb that only grows as single plants. It has a stem about long and flattened green photosynthetic roots long, about wide and pressed against the substrate. Between five and fifty resupinate, green, tube-shaped flowers about long open one at a time as the flowering stem long gradually increases in length. The sepals and petals are less than long, and less than wide.

Plectorrhiza brevilabris, commonly known as the small tangle orchid, is an epiphytic or lithophytic orchid endemic to Australia. It has many coarse, wiry roots, between three and nine bright green leaves and up to twenty green, star-shaped flowers with reddish brown markings and a white patch on the labellum. It grows in rainforest on trees, shrubs and occasionally on rocks and occurs on the near coastal ranges of eastern Queensland.

Myrmecophila is a genus of plants belonging to the family Orchidaceae. It is native to southern Mexico, Central America, the West Indies and Venezuela.Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families Species in this genus are either epiphytic or lithophytic in their growth habit. Their slightly scented flowers are produced on pole-like growths that extend upwards from 1 to 4 meters high and take up to 4 months to develop.

Hydnophytum is a genus of epiphytic myrmecophytes (ant plants) native to Southeast Asia, the Pacific region and also extending into Queensland in northern Australia. The name is derived from the Ancient Greek hydnon "tuber", and phyton "plant", after their appearance with their swollen succulent stems. The species grow in tree branches and on trunks. Like the related genus Myrmecodia, they are known as antplants or ant-house plants.

Orchids in the genus Rhinerrhizopsis are epiphytic herbs with a short stem with smooth, thin roots at the base and fleshy or leathery leaves folded lengthwise. There are many relatively small, round, resupinate, short-lived flowers arranged on a long, thin flowering stem. The flowers are fragrant and have sepals and petals that are yellowish with reddish brown spots. The labellum is cream-coloured with reddish, brownish or orange markings.

Rhinerrhizopsis matutina is an epiphytic herb with a single main growth, thin, spreading roots, and a fibrous stem, long. There are between three and eight leathery, overlapping leaves long and wide that have pink to mauve markings. Between ten and fifty resupinate, tawny yellow flowers with brown blotches are arranged on an arching flowering stem long. The flowers are cup-shaped, long and wide and last for less than one day.

Pomatocalpa macphersonii is an epiphytic or lithophytic herb with a single main flattened stem, long and thick, cord-like roots. There are between two and eight dark green, thin, stiff oblong leaves long and wide. Between three and thirty cup-shaped yellow flowers with red blotches, long and wide are borne on an stiff flowering stem long and hanging downwards. The sepals and petals are long, about wide.

Bulbophyllum elisae, commonly known as the pineapple orchid, is a species of epiphytic or lithophytic orchid that is endemic to eastern Australia. It has crowded, wrinkled, pale green or yellowish clump-forming pseudobulbs, stiff, pale green to yellowish leaves and between three and twelve pale green to dark green flowers with a dark red to purple labellum. It usually grows in the tops of rainforest trees, on cliff faces or boulders.

Bulbophyllum evasum, commonly known as the creeping brittle orchid, is a species of epiphytic or lithophytic orchid with creeping brittle rhizomes, small, stubby pseudobulbs and dark green, fleshy leaves. The flowers are small, pink to reddish with dark stripes and yellow tips, clustered on the end of a dark red flowering stem. This orchid grows in rainforest on tree trunks and branches as well as on rocks, in tropical North Queensland.

Bulbophyllum bracteatum is an epiphytic, rarely an lithophytic herb with crowded, wrinkled, pale green or yellowish pseudobulbs long and wide. The leaves are elliptic to narrow oblong, thin, leathery, long and wide. Between five and twenty five cream-coloured or yellowish flowers long and wide are arranged on a bluish flowering stem long with many bracts. The sepals are long and about wide, the petals about long and less than wide.

Bulbophyllum caldericola is an epiphytic or lithophytic herb with its rhizomes mostly hanging with only the base attached to the surface on which they are growing. The pseudobulbs are long, wide and spaced apart along the rhizomes. Each pseudobulb has a thick, fleshy, narrow oblong to lance-shaped leaf long and wide with a channelled upper surface. A single white flower with yellow tips is borne on a flowering stem long.

Bulbophyllum teretifolium is an epiphytic herb with pseudobulbs long and wide. Unique to the genus, the leaves are cylindrical in shape, long and about wide. Between 19 and 37 white and purplish pink flowers are borne on a thin flowering stem long, each flower on a pedicel (including the ovary) long. The dorsal sepal is oval, long, about long and slightly warty, the lateral sepals long and about wide.

The tetrasporangial phase forms much-branched, brownish-red tufts of fine filaments growing in small clumps with a width of and resembling cotton wool. They are epiphytic on coralline algae or occasionally grow direct on rock or other hard substrate. The red colour of this species comes from the presence of the pigments phycoerythrin and phycocyanin which mask the chlorophyll a, beta-Carotene and various xanthophylls which are also present.

Dendrobium adae is an epiphytic or lithophytic herb that has wiry, cylinder-shaped pseudobulbs long and wide and between two and four dark green leaves long and wide. The flowering stem is long and bears up to six resupinate white or greenish to apricot-coloured flowers long and wide. The dorsal sepal is erect, oblong, long and wide. The lateral sepals are a curved triangular shape, long and about wide.

Dendrobium agrostophyllum, the buttercup orchid, is an epiphytic or lithophytic orchid in the family Orchidaceae and has a creeping rhizome with well-spaced pseudobulbs. Each pseudobulb has up to twenty grass-like leaves, some of the leaves having flowering stems on the opposite side of the pseudobulb, each raceme with up to ten waxy, fragrant, bright yellow flowers. It grows in wet forest in coast areas of north Queensland, Australia.

Bulbophyllum shepherdii is an epiphytic or lithophytic herb with branching rhizomes forming a dense mat on the substrate. The pseudobulbs are more or less spherical but flattened in diameter separated by . Each pseudobulb has a grooved, stalkless, elliptic to egg-shaped leaf long and wide with a channelled upper surface. A single white or cream-coloured flower with yellow tips, long and wide is borne on a flowering stem long.

Bulbophyllum minutissimum is an epiphytic or lithophytic herb with crowded, reddish or green, flattened spherical pseudobulbs that are in diameter. The pseudobulbs contain stomata on their inner surface, which minimizes surface area and the loss of water by transpiration. Each pseudobulb has a single linear to lance-shaped, papery, scale-like leaf about long. A single flower about long and wide is borne on a thread-like flowering stem about long.

Bulbophyllum lewisense, commonly known as the Mount Lewis rope orchid, is a species of epiphytic orchid with pseudobulbs and pale brown bracts arranged along the stems. Each pseudobulb has a single, dark green, channelled leaf and a single white flower with pointed tips on the sepals. It grows on the higher branches of rainforest trees, often where it is exposed to breezes on the higher tablelands of tropical North Queensland.

Bulbophyllum lageniforme is an epiphytic or lithophytic herb with clump-forming, flattened, pale green, grooved pseudobulbs long and wide. The leaves are narrow oblong, thin but stiff, long and wide. Up to four bell-shaped, cream-coloured or pale green, rarely pink flowers long and wide are arranged a thread-like flowering stem long. The dorsal sepals is egg-shaped, long and wide, the lateral sepals long and wide.

Bulbophyllum lamingtonense, commonly known as the cream rope orchid, is a species of epiphytic or lithophytic orchid with well-spaced pseudobulbs and brown bracts arranged along the stems. Each pseudobulb has a single, fleshy, channelled leaf and a single cream-coloured or white flower with yellow tips. It grows on trees and rocks near cliffs and the edge of rainforest near the eastern border between New South Wales and Queensland.

Bulbophyllum nematopodum, commonly known as the green cowl orchid, is a species of epiphytic or lithophytic orchid that has small, flask-shaped pseudobulbs pressed against the surface on which it grows. Each pseudobulb has roots at its base, a single shiny, fleshy leaf and a single cream-coloured flower with red spots on its top. It grows on trees and rocks in rainforest and is endemic to tropical North Queensland.

The food of this species is nectar, taken from a variety of small flowers, including epiphytic Ericaceae and bromeliads. Like other hummingbirds it also takes small insects as an essential source of protein. Male gray-tailed mountaingems defend flowers and scrubs in their feeding territories, and are dominant except at higher levels where the range overlaps with fiery-throated hummingbird. The call of this species is a sharp pick or zeet.

Dendrobium affine, commonly known as the white butterfly orchid, malakmalak or matngala in Australian Aboriginal languages is an epiphytic orchid in the family Orchidaceae. It has cylindrical pseudobulbs, each with up to ten leaves and flowering stems with up to twenty white flowers with yellow or purple markings on the labellum. It occurs in northern Australia, New Guinea and Timor, where it grows on the bark of trees.

Dendrobium lineale is a species of orchid. It is an epiphytic plant that grows along the north-eastern coast of New Guinea, from Milne Bay to just over the border into the Indonesian Province of Papua (formerly called Irian Jaya), and from sea level to around . It has cane-like pseudobulbs which grow up to long and in diameter. Its inflorescences are up to long with many flowers, up to across.

The results confirmed that ciliates were captured and died within the water sac traps, which are not unlike the bladder traps of Utricularia. Whether the species attract, digest, or absorb the prey has not been confirmed, however. The epiphytic habit of the genus, requiring all nutrients to be acquired from rainwater, is similar to the habit of known carnivorous plants.Barthlott, W., Porembski, S., Seine, R., and Theisen, I. (2007).

Colura zoophaga is a species of epiphytic liverwort that is endemic to the African highlands, specifically parts of Kenya. It belongs to the genus Colura, which has been hypothesized to be carnivorous as early as 1893. It is a recently described species that was the subject of the first scientific study aimed at investigating the allegations of carnivory in liverworts.Barthlott, W., Porembski, S., Seine, R., and Theisen, I. (2007).

Nepenthes nebularum shows close affinities to N. robcantleyi and N. truncata, and the describing authors suggested that N. robcantleyi might represent a natural hybrid between N. nebularum and N. truncata. Nepenthes nebularum is distinguished from N. robcantleyi by its smaller stature, predominantly epiphytic (rarely lithophytic) habit, a complete absence of bracts on the inflorescence, and the presence of a dense woolly indumentum on the petiole wings, tendrils, and pitchers.

Excessive input of nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus) is directly toxic to seagrasses, but most importantly, it stimulates the growth of epiphytic and free-floating macro- and micro-algae. This weakens the sunlight, reducing the photosynthesis that nourishes the seagrass and the primary production results. Decaying seagrass leaves and algae fuels increasing algal blooms, resulting in a positive feedback. This can cause a complete regime shift from seagrass to algal dominance.

As circumscribed in the PPG I classification, Huperzia is distributed in temperate, arctic and alpine habitats, including mountains in tropical Asia. Its species are terrestrial or grow on rocks. Phlegmariurus is epiphytic, and has a worldwide tropical distribution, so when Huperzia is defined broadly to include all three genera of the subfamily Huperzioideae, it has an almost worldwide distribution, absent mainly in North Africa, the Arabian Peninsula and Western Asia.

Liparis coelogynoides is an epiphytic herb with oval to almost spherical pseudobulbs and wide. There are usually two linear to narrow egg-shaped, pale green, stalkless leaves, , wide and folded lengthwise. Between eight and twenty greenish white or yellowish flowers, long and wide are borne on an often hanging flowering stem long. The sepals are all free from each other, long, about wide and spread widely apart from each other.

Groups are separated based on the gametophyte and sorus structure, particularly the structure of the indsium (membrane covering sorus) and receptacle. The family is dispersed world wide, and mostly grows in tropical regions, as well as subtropical and temperate regions in the Southern Hemisphere. Members from the genus Hymenophyllum are all small, thin and delicate. They are either epiphytic plants or rock plants, forming dense mats along rainforest floors.

Dendrobium pugioniforme is an epiphytic or lithophytic herb with pendulous wiry, branched stems long and about wide. The leaves are pendulous, thick, green, egg-shaped, long and wide with a sharply pointed tip. The flowering stem emerges from a single leaf base, is long and bears one or two pale green to pale brown or yellowish flowers. The flowers are long, wide and have brown striations near their base.

The epiphytic genus Encyclia occurs in Florida, the Caribbean, Mexico, and other regions of the tropical Americas. It grows in lowland forests at altitudes up to 1000 meters. The distribution of the species is more or less evenly spread throughout this area. Most of these species are found in seasonally dry forests where the humidity tends to remain high throughout the year, though precipitation is infrequent, sometimes lacking for months.

The most common cause of death of P. californica is being torn from the rocks during storms. This is made more likely by the drag caused by the epiphyte burden. P. californica and other Laminariales attempt to reduce their epiphytic load by periodically sloughing off their surface layers and by the production of "antifouling" substances such as phenols in their tissues.Lobban, Christopher S. and Paul J. Harrison (1994).

Seagrasses are the foundation of complex ecosystems, primarily from the ability to colonise inshore coastal sand with its roots and matted rhizomes. These meadows are able to provide habitat to other species, especially epiphytic relationships, and are a food source for other organisms. Western rock lobsters are found as juveniles amongst seagrass, receiving food and shelter until they reach maturity. The leaves are also eaten by dugong and other creatures.

Sarcochilus dilatatus is a small epiphytic herb with a stem long with between four and twelve thin, leathery, dark green leaves long and about wide. Between two and twelve brown or dark reddish brown flowers long and wide are arranged on a flowering stem long. The tips of the sepals and petals are often dilated. The dorsal sepal is long and wide whilst the lateral sepals are slightly longer.

Schoenorchis micrantha is a small epiphytic herb that forms small, tangled clumps. It has thin, curved, twisted, branched stems long and many thick, curved fleshy, linear leaves long and wide. Between five and thirty densely crowded, tube- shaped to bell-shaped white flowers, about long and wide are arranged on a flowering stem long. The sepals are about long and wide whilst the petals are about long and wide.

Sarcochilus hirticalcar is a small epiphytic herb with stems long with between two and ten leathery, linear or curved bright green leaves long and wide. Between two and twelve cream- coloured to bright yellow flowers with purplish to reddish bands, long and wide are arranged on a flowering stem long. The dorsal sepal is long and wide and the lateral sepals are slightly longer. The petals are long and about wide.

Sarcochilus serrulatus is an epiphytic herb with a stem long with between three and six curved leaves long and about wide. The leaves are oblong to egg-shaped with wavy edges that have fine teeth. Between two and ten reddish brown flowers long and wide are arranged on a fleshy, club-shaped flowering stem long. The dorsal sepal is long and wide whilst the lateral sepals are long and wide.

Schoenorchis sarcophylla is a small epiphytic herb with many thin roots, stems long and between three and seven crowded, fleshy, channelled dark green, linear to narrow elliptic leaves long and wide. Between five and thirty crowded, tube- shaped white flowers, about long and wide are crowded on a stiff flowering stem long. The sepals are long and wide. The petals are smaller than, and hidden by the sepals.

Members of the family are small to large herbaceous plants with distichous leaves with basal sheaths that overlap to form a pseudostem. The plants are either self-supporting or epiphytic. Flowers are hermaphroditic, usually strongly zygomorphic, in determinate cymose inflorescences, and subtended by conspicuous, spirally arranged bracts. The perianth is composed of two whorls, a fused tubular calyx, and a tubular corolla with one lobe larger than the other two.

The site is significant for epiphytic flora and supports a range of uncommon lichens and bryophytes. There is considered to be a low level of atmospheric pollution in this area, and, together with the ancient trees, this has encouraged a significant diversity of ephyitic flora (numbers are recorded and particular species listed). The oaks and hollies are on acid loam which is poorly drained. There is bracken, bramble and common bent.

Taeniophyllum confertum, commonly known as the crowded ribbonroot, is a species of leafless epiphytic orchid which only grows as single plants that form small clumps. It has short stems and flattened green roots pressed against the tree on which it is growing. Between five and ten pale green, tube-shaped flowers open one at a time. This orchid only grows in a small area of tropical North Queensland.

Taeniophyllum muelleri is a leafless, epiphytic or lithophytic herb that forms tangled colonies. It has a stem about long and green photosynthetic roots that are circular in cross section, long, about in diameter and pressed against the substrate. Between five and twelve resupinate, yellowish green, tube-shaped flowers about long and wide open one at a time. The sepals are about long and wide, the petals about long and wide.

Taeniophyllum malianum, commonly known as the tangled ribbonroot, is a species of leafless epiphytic or lithophytic orchid that forms tangled clumps. It has flattened green roots with irregular white spots and pressed against the substrate on which it is growing. There are up to fifteen fragrant yellow, short-lived flowers with up to three open at the same time. It only occurs in tropical North Queensland and in New Guinea.

Taeniophyllum hasseltii, commonly known as the Christmas Island ribbonroot, is a species of leafless epiphytic or lithophytic orchid that forms small clumps. It has short stems and flattened silvery grey roots pressed against the substrate on which it is growing. The flowers are tube-shaped, pale yellow and open one at a time. This orchid is only known from Christmas Island, an Australian territory and the Indonesia island of Java.

Trachoma speciosum is an epiphytic or lithophytic herb that forms clumps with many thick roots supporting thick stems long. There are between four and eight crowded thick, leathery lance-shaped leaves long and wide. A large number of short-lived, cream-coloured resupinate flowers, long and wide are arranged on a club-shaped flowering stem long. The sepals are about long and wide, the petals a similar length but narrower.

Thrixspermum platystachys is an epiphytic or lithophytic herb that forms untidy, pendulous clumps with many thin wiry roots and flattened stems long. It has between five and ten stiff, leathery leaves long and wide in two ranks. The flowers are fragrant, star-shaped, cream-coloured, long and wide arranged on a flattened, wiry flowering stem long. The sepals are long and about wide, the petals shorter and narrower.

Taeniophyllum norfolkianum is a leafless, epiphytic herb with stems about long, and green, photosynthetic roots long, wide and circular in cross-section. There are between two and five yellowish green, resupinate, tube-shaped flowers about long and wide borne on a thread-like flowering stem long. The flowers open one at a time. The sepals and petals are fleshy with only their tips spreading, about long and wide.

Liparis angustilabris is an epiphytic or lithophytic herb with crowded, tapered pseudobulbs , about wide and covered with leaf like bracts when young. Each pseudobulb has a single linear leaf , wide. Between fifteen and thirty five pale green to yellowish flowers, long and wide are borne on an often arching flowering stem long. The sepals and petals curve backwards towards the ovary and are about long and about wide.

Liparis condylobulbon is an epiphytic or lithophytic, clump-forming herb with crowded, glossy green, cylinder-shaped pseudobulbs long and wide. Each pseudobulb has two thin, linear to lance- shaped leaves and wide. Between fifteen and thirty five pale green to cream- coloured flowers, long and wide are borne on a stiff flowering stem long. The sepals are long and about wide, the petals a similar length but narrower.

Bryobium irukandjianum is an epiphytic or lithophytic herb that forms small, dense clumps with small, oval pseudobulbs long and wide. Each pseudobulb has two or three linear to lance-shaped leaves long and wide. Between seven and twelve short-lived, self-pollinating, whitish to dull pink, resupinate flowers about long and wide are arranged on a flowering stem long. The sepal and petals are about long and wide.

Phreatia limenophylax is an epiphytic herb with a short stem, thin roots and between four and six thick, fleshy, dark green channelled leaves long and about wide in a fan-like arrangement. A large number of greenish white non-resupinate flowers about long and wide are arranged along a thin flowering stem long with prominent bracts. The sepals and petals are about long. The labellum is about long.

Glomeropitcairnia erectiflora is a plant species in the genus Glomeropitcairnia. This epiphytic tank bromeliad species is native to Venezuela and to the island of Trinidad,Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant FamiliesChecklist of Venezuelan Bromeliaceae with Notes on Species Distribution by State and Levels of Endemism retrieved 3 November 2009 occurring in montane and elfin cloud forests. It is used by tree frog Phytotriades auratus as a refuge and nesting site.

