Erysiphe flexuosa is a plant pathogen that causes powdery mildew on horse chestnut. It is native to North America but is currently spreading epidemically through Europe.L. Kiss a, L Vajnaa and G. Fischlb (2003) Occurrence of Erysiphe flexuosa (syn. Uncinula flexuosa) on horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum) in Hungary.
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Relapsing fever (RF) borreliosis often occurs with severe bacteremia. Twenty- five species of Borrelia are known to cause relapsing fever. While most species use the soft tick family Argasidae as their vector, some outliers live in hard ticks or lice. Relapsing fever can be spread epidemically through lice or endemically through ticks.
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Since a large majority of the population were self evacuees they had not been assigned a location for displacement. Officials feared the disorder made it easy for deserters to flee. Evacuees who did not fall under the “privileged elite” title were are also suspected of potentially contaminating the rest of the population both epidemically and ideologically.18\. Manley, Rebecca.
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14 in Schaechter M., Medoff G. and Eisenstein B.I., Mechanisms of Microbial Disease, 2nd Ed., Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins, 1993., p.231. As an exclusively human pathogen it is the main cause of bacterial meningitis in children and young adults, causing developmental impairment and death in about 10% of cases. It causes the only form of bacterial meningitis known to occur epidemically, mainly in Africa and Asia.
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The cash window is a short term cash injection backed by donated funds. It is governed by a steering body of countries which contributed the donations. The cash window has a capacity to pay out up to $64m, although this may fluctuate based on the funds already issued and donations received. It provides coverage of all the pathogens covered by the insurance window, as well as new pathogens which are not already epidemically transmitted.
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This suggests that both HIV-1 and HIV-2 are adapted to humans, and serial passage could have been the process responsible for it. Marx et al. proposed that unsterile injections (that is, injections where the needle or syringe is reused without sterilization or cleaning between uses), which were likely very prevalent in Africa, during both the colonial period and afterwards, provided the mechanism of serial passage that permitted HIV to adapt to humans, therefore explaining why it emerged epidemically only in the 20th century.
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Lefevre published, in London, Observations on the Nature and Treatment of the Cholera Morbus now prevailing epidemically in St. Petersburg. Experience led him to oppose the indiscriminate use of calomel and opium in the treatment of cholera, to favour the use of purgatives, and to avoid that of astringents. In 1843 he published The Life of a Travelling Physician in 3 vols. It is an account of his travels, and is mainly known for its description of social life in Poland and at the English factory at St. Petersburg.
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Amit Chitnis, Diana Rawls, and Jim Moore proposed that HIV may have emerged epidemically as a result of harsh conditions, forced labor, displacement, and unsafe injection and vaccination practices associated with colonialism, particularly in French Equatorial Africa. The workers in plantations, construction projects, and other colonial enterprises were supplied with bushmeat, which would have contributed to an increase in hunting and, it follows, a higher incidence of human exposure to SIV. Several historical sources support the view that bushmeat hunting indeed increased, both because of the necessity to supply workers and because firearms became more widely available.Merfield FG (1957) Gorillas were my Neighbours.
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Today, the institution organizes and applies the strategy of public health hygienic- sanitary measures, prophylactic-epidemically measures, social-medical, health education, EPI (expanded program on immunization), health promotion, water, food and air quality controls, health policy, economy of health, and develops scientific research works in the territory of the Republic of Kosovo. Hence, the Institute is known as the educational base of the Faculty of Medicine and is divided in five departments: Epidemiology, Human Ecology, Social Medicine, Micro-biology and Health Information System; Kosovo School of Public Health. It is a Health Institution that plans, programs and evaluates health policies, prepares and implements the public health strategy (hygienic - sanitary measures, prophylaxis - anti - pediatric measures, medical social, health promotion, education and health education, water quality control and food, expandedin immunization program, health policy and health economics, health information) throughout Kosovo. The Institute develops research-scientific work and organizes the professional perfection of health workers.
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