After publication of his landmark book, "Das Volkswagenwerk und seine Arbeiter im Dritten Reich" (The Volkswagen Works and Its Workers During the Third Reich), Mr. Grieger oversaw the Volkswagen company archives.
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1 In Nazi Germany, capital punishment was reinstated for juveniles between 16 and 17 years in 1939.Kasseckert, Christian (2009), Straftheorie im Dritten Reich - Entwicklung des Strafgedankens im Dritten Reich, Logos: Berlin, pp. 99-100 This was broadened to children and youth from age 12 to 17 in 1943.Kasseckert, Christian (2009), Straftheorie im Dritten Reich - Entwicklung des Strafgedankens im Dritten Reich, Logos: Berlin, p.
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Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945.Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945 on WorldCatUpdated issue. Fischer, Frankfurt/M. 2005, , .
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Böhlau Verlag, Cologne/Weimar/Vienna 2015, {, , here: . Still mentioned in 2007 in the Kulturlexikon zum Dritten Reich,Ernst Klee: Das Kulturlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Who was what before and after 1945. S. Fischer, Frankfurt 2007, {, }.
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New York: Oxford University Press. German version (2000). Die mißbrauchte Muse. Musiker im Dritten Reich.
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Klee, Ernst, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Aktualisierte Ausgabe, Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 2003, .
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Sven Felix Kellerhoff: Albert Speer. Der erfolgreichste Manipulator des Dritten Reiches. In: Die Welt, 31. Mai 2017.
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Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich: Wer war was vor und nach 1945 (p. 731). Frankfurt: S. Fischer.
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Sieg ebnete Weg zum dritten WM-Titel, orf.at, 2014-06-18. Piquet finished in 5th place in the championship.
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Harnack, "Über den dritten Johannesbrief" (series Texte und Untersuchungen zur Geschichte der altchristlichen Literatur) 15.3 (Leipzig 1897:3-27).
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Karl Höffkes: Hitlers politische Generale. Die Gauleiter des Dritten Reiches. Ein biographisches Nachschlagewerk, Grabert-Verlag, Tübingen, 1986, p. 278, .
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Karl Höffkes: Hitlers Politische Generale. Die Gauleiter des Dritten Reiches, ein biographisches Nachschlagewerk. Grabert-Verlag, Tübingen, 1986, p. 368 .
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Karl Höffkes: Hitlers Politische Generale. Die Gauleiter des Dritten Reiches: ein biographisches Nachschlagewerk. Grabert-Verlag, Tübingen, 1986, p. 364, .
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The saloon of Adolf Hitler e.g. was blasted by German troops in the last days of WW II.Andreas Burow: Die Flakwagen der Regierungszüge der Reichsregierung im Dritten Reich. In: Jahrbuch für Eisenbahngeschichte 39 (2007/2008), S. 25-38. .Bruno Rebbelmund: Die Salonberatungs- und Salonnachrichtenwagen in den Führerzügen der Reichsregierung im Dritten Reich.
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SPD-Kreisvorsitzender fordert Distanzierung vom Dritten Reich. In: Münchner Merkur, 21. Mai 2005 Since 2007 the commemorate became much smaller.
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Höffkes, Karl: Hitlers politische Generale. Die Gauleiter des Dritten Reiches. Ein biographisches Nachschlagewerk, Grabert-Verlag, Tübingen, 1986, pp. 342-343, .
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Stefan H. Lindner: Hoechst. Ein I.G. Farben Werk im Dritten Reich, München: C.H.Beck 2005, XVIII + 460 S., 29 Abb., 20 Tab., .
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Given at the Third Congress of the International Hegel Society. Rome, 1933. Appeared in Verhandlungen des dritten Hegelkongresses vom. 19 bis 23.
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Furthermore, cf. Christian Tilitzki: Die deutsche Universitätsphilosophie in der Weimarer Republik und im Dritten Reich. Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 2002, pp. 661–663.
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Peter Koblank.Best of Koblank Die Göring-Speer-Verordnung. Arbeitnehmererfindungsrecht im Dritten Reich / Dr.-Fritz-Todt-Preis. EUREKA impulse 12/2012, p. 2.
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August 2010, aufgerufen am 28. Mai 2012. Kommentierte Liste aufgrund der Studie: Christian Adam: Lesen unter Hitler. Autoren, Bestseller, Leser im Dritten Reich.
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Ernst Klee: Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945, Fischer Taschenbuch Frankfurt am Main, 2. (revised)edition 2007, 180.
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Joachim Lilla: Der Preußische Staatsrat 1921–1933. Ein biographisches Handbuch. Mit einer Dokumentation der im „Dritten Reich“ berufenen Staatsräte. Droste Verlag, Düsseldorf 2005, p. 234.
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At Bosl, they observed "a precarious coexistence of rejection and concessions" with the system.Benjamin Z. Kedar, Peter Herde: Karl Bosl im "Dritten Reich". Berlin among others 2016, .
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Kater, Michael H. Das 'Ahnenerbe' der SS 1935- 1945: Ein Beitrag zur Kulturpolitik des dritten Reiches, Studien zur Zeitgeschichte Volume 6. Munich: Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, 2006. , . P. 467.
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Ingo Haar, "Ursprünge, Arten und Folgen des Konstrukts 'Bevölkerung' vor, im und nach dem 'Dritten Reich': Zur Geschichte der deutschen Bevölkerungswissenschaft". Die deutschen ›Vertreibungsverluste‹ – Forschungsstand, Kontexte und Probleme, Ursprünge, Arten und Folgen des Konstrukts "Bevölkerung" vor, im und nach dem "Dritten Reich", Berlin: Springer, 2009; p.376 The issue of the "expellees" has been a contentious one in German politics, with the Federation of Expellees staunchly defending the higher figure.
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Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich: Wer war was vor und nach 1945. Fischer- Taschenbuch-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main. Campbell, Valerie (2007). Camp 165 Watten: Scotland's Most Secretive POW Camp.
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His last words had been: "I die for Germany!"Ernst Klee: Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich: Wer war was vor und nach 1945., Frankfurt am Main 2007, S. 13.
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After the war's end, Tamaschke last resided in Uhingen, where he died on 14 October 1959.Ernst Klee: Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Frankfurt am Main 2007, p. 617.
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At this occasion she had lunch with the Governor General Hans Frank.Ernst Klee: Das Kulturlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945. S. Fischer, Frankfurt 2007, , .
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Ernst Klee: Das Kulturlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945. S. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 2007, . Kapp died in Sonthofen at the age of 78.
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Vierter Band: Vom Regierungsantritte Murad des Dritten bis zur zweiten Entthronung Mustafa's 1, 1574—1629, p. 371. Pest: C. A. Hartleben's Verlage, 1829. ; Țilică, p. 29. See also Stoicescu, p.
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Later Clewing was also a fighter pilot and got to know Hermann Göring.Ernst Klee: Das Kulturlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945. S. Fischer, Frankfurt 2007, , .
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Fischer Taschenbuch, Frankfurt am Main 2005, , p. 501; Hans-Christian Harten, Uwe Neirich, Matthias Schwerendt: Rassenhygiene als Erziehungsideologie des Dritten Reichs. Bio-bibliographisches Handbuch. Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 2006, , p. 454.
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Hans Bohrmann, Arnulf Kutsch: Rundfunkwissenschaft im Dritten Reich, Part 3 (Rundfunkkunde an den Universitäten Berlin und Leipzig). In: Rundfunk und Geschichte, 1976, H. 1, P. 17–21, esp. p. 17.
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Rödder 2009, S. 236 f.; Heinrich August Winkler: Der lange Weg nach Westen. Zweiter Band: Deutsche Geschichte vom «Dritten Reich» bis zur Wiedervereinigung. Fünfte, durchgesehene Auflage, München 2002, S. 552.
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Comedic public service announcements were delivered by the Tran and Helle duo.Singer, Hans-Jürgen, "Tran und Helle. Aspekte unterhaltender Aufklärung im Dritten Reich", Publizistik, 31, 1986, :3–4, pp. 347–356.
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Ergebnisdatenbank der Dritten Bundeswaldinventur (2012). Abgerufen am 1. September 2015. During this period, around 108,000 hectares of new forest were created, while around 58,000 hectares of existing forest area were lost.
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286 It was 1941 that he was promoted to the rank of Obersturmführer.Ernst Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich: Wer war was vor und nach 1945., Frankfurt am Main 2007, p.
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Ernst Klee: Das Kulturlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Who was what before and after 1945. S. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 2007, , . Danckert became a member of the Hauptstelle Musik at the Amt Rosenberg.
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Karl-Heinz Ludwig, Technik und Ingenieure im Dritten Reich. Athenäum-Verlag, Königstein/Ts., 1979, After being subject to severe criticism, the project was cancelled by Heinkel at the end of February 1945.
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Karl-Heinz Ludwig, Technik und Ingenieure im Dritten Reich. Athenäum-Verlag, Königstein/Ts., 1979, Only the Messerschmitt prototype of this more advanced fighter had been started by the end of the war.
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Ernst Klee, Das Kulturlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945. S. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 2007, , p. 682 He was long assumed to be homosexual during his lifetime.
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He was also qualified as a Spanish language interpreter in 1931.Ernst Klee: Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, Frankfurt am Main 2007, S. 260. He was married in 1925 and had two daughters.
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Although the Ney Trio had its origins in the Weimar Republic, their leader Ney was close to the NS regime.Michael Hans Kater: Die mißbrauchte Muse. Musiker im Dritten Reich. Piper, Munich among others.
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In 1928, he became a Professor at the Royal School of Art.Ernst Klee: Das Kulturlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945. S. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 2007, , S. 201.