Pinalia fitzalanii is an epiphytic or lithophytic, clump-forming herb with crowded, oval pseudobulbs , wide and covered with papery brown bracts. Each pseudobulb has three or four thin, stiff, egg-shaped leaves and wide. Between five and thirty five resupinate, creamy yellow flowers, long and wide are borne on a flowering stem long. The flowers have soft hairs on the outside, and open widely at first, before becoming cup-shaped.

Phreatia paleata is an epiphytic herb with a very short rhizome, threadlike roots and more or less spherical pseudobulbs long and wide. Each pseudobulb has one or two strap-like leaves long and wide. A large number of white, non-resupinate flowers about long and wide are arranged along a drooping flowering stem long. The sepals and petals are elliptic to egg-shaped and spread widely apart from each other.

Astelia is a genus of flowering plants in the recently named family Asteliaceae. They are rhizomatous tufted perennials native to various islands in the Pacific, Indian, and South Atlantic Oceans, as well as to Australia and to the southernmost tip of South America. A significant number of the known species are endemic to New Zealand. The species generally grow in forests, swamps and amongst low alpine vegetation; occasionally they are epiphytic.

Peristeranthus hillii is an epiphytic or lithophytic herb with one or two shoots and more or less pendulous stems long. Each stem has between three and ten narrow oblong leaves long and wide. The leaves have many parallel veins, a drooping tip and are often twisted. Between twenty five and seventy five pale green flowers often with crimson markings, long and wide are borne on pendulous flowering stems long.

Orchids in the genus Pomatocalpa are monopodial epiphytic or lithophytic herbs with long, thick roots attached to the substrate, with fibrous stems and long-lasting leaves arranged in two rows with their bases obscuring the stems. A large number of relatively small flowers are arranged on a panicle or raceme and with sepals and petals that are similar to each other and a labellum that has three lobes.

Mobilabium hamatum, commonly known as hook-leaf, is the only species in the genus Mobilabium from the orchid family, Orchidaceae. It is an epiphytic orchid with between three and twelve stiff, oblong leaves with a hooked tip. There are up to fifteen star-shaped, cream-coloured, pale green or brownish flowers with red or purple markings. The labellum has three lobes with the middle lobe hollow and containing sticky nectar.

Further changes in the circumscription of the genus may occur as research continues. They are epiphytic, epipetric (growing on rocks), or rarely terrestrial ferns, with a creeping, densely hairy or scaly rhizome bearing fronds at intervals along its length. The fronds are evergreen, persisting for 1–2 years, and are entire or deeply pinnatifid. The sori or groups of spore-cases (sporangia) are borne on the back of the frond.

Otoglossum, according to its new definition already expanded to include the aforementioned section of Oncidium, then groups about thirteen epiphytic species, occasionally terrestrial, in rule of scandal growth, that inhabit humid, fresh and cold mountainous areas from Costa Rica to Peru until the altitude of three thousand meters, over trees or rocky escarpments. Three species registered for Brazil, two belonging to the old section of Odontoglossum and one to Oncidium.

Schistotylus purpuratus is a small epiphytic herb, usually with only a single growth. The stems are long with between two and six crowded, linear to narrow elliptic leaves long and wide. Between four and ten fragrant, cup-shaped, pale green flowers with purple blotches, long and wide are borne on a thin, arching flowering stem long. The sepals are about long and wide, the petals are slightly shorter and narrower.

Psilotum complanatum, the flatfork fern, is a rare herbaceous epiphytic fern ally in the genus Psilotum. There is some evidence that it might be a true fern that has lost some typically fern-like characteristics. Morphologically, the plant is simple, lacking leaves and roots, and having hanging stems with dichotomous branching, which lack developed leaves but have minute scales. The stems and branches have protostele, with a triangular-shaped core of xylem.

Auckland Museum The New Zealand falcon nests in a scrape in grassy soil or humus in various locations: under a rock on a steep slope or on a rock ledge, among epiphytic plants on a tree branch, or under a log or branch on the ground, or on bare ground, making the two or three eggs that they lay vulnerable to predators such as stray cats, stoats, weasels, possums, and wild dogs.

Porpax is a genus of epiphytic orchids native to southern and southeastern Asia from India to Yunnan to Borneo. It contains 13 currently recognized species as of June 2014:Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, PorpaxLindley, John. 1845. Edwards's Botanical Register 31(Misc.): 62, PorpaxThe Plant List, PorpaxFlora of China v 25 p 360, 盾柄兰属 dun bing lan shu , Porpax Lindley, Edwards’s Bot. Reg. 31(Misc.): 62. 1845.

Orchids in the genus Thrixspermum are epiphytic or lithophytic, rarely terrestrial, monopodial herbs with long thick roots, and flat, fleshy leaves arranged in two ranks with their bases sheathing the stem. The flowers are arranged on a pendulous or arching flowering stem arising from a leaf axil. The flowers are usually short-lived and often open for less than a day. The sepals are free from and more or less similar to each other.

They may also be simply excretory organs (hydathodes), used for exuding surplus metabolic products. The ant species Iridomyrmex cordatus is commonly associated with A. quercifolia, in addition to other epiphytic plants. In Australia, Aglaomorpha rigidula serve as shelter for amethystine pythons (Morelia amethistina) and scrub pythons (Morelia kinghorni). As much as 81% of sightings of the snakes in one study were in large individuals of A. rigidula located about above the ground.

Recent phylogenetic work by Roalson et al. (2005) indicated that the epiphytic genus Capanea is derived from within Kohleria, and the two species of Capanea were subsequently transferred to Kohleria. The genus Pearcea is closely related. Because of their colorful and exotically patterned flowers, as well as a general interest in the many tropical flowering plants that were being introduced from the Americas, kohlerias were very popular in England and Europe in the 19th century.

Orchids in the genus are epiphytic or lithophytic herbs with thread-like roots and relatively large, fleshy pseudobulbs that are usually covered by papery bracts when young. Each pseudobulb has up to three flat, usually leathery leaves. The flowers are usually white, cream-coloured or pinkish, do not open widely and last for up to a few days. The dorsal sepal is free but the lateral sepals are fused to the base of the column.

Orchids in the genus Pinalia are epiphytic or lithophytic, rarely terrestrial herbs with prominent, fleshy pseudobulbs that are covered with papery brown bracts when young. Each pseudobulb has up to three thin, leathery, linear to lance-shaped leaves. The flowers are resupinate, usually cup-shaped and last for a few days. The dorsal sepal is narrower than the lateral sepals which are attached at their base to the column to form a small ledge.

Plants in the genus Bromheadia are evergreen, terrestrial or epiphytic, sympodial, herbs with leafy stems on a short, creeping rhizome. The leaves are arranged in two rows along an erect, unbranched stem with the flattened, leathery leaves along the upper two- thirds. The flowers are short-lived and appear singly, in succession near the ends of the flowering stem. The flowers are relatively large, resupinate and usually white, creamy yellow or reddish.

Root systems of dye fig can come together to be self sustaining but the epiphyte usually falls if the host tree dies or rots away.Liu W., Wang P., Li J., Liu Wenyao, and Li Hongmei (2014), Plasticity of source‐water acquisition in epiphytic, transitional and terrestrial growth phases of Ficus tinctoria, Ecohydrol., 7; pages 1524–1533, doi:10.1002/eco.1475 In Australia it is recorded as a medium-sized tree with smooth, oval green leaves.

Dendrobium discolor is an epiphytic or lithophytic herb with cylindrical green or yellowish pseudobulbs long and wide with between ten and thirty five leathery leaves long and wide. The flowering stem is long and bears between eight and forty light brown, reddish brown, dark brown or yellowish flowers. The flowers are long and wide with wavy and twisted sepals and petals. The sepals are long, and wide and the petals are long and wide.

Dendrobium gracilicaule is an epiphytic or lithophytic herb that has cylindrical, yellowish green pseudobulbs long and wide, each with between three and seven leaves on the top. The leaves are thin, dark green, long and wide. The flowering stem is long and bears between five and thirty, often drooping flowers. The flowers are cream-coloured to yellow or greenish, long and wide, in one variety with large reddish blotches on the back.

Dendrobium schoeninum, commonly known as the common pencil orchid, is an epiphytic or sometimes a lithophytic orchid in the family Orchidaceae and has thin wiry, upright or pendent stems with fleshy, grooved, dark green leaves. Its short flowering stems have one or two, rarely up to four pale green, cream-coloured or mauve flowers with purple markings on the labellum. It grows on rainforest margins in coastal New South Wales and southern Queensland.

Utricularia campbelliana is a small epiphytic, perennial carnivorous plant that belongs to the genus Utricularia. U. campbelliana is endemic to northern South America, where it is found in Guyana and Venezuela and most likely also Brazil, though no positive records exist from that country. It was originally published and described by Daniel Oliver in 1887. It is named in honor of William Hunter Campbell, an attorney and amateur botanist who lived in Georgetown, Guyana.

Utricularia endresii is a medium-sized epiphytic, perennial carnivorous plant that belongs to the genus Utricularia. U. endresii is endemic to Central America (Costa Rica and Panama) and northwestern South America (Colombia and Ecuador). It was originally published and described by the orchidologist Ludwig Reichenbach, who originally described it as a "Lentibulariaceous Orchid," a name which seems to have stuck for some time after its description in 1874. It was even cultivated in orchid houses.

Dendrobium carrii is an epiphytic herb with well-spaced pseudobulbs long and wide, each with one or two thin, dark green, furrowed leaves long, wide on the end. The flowering racemes are long and bear between five and ten resupinate white or cream-coloured flowers that are wide. The sepals and petals are long, wide with a tapered end. The labellum is orange or yellow, about long, wide and has three lobes.

Taeniophyllum clementsii, commonly known as the fleshy threadfoot, is a species of leafless epiphytic orchid which only grows as single plants. It has short stems and flattened green roots pressed against the tree on which it is growing. Between five and fifty small, pale green, tube-shaped flowers are arranged on a zig-zagged flowering stem. The flowers open one at a time, with the flowering stem increasing in length as each flower opens.

Coralline algae are widespread in all of the world's oceans, where they often cover close to 100% of rocky substrata. Only one species, Pneophyllum cetinaensis, is found in freshwater. Its ancestor lived in brackish water, and was already adapted to osmotic stress and rapid changes in water salinity and temperature. Many are epiphytic (grow on other algae or marine angiosperms), or epizoic (grow on animals), and some are even parasitic on other corallines.

Masdevallia unguentum is from an unknown origin but most likely originates from Colombia. The species is a miniature, presumably epiphytic, herb with erect, elliptic leaves. The flowers are born singly on thin stems as long as the leaf and emit a spicy fragrance. The species keys out to Masdevallia saltatrix but can easily be distinguished by the odor, striped rather than spotted calyx, and the tail that rests against the back of the tube.

Luisia tristis is an epiphytic or lithophytic herb that forms straggling or tangled clumps and has thick, flattened roots and wiry stems long and wide. Between two and ten rigid, cylindrical leaves long, wide are arranged along the stems apart. Up to three green resupinate, star-like flowers long and wide are on flowering stems long arising from leaf axils. The sepals are about long, wide and the petals are slightly longer but narrower.

Chiloschista phyllorhiza is an epiphytic or lithophytic, leafless herb that forms small clumps with many flattened greenish, photosynthetic roots long and wide radiating from inconspicuous stems. There is a large number of crystalline white resupinate flowers long and wide arranged along a thin, arching flowering stem long. The sepals and petals are egg-shaped, long, wide and spread widely apart from each other. The labellum is yellow, about long with three lobes.

Plectorrhiza brevilabris is an epiphytic or lithophytic herb with a single main flattened stem, long with many coarse, wiry roots near its base. There are between three and nine dark green, leathery, narrow egg-shaped to elliptic leaves long and wide. Between three and twenty green flowers with reddish brown markings, long and wide are borne on an arching flowering stem long. The sepals and petals are free from each other and spread widely apart.

Phreatia listeri is a clump-forming epiphytic herb with a short stem, thin roots and between four and six flat, blunt, dark green leaves long and about wide in a fan-like arrangement. A large number of greenish white non-resupinate flowers long and wide are arranged along a thin flowering stem long. The sepals and petals are about long and do not spread widely. The labellum is about long and wide.

The red cushion star is an omnivore and feeds on the seabed sediment and the epiphytic algae, sponges and small invertebrates it finds there. It rakes together heaps of sediment and then turns its cardiac stomach inside out and engulfs the mass. Edible sponge species are chosen in preference to other prey and tend to be eliminated from areas where the starfish abound. The sexes are separate in the red cushion star.

Crustose lichens can be found in a wide range of areas. They can be found, among others, together with epiphytic algae and liverworts, living on the surfaces of leaves of tropical evergreen trees and shrubs. They also thrive in carbonate-rich karst areas. In southern China, it has been estimated that 5-30% of rock outcrops in bare karst areas and 30-70% in forest karst areas are covered with crustose lichens.

This tends to be the edge of the dry forest at altitudes of 984 feet and decreasing. Semi-evergreen forest can be found on the steep slopes of St. John at Maho Bay, Crown Mountain St. John and Mount Eagle St. Croix. Common plants found in Semi-evergreen forest are Epiphytic plants, commonly referred as air-plants. These air-plants are often sited midcenter of the forest in Estate Grove on St. Croix.

Sarcochilus australis is a small epiphytic herb with a stem long with between three and ten dark green leaves long and wide. Between two and fourteen green to yellowish or brownish flowers long and wide are arranged on a pendulous flowering stem long. The sepals are long and wide whilst the petals are shorter and narrower. The labellum is white with purple and yellow markings, about long and wide and has three lobes.

Sarcochilus borealis is a small epiphytic herb with a stem long with between two and six thin but stiff dark green leaves long and wide. Between two and ten pale green to dark green flowers long and wide are arranged on a flowering stem long. The sepal are long and wide whilst the petals are slightly shorter and narrower. The labellum is white with reddish brown markings, long and wide and has three lobes.

Sarcanthopsis warocqueana, commonly known as the goliath orchid, is a large epiphytic or lithophytic orchid from the family Orchidaceae that forms large clumps. It has a long, thick, branched stems, thick, cord-like roots, many leathery, strap-like leaves and many cream-coloured, yellowish or greenish flowers with purple or brown spots. It grows near the sea, in coastal swamps and in rainforest, usually in full sun. It mainly only occurs in New Guinea.

Bulbophyllum baileyi is an epiphytic or lithophytic herb that forms spreading clumps. It has a creeping rhizome covered with brown bracts and curved, yellowish pseudobulbs long and wide. There is a single oblong or egg-shaped, thick, fleshy light-coloured leaf long and wide on the end of the pseudobulb. A single upward-facing, cream-coloured to creamy yellow flower with red or purple spots, long and wide is borne on a flowering stem long.

Guzmania lingulata, the droophead tufted airplant or scarlet star, is a species of flowering plant in the family Bromeliaceae, subfamily Tillandsioideae, native to rainforest habitats in Central America, northern and central South America, southern Mexico and the West Indies.Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families It is an evergreen epiphytic perennial. The Latin word lingulata means "tongue-shaped". Foliage grows in a star-shaped basal rosette which culminates in an orange and red bracted inflorescence.

Bulbophyllum filiforme is a species of epiphytic plant in the family Orchidaceae, found in Cameroon and Nigeria, where its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry, lowland evergreen forests. It was botanically described in 1895, and is currently threatened by habitat loss due to the clearing of forests for the establishment of plantations and other agricultural ventures. B. filiforme is the basionym for Vermeulen's treatment of it as Bulbophyllum resupinatum var. filiforme (Kraenzl.) J.J.Verm.

Bulbophyllum nigericum is an epiphytic or epilithic plant species in the family Orchidaceae. It is native to Cameroon (Enyandong, Mt Kupe and the Bakossi Mountains), and Nigeria, where it is found growing habitually in submontane and montane, tropical or subtropical, moist forest, at elevations roughly between 800 and 2,050 meters. It is threatened by habitat loss due to continued, extensive forest clearance for the purpose of crop cultivation. It was described in 1962.

Some indusia are cup-shaped (cyatheoid), while others are hood-shaped (hemitelioid), enclose the sorus (sphaeropteroid), or scaly. Like most ferns, members of the Cyatheaceae are homosporous. Cyatheaceae are found in both New and Old World tropical wet montane forests and cloud forests, with some species extending into south-temperate regions. Most Cyatheaceae are terrestrial, with one sometimes being epiphytic and others having a creeping habit, but these are exceptions to the family norm.

Littoral forest covers sandy soil forest, marsh forest, and grasslands. Its flora includes various tree families, lianas, and epiphytic orchids and ferns; in the marsh forests, pandans (Pandanus) and the traveller's tree (Ravenala madagascariensis) are common. It is part of the WWF's "lowland forests" ecoregion. An isolated area of humid forest in the south west, on the eastern slope of the Analavelona massif, is classified as "Western humid forest" by the Atlas.

Inflorescence of Guzmania musaica Guzmania musaica is a stemless, evergreen, epiphytic perennial plant that can reach a height of . Leaves are about two feet long, simple, with entire margins, spineless, light green with reddish and dark green transverse striations. In the central rosette of leaves grows a long stem topped by a beautiful inflorescence of pink-red bracts with many waxy tubular yellow flowers arranged in spikes. The plant blooms from June to August.

Internal progression of the fungus in root tissues lags well behind the front of epiphytic growth of the mycelium on the root. In this respect, the mode of development of R. lignosus is characteristic of an ectotrophic growth habit. After rhizomorphs infect the roots, the fungus preferentially penetrates the taproot, deep in the soil. First, however, the rhizomorphs must change morphogenetically into infectious hyphae, characterized by degrading extracellular enzymes able to decay the wood.

Bulbophyllum schillerianum is an epiphytic or lithophytic herb with stems long hanging for most of their length and covered with greyish bracts. The pseudobulbs are long, about wide and spaced apart along the stems. Each pseudobulb has a thick, fleshy, narrow oblong to lance-shaped leaf long and wide with a channelled upper surface. Red or orange flowers long and wide are arranged in groups of up to ten on a flowering stem long.

Bulbophyllum shepherdii, commonly known as the wheat-leaf rope orchid, is a species of epiphytic or lithophytic orchid that forms a dense mat of branching rhizomes pressed against the surface on which it grows. The pseudobulbs are well spaced along the rhizome, each with a single egg-shaped leaf and a single small, white or cream-coloured flower with yellow tips. It grows on trees and rocks in rainforest and is endemic to eastern Australia.

Cymbidium madidum is an epiphytic or lithophytic, clump-forming herb with crowded, oval, slightly flattened, green pseudobulbs and wide. Each pseudobulb has between four and eight thin, strap- like, flexible leaves and wide. Between ten and seventy olive green to brownish green flowers, long and wide are borne on an arching flowering stem long. The sepals and petals curve forward rather than spread widely, the sepals long and wide, the petals long and wide.

Bulbophyllum wadsworthii is an epiphytic or lithophytic herb that forms clumps hanging from the substrate. The pseudobulbs are cylindrical long, wide and are arranged along stems that are long with brown, papery bracts partly hiding the pseudobulbs. Each pseudobulb has a grooved, stalkless, elliptic to oblong leaf long and wide with a channelled upper surface. The flowers are cream-coloured to pale green and are arranged in groups of up to three.

Bulbophyllum lilianae, commonly known as the warty strand orchid, is a species of epiphytic or lithophytic orchid that is endemic to tropical North Queensland. It has widely spaced, deeply grooved, dark green to yellowish pseudobulbs, thin but tough, dark green to yellowish leaves and up to three cream-coloured, pale green or reddish flowers with dark red stripes and a pink labellum. It grows on shrubs, trees and rocks, often in exposed situations.

