The company's toilets clean themselves with electrolyzed water after every use.
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The costs of carbon conversions, electrolyzed hydrogen, and renewable energy must all fall for, e.g.
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You fill the assistant with tap water, add a salt tablet and then Shine cleans your toilet with electrolyzed water, the same method used in Japan to clean sushi preparation areas, Shine explains in its Indiegogo campaign video.
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Pros: Unique electrolyzed water sanitation system, programmable user settings, five settings each for water, seat, and fan dry temperatures, water heats up instantlyCons: Expensive, water pressure may not be as strong as expected, questionable long-term use durability
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Finally, a more optimistic study by the gas industry itself found that, if RNG is combined with synthetic natural gas (SNG) made from electrolyzed hydrogen and captured carbon, it could replace 6 to 13 percent of the US demand for pipeline gas by 2040.
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In rare occurrences, the silicon dioxide in silica is converted to silicon tetrachloride when the contaminated brine is electrolyzed.
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The traditional view should be revised that even pure water can be efficiently electrolyzed, when the electrode gap is small enough.
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That is why in macrosystem pure water cannot be electrolyzed efficiently. The fundamental reason is the "lack of rapid ions transport inside bulk solution".
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Shunji Nagase Fluorination of Inorganic Sulfur Compounds Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan vol 42 page 2062 1968 Also thionyl chloride or thionyl fluoride electrolyzed with hydrogen fluoride produced even more of the gas.
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An AA battery in a glass of tap water with salt showing hydrogen produced at the negative terminal Electrolysed water (electrolyzed water, EOW, ECA, electrolyzed oxidizing water, electro-activated water or electro-chemically activated water solution) is produced by the electrolysis of ordinary tap water containing dissolved sodium chloride. The electrolysis of such salt solutions produces a solution of hypochlorous acid and sodium hydroxide, despite the impossibility of hypochlorous acid coexisting with sodium hydroxide in solution. The resulting water can be used as a disinfectant.
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Several thousand metric tons of elemental fluorine are produced annually by electrolysis of potassium bifluoride in hydrogen fluoride. Potassium bifluoride forms spontaneously from potassium fluoride and the hydrogen fluoride: :HF + KF → KHF2 A mixture with the approximate composition KF•2HF melts at 70 °C (158 °F) and is electrolyzed between 70 °C and 130 °C (160–265 °F). Potassium bifluoride increases the electrical conductivity of the solution and provides the bifluoride anion, which releases fluorine at the anode (negative part of the cell). If HF alone is electrolyzed, hydrogen forms at the cathode (positive part of the cell) and the fluoride ions remain in solution.
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Electrolyzed alkaline ionized water loses its potency fairly quickly, so it cannot be stored for long. But, acidic ionized water (a byproduct of electrolysis) will store indefinitely (until used or evaporated). Electrolysis machines can be but are not necessarily expensive. In some but not all instances the electrolysis process needs to be monitored frequently for the correct potency.
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At the bottom of the column, the lithium (enriched with lithium-6) is separated from the amalgam, and the mercury is recovered to be reused with fresh raw material. At the top, the lithium hydroxide solution is electrolyzed to liberate the lithium-7 fraction. The enrichment obtained with this method varies with the column length and the flow speed.
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The Downs' process is an electrochemical method for the commercial preparation of metallic magnesium, in which molten MgCl2 is electrolyzed in a special apparatus called the Downs cell. The Downs cell was invented in 1922 (patented: 1924) by the American chemist James Cloyd Downs (1885–1957).Downs, James Cloyd. "Electrolytic process and cell," U.S. Patent no.
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As Norsk Hydro were already producing ammonia for nitrogen fertilizer, Tronstad and Brun had realized that large amounts of electrolyzed water were available. Tronstad was paid by Norsk Hydro as a consultant. Already in 1934, Norsk Hydro had opened a plant near the power station at Vemork. This was the world's first plant for industrial mass production of heavy water.
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At the bottom of the column, the lithium (enriched with lithium-6) is separated from the amalgam, and the mercury is recovered to be reused in the process. At the top, the lithium hydroxide solution is electrolyzed to liberate the lithium-7 fraction. The enrichment obtained with this method varies with the column length, the flow speed, and the operating temperature.
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These enabled material to be graded and pre-sorted locally before refining at the plant. Copper anodes (98% Cu purity) emerged from the furnace as an intermediate product. For a number of years, these were electrolyzed by Chemetco to produce a higher-purity copper cathode (99.98% Cu purity.) However, the company later discontinued electrolysis of its own copper and sold copper anodes, each weighing to Asarco.
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Likewise the cathode reduces sodium ions (Na), which accept electrons from the cathode and deposits on the cathode as sodium metal. NaCl dissolved in water can also be electrolyzed. The anode oxidizes chloride ions (Cl), and Cl2 gas is produced. However, at the cathode, instead of sodium ions being reduced to sodium metal, water molecules are reduced to hydroxide ions (OH) and hydrogen gas (H2).