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Oesch's die Dritten is a Yodel Volksmusik family group from the Bernese Oberland, Switzerland. It consists of its lead vocalist and yodeler Melanie Oesch (born 14 December 1987), her mother Annemarie (born 8 February 1963), her father Hansueli (born 14 July 1958), her two brothers Mike (born 14 January 1989) and Kevin (born 23 October 1990), and Urs Meier (born 14 November 1980). The words die Dritten refer to the third generation, after grandfather Hans and parents Hansueli and Annemarie.
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Documentation) - Tel Aviver Jahrbuch, 2007, Tel Aviv : Universität Tel Aviv, Fakultät für Geisteswissenschaften, Forschungszentrum für Geschichte ; Gerlingen [Germany] : Bleicher VerlagIngo Haar, "Ursprünge, Arten und Folgen des Konstrukts 'Bevölkerung' vor, im und nach dem 'Dritten Reich': Zur Geschichte der deutschen Bevölkerungswissenschaft". Die deutschen ›Vertreibungsverluste‹ – Forschungsstand, Kontexte und Probleme, Ursprünge, Arten und Folgen des Konstrukts "Bevölkerung" vor, im und nach dem "Dritten Reich", Berlin: Springer, 2009; Ingo Haar, "Herausforderung Bevölkerung: zu Entwicklungen des modernen Denkens über die Bevölkerung vor, im und nach dem Dritten Reich". "Bevölkerungsbilanzen" und "Vertreibungsverluste". Zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte der deutschen Opferangaben aus Flucht und Vertreibung, Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 2007; Ingo Haar, Straty zwiazane z wypedzeniami: stan badañ, problemy, perspektywy (Human losses associated with expulsions), translation from German, Polish Diplomatic Review, 2007, nr 5 (39); accessed 6 December 2014.
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Karl Höffkes: Hitlers Politische Generale. Die Gauleiter des Dritten Reiches: ein biographisches Nachschlagewerk. Grabert-Verlag, Tübingen, 1986, p. 373, . On 5 March 1933 he was elected to the Reichstag for electoral constituency 32, Baden.
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Gerdy Troost remained a friend and confidante of Winifred Wagner after 1945.Ernst Klee: Das Kulturlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945. S. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 2007, , p. 620.
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The film was commissioned by the Luftwaffe and presents participation in war as a joy.Wolf Donner, "'Stukas', (1941)", in Propaganda und Film im 'Dritten Reich, ed. Jeanine Meerapfel, Berlin: TIP, 1995, pp. 103-06 , p.
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Ingo Haar, "Herausforderung Bevölkerung: zu Entwicklungen des modernen Denkens über die Bevölkerung vor, im und nach dem Dritten Reich". "Bevölkerungsbilanzen" und "Vertreibungsverluste". Zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte der deutschen Opferangaben aus Flucht und Vertreibung, Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 2007; .
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"Die deutschen "Vertreibungsverluste": Forschungsstand, Kontexte und Probleme". In Mackensen, Rainer (in German). Ursprünge, Arten und Folgen des Konstrukts "Bevölkerung" vor, im und nach dem "Dritten Reich": Zur Geschichte der deutschen Bevölkerungswissenschaft. VS Verlag. p. 371. .
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Oktober 2013Volker Dahm, Albert A. Feiber, Hartmut Mehringer und Horst Möller (Hrsg.): Die tödliche Utopie, Bilder, Texte, Dokumente, Daten zum Dritten Reich. Verlag Dokumentation Obersalzberg im Institut für Zeitgeschichte, München und Berlin 2010, , S. 127.
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Ernst Klee: Das Kulturlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945. S. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 2007, , S. 542. In 1948, three years after the Second World War, Schoenichen moved to Goslar.
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Adam 2010. It reached place 17 in a list of Best sellers of the Third Reich which was published in 2010.NS-Bestseller. Die Lieblingsbücher der Deutschen im Dritten Reich In: Die Welt vom 19.
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Eucken killed himself in Seebruck on 16 June 1950.Ernst Klee: Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945. Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, Zweite aktualisierte Auflage, Frankfurt am Main 2005, S. 140.
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At the time of the correspondence with Röhm, it appears that Heimsoth became a member of the NSDAP.Burkhard Jellonnek: Homosexuelle unter dem Hakenkreuz. Die Verfolgung von Homosexuellen im Dritten Reich. Schöningh, Paderborn 1990, , p. 64.
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As a music writer he also made himself known with his great Wagner biography. Since 1933 Kapp was a member of NSDAP.Ernst Klee: Das Kulturlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Who was what before and after 1945.
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Sandra Paweronschitz. 2006. Zwischen Anspruch und Anpassung. Journalisten und der Presseclub Concordia im Dritten Reich. Wien. p.21 However, LIFE in 1938 claimed that the results of the referendum and its German counterpart were "largely honest".
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In 1944, he was Hauptsturmführer in the SS reserve. Subsequently, he was part of the "33rd Waffen-Grenadier-Division der SS Charlemagne".Ernst Klee, Das Kulturlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945.
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Ernst Klee: Das Kulturlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945. S. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 2007, , with regard to Willem de Vries: Kunstraub im Westen 1940–1945. Alfred Rosenberg und der Sonderstab Musik.
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Richard Fester (20 September 1860 - 5 January 1945) was a German historian.Ernst Klee: Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945. Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, Zweite aktualisierte Auflage, Frankfurt am Main 2005, p. 148.
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During the Kristallnacht (1938) his was decisively involved in the destruction of the synagogue in Friedrichstadt.Martin Gietzelt, Ulrich Pfeil: Dithmarschen im Dritten Reich 1933–1945. In Verein für Dithmarscher Landeskunde (ed.): Geschichte Dithmarschens. Boyens, Heide 2000, , , here .
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Ernst Klee: Das Kulturlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945. S. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 2007, S. 265–266. He studied at French academic painter Jean-Paul Laurens studio in Paris, in 1908.
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On 21 July 1943, he was appointed SS-Gruppenführer und Generalleutnant der Polizei. On October 6, 1933, he was elected Lord Mayor of Hof.Ernst Klee: Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945.
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No ISBN. So Bishop George Bell gained his sister-in-law Laura Livingstone to run an office for the international relief commission in Berlin. The failure of the Confessing Church was evident, even though 70–80% of the Christian Germans of Jewish descent were Protestants.Ursula Büttner, "Von der Kirche verlassen: Die deutschen Protestanten und die Verfolgung der Juden und Christen jüdischer Herkunft im »Dritten Reich«", in: Die verlassenen Kinder der Kirche: Der Umgang mit Christen jüdischer Herkunft im »Dritten Reich«, Ursula Büttner and Martin Greschat (eds.), Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1998, pp.
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Jeffreys, p. 345 For a time he followed this path, undertaking work on behalf of the Evangelical Church of Westphalia.Ernst Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945, Frankfurt am Main 2007, p.
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From 1936 he worked with the youth radio of the and the Sächsischen Volksliedarchiv.Fred K. Prieberg: Handbuch Deutsche Musiker 1933-1945, CD-Rom-Lexikon, Kiel 2004, . In 1937 he joined the NSDAP.Ernst Klee: Das Kulturlexikon zum Dritten Reich.
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Ernst Klee: Das Kulturlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945. S. Fischer, Frankfurt 2007, . Ahlersmeyer was bombed out in Dresden in 1945, and he went to the Hamburgische Staatsoper, where he was engaged again.
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Thomalla was reportedly executed by the NKVD (Soviet secret police) in Jičín, Czechoslovakia on 12 May 1945.Ernst Klee. Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich: Wer war was vor und nach 1945. Fischer-Taschenbuch-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 2005.
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Bauer, was the son of a blacksmith,Ernst Klee: Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945. Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, Zweite aktualisierte Auflage, Frankfurt am Main 2005, S. 30–31. and a teacher in Munich.
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Grimm had been a sympathizer of the National Socialists since 1923.Ernst Klee: Das Kulturlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945 (The Cultural Lexicon of the Third Reich. Who was what before and after 1945).
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Hans Jürgen Kallmann (20 May 1908 – 6 March 1991) was a German artist. He was born in Wollstein, Posen. Kallmann was the son of a dermatologist.Ernst Klee: Das Kulturlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945.
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R. Wistrich, Who's Who in Nazi Germany, 1984, p. 177 In 1940 he published the anthology Vox humana and became a member of the Nazi partyErnst Klee: Das Kulturlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 2009, P. 296..
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Kay (2006), pp. 181-182. Hamburg senator and SA General Wilhelm von Allwörden promoted himself to be nominated as the Commissioner for Economic Affairs for the Moscow area.Angelika Ebbinghaus, Karsten Linne (1997). Kein abgeschlossenes Kapitel: Hamburg im "Dritten Reich".
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Hans H. Zerlett was the son of a musical director and the brother of the screenwriter Walter Zerlett-Olfenius.Ernst Klee: Das Kulturlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945. S. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 2007, S. 681.
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Franz Grothe (17 September 1908 – 12 September 1982) was a German composer, mainly for the cinema. His musicals were outstanding successes. He was required to be a member of the Nazi party (No. 2.580.427).Ernst Klee: Das Kulturlexikon zum Dritten Reich.
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They managed to involve the Bahnauer Fraternity. The Theology faculty at Königsberg became a power house for theological training on behalf of the Confessing Church. Schniewind joined the Pfarrernotbund (loosely "Emergency League of Pastors").Ernst Klee: Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich.
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Helmut Brandl, Untersuchungen zur steinernen Privatplastik der Dritten Zwischenzeit: Typologie - Ikonographie -Stilistik, mbv-publishers, Berlin 2008, pp. 218-219, pls. 122, 180b, 186a (doc. U-1.1). The inscriptions read: > Ka of Osiris: Pa-di-iset, the justified, son of Apy.