Bulbophyllum baileyi is an epiphytic or lithophytic herb that has a creeping rhizome and grooved, dark green pseudobulbs long and wide. Each pseudobulb has a single fleshy, dark green leaf long and wide on its end. Between five and eight flowers are arranged in a spreading, semi- circular umbel long, each flower on a pedicel long. The flowers are resupinate, greenish cream-coloured to yellowish with purple spots or dots, long and wide.

Bulbophyllum macphersonii is an epiphytic or lithophytic herb that forms dense clumps. It has a creeping rhizome and densely crowded, more or less spherical, dark green pseudobulbs long and about wide. There is a single variably shaped, dark green, channelled leaf long and wide on the end of the pseudobulb. A single dark red to purplish red, sometimes pink, green or white flower, long and wide is borne on a thread-like flowering stem long.

Bulbophyllum newportii, commonly known as the cupped strand orchid, is a species of epiphytic or lithophytic orchid that is endemic to tropical North Queensland. It has widely spaced, oval or cone-shaped, light green pseudobulbs, a single stiff, dark green egg-shaped leaf and up to eight bell- shaped white, cream-coloured or greenish flowers with a long, narrow yellow labellum. It grows on trees and rocks, usually at moderate to high elevations.

Ionopsis utricularioides (delicate violet orchid) is an epiphytic orchid native to the warmer parts of the Americas. It is reported from Florida, Mexico (from Nayarit to Quntana Roo), Central America (all 7 countries), much of the West Indies including the Cayman Islands, South America as far south as Paraguay, and the Galápagos.Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant FamiliesHágsater, E. & G. A. Salazar. 1990. Orchids of Mexico, pt. 1. Icones Orchidacearum (Mexico) 1: plates 1–100.

The canopy layer contains the majority of the largest trees, typically to tall. The densest areas of biodiversity are found in the forest canopy, a more or less continuous cover of foliage formed by adjacent treetops. The canopy, by some estimates, is home to 50 percent of all plant species. Epiphytic plants attach to trunks and branches, and obtain water and minerals from rain and debris that collects on the supporting plants.

Distribution of Costa Rican epiphytic bromeliads and the Holdridge Life Zone System. Rev. Biol. Trop. 45(3): At the 100th anniversary of Picado's theoretical model of bromeliad colonization, he measured experimentally the effect of rain and fallen debris on macroinvertebrates that reached artificial water tanks in a forest.Monge- Nájera, J. & Gename, K. 2014. The effects of rain and fallen debris on macroinvertebrate colonization of artificial water tanks and their implications for bromeliad communities.

More hyphae then grow into the palisade tissue and continue on into other air chambers, eventually emerging through stomata in the streak that has developed. Further epiphytic growth occurs before the re-entry of the hypha into the leaf through another stoma repeats the process. The optimal conditions for M. fijiensis as compared with M. musicola are a higher temperatures and higher relative humidity, and the whole disease cycle is much faster in M. fijiensis.

Remusatia vivipara is a rupicolous or epiphytic herb that grows up to 50 cm tall, arising from an underground tuber around 2–4 cm in diameter and coloured vivid red. Its bulbils are scaly and ovoid, around 5 mm long, scales ending in hooked prickles. The leaf is solitary, is broad and peltate, 10–40 cm long and 5–30 cm across, with a petiole up to 40 cm long. R.vivipara very rarely flowers.

Schlumbergera gaertneri is found in southeastern Brazil, in Paraná and Santa Catarina, at altitudes of . As with other species of the genus, S. gaertneri grows on trees (epiphytic) or less often rocks (lithophytic) in sub-tropical rain forest. With maturity, it develops into a branching pendant leafless shrub with a woody base. The stems are made up of segments, most of which are flattened and which are the photosynthetic organs (cladodes) of the plant.

Liparis nugentiae is an epiphytic or lithophytic, clump- forming herb with crowded, dark green to yellowish, flattened overlapping pseudobulbs. There are two to four thin, dark green to yellowish, linear to lance-shaped leaves long and wide. Between eight and twenty greenish or pale yellow flowers, long and wide are borne on a sometimes arching flowering stem long. The sepals are long, wide and the petals are a similar length but only about wide.

Liparis coelogynoides, commonly known as the fairy sphinx orchid, is a plant in the orchid family and is endemic to near-coastal eastern Australia. It is an epiphytic orchid with two leaves joined at the base and that grows in clumps. Greenish white or yellowish flowers are borne on an often hanging spike. It grows on trees and cliff faces usually on ranges near the coast of northern New South Wales and southern Queensland.

Phalaenopsis amabilis is an epiphytic, rarely lithophytic herb with coarse, flattened, branching roots up to long and usually wide. Between two and eight fleshy, dark green, oblong to egg-shaped leaves long and wide are arranged in two rows along the stem. The stem is but hidden by the leaf bases. The flowers are arranged on a stiff, arching flowering stem long emerging from a leaf base, with a few branches near the tip.

The continuity of open woodland and parkland, with large mature and over-mature timber, has enabled characteristic species of epiphytic lichens and beetles to become established and persist. Many of the species in the park are now nationally scarce because this type of habitat has been eliminated over large areas of Great Britain. The park was notified as an SSSI in 1990. Nettlecombe is known to have had a deer park by 1532.

An ant garden is a mutualistic interaction between certain species of arboreal ants and various epiphytic plants. It is a structure made in the tree canopy by the ants that is filled with debris and other organic matter in which epiphytes grow. The ants benefit from this arrangement by having a stable framework on which to build their nest while the plants benefit by obtaining nutrients from the soil and from the moisture retained there.

The vegetation overflows with green, multicolored flowers, fruits and trees. The fauna is composed of dozens of species, some with animals as striking as the caribbean monkeys, sloths, and birds of all tones. The type of vegetation is typical of the Humid Tropical Forest, characterized by the presence of trees up to 40 meters in height, ferns, epiphytic plants and mosses. The area also has abundant fruit plantations, ornamental and medicinal plants.

Like modern tree ferns, Psaronius included other plant species growing in the root mantle. It has been determined through cross-sections of petrified Psaronius, that various vining and epiphytic plants were growing within the tree fern. Some Carboniferous plant species are only known from their fossilized remains within these root mantles. Some of these that have been studied extensively are the epiphyte Botryopteris, the vining climber Ankyropteris and the small climbing ferns called Tubicaulis.

The Australian plants of H. rarum differ from their New Zealand counterparts with widely spaced pinnae rather than imbricating pale green pinnae. The Sori of the Australian H. rarum are not wholly sunken within the pinnae nor are they bound to the uppermost segments of the uppermost pinnae. Members from the genus Hymenophyllum are all small, thin and delicate. They are either epiphytic plants or rock plants, forming dense patches or mats along rainforest floors.

Facilitation can increase access to limiting resources such as light, water, and nutrients for interacting species. For example, epiphytic plants often receive more direct sunlight in the canopies of their host plants than they would on the ground. Also, nurse plants increase the amount of water available to seedlings in dry habitats because of reduced evapotranspiration beneath the shade of nurse plant canopies. A special case concerns human facilitation of sap-feeding birds.

Bulbophyllum globuliforme, commonly known as the green bead orchid, miniature moss-orchid or hoop pine orchid, is a species of epiphytic orchid with tiny spherical pseudobulbs, scale-like leaves and small cream-coloured flowers with a yellow labellum. It grows on the scaly bark of hoop pine (Araucaria cunninghamii), mostly on the McPherson Range on the New South Wales/Queensland border in eastern Australia. Because of its small size it is often dismissed as moss.

Earina is a genus of orchids (family Orchidaceae). AT the present time (June 2014), 7 species are recognized, native to various islands in the Pacific Ocean.Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families The New Zealand species are all epiphytic, or sometimes lithophytic, found growing on mossy trunks in the rain forests of both the North and South Islands. The strap-shaped leaves grow from pendulous wire-thin pseudobulbs that arise from creeping rhizomes.

Dendrobium johannis is an epiphytic or lithophytic herb with brownish or purplish pseudobulbs that are long, wide and tapered at both ends. There are between five and ten dark green to purplish leaves long and wide near the upper end of the canes. Between six and fifteen flowers long, wide are borne on a flowering stem long. The flowers are chocolate brown with a bright yellow labellum, long lasting and have an unpleasant scent.

Griselinia lucida, commonly known as puka, akapuka or shining broadleaf, is an epiphytic plant native to New Zealand. G. lucida naturally occurs in wet lowland-forests and open or rocky coastal environments mostly in the North Island of New Zealand, and restricted areas of the South Island. Griselinia lucida has large, asymmetrical, shiny, dark-green leaves. It has distinctive fluted roots that descend down from the host trees the plant is growing in.

Some have flat, typically broad, ovoid leaves (strap- leaves), while others have cylindrical (terete), fleshy leaves and are adapted to dry periods. The stems of these orchids vary considerably in size; some are miniature plants and some have a length of several meters. The plants can become quite massive in habitat and in cultivation, and epiphytic species possess very large, rambling aerial root systems. The few to many flattened flowers grow on a lateral inflorescence.

Trachoma papuanum is an epiphytic or lithophytic herb that forms clumps with a few thin roots and branching stems long. There are between three and six thick, fleshy, elliptic to egg-shaped, dark green leaves long, about wide and arranged in two ranks. A large number of short-lived, pale yellow, cup-shaped, resupinate flowers long and wide are arranged on a flowering stem long. Up to four flowers are open at the same time.

Bryobium eriaeoides is an epiphytic or lithophytic herb that forms large clumps with cylindrical pseudobulbs long and wide covered with papery white bracts when young. Each pseudobulb has a thin elliptic to lance-shaped leaf long and wide. Between three and twelve cup-shaped, resupinate white to purplish flowers long and wide are arranged on a flowering stem long. The flowers are self-pollinating and open only slowly or not at all.

Liparis bracteata is an epiphytic or lithophytic, clump- forming herb with smooth, dark green, cone-shaped pseudobulbs long, wide and covered with leaf like bracts when young. Each pseudobulb has two linear to lance-shaped, dark green leaves and wide. Between seven and twelve pale green flowers, long and wide are borne on a flowering stem long. The flowering stem has up to fifteen bracts and the flowers turn yellow as they age.

Today the garden contains more than 1,000 species set along 1.5 kilometers of pathways through 15 different garden areas, including an arboretum of Araucaria, avocado, baobab, bombax, breadfruit tree, calliandra, jacaranda, and royal palms; an aviary with parakeets; bamboo; a banyan tree; cactus; ferns, bromeliads, and epiphytic plants; flamingos; parrots ; hibiscus and bougainvillea; orchid collection; palm tree collection; pond with water lilies, papyrus, koi carp and aquatic plants; and a man-made waterfall (10 meters).

Oberonia complanata is an epiphytic, clump-forming herb. Each shoot has between three and eight fleshy, oblong to lance-shaped, yellowish green leaves long and about wide with their bases overlapping. Between 150 and 300 cream-coloured or greenish flowers about long and wide are arranged in whorls on an arching flowering stem long. The sepals and petals are egg-shaped to triangular, spread widely apart from each other and about long.

Oberonia crateriformis is an epiphytic or lithophytic, clump- forming herb. Each shoot has between four and six fleshy, sword-shaped, green to reddish leaves long and wide with their bases overlapping. A large number of pale reddish flowers about long and wide are arranged in whorls of eight on an arching or hanging flowering stem long. The sepals and petals are elliptic to egg-shaped, spread widely apart from each other and about long.

Coryanthes, commonly known as bucket orchids, is a genus of tropical epiphytic orchids. This genus is abbreviated as Crths in horticultural trade. They are native to South America, Central America, Mexico and Trinidad.Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families Bucket orchids are an excellent example of coevolution and mutualism, as the orchids have evolved along with orchid bees (the tribe Euglossini of the family Apidae) and both depend on each other for reproduction.

Orchids in the genus Saccolabiopsis are epiphytic, monopodial herbs with short stems and many smooth thin roots. The leaves are arranged in two ranks, oblong to lance-shaped, uncrowded and sometimes appear fan-like. A large number of small, uncrowded, mainly greenish, fragrant flowers are arranged on an unbranched flowering stem. The sepals and petals are narrow, and the labellum is stiffly attached to the column and has a deep cylindrical spur or pouch.

Orchids in the Sarcanthopsis are large epiphytic or lithophytic monopodial plants with smooth leaves and stems up to long. A large number of leathery oblong leaves folded lengthwise have their bases wrapped around the stem. Yellowish resupinate flowers with brown spots, in diameter are arranged on a branching flowering stem and face in many different directions. The sepals and petals are free from and similar to each other in size and shape.

It has a high diversity due to the large number of environments involved. The dwarf (Curatella Americana, Bowdichia virgilioides), the majaguas (Heliocarpus sp.) And palo maría (Triplaris sp.) are characteristic of forests at lower altitudes. The bucket or child (Gyranthera caribensis) is indicative of the cloud forest as macanilla palms (Bactris setulosa), cane mill (Chamaedorea pinnatifrons) Prapa (Wettinia praemorsa) and other gender Geonoma, Hyospathe and Socratea. Aroids, orchids, bromeliads and piperaceae include in the group of epiphytic plants.

Catopsis berteroniana is an epiphytic insectivorous plant with elongate leaves. These erect leaves overlap to form tube-like structures characteristic of many tank bromeliads. Rainwater falls and lands in the tubes, forming pools of water called phytotelmata, an aqueous medium filled with copious amounts of nutrients available for the plant to absorb. This medium is slightly acidic, but very close to neutral; according to algae in bromeliads, the pH of the phytotelmata of Catopsis berteroniana is 6.8.

The lake was deep enough for the development of planktonic diatoms, including the dominant Cyclotella choctawatcheeana. Other diatoms noted in Lake Tauca are the benthic Denticula subtilis, the epiphytic Achnanthes brevipes, Cocconeis placentula and Rhopalodia gibberula, the planktonic Cyclotella striata and the tychoplanktonic Fragilaria atomus, Fragilaria construens and Fragilaria pinnata. Epithemia has also been found. Sediments at the shoreline contain fossils of gastropods and ostracods; Littoridina and Succineidae snails have been used to date the lake.

Pleione limprichtii (hardy Chinese orchid) is a species of flowering plant in the family Orchidaceae, endemic to China (central Sichuan), and also possibly grows in northern Burma. It is an epiphytic or lithophytic orchid growing to tall by broad, with a pear-shaped pseudobulb that produces a single folded leaf. Deep pink flowers with rose red spotted lips are borne in spring. Despite being described as hardy, this plant does not tolerate frost, requiring a shaded, sheltered spot.

Image of Hunter harvesting an Odontoglossum powellii with a machete. Hoping to find a rare, epiphytic species (chinela), they contacted A. Guterriez, a coffee plantation owner in Palo Alto, who reported he had not seen one in years. He furnished a guide who took the men to a tract where most of the trees had been cut down in preparation for a coffee plantation. Disappointed after collecting with no luck, Pring observed what he thought to be a Maxillaria.

Orchids in the genus Robiquetia are epiphytic, monopodial herbs with pendulous, fibrous, sometimes branching stems and many smooth roots. The leaves are arranged in two ranks and are thick and leathery, oblong to elliptic, with a divided, asymmetrical, tip. Many small, densely crowded flowers are arranged on a pendulous flowering stem that emerges from a leaf axil. The sepals and petals are similar to each other and the labellum has three lobes and an inflated spur on its tip.

Orchids in the genus Sarcochilus are epiphytic or lithophytic monopodial herbs with fibrous stems and long, relatively broad leaves folded lengthwise and arranged in two ranks. The flowers are scented, resupinate and arranged on an unbranched flowering stem, each flower on a short thin stalk. The sepals and petals are free from and similar to each other except that the petals are usually smaller than the sepals. The labellum is hinged to the column and has three lobes.

Hatch Park is a biological Site of Special Scientific Interest east of Ashford in Kent. It is listed by Historic England on the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in England. This site has species- rich acidic grassland which is the remnant of a larger deer park, and is still managed by a herd of deer. There are also ancient pollard woods which are the richest for epiphytic lichens in the county.

S. aeruginosa is a herbivorous deposit feeder. It consumes mainly epiphytic algae, but its diet also includes detritus, bacteria, aquatic plants, sand grains, diatoms, green algae, and cyanobacteria such as Microcystis. Its consumption of cyanobacteria during algal blooms may result in bioaccumulation of toxic microcystins (microcystin-LR, microcystin- RR) from Microcystis in the gonads, the hepatopancreas and the digestive tract. Adult snails feeding ad libitum under ideal laboratory conditions eat 16.0 mg of fish food daily.

Cymbidium suave, commonly known as the snake orchid or grassy boat-lip orchid, is a plant in the orchid family and is endemic to eastern Australia. It is an epiphytic orchid that forms long-lasting clumps of grass-like leaves. Up to fifty crowded olive green to dark or brownish green flowers are borne on an arching flowering stem. Of the three Australian species of Cymbidium, this is the only one that does not have prominent pseudobulbs.

Cereus is a genus of cacti (family Cactaceae) including around 33 species of large columnar cacti from South America. The name is derived from Greek (κηρός) and Latin words meaning "wax", "torch" or "candle". The genus Cereus was one of the first cactus genera to be described; the circumscription varies depending on the authority. The term "cereus" is also sometimes used for a ceroid cactus, any cactus with a very elongated body, including columnar growth cacti and epiphytic cacti.

Dendrobium bigibbum, commonly known as the Cooktown orchid or mauve butterfly orchid, is an epiphytic or lithophytic orchid in the family Orchidaceae. It has cylindrical pseudobulbs, each with between three and five green or purplish leaves and arching flowering stems with up to twenty, usually lilac- purple flowers. It occurs in tropical North Queensland, Australia and New Guinea.Lewis Roberts Flower detail There are four varieties of this orchid, each of which has previously been considered a separate species.

Dendrobium gracilicaule, commonly known as the blotched cane orchid or yellow cane orchid, is an epiphytic or lithophytic orchid in the family Orchidaceae. It has cylindrical pseudobulbs, between three and seven thin leaves and up to thirty often drooping, cream-coloured to yellow or greenish flowers, sometimes with reddish brown blotches on the back. There are two varieties, one occurring in Queensland and New South Wales and the other on some Pacific Islands, including Lord Howe Island.

Dendrobium jonesii is an epiphytic or lithophytic herb with dark brownish green pseudobulbs that are long, wide and tapered at both ends. There are between two and seven thin, leathery, dark green leaves long and wide. Between ten and thirty five cream-coloured or white resupinate flowers long and wide are borne on a flowering stem long. The sepals and petals are pointed, the sepals long and wide and the petals a similar length but narrower.

Utricularia buntingiana is a small epiphytic, perennial carnivorous plant that belongs to the genus Utricularia. U. buntingiana is endemic to Venezuela, where it is only known from a few locations: the type location in Henri Pittier National Park, one collection on the Paraguaná Peninsula, and a few others from Falcón. It was originally published and described by Peter Taylor in 1975. Its habitat is reported as being mossy trees in montane forests at altitudes from to .

Orchids in the genus Phalaenopsis are monopodial epiphytic, sometimes lithophytic herbs with long, coarse roots and short leafy stems hidden by overlapping leaf bases. The leaves are usually arranged in two rows, relatively large and leathery, oblong to elliptic and sometimes succulent. A few to many, small to large, long-lasting, flat, often fragrant flowers are arranged on erect to hanging racemes or panicles. The sepals and petals are free from and spread widely apart from each other.

Saccolabiopsis armitii is an epiphytic herb with a single main growth, coarse wiry roots and a stem long. There are between three and six crowded, curved leaves long and wide with a prominent midrib on the lower surface. Between twenty and fifty cup-shaped, resupinate, yellowish green flowers with red markings long and wide are arranged on a pendulous flowering stem long. The dorsal sepal is about long, wide and the lateral sepals are a similar width but longer.

Dendrobium cucumerinum is an epiphytic herb with creeping stems thick with widely spaced leaves. The leaves are long, wide, thick and fleshy with many irregular bumps on the surface, giving them the appearance of a small cucumber or gherkin. Between two and eighteen cream- coloured, yellowish or greenish white, sometimes foul smelling flowers long and wide are arranged on a flowering stem long. The sepals and petals are irregularly twisted and have reddish purple streaks near their bases.