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Water can also be electrolyzed into oxygen and hydrogen gases but in the absence of dissolved ions this is a very slow process, as very little current is conducted. In ice, the primary charge carriers are protons (see proton conductor). Ice was previously thought to have a small but measurable conductivity of 1 S/cm, but this conductivity is now thought to be almost entirely from surface defects, and without those, ice is an insulator with an immeasurably small conductivity.
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The key to delivering a powerful sanitising agent is to form hypochlorous acid without elemental chlorine - this occurs at around neutral pH. Hypochlorous is a weak acid and an oxidizing agent. This "acidic electrolyzed water" can be raised in pH by mixing in the desired amount of hydroxide ion solution from the cathode compartment, yielding a solution of Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH). A solution whose pH is 7.3 will contain equal concentrations of hypochlorous acid and hypochlorite ion; reducing the pH will shift the balance toward the hypochlorous acid.
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A high positive E_{h} indicates an environment that favors oxidation reaction such as free oxygen. A low negative E_{h} indicates a strong reducing environment, such as free metals. Sometimes when electrolysis is carried out in an aqueous solution, water, rather than the solute, is oxidized or reduced. For example, if an aqueous solution of NaCl is electrolyzed, water may be reduced at the cathode to produce H2(g) and OH− ions, instead of Na+ being reduced to Na(s), as occurs in the absence of water.
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The conversion of alumina to aluminium metal is achieved by the Hall–Héroult process. In this energy-intensive process, a solution of alumina in a molten () mixture of cryolite (Na3AlF6) with calcium fluoride is electrolyzed to produce metallic aluminium. The liquid aluminium metal sinks to the bottom of the solution and is tapped off, and usually cast into large blocks called aluminium billets for further processing. Extrusion billets of aluminium Anodes of the electrolysis cell are made of carbon—the most resistant material against fluoride corrosion—and either bake at the process or are prebaked.
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Apparatus for electrolytic refining of copper Most metals occur in nature in their oxidized form (ores) and thus must be reduced to their metallic forms. The ore is dissolved following some preprocessing in an aqueous electrolyte or in a molten salt and the resulting solution is electrolyzed. The metal is deposited on the cathode (either in solid or in liquid form), while the anodic reaction is usually oxygen evolution. Several metals are naturally present as metal sulfides; these include copper, lead, molybdenum, cadmium, nickel, silver, cobalt, and zinc.
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Castner–Kellner cell: Sodium chloride is electrolyzed between the "A" anode and "M" mercury cathode in the side cells, with chlorine bubbling up into the space above the NaCl and the sodium dissolving in the mercury. The sodium–mercury amalgam flows to the center cell, where it reacts with water to produce sodium hydroxide and regenerate the mercury. Mercury cell electrolysis, also known as the Castner–Kellner process, was the first method used at the end of the nineteenth century to produce chlorine on an industrial scale.Pauling, Linus, General Chemistry, 1970 ed.
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Both sodium hydroxide and hypochlorous acid are efficient disinfecting agents;Electrolyzed water effective as chemical cleaner, study finds, by Ahmed ElAmin, 2006 as mentioned above, the key to effective sanitation is to have a high proportion of hypochlorous acid present, this happens between acidic and neutral pH conditions. EOW will kill spores and many viruses and bacteria. Electrolysis units sold for industrial and institutional disinfectant use and for municipal water-treatment are known as chlorine generators. These avoid the need to ship and store chlorine, as well as the weight penalty of shipping prepared chlorine solutions.
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When molten, the salt sodium chloride can be electrolyzed to yield metallic sodium and gaseous chlorine. Industrially this process takes place in a special cell named Down's cell. The cell is connected to an electrical power supply, allowing electrons to migrate from the power supply to the electrolytic cell.Ebbing, pp. 800–801 Reactions that take place at Down's cell are the following: :Anode (oxidation): 2 Cl− → Cl2(g) \+ 2 e− :Cathode (reduction): 2 Na+(l) \+ 2 e− → 2 Na(l) :Overall reaction: 2 Na+ \+ 2 Cl−(l) → 2 Na(l) \+ Cl2(g) This process can yield large amounts of metallic sodium and gaseous chlorine, and is widely used on mineral dressing and metallurgy industries.
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A video describing the process of electrolytic reduction as used on Captain Kidd's Cannon at The Children's Museum of Indianapolis As already noted, water, particularly when ions are added (salt water or acidic water), can be electrolyzed (subject to electrolysis). When driven by an external source of voltage, H ions flow to the cathode to combine with electrons to produce hydrogen gas in a reduction reaction. Likewise, OH ions flow to the anode to release electrons and an H ion to produce oxygen gas in an oxidation reaction. In molten sodium chloride, when a current is passed through the salt the anode oxidizes chloride ions (Cl) to chlorine gas, releasing electrons to the anode.