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A longer, more scholarly German-language biography of Brazda was published later: "Das Glück kam immer zu mir": Rudolf Brazda—Das Überleben eines Homosexuellen im Dritten Reich by Alexander Zinn (Campus Verlag, 2011). The book is currently available in German only.
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185 However Hinrich Lohse, who was appointed General Secretary of the party in 1920, went on to serve as a Nazi Party official.Ernst Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945. 2. Auflage, Frankfurt a.
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Temporary wooden bridges replaced them until 1951. The Drachenloch Bridge had already been blown up on 19 March; the debris remains in the valleyPhotographs, Dieter Mayer-Gürr, "Autobahnruinen", in: Reichsautobahn: Pyramiden des Dritten Reichs. Analysen zur Ästhetik eines unbewältigten Mythos, ed.
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He entered the SA the same year.Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945. Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, Zweite aktualisierte Auflage, Frankfurt am Main 2005, In 1935 Heydte re-joined the Reichswehr where he attended staff training.
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Klausmann suffered significant long-term psychological effects from their ordeal. Books by Bertram regarding his adventures became best-sellers in Germany during 1933. In 1934, Bertram joined the Nazi Party and the SA ("Brownshirts").Ernst Klee: Das Kulturlexikon zum Dritten Reich.
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Ernst Klee: Das Kulturlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945. S. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 2007, p. 617. In June 1933, Trapp joined the Nazi movement through an "Appeal to the Creative" (Appell an die Schaffenden).
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Fred K. Prieberg, Handbuch Deutsche Musiker 1933–1945, CD-Rom-Lexikon, Kiel 2004, p. 7967 From 1925 to 1931 he worked under Wilhelm Frick in Thuringia, serving as deputy gauleiter from 1930 to 1931.Ernst Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich.
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National Academy of Engineering, Memorial Tributes, Volume 11, National Academies Press, 2007, p. 271 However, he later maintained that he had always been an opponent of national socialism.Ernst Klee: Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945.
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Due to receiving a scholarship, Magnussen was suspended in the fall of 1941 from her teaching profession and moved to the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Anthropology, Human Heredity, and Eugenics (KWI-A), in Berlin-Dahlem.Ernst Klee: Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, Frankfurt am Main 2007, p. 387. From this time on, she worked in the Department of Experimental Pathology of Heritage under the Department head, Hans Nachtsheim. Her research focused on the inheritance of eye color in rabbits and humans.Wolfgang Schieder, Achim Trunk: Adolf Butenandt und die Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft: Wissenschaft, Industrie und Politik im Dritten Reich, Göttingen 2004, p. 297f.
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In 2006, Haar called into question the validity of the official government figure of 2 million expulsion deaths in an article in the German newspaper Süddeutsche Zeitung.Ingo Haar, "Hochgerechnetes Unglück, Die Zahl der deutschen Opfer nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg wird übertrieben", Süddeutsche Zeitung, 14 November 2006. Since then Haar has published three articles in academic journals that covered the background of the research by the West German government on the expulsions.Ingo Haar, Die Deutschen "Vertreibungsverluste –Zur Entstehung der "Dokumentation der Vertreibung - Tel Aviver Jahrbuch, 2007, Tel Aviv : Universität Tel Aviv, Fakultät für Geisteswissenschaften, Forschungszentrum für Geschichte ; Gerlingen [Germany] : Bleicher VerlagIngo Haar, "Ursprünge, Arten und Folgen des Konstrukts 'Bevölkerung' vor, im und nach dem 'Dritten Reich': Zur Geschichte der deutschen Bevölkerungswissenschaft". Die deutschen ›Vertreibungsverluste‹ – Forschungsstand, Kontexte und Probleme, Ursprünge, Arten und Folgen des Konstrukts "Bevölkerung" vor, im und nach dem "Dritten Reich", Berlin: Springer, 2009; Ingo Haar, "Herausforderung Bevölkerung: zu Entwicklungen des modernen Denkens über die Bevölkerung vor, im und nach dem Dritten Reich".
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Kathleen Marowsky. "Die Bästlein-Jacobs-Abshagen Gruppe — Ein Beispiel des kommunistischen Widerstands in Hamburg im 'Dritten Reich'" Historical website about Hamburg. Retrieved March 23, 2010 "Buildings Integral to the Former Life and/or Persecution of Jews in Hamburg - Neustadt/St. Pauli — Thalia Theater" .
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Jakob Schmid in February 1947. Jakob Schmid (25 July 1886, in TraunsteinSönke Zankel: Vom Helden zum Hauptschuldigen – Der Mann, der die Geschwister Scholl festnahm. (PDF-Datei; 372 kB) In: Elisabeth Kraus (Hrsg.): Die Universität München im Dritten Reich. Aufsätze. Teil I. S. 581ff.
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Richard Neumann, 1929. p. 235 In the fall of 1928 Galm revived Das Volksrecht as a more regular publication with a larger circulation.Klemm, Bernd. Die Arbeiterpartei (Sozialistische Einheitspartei) Hessen 1945–1954: Entstehungsbedingungen, Geschichte und Programmatik einer dritten deutschen Arbeiterpartei nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg.
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In the same year, Hans Schmitz was drafted and consequently worked as a war painter. He died from a heart attack on 7 December of the following year in Angermund.Ernst Klee: Das Kulturlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945.
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In 1933 Wiehle joined the National Socialist Teachers League and was Kreissachbearbeiter für Rassefragen. Later he became a member of the Nazi Party, after an initial refusal in 1938.Hans-Christian Harten, Uwe Neirich, Matthias Schwerendt: Rassenhygiene als Erziehungsideologie des Dritten Reichs.
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Erhard Schütz and Eckhard Gruber, Mythos Reichsautobahn: Bau und Inszenierung der 'Straßen des Führers' 1933–1941, Berlin: Links, 1996, , pp. 31-32 .Thomas Kunze and Rainer Stommer, "Geschichte der Reichsautobahn", in: Reichsautobahn: Pyramiden des Dritten Reichs. Analysen zur Ästhetik eines unbewältigten Mythos, ed.
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In 1933, Rosenthal joined the ruling NSDAP (Nazi Party) and became a Sponsoring Member of the SS,Ernst Klee: Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945. 2., aktualisierte Auflage. Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 2005, , p. 508.
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As he sympathized with Nazi ideology for some time,Jutta Held, "Kunstgeschichte im 'Dritten Reich': Wilhelm Pinder und Hans Jantzen an der Münchner Universität". In Jutta Held and Martin Papenbrock, eds., Kunstgeschichte an den Universitäten im Nationalsozialismus. Göttingen, 2003, pp. 17-60.
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Fussenegger joined the Austrian National Socialist party – still at this stage formally separate from its German counterpart – in May 1933.Ernst Klee: Das Kulturlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945. S. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 2007, S. 172.
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In 1944 Adolf Hitler included him in the so- called Gottbegnadeten list,Ernst Klee: Das Kulturlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945. on WorlCat S. Fischer, Frankfurt 2007, , . which spared him and his quartet mates a war effort.
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Gernot Facius: Kleines Wunder an der Moldau Die Welt, 10 November 2008.Volker Ullrich: Acht Tage im Mai. Die letzte Woche des Dritten Reiches, Munich 2020, p. 159. The future literature scholar Peter Demetz, who grew up in Prague, later reported about this.
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Karl-Günther Heimsoth, also known as Karl-Guenter Heimsoth (4 December 1899, Charlottenburg – July 1934, Berlin) was a German physician, polygraph, and politician. Heimsoth was a member of the Nazi Party.Burkhard Jellonnek: Homosexuelle unter dem Hakenkreuz. Die Verfolgung von Homosexuellen im Dritten Reich.
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His father joined the party in 1934. Frenzel claimed that antisemitism was an aspect of the politics to which they were indifferent. He later claimed that he was appalled by the early persecution of Jews in Germany.Klee, Ernst: Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich.
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The list was compiled by Joseph Goebbels and Adolf Hitler: it featured those whose artistic contributions the National Socialists valued most highly.Ernst Klee: Das Kulturlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945. S. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 2007, p. 564.
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He became a lecturer at the Munich Academy, where he taught until 1950.Ernst Klee: Das Kulturlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945 (The Cultural Encyclopedia of the Third Reich. 1945). S. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 2007, pg. 634.
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He was a member of both the Werkbund and the antisemitic Militant League for German Culture.Ernst Klee, Das Kulturlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945, Frankfurt: Fischer, 2007, p. 48 . He became a Reich Cultural Senator in 1935.Lane, p. 183.
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For the World War I flying ace, see Hasso von Wedel (aviator) Hasso von Wedel (20 November 1898 – 3 January 1961)Ernst Klee: Das Kulturlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945. S. Fischer Verlag, Frankfurt a. M. 2007, , p. 648.
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In Germany, the rediscovered footage has been first used in the 1996 documentary Televisionen im Dritten Reich ("Tele-Visions in the Third Reich") made by WDR and NDR, as well as in Michael Kloft's 1999 documentary Das Fernsehen unter dem Hakenkreuz ("Television Under the Swastika").
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In 1938 he was awarded the Goethe Medal for Art and Science.Ernst Klee: Kulturlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945, S. Fischer Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 2009, p.32 On 6 May 1942, he died during a visit to Munich.
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The Life of a Titan) in 1940 by Curt Oertel.Michaela Rethmeier: Die Funktion und Bedeutung Fritz Hipplers für das Filmschaffen im „Dritten Reich“. Page 67 (dissertation, University of Münster, 2006) Two genres that were especially influenced by Expressionism are horror film and film noir.
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Unlike his father who was an early sympathizer with the Nazis and a member of the anti-Semitic Kampfbund für deutsche Kultur,Ernst Klee. Das Kulturlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945. S. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 2007, pp. 73–74.