Bulbophyllum gracillimum, commonly known as the wispy umbrella orchid, is a species of epiphytic orchid. It has a creeping rhizome, widely spaced, olive green pseudobulbs, each with a single thick, leathery, fleshy leaf and between six and ten purplish red flowers spreading in a semicircular umbel. The flowers have distinctive long, thread-like tails on the lateral sepals. It has a wide distribution and is found in New Guinea, New Caledonia, Indonesia, Malaysia and part of tropical North Queensland.

Chiloschista segawae is an epiphytic, leafless herb that forms clumps with many flattened greenish, photosynthetic roots up to long radiating from inconspicuous stems. Between six and fifteen slightly fleshy, whitish green or yellow resupinate flowers are arranged along a pendulous flowering stem long. The dorsal sepal is broadly elliptic, long, wide, the lateral sepals are broadly elliptic to egg- shaped, long, wide and the petals are elliptic, long, wide. The labellum is long with three lobes.

Dendrobium agrostophyllum is an epiphytic or lithophytic herb with creeping rhizomes that have well-spaced pseudobulbs, each with between eight and twenty grass-like leaves. The pseudobulbs are long and wide and the leaves are long, wide and yellowish with a furrow along the midline. The flowering racemes are long with between two and ten fragrant, waxy, slightly cupped, bright yellow flowers that are long, wide. The sepals are long, wide, the dorsal sepal slightly narrower than the laterals.

Bulbophyllum johnsonii is an epiphytic or lithophytic herb that has thin, creeping rhizomes pressed against the surface on which it grows and flattened dark green, reddish or purple pseudobulbs long and wide. Each pseudobulb has a tough, dark green, egg-shaped leaf long and wide. A single resupinate, red, brown, green or yellowish flower long and wide is borne on a thread-like flowering stem long. The dorsal sepal is long, wide and forms a hood over the column.

Map of Andaman and Nicobar Islands with an extra detailed area around Port Blair. The Andaman and Nicobar Islands have a tropical rainforest canopy, made of a mixed flora with elements from Indian, Myanmar, Malaysian and endemic floral strains. So far, about 2,200 varieties of plants have been recorded, out of which 200 are endemic and 1,300 do not occur in mainland India. The South Andaman forests have a profuse growth of epiphytic vegetation, mostly ferns, and orchids.

Orchids in the genus Pholidota are sympodial epiphytic, lithophytic or, rarely, terrestrial herbs with pseudobulbs, each with one or two large, stalked leathery leaves. A large number of small flowers are arranged in two ranks along a thin, wiry flowering stem that emerges from the top of the pseudobulb. There is a large, papery bract at the base of each flower. The flowers are white, cream-coloured, yellowish or pinkish with a concave dorsal sepal and smaller petals.

Bulbophyllum windsorense is an epiphytic herb that has pseudobulbs long, wide and partly covered by brown bracts along stems that are long. Each pseudobulb has a stalkless, narrow elliptic to oblong leaf long and wide with a channel on the upper surface. The flowers are long and wide and are arranged singly or in pairs on a flowering stem long. The sepals and petals are fleshy, the sepals long, about wide with tapering, thread-like tips.

Bulbophyllum newportii is an epiphytic or lithophytic herb that forms dense clumps. It has a creeping rhizome and well spaced, oval or cone-shaped, light green pseudobulbs long and wide. There is a single egg- shaped to oblong, stiff, dark green leaf long and wide on the end of the pseudobulb. Up to eight bell-shaped, white, cream-coloured or greenish, rarely pink flowers, long and wide are arranged on a thread-like flowering stem long.

This has produced a number of spectacular gorges and waterfalls on or near the Apsley River in the Oxley Wild Rivers National Park. The Apsley Macleay Gorges are a converging point for moister eastern coastal and dry western floras, and some 950 native plant species have been identified, of which 36 are rare or threatened. The gorge wattle is a rare species that mainly grows in the Apsley-Macleay gorges. Epiphytic orchids may also be observed growing in trees.

Dendrobium fleckeri is an epiphytic or lithophytic herb that has cylindrical pseudobulbs long and wide. The pseudobulbs are yellowish green with two or three dark green, egg-shaped leaves long and wide on the end. The flowering stem emerges from the end of the pseudobulb and is long with up to four resupinate, usually apricot- coloured , sometimes yellowish green flowers long and wide. The dorsal sepal is long, wide and the lateral sepals are a similar length but wider.

' (Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew, Surrey, England) Once inside the leaf the invasive hypha forms a vesicle and fine hyphae grow through the mesophyll layers into an air chamber. More hyphae then grow into the palisade tissue and continue on into other air chambers, eventually emerging through stomata in the streak that has developed. Further epiphytic growth occurs before the re-entry of the hypha into the leaf through another stoma repeats the process.PaDILJones DR (2000) Sigatoka.

The flowers are enclosed in the sheaths of the leaf bases; the fruits are bladdery and can float. Zostera beds are important for sediment deposition, substrate stabilization, as substrate for epiphytic algae and micro-invertebrates, and as nursery grounds for many species of economically important fish and shellfish. Zostera often forms beds in bay mud in the estuarine setting. It is an important food for brant geese and wigeons, and even (occasionally) caterpillars of the grass moth Dolicharthria punctalis.

Commensalism is a type of relationship among organisms in which one organism benefits while the other organism is neither benefited nor harmed. The organism that benefited is called the commensal while the other organism that is neither benefited nor harmed is called the host. For example, an epiphytic orchid attached to the tree for support benefits the orchid but neither harms nor benefits the tree. This type of commensalism is called inquilinism, the orchid permanently lives on the tree.

Plectorrhiza erecta is an erect epiphytic or lithophytic herb with many long, tangled, cord-like aerial roots at the base of a stem long. There are many bright green, more or less fleshy, leathery, narrow egg-shaped to oblong leaves long and wide. Between two and five yellowish orange flowers with purplish brown blotches, long and wide are borne on a flowering stem long. The sepals and petals are fleshy, long, about wide and curved inwards.

Most ground-living cacti have only fine roots, which spread out around the base of the plant for varying distances, close to the surface. Some cacti have taproots; in genera such as Copiapoa, these are considerably larger and of a greater volume than the body. Taproots may aid in stabilizing the larger columnar cacti. Climbing, creeping and epiphytic cacti may have only adventitious roots, produced along the stems where these come into contact with a rooting medium.

Utricularia uxoris is a small epiphytic carnivorous plant in the genus Utricularia that is endemic to Costa Rica. It is distinguished from all other members of section Orchidioides in having green glabrous flowers with a white spur and its small size. The species is only known from its type locality in Reserva Biológica El Copal, Cartago Province. It was collected in 2004 by Jorge Gómez-Laurito, Diego Salazar, and Jorge Carmona and then formally described in 2005 by .

The various hydroponic media available contain more air space than more traditional potting mixes, delivering increased oxygen to the roots. Allowing air to reach the roots is particularly important in preventing root rot in epiphytic plants such as orchids and bromeliads, whose roots are exposed to the air in nature. Passive hydroponics also may add additional ambient humidity through evaporation. It is important in passive subirrigation to wash out the system from time to time to remove salt accumulation.

In addition to the physodic acid mentioned above, P. furfuracea also contains 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-3,6-dimethyl benzoic acid, atranorin, oxyphysodic acid, and virensic acid. Of these compounds, atranorin showed the highest inhibition of proteolytic enzymes trypsin and porcine pancreatic elastase. Research suggests that the biosynthesis of both atranorin and physodic acid is influenced by the cooperation of epiphytic bacteria. A number of sterol compounds have been identified from P. furfuracea, including ergosterol peroxide, ergosterol and lichosterol.

In 1786 he set out to found a colony at Oware at the mouth of the Niger River in what is today called Nigeria. Palisot merged specimens from there with collections from neighbouring Benin. At intervals he sent material back to France, including the first liverwort specimens to be collected from Africa and sent to Europe. Among his collections is a leaf bearing the type specimens of two epiphytic leafy liverworts, one of which has never again been collected.

Amandinea punctata (tiny button lichen) is a crustose brown to gray lichen that grows on wood and rock around the world.Amandinea punctata in the Joshua Tree National Park (California, U.S.A.) Map collection: Kerry Knudsen, Kocourková Jana; Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Department of Ecology, Czech Republic; 2012 It grows on, not in the wood (epiphytic). It prefers bark that is acidic. In California, it is among the most common crustose lichens occurring on trees.

Sometimes its thallus is absent, and branches may be covered in its lecideine apothecia. Because of its tolerance of low humidity, it is one of the few epiphytic lichens growing on trees in California deserts, where it commonly grows on the old, dry wood of junipers, and sometimes fallen pinyon pines and oaks, or on their dead branches. Compared to other lichens, it is tolerant of air pollutants and other toxins such as NO2 and SO2.

Amyema lisae, is a species of flowering plant, an epiphytic hemiparasitic plant of the family Loranthaceae first discovered in 2017 at Balinsasayao - Twin Lakes Natural Park, in the island of Negros, Philippines. Amyema lisae differs due with verticillate arrangements of leaves and simple umbels in the inflorescences. Its leaves are also relatively smaller leaves. The 5-merous flowers are tomentose and yellow, making it the only mistletoe species in the Philippines to have a yellow flower.

It searches for animal prey within epiphytic bromeliads; if its home range does not contain many bromeliads, then it will also forage in crevices, holes in trees, between palm fronds and in leaf litter. It occasionally eats gum, but this behavior is rare in this species of tamarin. Since its habitat is fairly stable within the rainforest, its preferred food is available year-round and they do not need to resort to the low nutritional value of exudates.

Bulbophyllum medusae, commonly known as the Medusa orchid, is a species of epiphytic orchid with a creeping rhizome and a single leaf about long emerging from the top of each pseudobulb. The flowers are creamy yellow and arranged in clusters of about fifteen arranged in a circle at the tip of the flowering stem. The flowers have an unpleasant odour. The flowers have thread-like lateral sepals about long, giving each cluster the appearance of Medusa.

Sarcochilus weinthalii is a small epiphytic herb with stems long and between three and seven thin, leathery, yellowish green leaves long and wide. Between three and twelve cream-coloured flowers with large purple or reddish blotches, long and wide are arranged on a pendulous stem long. The sepals and petals are elliptic to spatula-shaped and the flowers are sometimes cup-shaped. The dorsal sepal is long and wide whilst the lateral sepals are slightly longer and wider.

Oberonia titania is an epiphytic, clump-forming herb. Each shoot has between four and ten fleshy, lance-shaped to egg-shaped, green or greyish leaves long and wide with their bases overlapping. Between 50 and 350 pinkish to red flowers about long and wide are arranged in whorls of between six and eight on an arching to hanging flowering stem long. The sepals and petals are egg-shaped, spread widely apart from each other and about long.

The general vegetation type of the entire tract is classified as Assam Valley tropical semi-evergreen forest. The forests are multi-storeyed and rich in epiphytic flora and woody lianas. The vegetation is dense, with a high diversity and density of woody lianas and climbers. The forest types include tropical semi-evergreen forests along the lower plains and foothills dominated by Kari Polyalthia simiarum, Hatipehala Pterospermum acerifolium, Karibadam Sterculia alata, Paroli Stereospermum chelonioides, Ailanthus grandis and Khokun Duabanga grandiflora.

Taeniophyllum lobatum is a leafless, epiphytic or lithophytic herb that forms small clumps. It has a stem about long, and flattened pale to greyish green, photosynthetic roots that are long and wide pressed against the substrate. Two pale to bright yellow, resupinate flowers about long and wide are borne on a hairy white flowering stem long. The sepals and petals spread widely apart and are about long and wide with hairs near the base of their outer side.

Trachoma stellatum is an epiphytic or lithophytic herb that forms clumps with many thick roots supporting sometimes branching stems long. There are between three and eight thick, leathery, oblong, pale to yellowish green leaves long, about wide and arranged in two ranks. A large number of short-lived, cream-coloured, resupinate flowers with purple markings, long and wide are arranged on a club- shaped flowering stem long. Up to ten flowers are open at the same time.

Thrixspermum carinatifolium is an epiphytic herb with flattened, straggly stems long and many wiry, branching roots. It has between five and ten elliptic leaves long, wide with a rounded tip and arranged in two ranks. The flowers are white to yellowish, long and wide arranged on a stiff, wiry flowering stem long. The sepals and petals spread widely apart from each other, the sepals long and about wide, the petals shorter and narrower than the sepals.

Aechmea racinae, or Christmas jewels, is a species of flowering plant in the genus Aechmea, of the family Bromeliaceae. This species is endemic to the State of Espírito Santo in eastern Brazil.Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant FamiliesBROMELIACEAE DA MATA ATLÂNTICA BRASILEIRA retrieved 22 October 2009 Aechmea racinae is an epiphytic evergreen perennial, forming basal rosettes of strap-shaped leaves, with arching racemes of red and yellow flowers. In temperate regions it is often grown as a houseplant.

Bramshott and Ludshott Commons is a biological Site of Special Scientific Interest near Grayshott in Hampshire. It is part of Wealden Heaths Phase II Special Protection Area. The site has large areas of heath which are dominated by heather, bell heather, common gorse and dwarf gorse. There are also woodland areas with ancient trees, with at least 87 taxa of epiphytic lichens, most of which are associated with ancient woods and several of which are rare.

Oberonia flavescens is an epiphytic or lithophytic herb that forms large clumps. Each shoot has between four and six fleshy, sword-shaped, green to reddish leaves long and wide with their bases overlapping. A large number of whitish or yellowish, non-resupinate flowers about long and wide are arranged in whorls of between six and eight on an arching flowering stem long. The sepals and petals are egg-shaped, about long and turned back towards the ovary.

Pholidota imbricata is an epiphytic or lithophytic, clump forming herb with crowded pseudobulbs long and wide. Each pseudobulb has a single pleated, leathery, dark green, oblong to lance-shaped leaf long and wide on a stalk about long. Between twenty and sixty cup-shaped, white, cream- coloured or greenish resupinate flowers long and wide are arranged in two rows along a wiry flowering stem long. There is a large, concave pinkish bract at the base of each flower.

Plectorrhiza tridentata is an epiphytic or lithophytic herb with a single main flattened stem, long suspended by one to a few of its many tangled aerial roots. There are between three and twenty green to purplish, leathery, narrow egg-shaped leaves long and wide. Between three and fifteen green or brown flowers, long and wide are borne on a pendulous flowering stem long. The sepals and petals are free from each other and spread widely apart.

Papillilabium beckleri is an epiphytic herb with many thin, wiry roots, a single shoot and stems long. Each stem has between two and six linear to lance-shaped, leaves long and wide, often with pink or purple spots. Up to eight pale green or brownish flowers long and wide, sometimes with purple markings, are borne on flowering stems long. The sepals and petals spread widely apart from each other, the sepals about long and wide, the petals slightly narrower.

Exceptional taxa include Dichorisandra, characterized by the unusual combination of a vining habit, poricidal anthers, and arillate seeds. Cochliostema is atypical in having an epiphytic habit and flowers with spirally-coiled anthers concealed in petaloid extensions of the filament. Geogenanthus is distinguished by a particular 6-celled stomatal complex and basal axillary inflorescences. Plowmanianthus consists of prostrate herbs shallowly rooted in the leaf-litter layer of rainforest floors, and the flowers of most Plowmanianthus species are primarily cleistogamous.

Catopsis berteroniana , commonly known as the powdery strap airplant, is an epiphytic bromeliad thought to be a possible carnivorous plant, similar to Brocchinia reducta, although the evidence is equivocal. Its native range is from southern Florida to southern Brazil. It generally grows on the unshaded twigs of trees, and has been shown experimentally to trap more insects in its tank than other bromeliads of comparable size. There are several other species in the genus, none of which is believed to be carnivorous.

Sarcochilus falcatus is a small epiphytic or lithophytic herb with a stem long with between three and eight leathery, often curved leaves long and wide with fine teeth on the edges. Between three and twelve white to cream-coloured, fragrant flowers long and wide are arranged on an arching flowering stem long. The sepals and petals are egg-shaped, spread widely apart from each other and are long and wide. The labellum is white with orange and purple markings, long with three lobes.

Lewis Roberts Trichoglottis, commonly known as cherub orchids or 毛舌兰属 (mao she lan shu), is a genus of flowering plants in the family Orchidaceae. Orchids in this genus are epiphytic plants with thick roots, relatively thick, fibrous stems and many large, thick, leathery leaves arranged in two ranks. The flowers are usually small and yellowish with light brown or purple markings. The flowers have broad sepals, narrower petals and a labellum which has three lobes and is often hairy.

The treetop is a diverse and almost unknown environment to science; it is a space that offers a completely different perspective than the one seen from the ground, with various species of epiphytic plants, birds and butterflies. Walking at that height allows the observation of more species, more closely. It also allows appreciating the shape of trees, flowers and vegetable structures that emerge above the canopy. Along the tour, a variety of flora and fauna in the understory and overstory is visible.

According to legend Tillandz ("Till lands" means "by land" in Swedish) changed his name from Tillander to Tillandz when, as a student, he travelled by boat from Turku to Stockholm. On the way he became so seasick that he returned by walking around the Gulf of Bothnia, a distance of some 1000 kilometers. A genus of epiphytic plants, Tillandsia, was named after Tillandz by Carl Linnaeus. This botanist is denoted by the author abbreviation Tillandz when citing a botanical name.

Epidendrum magnoliae, sometimes called Epidendrum conopseum or the green-fly orchid, is a species of orchid in the genus Epidendrum. It is the most northern-growing epiphytic orchid in North America, being found wild in the southeastern United States from Louisiana to North Carolina, and also in northeastern Mexico (Nuevo León, San Luis Potosí, Tamaulipas).Biota of North America Program 2014 county distribution map, Epidendrum conopseum'Hágsater, E. & G. A. Salazar. 1990. Orchids of Mexico, pt. 1. Icones Orchidacearum (Mexico) 1: plates 1–100.

Dendrobium anosmum (unscented dendrobium) is a species of epiphytic orchid. It is widespread across Southeast Asia from Sri Lanka to New Guinea, including Indochina, Indonesia, the Philippines, etc.Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families In 1839, the scented variety was first discovered by Lindley in the Philippines and named Dendrobium macrophyllum, which later on considered as homonym of other species. Six years later, the unscented variety was discovered again in the Philippines, hence, the botanical nomenclature until to this date.

Dendrobium schoeninum is an epiphytic or sometimes lithophytic herb that has thin, upright or pendent stems long, about wide with many branches. The leaves are cylindrical, fleshy, dark green and groved, long and wide. The flowering stems are long and bear between one or two, rarely up to four pale green, cream-coloured or mauve flowers with purple stripes. The sepals and petals spread apart from each other, the sepals long and about wide and the petals a similar length but narrower.

Dendrobium bowmanii is an epiphytic or lithophytic herb that has thin, wiry, straggly, spreading or pendent stems up to long and about wide with a few branches. The leaves are cylindrical, dark green, long and about wide. The flowering stems are long and bear between up to four greenish yellow to pale brown flowers long and wide with a few reddish streaks. The sepals and petals spread apart from each other, the sepals long and wide, the petals a similar length but narrower.

Sotterley Park is a 123.2 hectare biological Site of Special Scientific Interest in Sotterley in Suffolk. It is a Nature Conservation Review site, Grade I. This park was laid out in the eighteenth century, but it goes back at least to the early medieval period, and may retain areas of primary forest. It has many large and ancient trees, which have the richest epiphytic lichen flora in East Anglia, with 92 recorded species. There are also 14 species of bryophytes.