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A saline solution containing ions is first treated with lime (calcium oxide) and the precipitated magnesium hydroxide is collected: : + + → + The hydroxide is then converted to a partial hydrate of magnesium chloride by treating the hydroxide with hydrochloric acid and heating of the product: : + 2 HCl → + 2 The salt is then electrolyzed in the molten state. At the cathode, the ion is reduced by two electrons to magnesium metal: : + 2 → Mg At the anode, each pair of ions is oxidized to chlorine gas, releasing two electrons to complete the circuit: :2 → (g) + 2 A new process, solid oxide membrane technology, involves the electrolytic reduction of MgO. At the cathode, ion is reduced by two electrons to magnesium metal. The electrolyte is yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ).
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Additionally, the process of reversing the reaction requires much less energy, so if the area between the alkaline and acidic water is at least semi-permeable, the water will undergo another reaction that just leaves neutral water. The second reaction is shown below: : H+ \+ OH− → H2O However, many conventional machines these days use a semi-permeable ion- exchange membrane to separate the two compartments. Therefore, if the concentration of minerals is high enough, the pH of the anolyte can be 4-6 while the pH of the catholyte can be 8-12. Similar machines have been used to produce electrolyzed water which is chemically much different because it also contains sodium hypochlorite, the main ingredient in bleach, and may therefore be used as a disinfectant.
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The electro-calciothermic reduction mechanism may be represented by the following sequence of reactions. (1) When this reaction takes place on its own, it is referred to as the "calciothermic reduction" (or, more generally, an example of metallothermic reduction). For example, if the cathode was primarily made from TiO then calciothermic reduction would appear as: Whilst the cathode reaction can be written as above it is in fact a gradual removal of oxygen from the oxide. For example, it has been shown that TiO2 does not simply reduce to Ti. It, in fact, reduces through the lower oxides (Ti3O5, Ti2O3, TiO etc.) to Ti. The calcium oxide produced is then electrolyzed: (2a) (2b) and (2c) Reaction (2b) describes the production of Ca metal from Ca2+ ions within the salt, at the cathode.
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He has authored many theoretical and experimental studies on plasma physics, MHD, different branches of astrophysics (magnetic and binary stars, solar system evolution, origin of asteroids and comets, astrobiology, dark matter, etc.), EM launch technology with industrial applications (for ~ 1 g projectiles, world record velocities achieved), and the like. He has put forward several novel and at times provocative scientific paradigms. The areas studied include (1) generation of magnetic fields in celestial bodies by MHD processes without positive feedback—"semi-dynamo"; (2) close-binary solar system cosmogony; (3) short-period comets and some other minor bodies as product of global explosions of electrolyzed massive icy envelopes of distant moon-like bodies; (4) origin of life due to magneto-electrochemical processes in the Galilean satellites’ ensemble; (5) daemon paradigm considering the dark matter objects to be electrically charged (Ze ≈ 10e) elementary Planckian black holes (m ≈ 2×10−5 g, rg ≈ 3×10−33 cm).
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The UK National Grid believes that at least 15% of all gas consumed could be made from matter such as sewage, food waste such as food thrown away by supermarkets and restaurants and organic waste created by businesses such as breweries.The Guardian 'Food waste to provide green gas for carbon-conscious consumers' In the United States, analysis conducted in 2011 by the Gas Technology Institute determined that renewable gas from waste biomass including agricultural waste has the potential to add up to 2.5 quadrillion Btu annually, being enough to meet the natural gas needs of 50% of American homes. In combination with power-to-gas, whereby the carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide fraction of biogas are converted to methane using electrolyzed hydrogen, the renewable gas potential of raw biogas is approximately doubled. Many ways of methanising carbon dioxide/monoxide and hydrogen exist, including biomethanation, the sabatier process and a new electrochemical process pioneered in the United States currently undergoing trials.
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The stoichiometric ratio of oxidiser and fuel is 2:1, for an oxygen:methane engine: :CH4 + 2O2 -> CO2 + 2H2O However, one pass through the Sabatier reactor produces a ratio of only 1:1. More oxygen may be produced by running the water-gas shift reaction (WGSR) in reverse (RWGS), effectively extracting oxygen from the atmosphere by reducing carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide. Another option is to make more methane than needed and pyrolyze the excess of it into carbon and hydrogen (see above section), where the hydrogen is recycled back into the reactor to produce further methane and water. In an automated system, the carbon deposit may be removed by blasting with hot Martian CO2, oxidizing the carbon into carbon monoxide, which is vented. A fourth solution to the stoichiometry problem would be to combine the Sabatier reaction with the reverse water-gas shift (RWGS) reaction in a single reactor as follows: :3CO2 + 6H2 -> CH4 + 2CO + 4H2O This reaction is slightly exothermic, and when the water is electrolyzed, an oxygen to methane ratio of 2:1 is obtained.
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