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In 1944 Strub was included in the Gottbegnadeten list ("Führerliste") as one of the most important violinists in the Third Reich, which saved him from military service.Ernst Klee: Kulturlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945. Revised edition, Fischer, Frankfurt 2009, , .
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After the Armistice of Cassibile, Globočnik was appointed as Higher SS and Police Leader of the Operational Zone of the Adriatic Littoral of Italy on 13 September 1943.Klee, Ernst: Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945?, p. 187.
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From 1939 to 1953 he was a member of the Strub Quartet around Max Strub. In 1944 he was included in the Gottbegnadeten list as one of the most important German cellists.Ernst Klee: Kulturlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945.
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Later it was led by criminologist advisor Erich Jacob. In July 1943, Jacob became director of criminology and he worked beside psychiatrist and neurologist Carl-Heinz Rodenberg, who came on as scientific director.Burkhard Jellonek: Homosexuelle unter dem Hakenkreuz. Die Verfolgung von Homosexuellen im Dritten Reich.
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Nevertheless, according to at least one source, at the start of 1933 Müller-Hegeman became the leader of an anti-government resistance group which was "active" within the NSDStB applying "Trojan Horse tactics".Michael Grüttner: Studenten im Dritten Reich. Schöningh, Paderborn 1995, , p. 452 ff.
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Karl-Heinz Ludwig, Technik und Ingenieure im Dritten Reich. Athenäum- Verlag, Königstein/Ts., 1979, The designs brought forward by other German aircraft makers were the Heinkel P.1078,He P.1078 A - Luft'46 the Focke-Wulf Ta 183 and the Blohm & Voss P 212.
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Wegener joined the Nazi Party in 1930 and the Sturmabteilung (SA) in 1931. He became Kreisleiter for Bremen in 1933 and a delegate to the Reichstag for Weser-Ems that same year.Ernst Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945.
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In the final phase of the Second World War, Hitler accepted him into the Gottbegnadeten list of the most important conductors in August 1944, which saved Krasselt from a war mission, also on the Heimatfront.Oliver Rathkolb: Führertreu und gottbegnadet. Künstlereliten im Dritten Reich. Österreichischer Bundesverlag, Vienna 1991, , .
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On 21 February 2019, he was appointed as the manager of FC Luzern.Beim dritten Mal kommt Thomas Häberli zum FC Luzern und wird neuer Cheftrainer, nzz.ch, 21 February 2019 After a bad start in the 2019-2020 season, he was sacked on 16 December 2019., nzz.
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Ernst Klee: Das Kulturlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945. S. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 2007, , . After he had presented a " de-jewied " new translation of Mozart's opera Le nozze di Figaro in 1940, Fred K. Prieberg: Handbuch Deutsche Musiker 1933-1945, .
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At this time, he was also appointed a member of the "Deutschen Akademie der Luftfahrtforschung".Ernst Klee: Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945. Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, Zweite aktualisierte Auflage, Frankfurt am Main 2005, , S. 428 (German Academy of aircraft research).
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Wegener switched from the SA to the Schutzstaffel (SS) in 1940 obtaining the rank of SS-Gruppenführer on 9 November 1942 and SS- Obergruppenführer 1 August 1944.Karl Höffkes: Hitlers Politische Generale. Die Gauleiter des Dritten Reiches: ein biographisches Nachschlagewerk, Grabert- Verlag, Tübingen, 1986, p. 381, .
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Walter Fritz, Der Wiener Film im Dritten Reich, Schriftenreihe des Österreichischen Filmarchivs 17, Vienna: Austrian Film Archive, 1988, , pp. 17-18 .Georg Markus, Adressen mit Geschichte: wo berühmte Menschen lebten, Vienna: Amalthea, 2005, , p. 235 . She was his mistress until 1909, when he ended the relationship.
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He was appointed professor of history at Königsberg in 1913, Marburg in 1920, and Berlin in 1922. In 1929 he became the director general of the Prussian Privy State Archives, in Berlin- Dahlem.Musial, Torsten (1996). Staatsarchive im Dritten Reich. Zur Geschichte des staatlichen Archivwesens in Deutschland 1933-1945.
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He also spent six weeks with a Swabian mountain division (German:Gebirgsjäger) in the Donetsk region.Alternativer Stadtrundgang (in German - with pictures) accessed: 28 June 2008 On 16 November 1942, Wahl was named Reich Defense Commissioner for his Gau.Karl Höffkes: Hitlers Politische Generale. Die Gauleiter des Dritten Reiches: ein biographisches Nachschlagewerk.
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He joined the Nazi Party in 1929Ernst Klee: Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Frankfurt am Main 2007, p. 167 the SA in turn of the year 1929/1930Joachim Lilla: Statisten in Uniform : Die Mitglieder des Reichstags 1933 - 1945, Düsseldorf 2004, pp.162-163 and the Schutzstaffel in 1936.
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On 20 November 1943 he was deported from the Drancy internment camp to the KZ Auschwitz-Birkenau,Ernst Klee: Das Kulturlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 2007, , . where he died in early 1945, before the liberation of the concentration camp.
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He was accepted into the Nazi party in 1940. After the end of World War II, he denied before the denazification commission his party membership and received an appointment as professor of classical philology at Kiel, where he remained until his retirement.Ernst Klee: Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich.
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Der Dom in der Weimarer Republik und im Dritten Reich [The cathedral without the Kaiser. The cathedral in the Weimar Republic and the Third Reich], in: Plöse, pp. 197-209, here p. 200 and in 1924 Karl Barth called Doehring a "miserable cream puff" and a "theological buffoon".
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They had no children. Wolfersdorf Castle ("Palace of Happy Returning") Still interested in science, Ernst established a modern observatory in Wolfersdorf, employing Kurd Kisshauer in 1922. On 1 May 1937, Ernst joined the Nazi PartyErnst Klee: Das Kulturlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945.
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Sabine Henze-Döhring: "Er lebte nur seiner Musik …" – Hermann Stephani als Gründer des Marburger Musikwissenschaftlichen Seminars und Collegium musicum; in Germanistik und Kunstwissenschaften im "Dritten Reich". Marburger Entwicklungen 1920-1950, edited by Kai Köhler, Burghard Dedner and Waltraud Strickhausen. Munich: K. G. Saur Verlag 2005 (Academia Marburgensis, vol. 10), .
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From the 1920s onward, Strobl became more right-wing and anti-semitic, eventually becoming a supporter of Nazism. Strobl became an advocate of Austria and the Sudetenland being incorporated into German rule; he was expelled from Czechoslovakia in 1934 for pro-Nazi activities.Klee, Ernst. Das Kulturlexikon zum Dritten Reich.
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Focke-Wulf produced three different designs of the project that would have been powered by two Heinkel HeS 011 turbojet engines. The innovative-looking series of jet bombers was designed by H. von Halem and D. Küchemann.Karl-Heinz Ludwig, Technik und Ingenieure im Dritten Reich. Athenäum-Verlag, Königstein/Ts.
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In October 1933 she was one of 88 high-profile authors who signed the subsequently infamous Vow of Total Loyalty ("Gelöbnis treuester Gefolgschaft") to the leader, Adolf Hitler.Ernst Klee: Das Kulturlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945. S. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 2007, p. 565.
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Friedrich Demmer (1785 – 15 April 1838) was an Austrian operatic tenor, actor and director and possibly the first Florestan in Beethoven's Fidelio.Kutsch/Riemens: Großes Sängerlexikon. K.G. Saur, elektronische Ausgabe der dritten, erweiterten Auflage, Digitale Bibliothek, volume 33, . In Grove, however, Joseph (Friedrich Christian) Demmer is mentioned in this role.
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As part of his SS membership, he was involved in the Spitzeldienste, the network of political informants set up by the Nazi Party's intelligence organization, the Sicherheitsdienst (SD).Ernst Klee (2007). Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich – Wer war was vor und nach 1945 (2nd edition). p. 85 (in German).
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Zur Botschaft der Kirche im Dritten Reich. Editors Walter Künneth, Helmuth Schreiner, Berlin 1933 In 1934, Wirth advanced plans to create an organization called Deutsches Ahnenerbe e.V. which was intended to host and exhibit his collection. Although he was supported by Roselius, the Verein was seemingly never set up.
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Gerhard Bast, son of attorney Rudolf Bast,Ulrich Weinzierl: Der Mörder in meinen Genen – Wie man im Dritten Reich "ehrenhaft und anständig" blieb. Martin Pollack forscht nach seinem Vater, Die Welt, 11. September 2004 grew up in a German national household. In 1912, the family moved to Amstetten.
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No ISBN. So Bishop George Bell got his sister-in-law Laura Livingstone to run an office for the international relief commission in Berlin. The failure of the Confessing Church was evident, even though 70–80% of the Christian Germans of Jewish descent were Protestants.Ursula Büttner, "Von der Kirche verlassen: Die deutschen Protestanten und die Verfolgung der Juden und Christen jüdischer Herkunft im »Dritten Reich«", In: Die verlassenen Kinder der Kirche: Der Umgang mit Christen jüdischer Herkunft im »Dritten Reich«, Ursula Büttner and Martin Greschat (eds.), Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1998, pp. 15–69, here footnote 9 on pp. 20seq. () and Hartmut Ludwig, "Das ›Büro Pfarrer Grüber‹ 1938–1940", In: ›Büro Pfarrer Grüber‹ Evangelische Hilfsstelle für ehemals Rasseverfolgte.
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He rejects the statement by the German government that the figure of 500–600,000 deaths omitted those people who died of disease and hunger, and has stated that this is a "mistaken interpretation" of the data. He maintains that deaths due to disease, hunger and other conditions are already included in the lower numbers. According to Haar the numbers were set too high for decades, for postwar political reasons.Ingo Haar, "Ursprünge, Arten und Folgen des Konstrukts 'Bevölkerung' vor, im und nach dem 'Dritten Reich': Zur Geschichte der deutschen Bevölkerungswissensch". Die deutschen ›Vertreibungsverluste‹ – Forschungsstand, Kontexte und Probleme, in Ursprünge, Arten und Folgen des Konstrukts "Bevölkerung" vor, im und nach dem "Dritten Reich", Berlin: Springer, 2009; .