The rose of Venezuela flourishes in areas of forest that are seasonally inundated and is often associated with Virola duckei and Inga thibaudiana. Many epiphytic plants and lianas grow among the branches. The flowers of the rose of Venezuela produce copious amounts of nectar and are attractive to humming birds and butterflies. At night it has been observed that the leaves rise and expose the flowers to the dew, sinking down again in the morning to protect the flowers from the sun.

Amyema miquelii, also known as box mistletoe, is a species of flowering plant, an epiphytic hemiparasitic plant of the family Loranthaceae, found attached to several species of Australian eucalypt and occasionally on some species of Acacia. It is the most widespread of the Australian Mistletoes, occurring mainly to the west of the Great Dividing Range. It has shiny leaves and red flowers arranged in groups of 3. It is distinguished from the similar Amyema pendula through the individual stalks of the flowers.

Micropera fasciculata is an epiphytic or lithophytic herb that forms large tangled clumps and has thick roots and wiry stems long. Between five and twenty stiff, leathery, oblong leaves long, wide are arranged along the upper half of the stems. Between ten and twenty fragrant, cream-coloured flowers, long and wide are arranged on flowering stems long arising opposite the leaves. The dorsal sepal is about long and wide, the lateral sepals about long and wide and curved behind the labellum.

Drymoanthus minutus is an epiphytic or lithophytic herb that forms small clumps and has erect stems long with many thick roots. Between two and five leathery, dark green, oblong to elliptic leaves long, wide are crowded together with their bases overlapping. Up to seven green to yellowish, resupinate, star-like flowers about long and wide are arranged along a stiff flowering stem long. The sepals and petals are fleshy, narrow lance-shaped, about long, wide although the petals are slightly shorter and narrower.

Bulbophyllum evasum is an epiphytic or lithophytic herb that has brittle, creeping rhizomes with well-spaced pseudobulbs that are long and wide but mostly hidden under bracts. Each pseudobulb has a dark green, fleshy leaf, long and wide. Between ten and twenty five resupinate flowers about long and wide are clustered on the end of a dark red flowering stem long. The flowers are bell-shaped, pink to reddish with dark red stripes and yellow tips and do not open widely.

Bulbophyllum elisae is an epiphytic or lithophytic herb with crowded, wrinkled and grooved, pale green or yellowish pseudobulbs long and wide. The leaves are narrow oblong to lance-shaped, thin, leathery, flat, long and wide. Between three and twelve pale green to dark green flowers long and wide are arranged on one side of a thin flowering stem long. The dorsal sepal is egg-shaped, long and about wide, but the lateral sepals are much longer at long and wide.

The grassland covers the greater part of the park with patches of the shola forest interspersed in the valleys and folds of the ground. The forest is affected by winds and few of the trees exceed . The trees are twisted and gnarled with contorted boughs laden with mosses, lichens, orchids and other epiphytic plants. The interior of the forest is dark and there is an understorey consisting of such shrubs as Lasianthus, Psychotria and a range of different Strobilanthes species.

The ground flora includes a number of species normally found only in ancient woodland such as woodruff (Galium odoratum) and wood anemone (Anemone nemorosa). Wood horsetail (Equisetum sylvaticum), which is rare in Somerset, is abundant and widespread on this site also being found in the areas of bracken (Pteridium aquilinum). The epiphytic lichen flora is also typical of ancient woodland and includes species such as Lobaria pulmonaria. The nationally scarce Opegrapha corticola and the nationally rare Chaenotheca stemonea also occur.

Bulbophyllum wadsworthii, commonly known as the yellow rope orchid, is a species of epiphytic or lithophytic orchid that forms clumps that hang off the surface on which the plant is growing. The pseudobulbs are small and partly hidden by brown, papery bracts. Each pseudobulb has a single fleshy, dark green leaf and a single star-shaped, cream-coloured or pale green flower with an orange labellum. It mainly grows on trees and rocks in rainforest and is endemic to Queensland.

Bulbophyllum lilianae is an epiphytic or lithophytic herb with well spaced, deeply grooved, dark green to yellowish pseudobulbs long and wide. There is a single egg-shaped to oblong, thin but tough leaf long and wide on the end of the pseudobulb. Up to three bell-shaped, cream-coloured, pale green or reddish flowers with dark red stripes, long and wide are arranged a thread-like flowering stem long. The dorsal sepals is egg-shaped to oblong, long and wide.

However, at high nutrient concentrations it is vulnerable to shading from phytoplankton and epiphytic algae and filamentous algae. It may also grow in brackish or estuarine habitats, notably in Chesapeake Bay. However, elevated salt concentrations have a negative effect on both growth and flowering. A Potamogeton perfoliatus bed in Llyn Cregennen Isaf, a high quality lake in Wales (UK) Waterbirds, fish, water beetles and caddis larvae can all be important grazers of perfoliate pondweed, reducing its biomass or even eliminating it locally.

Coryanthes macrantha is an epiphytic orchid from the genus Coryanthes. It is native to Trinidad and to South America (Brazil, Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, Suriname, Guyana, French Guiana).Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families The fragrant plant is pollinated by the typical Euglossini bees (an Eulaema species) and has one of the largest blooms among the members of its genus. The color is usually yellow to orange with small freckles along some parts of the flower, mainly inside the "bucket".

Remusatia vivipara can be found in Central and Western Africa, from Tanzania and Ethiopia to Sierra Leone; Oman, Yemen, Taiwan, Tibet, Yunnan, India, Indochina, Java and Northern Australia. Remusatia viviparais can be found in subtropical forests, on rocks, cliff edges around 700m-1900m above sea level. It is epiphytic in leaf litter traps on large trees such as Ficus vasta. It rarely flowers in Asia, whilst in Africa it never flowers and there are no observations of Remusatia vivipara flowering in Arabia.

Some plants have special nectar exuding structures, extrafloral nectaries, that provide food for ants, which in turn protect the plant from more damaging herbivorous insects. Species such as the bullhorn acacia (Acacia cornigera) in Central America have hollow thorns that house colonies of stinging ants (Pseudomyrmex ferruginea) who defend the tree against insects, browsing mammals, and epiphytic vines. Isotopic labelling studies suggest that plants also obtain nitrogen from the ants. In return, the ants obtain food from protein- and lipid-rich Beltian bodies.

Macradenia lutescens is a species of epiphytic orchid known by the common name longgland orchid. It is native to South America (Brazil, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, the Guianas), the West Indies (Trinidad, Cuba, Hispaniola, Jamaica, Bahamas), and southern Florida (Miami-Dade County).Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant FamiliesFlora of North America, v 26 p 647, Macradenia lutescens R. Brown, Bot. Reg. 8: plate 612. 1822. Biota of North America Program, 2013 county distribution mapHokche, O., Berry, P.E. & Huber, O. (eds.) (2008).

Plants in the genus Bulbophyllum are epiphytic or lithophytic sympodial herbs with thread-like or fibrous roots that creep over the surface on which they grow. The stem consists of a rhizome and a pseudobulb, the latter with one or two usually fleshy or leathery leaves. The flowers are arranged on an unbranched raceme that emerges from the pseudobulb, usually from its base. The dorsal sepal is free from the lateral sepals which themselves may be free or fused to each other.

The pseudobulb is a storage organ found in many epiphytic and terrestrial sympodial orchids. It is derived from a thickening of the part of a stem between leaf nodes and may be composed of just one internode or several, termed heteroblastic and homoblastic respectively. All leaves and inflorescences usually arise from this structure. Pseudobulbs formed from a single internode produce the leaves and inflorescence from the top, while those that are formed from several internodes can possess leaves along its length.

The majority of evidence shows that the Glomeromycota are dependent on land plants (Nostoc in the case of Geosiphon) for carbon and energy, but there is recent circumstantial evidence that some species may be able to lead an independent existence. The arbuscular mycorrhizal species are terrestrial and widely distributed in soils worldwide where they form symbioses with the roots of the majority of plant species (>80%). They can also be found in wetlands, including salt-marshes, and associated with epiphytic plants.

Disturbing or damaging the roots of large, mature vandaceous orchid plants, and in particular, Vanda and Aerides species, can result in the plants failing to flower and going into decline for a season or more. These plants do not tolerate disturbance or damage of their root systems in cultivation when they become mature. The terete-leaved terrestrial species are very easy to cultivate. When grown bare-rooted, the epiphytic species require daily watering and weekly feeding and are very heavy feeders in cultivation.

Vanda hindsii is an epiphytic or lithophytic herb that forms large, coarse clumps with thick, white, cord-like roots and branching stems up to long. There are many thick, leathery, glossy, strap-like leaves long and wide arranged in two ranks along the stems. Between three and seven brown resupinate flowers with greenish to yellowish markings, long and wide are arranged on a stiff flowering stem long. The sepals are long and wide, the petals about the same length but narrower.

Amyema congener, commonly known as the variable mistletoe, is a species of flowering plant, an epiphytic hemiparasitic plant of the family Loranthaceae from eastern Australia. It is found on members of the genera Allocasuarina, Acacia and some exotic species. Franz Sieber first described this species as Loranthus congener in 1829, before Philippe Édouard Léon Van Tieghem gave it its current binomial name in 1894. It grows as shrubby plant, with either an erect or pendant (drooping) habit, from a tree branch or trunk.

Prionotes cerinthoides is endemic to temperate rainforest, subalpine, and alpine plant communities in Tasmania, Australia. Distribution of Prionotes cerinthoides from Atlas of Living Australia Prionotes cerinthoides is a slender, perennial climbing or epiphytic shrub that can climb the trunk, especially the Nothofagus cunninghamii. Prionotes cerinthoides is common in the rainforests of the west and south-west particularly montane areas and also occurs in alpine vegetation. This species grows best in acid soil (pH 4-5) and a cool, moist, shaded site is essential.

Oberonia rimachila is an epiphytic or lithophytic, clump forming herb with between five and seven fleshy, sword-shaped, green to reddish leaves long and wide with their bases overlapping. A large number of pinkish or translucent, non-resupinate flowers about long and wide are arranged in whorls of between eight and ten on an arching or hanging flowering stem long. The sepals and petals are elliptic to egg-shaped, about long and wide. The labellum is about long and wide with three lobes.

Thelasis carinata is an epiphytic or lithophytic herb with thin roots and flattened stems long in groups of between two and six. Each stem has between three and six dark green, narrow oblong leaves long and wide. The leaves have a ridge on their lower side and their lower end sheaths the stem. Between six and fifteen green and white resupinate flowers long and wide are arranged along a thin but stiff flowering stem long emerging from a leaf axil.

Phreatia micrantha is an epiphytic or lithophytic herb with a stem that gradually increases in length with between four and ten leaves in two ranks, the leaves long and wide in a fan-like arrangement sheathing the stem. A large number of white, cup-shaped, resupinate flowers long and wide are arranged along a thin, wiry flowering stem long. The sepals are about long and wide the petals slightly shorter and narrower. The labellum is about long and wide and turned downwards.

Thelasis capitata is an epiphytic herb with thin roots and flattened pseudobulbs long and wide. Each pseudobulb has a single thick, fleshy, dark green, strap-shaped leaf long and wide. A large number of yellowish green resupinate flowers long and wide are arranged in a conical head on the top of a thin but stiff flowering stem long emerging from the base of the pseudobulb. The flowers open one after the other in a spiral sequence, each flower lasting a few days.

Orchids in the genus Taeniophyllum are small epiphytic or lithophytic monopodial herbs, with the leaves reduced to tiny overlapping, brownish scales. There is a short stem with spreading grey or greenish roots which are photosynthetic, mainly in the rainy season. The flowers are small, arranged on a short flowering stem and only last for about a day. The sepals and petals are either free and spread widely apart from each other or joined near the base to form a tube.

Plants in the genus Thelasis are mostly epiphytic or lithophytic, rarely terrestrial sympodial herbs with thin roots. They often have small pseudobulbs with up to three leaves but sometimes have flattened stems with several leaves in two ranks. Many small white or greenish yellow flowers are crowded on a thin arching flowering stem. The flowers are resupinate, tube-shaped near the base with sepals and petals free from and similar to each other although with the petals usually shorter and narrower.

Rhinerrhiza divitiflora is an epiphytic or lithophytic herb, usually with only a single stiff shoot long with broad, flat, raspy roots. There are between two and six leathery, dark green, narrow oblong leaves long and wide. Between six and sixty pale pale orange flowers with red spots and blotches, long and wide are borne on pendulous flowering stems long. The flowers open sporadically and in groups, the sepals and petals spreading widely apart from each other, the sepals long and wide.

Mobilabium hamatum is an epiphytic herb with many stiff roots and upright or hanging stems long. Each stem has between three and fifteen stiff, oblong, yellowish green leaves long and wide with a hooked tip. Between five and fifteen cream-coloured, pale green or brownish flowers with brownish or purplish markings, long and wide are borne on flowering stems long. The sepals and petals spread widely apart from each other, the sepals about long and wide, the petals slightly shorter and narrower.

Oberonia, commonly known as fairy orchids, is a genus of flowering plants in the family Orchidaceae. Orchids in this genus are epiphytic or lithophytic plants with the leaves arranged fan-like, overlapping at the base and spreading near the tips. Large numbers of tiny, short-lived, cup-shaped, non- resupinate flowers are arranged on an arching flowering stem that emerges from the base of the uppermost leaf. There are about 240 species occurring from tropical and southern Africa to the Pacific.

Orchids in the genus Octarrhena are small epiphytic, lithophytic or terrestrial herbs with thin roots and short stems with short, thick, fleshy leaves, their bases sheathing the stem. A large number of tiny, usually white, cream-coloured, yellowish or greenish flowers are arranged on a flowering stem arising from a leaf axil. The sepals and petals are free from each other, the petals usually much smaller than the sepals. The labellum is small, unlobed, rigidly fixed to the column and lacks a spur.

Recent phylogenetic studies suggest that the two species of Capanea are nested within the genus Kohleria Roalson et al., 2005a) and both species of Capanea have recently been transferred to Kohleria (Roalson et al., 2005b). However, Capanea species are morphologically very distinct from Kohleria species in their epiphytic habit, absence of scaly rhizomes, capitate stigmas, and 4-valved capsules and this genus is likely to be found in the botanical literature for years to come, despite clear molecular evidence that Kohleria is paraphyletic if Capanea is excluded.

Adults eat fig wasps; larvae develop within the syconia and prey on fig wasps, then pupate in the ground. As a large tree, F. aurea can be an important host for epiphytes. In Costa Rican cloud forests, where F. aurea is "the most conspicuous component" of intact forest, trees in forest patches supported richer communities of epiphytic bryophytes, while isolated trees supported greater lichen cover. Florida International University ecologist Suzanne Koptur reported the presence of extrafloral nectaries on F. aurea figs in the Florida Everglades.

Chiribiquete is home to 30% of the ecosystems and flora of the Colombian Amazon, and researchers have discovered 1,801 plant species in the park to date. The tropical moist forests of Chiribiquete are highly developed and can reach great heights, with certain trees growing up to . The most common trees are the Amazon tree-grape (Pourouma cecropiifolia), guamo (Inga acrocephala), ucuuba (Virola sebifera), syringe tree (Hevea guianensis) and capinuri (Pseudolmedia laevis). The undergrowth is very dense and host to a wide variety of parasitic and epiphytic plants.

The black-chested snake eagle nests in trees (typically in the crown of flat-topped acacia, although there is one record of the species nesting in the pine Pinus patula), and typically builds its nests concealed in mistletoe or epiphytic vegetation. The nest itself is a small stick structure. The female will lay only one egg per clutch, which is white and unmarked in appearance. The egg is incubated for 52 days, with the female performing the incubating alone while the male provides her with food.

This contains flora between a restinga and altitude field environment, including bromeliaceae groups interspersed with small trees, clumps of cyperaceae, orchidaceae and epiphytic bromeliads. There is a high incidence of rare species of mammals, reptiles and amphibians. Threatened species include northern muriqui (Brachyteles hypoxanthus), Bahia tyrannulet (Phylloscartes beckeri) and cougar (Puma concolor). Bird species include the black hawk-eagle (Spizaetus tyrannus), ornate hawk-eagle (Spizaetus ornatus), mantled hawk (Pseudastur polionotus), solitary tinamou (Tinamus solitarius), cinnamon- vented piha (Lipaugus lanioides) and white-eared parakeet (Pyrrhura leucotis).

Dendrobium speciosum is an epiphytic or lithophytic herb with spreading roots and cylindrical or tapered pseudobulbs long and wide. Each pseudobulb has up to seven, usually thick, leathery leaves originating from its top, the leaves long and wide. The leaves can remain on the plant for up to twelve years. The flowers vary in colour from white to bright yellows and there is considerable variation in the length of the flowering raceme, the number of flowers on it and the size of the flowers.

Anthurium crystallinum is a species of flowering plant in the family Araceae, native to rainforest margins in Central and South America, from Panama to Peru. Growing to tall and broad, it is an epiphytic perennial, characterised by large, velvety oval leaves with prominent white veining, and inflorescences with green spathes and pale green spadices throughout the year. Requiring a minimum temperature of , in temperate regions it is cultivated under glass or as a houseplant. It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

The woodland gardens The gardens contain many native and exotic trees and shrubs such as magnolia, Caucasian wingnut and maple, enabling the visitor to view the species of many countries within a few acres of land. A number of winding footpaths run through the site and over the ornamental brooks. The site has both local and regional ecological value and was designated as a County Biological Heritage Site in 1993 for its epiphytic flora. A diversity of wildlife can be seen, including kingfishers, treecreepers and woodpeckers.

Robiquetia gracilistipes, commonly known as the large pouched orchid, is an epiphytic or lithophytic orchid from the family Orchidaceae that forms large, hanging, straggly clumps. It has long, thick, roots, a single stem, many thick, leathery leaves and up to forty cream-coloured, pale green or brownish flowers with red spots and a three-lobed labellum. It grows on trees and rocks in rainforest, usually in bright light. It is found in Malesia including New Guinea, the Solomon Islands and tropical North Queensland, Australia.

Grasslands of the world, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 514 pages An example of a three tiered plant community is in Central Westland of South Island, New Zealand. These forests are the most extensive continuous reaches of podocarp/broadleaf forests in that country. The overstory includes miro, rimu and mountain totara. The mid-story includes tree ferns such as Cyathea smithii and Dicksonia squarrosa, whilst the lowest tier and epiphytic associates include Asplenium polyodon, Tmesipteris tannensis, Astelia solandri and Lomaria discolor.

The species generally grows terrestrially, but may also be epiphytic at higher elevations. It has been recorded from a wide variety of habitats, including heath forest, river banks, exposed sites such as cliff faces and landslides, and disturbed or recovering secondary vegetation (such as previously logged dipterocarp forest). Towards the upper end of its altitudinal range, N. eymae is found among the ridge and summit vegetation of upper montane forest. The species occurs in both shaded and exposed sites, but grows best in the latter.

Bulbophyllum longiflorum, commonly known as the pale umbrella orchid, is a species of epiphytic or lithophytic orchid. It has a creeping rhizome, widely spaced, dark green pseudobulbs with a single large, fleshy leaf, and flowers spreading in a semicircular umbel, resembling one-half of an umbrella. The flowers are canoe-shaped, greenish cream-coloured to yellowish with purple dots. It has a wide distribution and is found in parts of Africa, on islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans, Southeast Asia, New Guinea and northern Australia.

The mission statement of Lankester Garden is to "promote conservation, enjoyment and sustainable use of the epiphytic flora through scientific research, horticulture, and environmental education." The garden sits on 11 hectares (27.2 acres) and is home to over 3000 species of plants, principally epiphytes, including orchids and bromeliads. In 2003 the garden was redesignated by UCR as an experiment station to emphasize its dedication to scientific research. Two years later, the Environmental Ministry designated the garden "National Center for the Conservation of Flora" and "National Epiphyte Sanctuary".

