Cloth manufacturing in Speyer was pivotal. For that purpose the area of Speyer had turned into a centre for growing dyer's madder. The guild citizenry made up the largest portion of Speyer's population.
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Iranian Azeris often worked menial jobs, including on dyer's madder plantations in Guba where 9,000 out of 14,000 Iranian Azeri contract workers were employed as of 1867.Сумбатзаде А. С. Рост торгового земледелия в Азербайджане во второй половине XIX века (К вопросу о развитии российского капитализма вширь) // Вопросы истории. – М.: Изд-во "Правда", Апрель 1958. – № 4.
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The native Aubergine (Eggplant) The two major economic activities in Barbentane have always been from the beginning, agriculture and stone quarries. Its large alluvial plain allows intensive, high quality agriculture, in historical times based mainly on autarkical crops—wheat, beans, etc. Then came a time when Dyer's Madder was cultivated - its first real industrial cultivation. Harvesting this plant required 1000 locals and 600 immigrant workers.
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Alizarin One of the most important anthraquinone dyes of herbal origin is alizarin, which is extracted from the dyer's madder (Rubia tinctorum). Alizarin is the eponym for a number of structurally related dyes that use alizarin dyes (sometimes synonymous with anthraquinone dyes). It was the first natural dye for which an industrial synthesis was developed as early as 1869. Anthraquinone dyes include insect dyes derived from scale insects such as carminic acid, kermesic acid and laccainic acids.
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The national park habitats 85 families, 305 genera, 545 species, 54 subspecies and 140 varieties within its boundaries. 88 of the 560 taxa in the park area are endemic. Some plants spread in and around the protected area are Turkish cedar, (Cedrus libani), common juniper (Juniperus communis), Phoenicean juniper (Juniperus phoenicea), fir (Abies), pine (Pinus), kermes oak (Quercus coccifera), ash tree (Fraxinus), walnut tree (Juglans), mulberry (Morus), male fern (Dryopteris filix-mas), windflower (Anemone nemorosa), poppy (Papaver somniferum), dyer's madder (Rubia tinctorum), sage (Salvia), snowdrop (Galanthus) and cyclamen.
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A variety of plants produce red (or reddish) dyes, including a number of lichens, henna, alkanet or dyer's bugloss (Alkanna tinctoria), asafoetida, cochineal, sappanwood, various galium species, and dyer's madder Rubia tinctorum and Rubia cordifolia.Barber (1991), p. 232. Madder and related plants of the genus Rubia are native to many temperate zones around the world, and were already used as sources of good red dye in prehistory. Madder has been identified on linen in the tomb of Tutankhamun, and Pliny the Elder records madder growing near Rome.Goodwin (1982), pp. 64–65. Madder was a dye of commercial importance in Europe, being cultivated in the Netherlands and France to dye the red coats of military uniforms until the market collapsed following the development of synthetic alizarin dye in 1869.
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