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In 1933 approximately 77% of German Gentiles with Jewish ancestry were Protestant, the percentage dropped to 66% in the 1939 census, after the annexations of 1938 (due in particular to the acquisition of Vienna and Prague, with their relatively large and well-established Catholic populations of Jewish descent).Ursula Büttner, "Von der Kirche verlassen: Die deutschen Protestanten und die Verfolgung der Juden und Christen jüdischer Herkunft im "Dritten Reich"", In: Die verlassenen Kinder der Kirche: Der Umgang mit Christen jüdischer Herkunft im "Dritten Reich", Ursula Büttner and Martin Greschat (eds.), Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1998, pp. 15-69, here footnote 20 on pp. 20seq. . Converts to Christianity and their descendants had often married Christians with no recent Jewish ancestry.
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The majority of these IMs were nevertheless people born in West Germany who worked for the Stasi because their political sympathies favoured the German Democratic Republic (East Germany).Heinrich August Winkler: Der lange Weg nach Westen. Vol 2: Deutsche Geschichte vom Dritten Reich bis zur Wiedervereinigung. München 2000, page 324.
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Johannes Bähr u. a.: Der Flick-Konzern im Dritten Reich. Herausgegeben durch das Institut für Zeitgeschichte München- Berlin im Auftrag der Stiftung Preußischer Kulturbesitz. Oldenbourger Wissenschaftsverlag, München 2008, , S. 907 As State Secretary in the Ministry of Economics followed him afterFriedrich Landfriedstraße and as vice president of the Reichsbank Emil Puhl.
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In May 1942 she arrived in Lisbon, where she continued her work as correspondent for the Frankfurter Zeitung. While in Lisbon she became acquainted with the Swiss journalist Annemarie Schwarzenbach, who was to die shortly afterwards in an accident in Switzerland.Gillessen, Günther: Auf verlorenem Posten. Die Frankfurter Zeitung im Dritten Reich.
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Magnussen had already joined the National Socialist German Student League (NSDStB) during her studies. In 1931, she became a member of the NSDAP. Later, she became BDM leader and was a member of the National Socialist Teachers League (NSLB).Ernst Klee: Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, Frankfurt am Main 2007, p.
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Globke submitted a final application for Nazi Party membership, but the application was rejected in 1943, again due to his former affiliation to the Centre Party.Ernst Klee: Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945. 2. Auflage. Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 2005, S. 187.
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Hoelscher was one of the most important musicians of the Nazi era, which is reflected in his inclusion in the Gottbegnadeten list, published in August 1944, which set him free him from military service.Ernst Klee: Das Kulturlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945. S. Fischer, Frankfurt 2007.
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He eventually left the Nazi Party, but unsuccessfully applied in 1933 and 1937 to become a member again. He signed the Loyalty Oath of German Professors to Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist State in 1933.Ernst Klee: Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945.
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7.061 (CD-Rom). In 1934–1938 he worked for the Berliner Tageblatt, for which, under the pseudonym Karl Frahm, he also wrote cookery recipes and a Cookery Book. In 1935 he was denounced as a 'Music-Bolshevist' by the Militant League for German Culture.Ernst Klee, Das Kulturlexikon zum Dritten Reich.
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Axel Jockwer: Unterhaltungsmusik im Dritten Reich, PDF, University of Konstanz From 1942 Havemann wrote various articles for the NS journal Das Reich controlled by Goebbels. Since 1950 Havemann taught at the Musikfachschule Cottbus, since 1951 at the in East Berlin. He died in January 1960 in Schöneiche near Berlin aged 77.
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Bolender served at Sobibor extermination camp from April to August of 1942, where he was one of the most feared SS officers.Klee, Ernst: Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945?' He was the commander of Sobibor's extermination area and he personally supervised gassings and cremations.
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January 1933 brought régime change and the Hitler government lost little time in imposing one-party government in Germany. Bert Heller joined the ruling Nazi Party in 1940.Ernst Klee: Das Kulturlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945. S. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 2007, p. 232.
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He thus united under his control the highest party and governmental offices within his jurisdiction. On the outbreak of war on 1 September 1939, he was named Reich Defense Commissioner for VI.Karl Höffkes: Hitlers Politische Generale. Die Gauleiter des Dritten Reiches: ein biographisches Nachschlagewerk, Grabert-Verlag, Tübingen, 1986, p. 346. .
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After the Nazi Party came to power, he was one of the 88 German authors who signed the Gelöbnis treuester Gefolgschaft, in which the undersigned promised their "most loyal obedience" to Adolf Hitler.Ernst Klee, Das Kulturlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945. Frankfurt am Main: Fischer, 2007. P. 253.
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The institute soon gained an international reputation as leading psychiatric research, including in hereditary genetics. In 1931, a few years after Kraepelin's death, Rüdin took over the directorship of the entire Institute as well as remaining head of his department.Man, Medicine, and the State Pg 73-Ernst Klee: Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich.
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Germans perpetrated one of the largest war-time massacres in Simferopol, killing in total over 22,000 locals—mostly Jews, Russians, Krymchaks, and Romani. On one occasion, starting 9 December 1941, the Einsatzgruppen D under Otto Ohlendorf's command killed an estimated 14,300 Simferopol residents; most of them were Jews.Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich.
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From 2017 until 2019, Herbst served as advisor to Minister-President Daniel Günther.Kay Müller (May 14, 2019), Der Günther-Vertraute Schleswig- Holsteinischer Zeitungsverlag.Christian Hiersemenzel (May 22, 2019), CDU- Kandidat für Brüssel: Niclas Herbst kandidiert zum dritten Mal Kieler Nachrichten. Herbst has been a Member of the European Parliament since the 2019 European elections.
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Coerced into resignation during June 1933, Hugenburg was succeeded by Kurt Schmitt and Walther Darré.Hans Kehrl: Krisenmanager im Dritten Reich. The latter took over on June 30, 1933 as "Reichsbauernführer" the management of the Reich Ministry of Food and Agriculture,Horst Gies: NSDAP und landwirtschaftliche Organisationen in der Endphase der Weimarer Republik.
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Haar maintains that the actual number of deaths directly related to the expulsions is between 500-600,000 persons based on the findings of the German church search service and the report of the German government archives. Dr. Haar maintains that the figure of 2 million expulsion deaths includes "a fall in the German birth rate, persons assimilated into the local population, military dead, murdered Jews and missing persons" Ursprünge, Arten und Folgen des Konstrukts „Bevölkerung“ vor, im und nach dem „Dritten Reich“ Zur Geschichte der deutschen Bevölkerungswissensch: Ingo Haar Die deutschen ›Vertreibungsverluste‹ – Forschungsstand, Kontexte und Probleme, in Ursprünge, Arten und Folgen des Konstrukts „Bevölkerung“ vor, im und nach dem „Dritten Reich“ Springer 2009: Ingo Haar, Bevölkerungsbilanzen“ und „Vertreibungsverluste. Zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte der deutschen Opferangaben aus Flucht und Vertreibung :Herausforderung Bevölkerung : zu Entwicklungen des modernen Denkens über die Bevölkerung vor, im und nach dem Dritten Reich Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften 2007 Haar has criticized the Federation of Expellees for inflating the numbers of German victims of the expulsion of Germans after World War II,;Deutschlandfunk: Historiker: Vertriebenen-Verband nennt falsche Opferzahlen, 14 November 2006 the former expellees' president Erika Steinbach in her reply accused Haar of reducing the number of victims.
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Sources reportJoseph von Hammer-Purgstall, Geschichte des Osmanischen Reiches. Vol. 4: Vom Regierungsantritte Murad des Dritten bis zur zweyten Entthronung Mustafa des Ersten 1574 - 1623, Budapest: C. A. Hartleben, 1829, p. 218 and footnote with reference to the greatly differing figures in Ottoman sources, e.g. Mustafa Naima,Tarichi Naima (i.e. "Naima's History"), Constantinople 1734, vol.
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He was a young man when he first appeared in a silent film role in 1927. In 1933 Albach-Retty became a patron member of the SS"Legenden. Diva mit Nazi-Trauma?" in: Der Spiegel, 15 September 2008 and in 1940 he joined the Nazi Party.Oliver Rathkolb: Führertreu und gottbegnadet: Künstlereliten im Dritten Reich.
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Theodor Förster (May 15, 1910 – May 20, 1974) was a German physical chemist. Theodor Förster undertook a Ph.D. under Erwin Madelung at the University of Frankfurt am Main (1933). In the same year he joined the Nazi Party and the SA.Ernst Klee: Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945.
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From 1946, Achenbach worked as a lawyer in Essen,Ernst Klee: Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945. Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, Zweite aktualisierte Auflage, Frankfurt am Main 2005, S. 10. and successfully defended both Alexander von Falkenhausen and Eggert Reeder at their trial for war crimes in Belgium in 1951.
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Ernst Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich: Wer war was vor und nach 1945, Fischer-Taschenbuch-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main, 2007, p. 556 In 1933, he was a member of the guards at Dachau concentration camp. In the summer of 1937, he became the National Director of the Lindenhofs der Herzogsägmühle, a facility for travellers.
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After the war he was interned by the Americans until 1950. Between 1954 and 1959 he directed the vaccines division of the German pharmaceutical company Schaper & Brümmer GmbH & Co.Ernst Klee: Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 2005, , S. 458 He was a member of the German Association for Focal Infection Research.