Antipathella fiordensis with a basket star on one branch Black corals have flexible bushy or tree-like forms. They have black skeletons of dense, horny material, covered by a thin layer of living tissue from which the polyps project. Each polyp has six unbranched tentacles and a slit-shaped mouth, and is non-retractable. Normal tentacles are less than long, but this black coral can develop sweeper tentacles up to long, armed with stinging cells, in apparent response to epiphytic organisms attempting to grow on the branches.

The monzonite based soils, moderate climate and of annual rainfall produce a high quality Forest Red Gum forest on the higher plateau. The rainforest is of scientific interest as it is the most significant southerly sub tropical rainforest remnant in Australia. Significant tree species include Red Cedar, Myrtle Ebony, Deciduous Fig, Citronella, Silver Quandong, Whalebone Tree and Bollygum, many of which are near their southernmost limit of natural distribution. Outstanding also is the display of epiphytic ferns, such as Birds Nest Fern and Elkhorn Fern.

Colura zoophaga is a small epiphytic liverwort that measures no more than several millimetres in size and grows on the trunk and branches of Cliffortia nitida. It possesses elongated water sacs formed by the fusion of the upper leaf margin rolling inward down to the rest of the leaf. A funnel-shaped channel at the lower leaf margin leads to a small opening into the water sac and is covered by a movable lid that only open inward. Leaves are 1 mm long or smaller.

In Fiji Philidris nagasau (Dolichoderinae) are known to selectively grow species of epiphytic Squamellaria (Rubiaceae) which produce large domatia inside which the ant colonies nest. The ants plant the seeds and the domatia of young seedling are immediately occupied and the ant faeces in them contribute to rapid growth. Similar dispersal associations are found with other dolichoderines in the region as well. Another example of this type of ectosymbiosis comes from the Macaranga tree, which has stems adapted to house colonies of Crematogaster ants.

Phalaenopsis amabilis, commonly known as the moon orchid or moth orchid in India and as in Indonesia, is a species of flowering plant in the orchid family Orchidaceae, native to the East Indies and Australia, and widely cultivated as a decorative houseplant. It is an epiphytic or lithophytic herb with long, thick roots, between two and eight thick, fleshy leaves with their bases hiding the stem and nearly flat, white, long-lasting flowers on a branching flowering stem with up to ten flowers on each branch.

Heavy epiphyte growth on kelp stipe at Umhlali wreck The ecology of epiphytes in marine environments differs from those in terrestrial ecosystems. Epiphytes in marine systems are species of algae, bacteria, fungi, sponges, bryozoans, ascidians, protozoa, crustaceans, molluscs and any other sessile organism that grows on the surface of a plant, typically seagrasses or algae. Settlement of epiphytic species is influenced by a number of factors including light, temperature, currents, nutrients, and trophic interactions. Algae are the most common group of epiphytes in marine systems.

Biological diversity in traditional "rustic" plantations can be extremely high, ranging from 90 to 120 species of plants on a single site. Tree species richness in shade-grown coffee sites ranges from 13 to 58 species per site. Herb diversity was found to be 2 to 4 times that of tree diversity on any given site, and shrub diversity was fairly low in all sites. Epiphytes are also extremely diverse in shaded polycultures; 90 total epiphytic species were found in 10 sites of shade-grown coffee plots.

The philodendron, in turn, obtains nutrients from the surrounding ant nest, and the aggressive nature of the ants serves to protect the plant from other insects which would eat it. Secondary hemiepiphytes start life on the ground or on part of a tree trunk very close to the ground, where the seeds sprout. These philodendrons have their roots in the ground early in their lives. They then begin climbing up a tree and eventually may become completely epiphytic, doing away with their subterranean roots.

In philodendrons, cataphylls typically fall into two categories: deciduous and persistent types. A deciduous cataphyll curls away from the leaf once it has formed, eventually turning brown and drying out, and finally falling off the plant, leaving a scar on the stem where it was attached. Deciduous cataphylls are typically found on vining philodendrons, whereas persistent cataphylls are typical of epiphytic philodendrons or appressed climbers. In the latter, the cataphylls are prevented from falling off in a timely manner due to the short internodes of the plant.

Codonanthe is a New World genus, consisting of a dozen or more species of evergreen epiphytic compact creeping vines with rooting along their stems, and scandent herbs or subshrubs with woody, upright stems from Brazil, Guiana, Central America and West Indies. In its own habitat, the plant usually grows in association with tree ant nests. The botanical name comes from the Greek for bellflower. Small red stems held flat or hanging, about 30 cm long, with pairs of relatively succulent, hard-surfaced and small round dark foliage.

During the floristic survey of South Andaman Islands carried out by Sam Mathew for the 'Flora India Project' of the Botanical Survey of India, this taxon was relocated in 1993 from the semievergreen forests at Chidiyatappu region. Pteroceras muriculatum (Reichb. f.) P. F. Hunt is a beautiful small epiphytic orchid having creamy white flowers with distinct transverse purple bands on petals. A living specimen collected from South Andaman Island is conserving at the Field Gene Bank of Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute, Trivandrum, India.

Almost all of the species in this genus are very large epiphytes found in disturbed areas in habitat and prefer very high light levels, the plants having large root systems. Some of these species have a monopodial vine-like growth habit, and the plants can quickly become quite massive. These plants prefer consistent conditions day-to-day in cultivation to avoid dropping their bottom leaves. The epiphytic species are best accommodated in large wooden baskets, bare rooted, which allows for the large aerial root systems.

Bryobium dischorense is an epiphytic or lithophytic herb that forms dense clumps with oval shaped pseudobulbs long and wide covered with papery brown bracts when young. Each pseudobulb has a thin, but tough narrow oblong to egg-shaped leaf long and wide. Between four and eight cream-coloured or whitish, cup-shaped flowers with a few red spots, long and wide are arranged on a flowering stem long. The dorsal sepal is long and about wide, the lateral sepals a similar length but wide.

Trachoma, commonly known as spectral orchids, is a genus of flowering plants in the family Orchidaceae. Orchids in this genus are epiphytic plants with leafy stems, crowded, leathery leaves arranged in two ranks and a large number of relatively small, short-lived flowers that often open in successive clusters. The sepals and petals are free from and more or less similar to each other, except that the petals are often smaller. The labellum is rigidly fixed to the column and is more or less sac-shaped.

Liparis condylobulbon, commonly known as the tapered sphinx orchid or 细茎羊耳蒜 (xi jing yang er suan) is a plant in the orchid family. It is an epiphytic or lithophytic orchid with crowded, glossy green, cylinder-shaped pseudobulbs, each with two linear to lance-shaped leaves and between fifteen and thirty five pale green to cream-coloured flowers with an orange labellum. This orchid usually grows on trees and rocks in rainforest from Taiwan and Indochina to the south-west Pacific.

Small numbers of epiphytic bromeliads of genus Tillandsia can be seen as well as one orchid of the widespread and diverse genus Oncidium. The park is also graced by a Japanese Peace Bell and a large ishidoro (石灯ろう Japanese stone lanterns central to their Buddhist traditions), as well as numerous other granite sculptures. A Japanese Buddhist Temple is maintained on the grounds and the Institute also hosts regular cultural activities for the general public. Alfred Zucker designed an open-air theatre for the park.

Octarrhena pusilla is an epiphytic or lithophytic herb usually with a single stem with thin roots. The shoot has between three and six fleshy, cylindrical, green to yellowish green leaves long and wide with their bases overlapping. Between five and twenty white to cream-coloured, non-resupinate flowers about long and wide are borne on a thread-like flowering stem long. The sepals and petals are egg-shaped, spread widely apart from each other, the sepals about long, the petals much smaller than the sepals.

Oberonia carnosa is an epiphytic or lithophytic herb with between four and six fleshy, light green leaves long, wide and curved with their bases overlapping. A large number of orange to orange brown flowers about long and wide are arranged in whorls on an arching or hanging flowering stem long. The flowering stem has whorls of tiny bracts near its base. The sepals and petals are egg-shaped and spread widely apart from each other, the petals with teeth on their edges and the sepals curved backwards.

Peristeranthus hillii, commonly known as the beetle orchid or brown fairy- chain orchid is the only species in the genus Peristeranthus from the orchid family, Orchidaceae. It is an epiphytic or lithophytic orchid with more or less pendulous stems, between three and ten widely spaced, leathery leaves and a large number of pale green, often spotted flowers. It mainly grows on tree trunks and thick vines in rainforest and is found between the Bloomfield River in Queensland and Port Macquarie in New South Wales.

Acriopsis, commonly known as chandelier orchids or 合萼兰属 (he e lan shu) is a genus of flowering plants in the family Orchidaceaes. Orchids in this genus are epiphytic herbs with spherical or cylindrical pseudobulbs, creeping, branched rhizomes, thin white roots, two or three leaves and many small flowers. The flowers are non-resupinate with the lateral sepals joined along their edges and have spreading petals and a three-lobed labellum. The column has projections that extend hood-like beyond the anther.

Phlebodium is a small genus of ferns in the family Polypodiaceae, subfamily Polypodioideae, according to the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I). It is native to tropical and subtropical regions of the Americas.Ferns of the World: Phlebodium Flora of North America: PhlebodiumGermplasm Resources Information Network: Phlebodium Its species were formerly included in Polypodium. They are epiphytic ferns, with a creeping, densely hairy or scaly rhizome bearing fronds at intervals along its length. The fronds are evergreen, persisting for 1–2 years, and are pinnatifid.

Papillilabium beckleri, commonly known as the imp orchid, is the only species in the genus Papillilabium from the orchid family, Orchidaceae. It is a small, epiphytic orchid with many thin roots, between two and six linear leaves and up to eight pale green or brownish flowers. The flowers are fragrant, produce nectar and have a warty labellum. It grows on shrubs and trees in humid places and near streams and is found between south-east Queensland and the Sydney region in New South Wales.

Orchids in the genus Schoenorchis are small epiphytic, monopodial herbs with thin roots, sometimes with branching stems and flat to almost cylindrical leaves with their bases sheathing the thin, fibrous stems. The flowers are small, fleshy, fragrant, often white or reddish purple and do not open widely. The sepals and petals overlap at the base so that the flowers often appear tube-shaped. The labellum is rigidly fixed to the column, usually longer than the petals and has three lobes with a spur at its base.

The goose-necked moss's branches do not grow to the same height as the lanky moss branches. The Kindbergia species that is located in British Columbia is different compared to the Rhytidiadelphus loreus because of its smaller size with a complex branch structure. Kindbergia oregana is a yellow- light green moss compared to lanky moss and grows in a similar loose mat structure. Kindbergia oregana is similarly a coastal moss species and grows at similar elevations on decaying logs or in an epiphytic manner like the lanky moss.

Oncidium ensatum, the Latin American orchid or Florida dancinglady orchid, is a species of orchid found in southern Florida, southern Mexico (Chiapas and the Yucatán Peninsula), Central America, Cuba, the Bahamas, and northwestern Venezuela.Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant FamiliesFlora of North America, v 26 p 648, Oncidium ensatum Biota of North America Program Oncidium ensatum is usually epiphytic but sometimes terrestrial, up to tall (not including the inflorescence). The leaves are narrowly linear to lanceolate, each up to long. The inflorescence is either arching or hanging, up to long.

The inflorescences are multi-flowered and arise from the base of the pseudobulb with the new growth. Flower colour tends to range from white (as in Chysis bractescens) to orange-yellow (as in Chysis aurea and Chysis laevis), and the pollinia often tend to be fused (hence the genus name Chysis which is Greek for "melting"). Chysis are epiphytic and grow under shady and damp conditions up to 1000 meters elevation. The plants should be grown under intermediate conditions, generally mounted due to their pendulous habit, though some species adapt well to pot culture.

Bulbophyllum fletcherianum, the tongue orchid, Fletcher's bulbophyllum or Spies' bulbophyllum, is a rare orchid native to southern New Guinea. It prefers sunny rock outcrops or mossy tree branches, but besides being lithophytic or epiphytic, it can also be pseudo-terrestrial. The Tongue Orchid requires high humidity and moist roots. It is one of the largest species of orchid in the world, with leaves growing to almost 1.8 meters (6 feet) or even 2.1 meters (7 feet) with a width of up to 30 cm (one foot) from a pseudobulb the size of an orange.

Columnea species grow as epiphytic plants in the wild and require bright light, good air circulation, and a well-drained growing medium that is allowed to dry out slightly between waterings. They are very tolerant of underpotting and seem to bloom best when potbound. Most are tropical plants and are easy to grow under indoor or greenhouse conditions but some species come from high altitudes and require cooler temperatures to grow well or bloom. Many of the species are seasonal bloomers, but hybrids and cultivars can be more or less continuously blooming.

Especially the epiphytic ferns have turned out to be hosts of a huge diversity of invertebrates. It is assumed that bird's-nest ferns alone contain up to half the invertebrate biomass within a hectare of rainforest canopy. Many ferns depend on associations with mycorrhizal fungi. Many ferns grow only within specific pH ranges; for instance, the climbing fern (Lygodium palmatum) of eastern North America will grow only in moist, intensely acid soils, while the bulblet bladder fern (Cystopteris bulbifera), with an overlapping range, is found only on limestone.

Scaphosepalum (from Greek "boatlike sepals") is a genus of plants belonging to the family Orchidaceae. The species in this genus are mostly found in Central and South America, with one species extending into southern Mexico.Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families In accordance with their genus name, many species in this genus produce unusual and distinctive flowers; some possessing cushion-like characteristics reminiscent of an African buffalo's horns, others possessing characteristics of snake fangs. Species in this genus are epiphytic in their growth habit and according to the Royal Horticultural Society Sppm.

Northern rātā often begins life as hemi-epiphyte, and the resultant tree has a hollow trunk up to 4 m in diameter made up of interlocking roots which enclose the space left by the former host tree. Rātā flowers at Mt Maungatautari The host tree of epiphytic Northern rātā is usually rimu. In former times, the tree was described as a 'strangler', however it may be that rātā can only establish in trees that are already in decline. Northern rātā usually occurs in hardwood, podocarp, and southern beech forests.

The long ecological continuity of the Atlantic hazelwoods due to their lack of clearcut coppicing, together with the hyperoceanic climate under which they occur and low levels of atmospheric pollution, results in luxuriant growth of epiphytic lichens and bryophytes. Two discrete communities of lichens grow on Atlantic hazel. Young, smooth-barked hazel stems are colonised by crustose lichens of the Graphidion, including the very rare Graphis alboscripta. Old, rough-barked stems are colonised by leafy lichens of the Lobarion; a community that is very rare and declining in Europe.

Prosthechea cochleata, formerly known as Encyclia cochleata, Anacheilium cochleatum, and Epidendrum cochleatum and commonly referred to as the clamshell orchid or cockleshell orchid, is an epiphytic, sympodial New World orchid native to Central America, the West Indies, Colombia, Venezuela, and southern Florida.Encyclia cochleata Each oblong discoid pseudobulb bears one or two linear nonsucculent leaves. The flowers are unusual in that though the labellum is usually below the column in the orchids, in the members of Prosthechea the labellum forms a "hood" over the column. This makes the flower effectively upside down, or non-resupinate.

Brassia species and its popular hybrids are common in cultivation, and are notable for the characteristic long and spreading tepals (in some clones longer than 50 cm), which lend them the common name spider orchid. The grex Eternal Wind is a recipient of the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. This epiphytic genus occurs in wet forests from sea level to altitudes under 1500 m, with the Peruvian Andes as its center of diversity. Occurrence is mostly restricted to a certain area, but Brassia caudata can be found over the whole geographic area.

The epithet crenatus means with crenations (wavy-toothed) and refers to the crenated stem margins. The subspecies epithet kimnachii honours Myron Kimnach (1922-2018), a botanist mainly working with epiphytic cacti and Crassulaceae, and for many years working at the University of California, Berkeley and Huntington Gardens. Kimnach was director of the Huntington Botanical Gardens for 25 years and editor of the Cactus and Succulent Society of America's Journal, and Managing Editor of its peer-reviewed, technical yearbook, Haseltonia for ten years.Cactus and Succulent Society of America, 2007 Convention Speakers, Cactus Lectures, Myron Kimnach.

Orchids in the genus Phratia are epiphytic herbs similar to those in the genus Thelasis and sometimes have pseudobulbs with one or two leaves or otherwise lack pseudobulbs and have up to twelve leaves. A large number of small flowers are arranged on a flowering stem that emerges from the top of the pseudobulb when present or from a leaf axil. The flowers are resupinate, usually white or greenish and do not open widely. The sepals and petals are free from and similar to each other, but the petals are slightly smaller.

Epiphyllum oxypetalum (Dutchman's pipe cactus or princess of the night, queen of the night) is a species of cactus and one of the most cultivated species in its genus. E. oxypetalum rarely blooms and only at night, and its flowers wilt before dawn. Though it is sometimes referred to as a night-blooming cereus, it is not closely related to any of the species in the tribe Cereeae, such as Selenicereus, that are more commonly known as nightblooming cereus. All Cereus species bloom at night and are terrestrial plants; Epiphyllum species are usually epiphytic.

Comparison of a Tillandsia seed (number 9) with seeds of some other American epiphytic species Tillandsia recurvata growing on wires, together with another species, possibly Tillandsia usneoides Ball moss is sensitive to freezing, particularly when moist. Ball moss is indigenous to the warmer regions of the Americas; it ranges from the southern United States to northern Argentina and Chile. The northernmost limit of its natural occurrence is coastal Georgia (where it is listed as a State "Special Concern" species), although it has been introduced into coastal South Carolina on landscaping trees.Weakley, Alan (2010).

Balfron is the birthplace of the architect Alexander 'Greek' Thomson (1817 – 1875), whose father was a bookkeeper at Ballindalloch Mill. He became an eminent Glaswegian architect and architectural theorist and a pioneer in sustainable building.Alexander "Greek" Thomson Balfron Heritage Group His brother, George Thomson (1819 – 1878), was born in Balfron, and after an early career as an architect became a baptist missionary in Limbe, Cameroon (then known as "Victoria"), where he combined his religious activities with a passion for botany. An epiphytic orchid of the genus Pachystoma was named Pachystoma thomsonianum in his honour.

Its blooms are variegated in colour, shading from white through pink and purple, and the many different cultivated varieties produce different sized and coloured blooms. Dendrobium nobile is an epiphytic or lithophytic plant native to southern China (including Tibet), the Himalayas (India, Bangladesh, Assam, Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan), and Indochina (Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam).Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant FamiliesFlora of China v 25 p 381, 石斛 shi hu, Dendrobium nobile Lindley, Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl. 79. 1830. Wood, H.P. (2006). The Dendrobiums: 1-847. A.R.G. Gantner Verlag K.G., Ruggell.

The latter tree shows the scars of significant storm damage over time and today provides the support for a collection of epiphytic plants. Along the MacDonnell Street boundary and immediately adjacent to the open-air performance area, are a number of very large and mature trees including a Bayur tree Pterospermum acerifolium, a multi-trunked mock orange Murraya exotica, a Cassia javanica, and a multi-trunked Tar tree. These specimens are particularly mature and are species that could well have been used in earlier planting schemes. Buildings have a minimal visual presence on this site.

Drymoanthus minutus, commonly known as the green midget orchid, is a species of epiphytic or lithophytic orchid that forms small clumps with many thick roots emerging from a thin, erect stem. Between two and five dark green, leathery leaves are arranged along the stem and up to seven minute green to yellowish, star-shaped flowers are arranged on a stiff flowering stem. The sepals and petals are similar to each other and there is a fleshy white, unlobed labellum. This orchid occurs in northern Queensland where it grows in rainforest, usually at higher altitudes.

A Sycamore covered with epiphytic Common Polypody ferns growing in the Ladyland Glen. The Ladyland Burn runs through the site, probably deriving its name from a typical pre-reformation chapel, long forgotten, such as those at Trearne, Blair House, Chapeltoun House, etc. The Maich Water rises from Mistylaw Muir and runs through an attractive Glen nearby with a small reservoir upstream created by Renfrew County Council of old. The Maich Water forms the Local Authority boundary here and harbours a geocache upon its course before it empties into Kilbirnie Loch.