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Only half were later recaptured."Majdanek" Retrieved May 13, 2010 In August 1942, Koch was charged with "negligent release of a prisoner" and was reprimanded with a disciplinary transfer to the lesser job of Postschutz in Eger.Ernst Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich: Wer war was vor und nach 1945., Frankfurt am Main (2007) p.
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In 1929 he received a post as a professor at the Collegium Hosianum at Braunsberg in East Prussia. After the Nazi seizure of power in 1933, he published a treatise on the "Catholic accommodation with National Socialism" (Katholischer Zugang zum Nationalsozialismus).Ernst Klee: Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945.
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Klee: Euthanasie im Dritten Reich, p. 290. Prisoners at Mauthausen who were no longer capable of working, especially in the quarries, and politically undesirable prisoners were brought to Hartheim to be executed. In the papers these transfers were disguised with terms like "recreation leave". The entries under "sickness" included "German-haters", "communist" or "Polish fanatic".
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Ernst Klee: Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945. Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, Zweite aktualisierte Auflage, Frankfurt am Main 2005, p. 335 He was one of three directors of the Dresdner Bank, the others being Karl Rasche and Emil Heinrich Meyer, to belong to the exclusive Freunde des Reichsführer-SS circle.
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Paula Grogger belonged to the illegal Nazi Bund of German writers in Austria. After the Austrian Annexation, in 1938, she paid homage to Adolf Hitler in the Confession book of German poets.Ernst Klee: Das Kulturlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945. S. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 2007, S. 199–200.
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He spent nearly four years recuperating in hospitals and served out the rest of the war as a Reserve Oberleutnant in the Kaiser Franz Garde- Grenadier Regiment No. 2. He married in 1917. He was discharged in May 1919.Karl Höffkes: Hitlers Politische Generale. Die Gauleiter des Dritten Reiches: ein biographisches Nachschlagewerk, Grabert-Verlag, Tübingen, 1986, p.
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After a change in the personal policy of the Auswärtiges Amt, Bremer was sent to the Eastern front as many men servicing not in the army. He died shortly later at a battle near to Lake Ilmen.Eckard Michels: Das deutsche Institut in Paris 1940-1944. Ein Beitrag zu den deutsch-französischen Kulturbeziehungen und zur auswärtigen Kulturpolitik des Dritten Reiches.
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An 1844 description of the border includes the words: über den ersten Schafalpenkopf, über den zweiten Schafalpenkopf, bis zu dem dritten Schafalpenkopf ("over the first Schafalpenkopf, over the second Schafalpenkopf to the third Schafalpenkopf"). In an Austria special map for the Biberkopf region they are also named as the Walser Kerle.Thaddäus Steiner: Allgäuer Bergnamen. 2nd edn.
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89 he achieved his highest rank on 30 January 1941.Ernst Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, Frankfurt am Main 2007, p. 475 In April 1938, the Donau-Zeitung reported that Reinthaller took the Austrian Wotan steamer to Passau, where he welcomed German transport minister Julius Dorpmüller to Austria.Anna Rosmus Hitlers Nibelungen, Samples Grafenau 2015, pp.
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Retrieved March 24, 2010 His urn was buried in 1946 at the Ohlsdorf Cemetery in Hamburg, at the memorial for the executed Resistance fighters from Hamburg.Kathleen Marowsky. "Die Bästlein- Jacobs-Absagen Gruppe – Ein Beispiel des kommunistischen Widerstands in Hamburg im 'Dritten Reich'" Article by a Hamburg historian. Unter Hamburg, official website (about the history of Hamburg).
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Handed over to the NKVD, he was imprisoned in the Lubyanka prison in Moscow, tried by the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the Soviet Union and sentenced to death on 30 January 1947. He was shot on 14 February 1947.Ernst Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, Frankfurt 2003. (Biographies of persons of the Third Reich).
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Schwarz founded the Spandauer Kirchenmusikschule and was organist at the new church in Berlin. After the "Machtergreifung" of the National Socialists, he edited the flag song of the NSDAP and subsequently composed various pieces of popular music in the spirit of National Socialism.Ernst Klee: Das Kulturlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945.
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Amtliche Berichte aus den Kgl. Kunstsammlungen. 30.1908/1909, Sp. 122-124, #Buddhistisches Wandgemälde aus Qyzyl bei Kutscha. Amtliche Berichte aus den Kgl. Kunstsammlungen. 30.1908/09, Sp. 171-176, 2 #Herr Grünwedel hält alsdann einen Vortrag mit Lichtbildern über: Die archäologischen Ergebnisse der dritten Turfan-Expedition. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie.41.1909,891 -916,22 #[Review] Hans Leder: Das geheimnisvolle Tibet.
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Hamburg 1926-1941 Although she refused to join the Nazi Party, after 1936 she belonged to the NS-FrauenschaftErnst Klee: Das Kulturlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945, S. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 2007, S.487, . and until 1939 she also belonged to the Teachers' Association. In 1939, she gave up teaching and got married.
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The Sculptors' Association of Berlin elected him its first President. His work was part of the sculpture event in the art competition at the 1928 Summer Olympics. After the Nazi Machtergreifung in 1933, he signed a Declaration of Loyalty to Hitler and became a member of the Presidential Council of the Reichskulturkammer.Ernst Klee: Das Kulturlexikon zum Dritten Reich.
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Ernst Klee: Das Kulturlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945. S. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 2007, S. 34. On 1 April 1931, Baur flew the opening flight of the Berlin- Munich-Rome route, known as the Alpine flight, whose passengers included Nuntius Eugenio Pacelli, Arturo Toscanini and Tsar Boris III of Bulgaria.
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Lang and Stommer, p. 97. The Reichsautobahn was also prominently represented in the 1937 exhibition celebrating the first four years of the regime's achievements, Gebt mir vier Jahre Zeit (Give Me Four Years, a slogan of Hitler's).Rainer Stommer, "Triumph der Technik: Autobahnbrücken zwischen Ingenieuraufgabe und Kulturdenkmal", in: Reichsautobahn: Pyramiden des Dritten Reichs, pp. 49–76, p.
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Due to its classical metrological tasks, the PTR was also closely connected with the armament industry of the Third Reich. Since exact measures are a basic requirement for the manufacture of military equipment, the PTR gained a key role in armament production and defense.Dieter Hoffmann: Die Physikalisch- Technische Reichsanstalt im Dritten Reich, in: PTR/PTB: 125 Jahre metrologische Forschung.
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After the takeover of the Nazis, he came under pressure for his loyalty to dissident and Jewish students: in 1937 he was forced out of the Prussian Academy of Arts, and in 1938, dismissed from his teaching position.Ernst Klee: Das Kulturlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945. S. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 2007, p. 183.
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In September 1942 he became, in succession to Franz Walter Stahlecker and Heinz Jost, commander of Einsatzgruppe A, which was responsible for the mass murder of (mostly Jewish) civilians. In addition, he was commander of the Security Police in Riga for some time.Ernst Klee: Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945.
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SS-Oberführer Ernst Boepple (November 30, 1887, Betzingen – December 15, 1950, Kraków) was a Nazi official and SS officer,Ernst Klee: Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich. 2. Auflage. Fischer-Taschenbuch-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 2007, . serving as deputy to Josef Bühler in occupied Poland during World War II and the Holocaust, who was executed for war crimes.
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Reichleitner joined the Nazi Party in 1936 as member number 6,369,213 and the Schutzstaffel in 1937 as member number 357,065. He began his career as a Kriminalsekretär of the Gestapo in Linz. Later Reichleitner was assigned to work in the Action T4 euthanasia program at the nearby Hartheim Euthanasia Centre.Ernst Klee: Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich.
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The Hohnsteiner Kasper puppet theatre is named after the town and castle and put on its first performance in 1928 in the castle. In the years 1933/34 a concentration camp was established here for so-called protective custody prisoners (Schutzhäftlinge), in practice 5,600 political prisoners.Lothar Gruchmann: Justiz im Dritten Reich. 3. verb. Aufl. Munich, 2001, , p.
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Carl Theodor Auen (16 February 1892 - 23 June 1972) was a German film actor of the silent era. He appeared in 119 films between 1914 and 1938. Auen was a member of the Militant League for German Culture and also a member of the Advisory Council (Präsidialrat) of the president of the Reichsfilmkammer.Ernst Klee: Das Kulturlexikon zum Dritten Reich.
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In 1939, Unger moved to Volterra in Pisa. While he had been denounced by the Militant League for German Culture as a "musical Bolshevik" in 1935, he cooperated with the Reichsleiter Rosenberg Taskforce and the Amt Rosenberg beginning in 1942 or 1943.Ernst Klee: Das Kulturlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945.
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Wolfgang Boetticher (19 August 1914 – 7 April 2002) was a German musicologist and longtime lecturer at the University of Göttingen. Born in Bad Ems, Boetticher was arranger and editor of numerous works by the composer Robert Schumann, especially for the publishing house G. Henle in Munich.Ernst Klee: Das Kulturlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945.
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Wirth claimed that civilization is a curse that only a simpler way of life, as documented in archaeological findings and historical records, could lift. He has been criticized for romantic nationalism and Germanomania.Kater, M. (1974). Das Ahnenerbe der SS 1935-1945: ein Beitrag zur Kulturpolitik Des Dritten Reiches, Studien zur Zeitgeschichte/Institut für Zeitgeschichte, Stuttgart, Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, pp.
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She helped connect agent Gert CadenBundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED- Diktatur: Caden, Gert (eigtl.: Gerd Kaden) to the KPD. Helga worked for the news service of the KPD under the code name "Grete Pelgert" at least until 1937, when Roth was executed as a traitor in Moscow.Rainer F. Schmidt: Die Außenpolitik des Dritten Reiches 1933–1939.