Saccolabiopsis rectifolia is a large epiphytic or lithophytic herb that forms large, straggly clumps and has thick, cord-like roots and thick, branched stems long. There are many fleshy, strap-like leaves long and wide at intervals about apart. A large number of resupinate cream-coloured, yellowish or greenish flowers with purple or brown spots, long and wide are arranged on a branched flowering stem long with between five and fifteen flowers on each branch. The sepals are long and wide, the petals a similar width but slightly shorter.

Bulbophyllum exiguum is a small, epiphytic or lithophytic orchid with small, roughly spherical pseudobulbs, usually 5 to 10 mm in length which taper towards the leaf. Each pseudobulb carries one leaf, about 25 to 30 mm long but greatly variable. The flowers are small and creamy white to yellow, and have sepals roughly twice as long as the petals. Flowers are borne on a thin flower stalk which usually carries up to three flowers and emerges from the base of a pseudobulb, but sometimes comes from the rhizome between bulbs.

Aechmea zebrina is a plant species in the genus Aechmea. This species is native to Ecuador and Colombia;Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant FamiliesCatalogue of Vascular Plants of Ecuador Retrieved 12 October 2009 it is relatively common in the lowland Amazon region of eastern Ecuador and southern Colombia. Aechmea zebrina is a large epiphytic bromeliad that can grow more than 1 metre tall and wide and hold nearly 4 litres of water between its leaves. It typically occurs in the upper canopy of overstory trees at heights of 18–45 m.

A canopy root, also known as an arboreal root, is a type of root that grows out of a tree branch underneath an epiphytic mat. These adventitious roots form in response to moist, dark, nutrient-rich conditions that are found in “canopy soils”. Canopy roots have been found in species of maple, poplar, alder, myrtle, beech, and spruce, among many others. They are structurally similar to roots found on the forest floor and likely serve a similar purpose for water and nutrient uptake, though their specific functions are still being studied.

The constant cloud/fog cover and lower temperatures associated with the region's high elevation and that support Cloud Forest or Elfin Woodland are also factors important to the survival of the elusive frog. It inhabits a type of water-collecting epiphytic bromeliad found at these elevations. Also restricted to the relatively cooler and wetter tropical cloud and montane forests of Cerro del Aripo and other higher reaches of the Northern Range is the endemic so-called Luminous Lizard Riama shrevei. The mountain lies above the Heights of Aripo Village and Aripo and Guanapo river valleys.

These meadows are biodiverse with one of the few sites of the great burnet (Sanguisorba officinalis) in Exmoor. The mires are fed by springs which flow from the base of the sandstone slopes and are dominated by moss carpets due to their low-nutrient environment. In the woodland areas, there is an abundance of lichens, with one hundred and sixty-five populations of epiphytic lichens are present, many of which are from rare species. Due to a large amount of ancient woodland indicators in Barle it gives it a very high index of ecological continuity.

Vanda garayi is a small (rarely larger than 15 cm) epiphytic orchid with numerous, long, thick, fleshy aerial roots and a stout, erect stem with persistent, distichous leaf bases. Its thick, straight, rigid leaves are apically toothed, distichous, ligulate, and conduplicate and often sprinkled with purple spots. Golden orange flowers about 1.3 cm across appear in compact, erect, conical 10–25 cm racemes in late spring to early summer. The narrow spur contains copious nectar and the flowers, like most species formerly classified as Ascocentrum, lack fragrance or nectar guides.

Orchids in the genus Liparis are terrestrial, lithophytic or epiphytic herbs, usually with one to a few leaves which may be linear to egg-shaped, thin or leathery and sometimes pleated. The flowers are small to medium sized, resupinate and arranged on a flowering stem with small bracts. The flowers are usually dull yellow, yellow-green or purplish and often have an unpleasant odour. The sepals and petals turn downwards and the dorsal sepal is free but the lateral sepals are sometimes fused for at least part of their length.

On 21 September 1847, Thomson married Jane Nicholson, granddaughter of the architect Peter Nicholson, in a double wedding ceremony with her sister, Jessie, who married John Baird II. They had twelve children in total and would later lose five of them in an epidemic. One brother, George Thomson (1819–1878), became a baptist missionary in Limbe, Cameroon (then known as "Victoria"), where he combined his religious activities with a passion for botany. An epiphytic orchid of the genus Pachystoma was named Pachystoma thomsonianum in his honour. His nephew, Rev.

Bulbophyllum wolfei is an epiphytic or lithophytic herb that has thin, creeping rhizomes pressed against the surface on which it grows and oval-shaped pseudobulbs long, wide and pressed against the rhizome. Each pseudobulb has a thick, fleshy, dark green, oblong to oval leaf long and wide. A single resupinate, cream-coloured flower with prominent, dark red stripes, long and wide is borne on a thread- like flowering stem long. The sepals are about long, wide and the petals are about long and wide with a red stripe along the midline.

Bulbophyllum radicans, commonly known as the striped pyjama orchid, is a species of epiphytic or lithophytic orchid with long, hanging stems with roots near the base and covered with brown, papery bracts which partially hide the pseudobulbs. Each pseudobulb has a single thin leaf. A single small pink, cream-coloured or yellow flower with red or purplish stripes is borne on a thin flowering stem that emerges from the base of the psudobulb. This orchid grows on trees or rocks in or near rainforest in tropical North Queensland.

Camponotus schmitzi in association with its myrmecophyte host, Nepenthes bicalcarata Myrmecotrophy is the ability of plants to obtain nutrients from ants, a form of mutualism. Due to this behaviour the invasion of vegetation into harsh environments is promoted.Narendra A and Kumar S. (2006) On Trail with Ants - A Handbook of the Ants of Peninsular India p53 The dead remains of insects thrown out by the ants are absorbed by the lenticular warts in myrmecophytes like Hydnophytum and Myrmecodia.Janzen DH. (1974) Epiphytic Myrmecophytes in Sarawak: Mutualism Through the Feeding of Plants by Ants.

Dendrobium smillieae, commonly known as the bottlebrush orchid, is an epiphytic or lithophytic orchid with large, spongy pseudobulbs, thin, bright green leaves which are shed after their first year and crowded flowers in a bottlebrush-like arrangement. The flowers are white, to cream-coloured or pink and the labellum has a shiny, dark green tip. This orchid species is found in some of the Torres Strait Islands, and through Cape York Peninsula to Townsville, Queensland. It is also found in New Guinea and eastern Indonesia (Sulawesi and Maluku).

Tillandsia stricta They are perennial herbaceous plants which exhibit a multitude of physiological and morphological differences making this a diverse genus. Having native habitats that vary from being epiphytic and saxicolous, species have certain adaptations, such as root systems designed to anchor to other plants or substrates, and modified trichomes for water and nutrient intake. Some of the species, like the majority of bromeliaceae, grow as funnel bromeliads, with a compressed stem axis. The leaves are then close together in rosettes, and cover the lower areas of the leaves, forming a funnel for collecting water.

Acampe, abbreviated as Acp in horticultural trade, is a genus of monopodial, epiphytic vandaceous species of orchids, distributed from tropical Asia from India, eastwards to China and southwards to Malaysia, and the Philippines as well as from tropical Africa, Madagascar and islands of the Indian Ocean. The name Acampe was derived from the Greek word akampas, meaning "rigid", referring to the small, brittle, inflexible flowers. Acampe produce slow- growing, medium-sized vines that form very large vegetative masses in nature. They are noted for their thick, leathery, distichous leaves.

Colura is a genus of epiphytic liverworts and consists of approximately 60 species that are distributed mostly in the tropics. Species in this genus are no larger than a couple millimetres in size and may possess small water sac organs formed from fused leaf margins that trap small ciliates. It is because of this trapping mechanism that some species have been suspected of carnivory, even as early as 1893. One such species, Colura zoophaga, was the subject of a study that aimed to investigate the assumed carnivorous habit among liverworts.

Ancistrochilus rothschildianus is a sympodial epiphytic plant with wide, conical or pyriform pseudobulbs that each carry two to three broad, acute, lanceolate leaves. The shape of the pseudobulbs has been described as similar to that of Hershey's Kisses. A deciduous species from a region with a very pronounced dry season, A. rothschildianus goes into a state of abscission and loses leaves before it comes into flower. At the end or the dry season, the flowers appear from the base of the mature, leafless pseudobulb in a pubescent inflorescence.

Most of the forests are evergreen, but there are areas of deciduous forest on North Andaman, Middle Andaman, Baratang and parts of South Andaman Island. The South Andaman forests have a profuse growth of epiphytic vegetation, mostly ferns and orchids. The Andaman forests are largely unspoiled, despite logging and the demands of the fast-growing population driven by immigration from the Indian mainland. There are protected areas on Little Andaman, Narcondam, North Andaman and South Andaman, but these are mainly aimed at preserving the coast and the marine wildlife rather than the rainforests.

The inflorescence of Vanda garayi, an epiphytic orchid, is a typical raceme A raceme ( or ) or racemoid is an unbranched, indeterminate type of inflorescence bearing pedicellate flowers (flowers having short floral stalks called pedicels) along its axis. In botany, an axis means a shoot, in this case one bearing the flowers. In indeterminate inflorescence-like racemes, the oldest flowers are borne towards the base and new flowers are produced as the shoot grows, with no predetermined growth limit. A plant that flowers on a showy raceme may have this reflected in its scientific name, e.g.

Many species have beautiful and spectacular flowers, especially those in Lobelia and Trematolobelia. Unfortunately, they are also highly vulnerable to feeding by feral ungulates such as feral pigs; the stems are only partly woody, and contain few defenses against herbivory. The bark contains a milky (but apparently non-poisonous) latex, and is often chewed by rats and pigs. Seedlings are also vulnerable to disturbance by pig digging, and in areas with high densities of pigs it is not uncommon to find the only lobelioids being epiphytic on larger trees or on fallen logs.

Dendrobium usitae, Usita's dendrobium, is a species of epiphytic orchid endemic to the Philippines. It is a natural hybrid between D. bullenianum and D. goldschmidtianum and can be easily distinguished from both species by its purplish orange flower. The specific epithet honors Villamor T. Usita of Quezon City, who discovered the species from Calayan, one of the five major islands of Babuyan archipelago. In its native habitat, the plant grows hanging on trees at an elevation of 500 to 700 meters above sea level alongside with its parent species.

European beech with unusual aerial roots in a wet Scottish glen: The tree also sports an epiphytic fern. Fagus sylvatica was a late entrant to Great Britain after the last glaciation, and may have been restricted to basic soils in the south of England. Some suggest that it was introduced by Neolithic tribes who planted the trees for their edible nuts. The beech is classified as a native in the south of England and as a non- native in the north where it is often removed from 'native' woods.

They forage as individuals, rather than in a group, and rarely travel more than from their roost site. They have been observed to make high- pitched "peep" noises when foraging, as well as more complex series of sounds when socialising. Roosts are of a consistent shape and size, and may be partially excavated by the bats, a behaviour that is otherwise unknown in this group of animals. They are generally located in the root masses of epiphytic plants, such as ferns, and also in the nests of ants and termites.

The round to egg-shaped seed capsules open when dry into two halves, exposing numerous small (0.5–1 mm), brown seeds. If moisture is present the silique closes, protecting the seed and opening again upon dryness to allow for wind dispersal. Many species have a net-like pattern on their seed surface to allow them to land on water surfaces without sinking, since many non-epiphytic butterworts grow near water sources. The haploid chromosome number of butterworts is either n = 8 or n = 11 (or a multiple thereof), depending on species.

The first groups to leave the Guiana Shield were the genus Hechtia, which spread to Central America via long-distance dispersal, and the subfamily Tillandsioideae, which spread gradually into northern South America. Both of these movements occurred approximately 15.4 million years ago. When it reached the Andes mountains, the speciation of Tillandsioideae occurred quite rapidly, largely due to the Andean uplift, which was also occurring rapidly from 14.2 to 8.7 million years ago. The uplift created a new mountainous environment for the epiphytic Tillandsioides to colonize, and greatly altered the region's geological and climatic conditions.

Higher Level Stewardship: Part B, Farm Environment Plan Features Manual, Second Edition, pp 121-124\. Natural England, October 2008, Veteran trees often have features of particularly high nature conservation value, such as dead limbs, hollows, rot-holes, water pools, seepages, woodpecker holes, splits, loose bark, limbs reaching the ground, and epiphytic plants and lichens. Few of these features are found on younger trees, and they provide habitats for very many species of animals and fungi, some of which are rare. Such features are sometimes removed or damaged by pruning or other arboricultural practices.

Lilium eupetes is a recently discovered and described epiphytic species of lily from the north of Vietnam.Julian Mark Hugh Shaw, Three New Crûg Farm Introductions, Plantsman 7(1): 39-43 (2008)Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families Lilium eupetes reproduces by seed and vegetatively via the production of bulbils dispersed by wind. When the leaves die back they wither and curl into a circle. This eventually detaches from the stem, and acts as the functional equivalent of a samara, carrying the attached bulbil to a new site.

Although epiphytic orchids grow on other plants they may produce chlorophyll in their leaves, stems, and roots. As with all orchids, germination and the develop into protocorms is reliant upon fungal symbionts, which decrease the time of germination and increase the vigor of the protocorm. The reliance of orchids on specific fungi has been widely studied, and the populations of certain fungi which are present in the soil have proved to be of greater importance in seed germination than the orchid's proximity to older plants or their geographical location, as previously assumed.

Epiphytes on trees in the temperate zone are often ubiquitous and can cover entire trees. Some host trees house up to 6.5 tons dry weight of epiphytic biomass, which can equate to more than 4x of its own foliar mass. This massive presence means their dynamics need to be better understood in order to fully understand forest dynamics. The nutrients that become stored within canopy soils can then be utilized by the epiphytes that grow in them, and even the tree that the canopy soil is accumulating in through the growth of canopy roots.

S. orssichiana occurs only in the coastal mountains of south-east Brazil, in the states of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, in the southernmost part of the tropics. Sites where it has been found include Morro dos Três Picos in the Serra do Mar and the Serra da Bocaina. Plants are found at altitudes of around Because of their altitude and proximity to the Atlantic Ocean, the coastal mountains have high humidity – warm moist air is forced upwards into higher, colder locations where it condenses. S. orssichiana grows on trees (epiphytic).

Niphidium crassifolium, commonly known as the graceful fern, is a species of fern in the family Polypodiaceae found in Central and South America. It is predominantly epiphytic, growing on other plants—for example, in the canopies of trees—but occasionally grows on rocks or on the ground, particularly at higher altitude. It has a rhizome from which many fine rootlets covered in dark reddish-brown scales grow. Together they form a root basket that, when growing on trees, helps to trap leaf litter and dust, forming a nutrient-rich soil that holds water.

The name "Vanda" is derived from the Sanskrit (वन्दाका)vandAkA Sanskrit English Dictionary, University of Koeln, Germany name for the species Vanda roxburghii (a synonym of Vanda tessellata).Vanda Taxonomy Research & Information Network, Australia (2009)Garay, L. (1972), On the systematics of the monopodial orchids, Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard University, 23(4): 149-212 These mostly epiphytic, but sometimes lithophytic or terrestrial orchids, are distributed in India, Himalaya, Southeast Asia, Indonesia, the Philippines, New Guinea, southern China, and northern Australia. The genus has a monopodial growth habit with highly variable leaves according to habitat.

Cymodocea nodosa grows in meadows on the seabed and is sometimes associated with the other seagrasses, Zostera noltei and Posidonia oceanica and the seaweeds Caulerpa prolifera and Caulerpa racemosa. Although it is adversely affected by mechanical disturbance such as trawling and by pollution, and although it is in competition with other seagrass species, C. nodosa is not considered to be threatened.Cymodocea nodosa IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 2011-08-17 In the Canary Islands, fifty-three species of epiphytic algae were found to grow on the leaves and rhizomes of C. nodosa.

Hovering adult photographed near Piraju, São Paulo, Brazil The swallow-tailed hummingbird mainly forages at mid-levels, but good food sources are exploited from anywhere near ground level right up to the tree tops. It chiefly feeds on flower nectar, particularly from Fabaceae,E.g. Erythrina speciosa, on which they are opportunistic nectar thieves: Baza Mendonça & dos Anjos (2005, 2006) Gesneriaceae, Malvaceae (especially Bombacoideae and Malvoideae), Myrtaceae, Rubiaceae and epiphytic Bromeliaceae. It is not a very specialized feeder however, and has also been recorded from plants of other families, such as AsteraceaeE.g.

Phreatia crassiuscula is an epiphytic or lithophytic herb with a short stem, thin roots and between three and six thick, fleshy, dark green deeply channelled leaves long and about wide in a fan-like arrangement. Between twenty and sixty white, cream-coloured or greenish, non-resupinate flowers long and wide are arranged along a flowering stem long that is erect at first, then curves downwards. The sepals and petals are about long and spread widely apart from each other. The labellum is about long and wide and dished.

Series definition within this subgenus is based on the cibarial armature - a collection of specialized spicules borne ventrally at the posterior margin of the cibarium - which was first used as a taxonomic method by Christophers in 1933. Kerteszia is a small subgenus found in South America whose larvae have specific ecological requirements; these can only develop within water that accumulates at the base of the follicular axis of the epiphytic Bromeliaceae. Unlike the majority of mosquitoes, species in this subgenus are active during the day. Within a number of species, separate subspecies have been identified.

Taeniophyllum, commonly known as ribbon roots or 带叶兰属 (dai ye lan shu) is a genus of about 240 species of epiphytic or lithophytic plants from the orchid family, Orchidaceae. Plants in this genus are more or less leafless with a very short stem and roots that are often flat, green and photosynthetic. The flowers are small, short-lived, flat or tube-shaped and arranged on short, thin flowering stems. Orchids in this genus are found in Africa, tropical and subtropical Asia, New Guinea, Australia and some Western Pacific Islands.

Rhinerrhiza divitiflora, commonly known as the raspy root orchid, is the only species in the genus Rhinerrhiza from the orchid family, Orchidaceae. It is an epiphytic or lithophytic orchid with usually only a single stem, many flat, raspy roots, between two and six leathery leaves and up to sixty pale orange flowers with red spots and blotches. The sepals and petals are narrow, thin and pointed. It mainly grows on rainforest trees and is found between the Atherton Tableland in Queensland and the Hunter River in New South Wales.

Cipangopaludina chinensis feeds non-selectively on organic and inorganic bottom material as well as benthic and epiphytic algae, mostly by scraping, but diatoms are probably the most nutritious food it ingests at sites in eastern North America. This species is primarily an algae eater in an aquarium context. These snails are popular in freshwater aquariums because they do not eat fish eggs or plants, they do not overpopulate the aquarium, and they close up if there is a water problem, giving people an indication that something is wrong a few weeks before the fish die.

Orchids in the genus Pinalia are epiphytic or lithophytic, sympodial herbs with the leaves in an unusual fan-like arrangement, in two overlapping rows near the base before spreading. A large number of tiny, non-resupinate, short-lived flowers are arranged in whorls or spirals along an arching flowering stem. The sepals and petals are all more or less similar to and free from each other although the petals are narrower than the sepals. The labellum is rigidly fixed to the base of the column and usually has three lobes.

Because of their height and proximity to the Atlantic Ocean, the coastal mountains produce high altitude moist forests – warm moist air is forced upwards into higher, colder locations where it condenses. Schlumbergera species grow in habitats which are generally relatively cool, shaded and of high humidity. David Hunt describes collecting specimens in conditions of cloud, drizzle and overnight temperatures down to . Plants are epiphytic or lithophytic, growing on moss-covered tree branches or in rock crevices, often in small pockets of substrate formed from decayed leaves and other vegetation.

The hydrology of these environments are directly related to their climate, as precipitation is the water and nutrient source, and temperatures dictate how quickly water evaporates from these systems. Ombrotrophic circumstances may occur even in landscapes composed of limestone or other nutrient-rich substrates – for example, in high-rainfall areas, limestone boulders may be capped by acidic ombrotrophic bog vegetation. Epiphytic vegetation (plants growing on other plants) is ombrotrophic. In contrast to ombrotrophic environments, minerotrophic environments are those where the water supply comes mainly from streams or springs.

Northwest River Natural Area Preserve is a Natural Area Preserve located in the city of Chesapeake, Virginia. Located along the Northwest River, the preserve protects upland forests as well as swamps and marshes along the river. The preserve is home to numerous rare species of plants and animals; those found in the forest include silky camellia (Stewartia malacodendron) and canebrake rattlesnakes (Crotalus horridus), while the swamps host Dismal Swamp southeastern shrews (Sorex longirostris fisheri), epiphytic sedge (Carex decomposita), and Dukes' skipper (Euphyes dukesi). Sawgrass (Cladium jamaicense), winged seedbox (Ludwigia alata), and little grass frogs (Pseudacris ocularis) can be found in the preserve's marshes.

Growth habit: epiphytic; sympodial; pendent. stems: attached to host from base; from which the plant then branches considerably and reach up to in length with a diameter of 1 mm at the base and thickening to 4 mm on secondary branches; stems covered in translucent cataphylls (a leaf whose primary function is something other than photosynthesis); internodes from long; apical two thirds of secondary and tertiary branches dark dull purple and leafy. Leaves: thinly textured; lanceolate and subsessile, long by wide, at 90° to the stem. Inflorescences: single flowered; appearing from nodes of the leafless stems.

Isabelia violacea is the largest Isabelia species and also the most showy. Isabelia are epiphytic or rarely rupicolous species that are just occasionally found but usually grow into large colonies, spread in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil from north Bahia to Rio Grande do Sul, both in the humid slopes of Serra do Mar and in the drier forests of the Brazilian Plateau, from sea level to fifteen hundred meters of altitude. I. virginalis is also found in Paraguay and north of Argentina. Isabelia pulchella exists from Rio de Janeiro to Rio Grande do Sul,Pabst, Guido & Dungs, Fritz (1975).

Orchids in the genus Chiloschista are epiphytic or lithophytic, usually leafless Monopodial herbs with flat, green, photosynthetic roots radiating from a short, central rhizome. The flowers are arranged on long, thin flowering stems, open sporadically in groups and only last for a few hours to one or two days. They are small and resupinate, with the sepals and petals more or less similar in size and shape to each other but different from the labellum which has three lobes. The side lobes of the labellum are erect and larger than the middle lobe which is slipper-shaped.

Psychopsis are epiphytic orchids with laterally crushed cylindrical pseudobulbs from which two fleshy coriaceous leaves appear apically, in their center two floral wands emerge with large golden yellow flowers with purple spots on bands in sepals and on the lip whose edges are forming folds. Psychopsis very often grows on the trunks and branches of trees. The flowers look like large butterflies with brightly colored bodies (the lip, a modified petal), very long antennae-like petals, and outspread wing-like dappled yellow and brown sepals. The butterfly orchid is rumored to have started the European "Orchidmania" of the 19th century.

Scuticaria is a genus of orchids comprising 9 species native to Belize, Brazil, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname and Venezuela. Members of this genus have showy flowers and long cylindrical leaves. They are epiphytic, occasionally lithophytic or terrestrial, that grow pending and are cespitously, or reptant and ascending, which exist is three isolated areas of South America, in Ecuador, Amazon Forest and Serra do Mar and Serra da Mantiqueira mountains, in Brazil, both in shady and sunny places. The genus Scuticaria has been traditionally placed close to Maxillaria but recent research shows they are more closely related to the genus Bifrenaria.

All species remaining are epiphytic with pendant habit. Scuticaria hadwenii, due to its several more or less isolated groups of populations along Serra do Mar, mostly on the west side of this chain of mountains, spreading throughout the interior highland in some states of Brazil, is the Scuticaria species that presents most variable colors. It can be separated from S. strictifolia because shows leaves always pending, flowers of more vivid colors and by the interior of the labellum, which ordinarily is more pubescent. There is a variety denominated dogsonii, native from Guyana, which is more floriferous.

It is found in ditches, quarries, seeps, flushes, marshes and pools. It tolerates high levels of zinc and copper in the sediment but requires suitable emergent plants for egg-laying without the water being choked by plants. Damselflies' dependence on freshwater habitats makes them very vulnerable to damage to wetlands through drainage for agriculture or urban growth. In the tropics, the helicopter damselfly Mecistogaster modesta (Pseudostigmatidae) breeds in phytotelmata, the small bodies of water trapped by bromeliads, epiphytic plants of the rainforest of northwest Costa Rica, at the high density of some 6000 larvae per hectare in patches of secondary forest.

Appendicula, commonly known as stream orchids or 牛齿兰属 (niu chi lan shu), is a genus of flowering plants in the family Orchidaceae. Orchids in this genus are epiphytic, lithophytic or rarely terrestrial plants herbs with many flat, often twisted leaves and small resupinate, white or greenish flowers. The sepals are free from each other but the lateral sepals and labellum are fused to the base of the column. The genus Appendicula was first formally described in 1825 by Carl Ludwig Blume who published the description in Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië.

In the tropical greenhouse a variety of tropical and subtropical plants from all over the world are present. Some of the plants include a variety of food and medicinal plants including Coffea arabica (coffee), Camellia sinensis (tea), Vanilla planifolia (vanilla), Saccharum officinarum (sugarcane), Cinnamomum zeylanicum (cinnamon), Oryza sativa (rice), Theobroma cacao (cacao), Siphonochilus aethiopicus (wild ginger), Warburghia salutaris (pepper bark tree) and Piper nigrum (pepper). The tropical greenhouse also houses many other exotic plants from a variety of families, most notably the orchid family. Many indigenous epiphytic orchids such as Ansellia africana (leopard orchid) and Mystacidium capense, are grown there.

Utricularia unifolia is a medium-sized perennial carnivorous plant that belongs to the genus Utricularia. U. unifolia is native to Central America (Costa Rica, Nicaragua, and Panama) and western South America (Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela). It was originally published and described by Hipólito Ruiz López and José Antonio Pavón Jiménez in 1797 and later considered a synonym of Utricularia alpina until Peter Taylor's 1989 monograph on the genus where he restored the species as distinct from U. alpina. It grows as a terrestrial or epiphytic plant on moss-covered trees, rocks, or banks in cloud forests at altitudes between and .

The orchid species is a small to medium-sized, cool growing, epiphytic species, with clustered, ovoid to subconical pseudobulbs carrying 2 to 3, towards the apex, strap-shaped to linear, acute or obtuse apically, gradually narrowing below into the base leaves. It blooms in the summer on an apical, to a 3 foot+ [90 cm+] long, paniculate, many flowered inflorescence that has a warty rachis, pedicel and ovary, as well as long-lasting, fragrant flowers. The flowers are rosy-pink to magenta, star-shaped flowers with narrow petals. The long pointed lip has dark pink markings and an interesting winged column.

Dendrobium tetragonum, commonly known as the tree spider orchid, is a variable species of epiphytic or lithophytic orchid endemic to eastern Australia. Tree spider orchids are unusual in having pendulous pseudobulbs that are thin and wiry near the base then expand into a fleshy, four-sided upper section before tapering at the tip. There are only a few thin but leathery leaves at the end of the pseudobulbs and up to five flowers on relatively short flowering stems. To allow for the variations in the species there are five subspecies and a variety, some with a unique common name.

The species is most commonly epiphytic, often being found on moss- covered branches, but it can also grow terrestrially over a layer of moss. Nepenthes izumiae is naturally sympatric with N. dubia and N. gymnamphora, and a natural hybrid with the former has been recorded. The only known populations of N. izumiae lie outside the boundaries of national parks. Stewart McPherson considers the species to be "at significant risk of being poached and over collected" and cites the "rapid demise" of N. aristolochioides, another highly sought-after Sumatran plant, as an example of the possible fate of this species.

In addition, N. lingulata completely lacks nectar glands on the underside of the lid and has a very dense woolly indumentum. Nepenthes izumiae differs from N. singalana in that it often possesses a basal crest on the underside of the lid; this structure is never found in N. singalana. Nepenthes izumiae also differs in several other vegetative features: it has broader laminae with persistent hairs on the margins, longer and narrower terrestrial traps, and a thinner peristome with finer ribs and teeth. In addition, whereas N. izumiae is typically epiphytic in growth habit, N. singalana is mostly terrestrial.

They are flowerless, vascular, terrestrial or epiphytic plants, with widely branched, erect, prostrate or creeping stems, with small, simple, needle-like or scale-like leaves that cover the stem and branches thickly. The leaves contain a single, unbranched vascular strand and are microphylls by definition. The kidney-shaped or reniform spore-cases (sporangia) contain spores of one kind only (isosporous, homosporous) and are borne on the upper surface of the leaf blade of specialized leaves (sporophylls) arranged in a cone-like strobilus at the end of upright stems. The club-shaped appearance of these fertile stems gives the clubmosses their common name.

Liparis, commonly known as widelip orchids, sphinx orchids or 羊耳蒜属 (yang er suan shu) is a cosmopolitan genus of more than 350 species of orchids in the family Orchidaceae. Plants in this genus are terrestrial, lithophytic or epiphytic herbs with a wide range of forms. The flowers are usually resupinate and small to medium sized, yellow, yellow-green or purplish with spreading sepals and petals. The labellum is usually larger than the sepals and petals and is lobed, sometimes with a toothed or wavy margin and one or two calli at its base.

In 1870, George Thomson was sent by the Baptist Church to West Africa as a missionary in Limbe, Cameroon (then known as "Victoria"), where he combined his religious activities with a passion for botany. In 1877, he was host to the German botanist, Wilhelm Kalbreyer who had been sent by James Veitch & Sons of Chelsea, London to search for plants in "that unhealthy region". Amongst the plants discovered by Kalbreyer was an epiphytic orchid of the genus Pachystoma, which was named Pachystoma thomsonianum in Thomson's honour. Thomson died in Victoria from malaria on 14 December 1878.

The cap surface of young fruit bodies are covered with a dense mat of white mycelial fibers (up to several millimeters long) that in age darken in color and often become stuck together at their tips. Although the surface is typically brown or darker, it may appear green due to epiphytic associations with algae such as Coccomyxa or Charicium species. Bryophytes or sometimes vascular plants grow on the upper surface of the conk. The texture of the fruit body is fibrous; it is rubbery and tough when fresh, but becomes hard and brittle when it is dry.

Bulbophyllum trigonopus is a species of epiphytic orchid that is found in Borneo and from Thailand to Malaysia. It was first formally described in 1881 by Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach who gave it the name Cirrhopetalum trigonopus and gave Bulbophyllum trigonopus as a synonym. The description was published in The Gardeners' Chronicle along with the first formal description of Cirrhopetalum abbreviatum. In 2017 Poh Teck Ong changed the name to Bulbophyllum trigonopus and the change has been accepted by the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families with Cirrhopetalum abbreviatum now regarded as a synonym of Bulbophyllum trigonopus.

E. pedicellatum grows on mossy trunks and branches of trees on slopes in areas that have a constant supply of moisture, and are rich in Sphagnum moss. It is usually found on balsam fir, occasionally on black spruce, and rarely on white spruce, red maple, or white birch. It does not appear to grow directly on bare bark, and is usually found growing in association with the epiphytic liverwort Frullania asagrayana. Old growth balsam fir boreal forests in wet areas of eastern Canada regenerate by gap replacement, which creates many forest stands of different ages, while still maintaining a full or partial canopy.

The flowers of aquatic varieties like U. vulgaris are often described as similar to small yellow snapdragons, and the Australian species U. dichotoma can produce the effect of a field full of violets on nodding stems. The epiphytic species of South America, however, are generally considered to have the showiest, as well as the largest, flowers. It is these species that are frequently compared with orchids. Certain plants in particular seasons might produce closed, self-pollinating (cleistogamous) flowers; but the same plant or species might produce open, insect-pollinated flowers elsewhere or at a different time of year, and with no obvious pattern.

Terrestrial plants A terrestrial plant is a plant that grows on, in, or from land. Other types of plants are aquatic (living in water), epiphytic (living on trees) and lithophytic (living in or on rocks). The distinction between aquatic and terrestrial plants is often blurred because many terrestrial plants are able to tolerate periodic submersion and many aquatic species have both submersed and emersed forms. There are relatively few obligate submersed aquatic plants (species that cannot tolerate emersion for even relatively short periods), but some examples include members of Hydrocharitaceae and Cabombaceae, Ceratophyllum, and Aldrovanda, and most macroalgae (e.g.

The polkadot poison frog is arboreal in its habits, living among the mosses and epiphytic plants growing on trees in the dense forests of western Panama at altitudes of up to above sea level. The male typically chooses the leaf of a bromeliad plant on which to call to attract a mate. If receptive, the female joins him in a courtship ritual after which a small batch of about four to eight eggs is laid on the leaf and fertilised by the male. The female remains with the eggs for a short time after which the male covers them with his body.

The umbrella slug is a large mollusc growing to a length of up to , with a relatively small external shell on the dorsal surface. This shell is a flattish cone and is usually encrusted with epiphytic organisms, both plant and animal. The mantle is roughly circular in outline, and is covered with pustules; the ground colour of the mantle varies, usually being orange or brownish, and the pustules are usually white. The mollusc does not elongate when crawling and the location of the head is revealed when it thrusts out its rolled rhinophores from beneath the shell.

It is home to exceptional epiphytic mosses, liverworts and lichens. Nearly 50 species of moss and liverwort are found in the wood along with 120 types of lichen, including Smith's horsehair lichen, speckled sea-storm lichen and pendulous wing-moss. Over 60 species of lichens grow on the exposed surfaces of the granite tors, including granite-speck rim-lichen, purple rock lichen, brown cobblestone lichen and goldspot lichen and many rare lichen grow on rocks exposed by mining which are rich in heavy metals. On the upland heaths heather (ling) and bell heather are common along with western gorse.

The ants use this material to build their nests among the branches of the trees, to shelter the hemipteran insects that they tend in order to feed on their honeydew, and to make the pockets of material in which the epiphytes grow. The ants harvest seeds from the epiphytic plants and deposit them in the carton material. The plants have evolved various traits to encourage ants to disperse their seeds by producing chemical attractants. Eleven unrelated epiphytes that grow in ant gardens have been found to contain methyl salicylate (oil of wintergreen) and it seems likely that this compound is an ant attractant.

Pittendrigh was a conscientious objector and so during World War II, he was assigned to wartime service to try and improve the production of bananas and other fruit that was being shipped to the UK during the war. He also worked as a biologist for the Rockefeller Foundation and the government of Trinidad to control malaria near the military bases there. He studied the epidemiology of malaria transmitted by mosquitoes breeding in epiphytic bromeliad ("tanks" formed by overlapping leaves) in the forest canopy. He made acute observations on bromeliad distribution within forest canopies and between contrasting forest formations.

Campyloneurum phyllitidis – a fern that grows on P. elegans As in all legumes, the roots of P. elegans are colonised by nitrogen fixing bacteria, in this case from the genus Bradyrhizobium. Genetic analysis of the bacteria has shown that different genotypes colonise the roots of the same tree and are strains of Bradyrhizobium japonicum. The epiphytic cactus Epiphyllum phyllanthus is particularly abundant in the canopies of P. elegans on BCI particularly growing in cavities in the trunk. Another cactus, Rhipsalis baccifera, and the ferns Niphidium crassifolium and Campyloneurum phyllitidis are also found growing on P. elegans.

Bulbophyllum is a genus of mostly epiphytic and lithophytic orchids in the family Orchidaceae. It is the largest genus in the orchid family and one of the largest genera of flowering plants with more than 2,000 species, exceeded in number only by Astragalus. These orchids are found in diverse habitats throughout most of the warmer parts of the world including Africa, southern Asia, Latin America, the West Indies, and various islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Orchids in this genus have thread-like or fibrous roots that creep over the surface of trees or rocks or hang from branches.

The narrow filmy-fern is found in rainforests, forming patches on rocks and is often epiphytic on trees and tree ferns in moist gullies. It is highly dispersed throughout the tropical and south temperate zones occurring across Australia in New South Wales and Victoria. This species can also be found in Tasmania and on the Bass Strait Islands, While being highly dispersed throughout New Zealand, occurring on North and South Islands as well as, Stewart, Chatham and Auckland Islands. Occurring in coastal to montane habitats, this species is common in rainforests, scrub, shaded cliff faces or amongst boulders and damp gullies.

As a group they show a huge range in vegetative form, terrestrial or epiphytic, and can be found as tall cane-like plants a metre or so high, clumped or trailing, pendent or climbing, erect or creeping, tufted and tiny, delicate moss-like species that can grow on the thinnest of twigs. But they have one common denominator: they all have two pollinia. They have reduced their pseudobulbs and instead, some species have thick succulent leaves. Their flowers are among the most diverse and unusual, although often very small, and specialize in using tiny insects such as gnats or Chalcid wasps for pollination.

Some, such as species of Yucca, develop anomalous secondary growth, while palm trees utilise an anomalous primary growth form described as establishment growth (see Vascular system). The axis undergoes primary thickening, that progresses from internode to internode, resulting in a typical inverted conical shape of the basal primary axis (see Tillich, Figure 1). The limited conductivity also contributes to limited branching of the stems. Despite these limitations a wide variety of adaptive growth forms has resulted (Tillich, Figure 2) from epiphytic orchids (Asparagales) and bromeliads (Poales) to submarine Alismatales (including the reduced Lemnoideae) and mycotrophic Burmanniaceae (Dioscreales) and Triuridaceae (Pandanales).

The rough bark is grey-brown, and marked with various blemishes. The Lord Howe form of Moreton Bay fig has a habit of dropping aerial roots from its branches, which upon reaching the ground, thicken into supplementary trunks which help to support the weight of its crown. It is a rainforest plant and in this environment more often grows in the form of an epiphytic strangler vine than that of a tree. When its seeds land in the branch of a host tree it sends aerial, "strangler" roots down the host trunk, eventually killing the host and standing alone.

Polypodium is a genus of ferns in the family Polypodiaceae, subfamily Polypodioideae, according to the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I). The genus is widely distributed throughout the world, with the highest species diversity in the tropics. The name is derived from Ancient Greek poly (πολύ) "many" + podion (πόδιον) "little foot", on account of the foot-like appearance of the rhizome and its branches. They are commonly called polypodies or rockcap ferns, but for many species unique vernacular names exist. They are terrestrial or epiphytic ferns, with a creeping, densely hairy or scaly rhizome bearing fronds at intervals along its length.

Oeceoclades pandurata is a terrestrial and epiphytic orchid species in the genus Oeceoclades that is native to eastern Zimbabwe and Madagascar. It was first described by the British botanist Robert Allen Rolfe in 1891 as Eulophia pandurata, then moved to the genus Lissochilus by Joseph Marie Henry Alfred Perrier de la Bâthie in 1941, and again moved to the genus Eulophidium by V.S. Summerhayes in 1957. It was finally transferred to the genus Oeceoclades in 1976 by Leslie Andrew Garay and Peter Taylor. Garay and Taylor noted that this species possesses lateral veins on the labellum that fringed with small hairs.

Strawberry poison dart frog Poison dart frog (Dendrobatidae): Many species of poison dart frog are dedicated parents. Some species in the Oophaga and Ranitomeya genera carry their newly hatched tadpoles into the canopy; the tadpoles stick to the mucus on the backs of their parents. Once in the upper reaches of the rainforest trees, the parents deposit their young in the pools of water that accumulate in epiphytic plants, often with only one tadpole in each pool. The mother visits the nursery, sometimes on a daily basis, for the 43–52 days that the young remain in the tadpole stage.