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""Bevölkerungsbilanzen" und "Vertreibungsverluste"". in Ehmer, Josef (in German). Herausforderung Bevölkerung: zu Entwicklungen des modernen Denkens über die Bevölkerung vor, im und nach dem "Dritten Reich". VS Verlag. p. 271 A 1974 an internal study by the German Federal Archives found some 600,000 deaths, including 400,000 in the Oder-Neisse territory, 130,000 in Czechoslovakia and 80,000 in Yugoslavia.
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Zimmermann was born in Bad Freienwalde, studied economics and philosophy at Berlin, and worked for the newspapers Vossische Zeitung and Berliner Morgenpost before joining the magazine Die Tat in 1931. A supporter of Nazism he joined the Schutzstaffel in 1934 and the Nazi Party itself in 1936.Ernst Klee: Das Kulturlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945.
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He also would never see Germany losing World War II, for he died from pneumonia in Berlin in 1943.Hitler's Olympics: The Story of the 1936 Nazi Games The assets he left behind were negligible for a man of his position.Dieter Steinhöfer, Hans von Tschammer und Osten; Reichssportführer im Dritten Reich Von Tschammer was succeeded as Reichssportführer by Arno Breitmeyer.
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Durkheim, also a noted expounder of Japanese Zen philosophy in the West, was a committed Nazi and worked for the German Foreign Office in Tokyo during the war.Koltermann, Till Philip (2009), Der Untergang des Dritten Reiches im Spiegel der deutsch-japanischen Kulturbegegnung 1933–1945, Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 87–89 He helped his friend Suzuki introduce Zen Buddhism to the West.
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Years later he was interviewed by BBC Radio to talk about recorded tapes he made with Ansel Adams. In 1979 he wrote Snow Falling from a Bamboo Leaf: The Art of Haiku. In the late-1990s he wrote his first novel, 30,000 Mornings. It was published in Germany in 1999 under the title Gedanken eines Supermodels nach dem dritten Glas Wodka.
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Wer war was vor und nach 1945. Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, Zweite aktualisierte Auflage, Frankfurt am Main 2005, , S. 510. In 1942 he sentenced a 25-year-old Polish slave-laborer to death, explaining that "the inferiority of the defendant is clear as he is a part of Polish subhumanity".Zitat bei Ernst Klee: Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, Fischer Taschenbuch 2005, S. 510.
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The Kaiser died on 15 June 1888. The next day a post-mortem examination was performed by Virchow and his assistant. They found that the larynx was extensively damaged by ulceration, and microscopic examination confirmed epidermal carcinoma. Die Krankheit Kaiser Friedrich des Dritten (The Medical Report of Kaiser Frederick III) was published on 11 July under the lead authorship of Bergmann.
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Kulturpolitik im Dritten Reich. Ellert & Richter, Hamburg 2005, . In 1938, the Munich Secession was dissolved as part of the "Kulturellen Säuberung" (cultural cleansing) process. Following the end of World War II in 1946, the ' and the Neue Münchner Künstlergenossenschaft (New Munich Artists' Association) were founded and led to the establishment of the Bundesverband Bildender Künstlerinnen und Künstler (Federal Association of Visual Artists).
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Uebelhoer served as an officer in the German Imperial Army in the First World War.Michal Unger, Reassessment of the Image of Mordechai Chaim Rumkowski, Wallstein Verlag, 2004, p. 24 He joined the Nazi Party initially in 1922 then again in 1925, following the revocation of the ban placed on the group after the Munich putsch.Ernst Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich.
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The posters depicted crude but memorable caricatures of the NSDAP's opponents. A recurring image was of a Sturmabteilung (SA) member side-by-side with a Heer soldier."Nazi Posters: 1933-1945" German Propaganda Archive, Calvin College. Retrieved February 11, 2012 Schweitzer was named a professor in 1937, and was named "Reich Commissioner for Artistic Design"Ernst Klee, Das Kulturlexikon zum Dritten Reich.
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Mein Kampf, p. 201. Once Hitler came to power, his regime moved against all forms of sexual deviations and sexual crimes, especially homosexuality, which was prosecuted as a crime as many as 30,000 times between 1934 and 1939.Wolfgang Harthauser, Die Verfolgung der Homosexualen im Dritten Reich, cited in Grunberger (1971). The Twelve-Year Reich: A Social History of Nazi Germany, p. 121.
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After her release from prison in 1953, Scholtz-Klink settled back in Bebenhausen. In her book Die Frau im Dritten Reich ("The Woman in the Third Reich", 1978), Scholtz-Klink demonstrated her continuing support for National Socialist ideology. She once again upheld her position on National Socialism in her interview with historian Claudia Koonz in the early 1980s.Koonz, Claudia (1986).
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Chor der Ritter: Die Zauberin laßt uns betrügen (2 versions, 1st version is a sketch) ::: 8. Melodram: Da zieh’n sie hin in heller Mondennacht ::: 9. Finale II. Romanze des Palmerin: Was belebt die schöne Welt? (2 versions, 1st version is a sketch; NSA also appends an alternative, concert version); Chor der Genien: Schlafe, Liebliche :: Akt III ::: Ouverture zum dritten Akt ::: 10.
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215 However he was dismissed from this position due to a sexual harassment case.Ernst Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945, Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, Zweite aktualisierte Auflage, Frankfurt am Main 2005, p. 343 He briefly joined the army in 1942 before serving as a history lecturer at the University of Strasbourg and a professor at Posen University.
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A major collaborator was his student Ernst Caspari who was employed by Kühn until 1935 when the Nazi administration dismissed him for being Jewish. After the seizure of power by the national socialists Kühn was, together with Martin Staemmler and Friedrich Burgdörfer, one of the authors of the book Erbkunde, Rassenpflege, Bevölkerungspolitik. Schicksalsfragen des deutschen Volkes.Ernst Klee: Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich.
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Wer war was vor und nach 1945. Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, Zweite aktualisierte Auflage, Frankfurt am Main 2005, , S. 348. In 1935 he received an evaluation by the NS-authority that says that he is doing his work in line with the national socialists, without feeling committed to the NSDAP.Zitat bei Ernst Klee: Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, Fischer Taschenbuch 2005, S. 348.
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From July 1943 to November 1945, he wrote 21 articles for the newspaper of the NKFD, Free Germany. On 23 December 1944, by order of the Oberkommando des Heeres, Gerlach was released "provisionally" from active military service in absentia, together with 19 other officers in Soviet captivity, for carrying out a case before the People's Court.Rudolf Absolon: Die Wehrmacht im Dritten Reich.
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The son of a physician, Rodenberg studied medicine and received his doctorate in 1930 from the University of Marburg with the thesis Über echte Kombinationen epileptischer und schizophrener Symptomkomplexe ("Concerning the real combinations of symptomatic epileptic and schizophrenic complexes").Biographical dates about Rodenberg in Jellonek, Homosexuelle, p. 127; Ernst Klee: Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945.
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He did have to take the basic training to become a military pilot, but for the State, Rühmann was more valuable as an actor and he was spared having to take part in the war effort. In August 1944, Joseph Goebbels put Rühmann on the Gottbegnadeten list of indispensable actors.Ernst Klee: Das Kulturlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945.
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Fabian von Schlabrendorff, Eugen Gerstenmaier im Dritten Reich, Eine Dokumentation, Stuttgart 1965, pp. 35-36 Of course, he spent only a few months there, and was freed by US troops at the end of the war. Along with Hermann Ehlers, a German politician, he was active in the Evangelical Aid organization (Evangelisches Hilfswerk); from 1945 to 1951, he was its leader.
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Wer war was vor und nach 1945 (S. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 2007), p.600, with reference to Frei und Schmitz: Journalismus im Dritten Reich. Strobel, who at first was called up for the military reserve, was drafted into the Landsturm after the Allied Invasion of northern France in Summer 1944, and became a prisoner of war in the Liberation of Paris.
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From 1944 on, the prisoners were no longer selected by T4 doctors; the objective was simply to gain space in the Mauthausen camp quickly.Klee: Euthanasie im Dritten Reich, p. 292. Other transports came from the concentration camp of Gusen, and probably also from Ravensbrück during 1944, made up of women inmates who were predominantly tuberculosis sufferers and those deemed mentally infirm.
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Christian Tilitzki: Die deutsche Universitätsphilosophie in der Weimarer Republik und im Dritten Reich. Part 1, Berlin Academy 2002, {, }. Finally Jacoby habilitated 1909 in Greifswald with his book Herders und Kants Ästhetik published two years before and based on his dissertation as well as the manuscript Die Philosophie Herders. After completing his habilitation, Jacoby became a private lecturer in philosophy at Greifswald University.
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Christian Tilitzki: Die deutsche Universitätsphilosophie in der Weimarer Republik und im Dritten Reich. Teil 1., Berlin Akademie 2002, , After his return, Jacoby joined the West Russian Volunteer Army but soon returned to Greifswald at the beginning of the summer semester 1919. In March 1920 he took part in the leadership of a volunteer company in the Kapp Putsch against the Weimar Republic.
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During the Nazi occupation of Poland Weise was responsible for administering captured Polish archives. In this function he purged archive staff of workers deemed "non-Aryan" and politically undesirable, reducing it by 50%, an accomplishment of which he was proud. At the same time he used Jewish forced labor to carry out the transportation requirements of the archives.Staatsarchive im Dritten Reich, p.
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Wilhelm Kühlmann (ed.): Killy Literaturlexikon. Vol. 7, Kräm – Marp. De Gruyter, Berlin 2010, , p. 575. His literary work was mostly fiction with a revival of Norse mythology, Breton legends and Continental Germanic mythology so it contains no Nazi propaganda.Ernst Klee: Kulturlexikon im Dritten Reich – Wer war was vor und nach 1945. S. Fischer Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 2007, , p. 346.
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Klee, Ernst: Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945?. Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, Zweite aktualisierte Auflage, Frankfurt am Main 2003 Lambert was not yet a member of any of the party's paramilitary organizations. Late in 1939, the Action T4 program tried to recruit Lambert, who had been recommended by the local office of the German Labour Front.
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In this respect Dibelius regarded himself as consciously anti-Jewish, explaining in a circular to the pastors in his general superintendency district of Kurmark, "I have always considered myself an anti-Semite. It cannot be denied that with all degenerating phenomena of modern civilisation Judaism plays a leading role".In the German original:"... daß bei allen zersetzenden Erscheinungen der modernen Zivilisation das Judentum eine führende Rolle spielt". Published in his circular (Rundbrief; No. 2; 3 April 1928), recorded at the Evangelisches Zentralarchiv: 50/R 19. Here quoted after Ursula Büttner, "Von der Kirche verlassen: Die deutschen Protestanten und die Verfolgung der Juden und Christen jüdischer Herkunft im "Dritten Reich"", In: Die verlassenen Kinder der Kirche: Der Umgang mit Christen jüdischer Herkunft im "Dritten Reich", Ursula Büttner and Martin Greschat (eds.), Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1998, pp. 15–69, here p. 37. .
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Kayser earned his doctorate in 1932 with a thesis on the poetry of Baroque poet Harsdörffer, and his habilitation in 1935, writing about the history of the German ballad. During the Nazi era he showed allegiance to the Nazi Party. In 1933 he joined the SA and in 1937, the NSDAP Ernst Klee: Das Kulturlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945.
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301-08, p. 304 In 1936-1938, a mausoleum for 51 fallen members of the German Freikorps, designed by Robert Tischler, was erected overlooking this, and a rest stop provided from which users of the new Reichsautobahn (today the Polish A4 autostrada) could take a 10-minute walk to visit the monument.Meinhold Lurz, "Denkmäler an der Autobahn--die Autobahn als Denkmal", in Reichsautobahn: Pyramiden des Dritten Reichs.
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BMEL (Hrsg.): Der Wald in Deutschland – Ausgewählte Ergebnisse der dritten Bundeswaldinventur, S. 4. The federal state with the largest forest area is Bavaria with 2.6 million hectares of forest. The largest proportion of forestation in the country surface, each with 42.3 percent, are Hessen and Rhineland-Palatinate. The Federal Statistical Office records the forest area according to other parameters than the Federal Forest Inventory.
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He was an editor of the journal Human Genetics and published a textbook of medical genetics. Lenz studied medicine from 1937 to 1943. Besides his studies he was a group leader in Hitlerjugend, a member of National Socialist German Students' League (the Nazi students' union) and became an active member of the SA.Ernst Klee: Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945.
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Fritz Emil Irrgang (born May 10, 1890 in Linderode – died December 16, 1951 in Northeim) was a German politician and member of the Nazi Party and the Sturmabteilung (SA). Irrgang joined the Nazi Party in 1929, joining the SA at the same time, an organisation in which he subsequently attained the rank of Standartenführer.Ernst Klee: Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945.
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That same year he accepted an invitation from Leo Baeck, president of the "Reichsvertretung der Deutschen Juden" (loosely, "National representation of German Jews"), to work as an organiser of Jewish education. He was given charge of the schools department.Joseph Walk: Jüdische Schule und Erziehung im Dritten Reich, 1991, pp. 117, 137 This meant he was responsible for the education of approximately 38,000 school children in 130 schools.
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In the early 1930s Martin met Robert Wagner, a confidant of Adolf Hitler and NSDAP politician with whom Martin would have to do until 1945.Ernst Klee: "Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich". Wer war was vor und nach 1945. (Dictionary of the people of the Third Reich. Who was who before and after 1945) Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, 2nd updated edition, Frankfurt am Main 2005, , p.
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These people were instead laid down in the mass graves, and, according to the testimony of other guards, shot by Hackenholt. In 1943, when Himmler ordered the mass graves at Belzec to be reopened and the bodies burned, Hackenholt was in charge of the operation. Himmler considered Hackenholt to be "one of the most deserving men of Operation Reinhard" ().Klee, Ernst: Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich.
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Staff (5 September 1936) "Lithuania Deports Writer Who Called Nazi Chief 'non-aryan'" Jewish Telegraph Agency His claims were repeated in the 15 September 1937 issue of the Vatican newspaper L'Osservatore Romano.Gugenberger, Edouard (2002) Boten der Apokalypse. Visionäre des Dritten Reichs. Vienna. p.196 Alfred Rosenberg was indeed of Baltic German, French, and probably also of Estonian and Latvian descent, but no Jewish ancestry has been discovered.
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After Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933, Ernst joined his son (who had already entered in 1931) in the Nazi Party with the membership number of 3726902. Ernst Klee, Das Kulturlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945 [The Cultural Dictionary of the Third Reich: Who was What Before and After 1945] (Frankfurt am Main: S. Fischer, 2007), p. 261.
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Reutter was a member of the Nazi Party.Ulrich Bender, Kirchenmusiker im "Dritten Reich": Wilhelm Bender (1911 bis 1944): Musiker an der Berliner Parochialkirche: Person und Werk im kirchenpolitischen Wettbewerb, BoD, 2011, p. 166. In 1936, his opera Doktor Johannes Faust was premiered at the Oper Frankfurt. The same year, he became the director of Dr. Hoch's Konservatorium in Frankfurt, which was called the Staatliche Musikhochschule after 1938.
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Upon his release he joined the German Army in 1920, but was discharged after the 100,000-man limit imposed by the Versailles Treaty was reached in 1921. He then took a job as operations manager at a sawmill in Sankt Andreasberg, Lower Saxony before being hired as foreman at the Coburg Municipal Works in March 1922.Erich Stockhorst: 5000 Köpfe. Wer war was im Dritten Reich.
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516 During his time in the SS, Hößler rose to the rank of SS- Obersturmführer and became a reserve officer in the Waffen-SS.Franz Hößler at www.dws-xip.plErnst Klee: Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, Frankfurt am Main 2007, p. 263. After the establishment of the Dachau concentration camp in July 1933, he became the first member of the guard staff and worked later as a cook.
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The original bridge was one of the first large bridges constructed for the Reichsautobahn system under the Third Reich, and was the model for many that followed. It was a steel beam bridge long, wide and carried on two double pylons of reinforced concrete high.Rainer Stommer, "Triumph der Technik: Autobahnbrücken zwischen Ingenieuraufgabe und Kulturdenkmal", in: Reichsautobahn: Pyramiden des Dritten Reichs. Analysen zur Ästhetik eines unbewältigten Mythos, ed.
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From 1 February 1939 he worked for the Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung, from April 1939 as Foreign Correspondent in Paris, and during the period of the German occupation. In 1940 he published a biography of Claude Debussy in the Zürich Atlantis Press (founded by Martin Hürlimann). Under a pseudonym he also wrote for a supplement of Goebbels's newspaper Das Reich.Ernst Klee: Das Kulturlexikon zum Dritten Reich.
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He succeeded August Endell as its Director in 1925 and served until its closure in 1932, following the emergency decrees issued by Heinrich Brüning. He then transferred to the Kunstakademie Düsseldorf, but was there for only a year when he was defamed and dismissed for being a purveyor of "degenerate art".Ernst Klee: Das Kulturlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945.
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On 20 April 1938 Hitler appointed him Generalmusikdirektor. After the invasion and Anschluss of Austria he propagated the call for a "referendum" with the following words: "Since Adolf Hitler has reconquered freedom for us German artists in Austria, it is our deepest need to prove our gratitude by confession and deed."Fred K. Prieberg: Handbuch, p. 5,659; also in Ernst Klee: Das Kulturlexikon zum Dritten Reich.
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Among his teachers were Günter Raphael (composition) and Robert Teichmüller (piano). In 1933 Hessenberg became a teacher at the Hoch'sche Konservatorium in Frankfurt am Main, where he himself had taken his earliest music lessons. In 1940 Hessenberg received the "Nationaler Kompositionspreis" (national prize for composition), joined the NSDAP in 1942,Ernst Klee: Das Kulturlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945.
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Ernst Klee: Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Frankfurt am Main: Fischer, 2007, (second updated edition) Following the Nazi Seizure of Power in 1933 until December 1935, Wächtler held the post of Interior Minister of Thuringia. He was elected a member of the Reichstag in Berlin in November 1933, a post he held until his death. In November 1934, Wächtler joined the Schutzstaffel (SS-Nr.
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South African singer Ray Dylan covered the song on his album Goeie Ou Country - Op Aanvraag. Oesch's die Dritten recorded it for their Unser Regenbogen CD, released March 16, 2012. Sung by Melanie Oesch, it was the Swiss family band's first recording of a song in English. Dutch country singer Ben Steneker released his single of "From a Jack to a King" in 1963.
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The German historian Martin Broszat (former head of Institute of Contemporary History in Munich) described Nawratil's writings as "polemics with a nationalist-rightist point of view", and that Nawratil "exaggerates in an absurd manner the scale of 'expulsion crimes'".Ursprünge, Arten und Folgen des Konstrukts "Bevölkerung" vor, im und nach dem "Dritten Reich" Zur Geschichte der deutschen Bevölkerungswissensch: Ingo Haar Die deutschen ›Vertreibungsverluste‹ – Forschungsstand, Kontexte und Probleme, in Ursprünge, Arten und Folgen des Konstrukts "Bevölkerung" vor, im und nach dem "Dritten Reich" Springer 2009: Page 373 The Federation of Expellees has represented the interests of Germans from Eastern Europe. Erika Steinbach, the current President of the Federation, provoked outrage when she supported the statements of other members of the expellee organization claiming that Hitler's attack on Poland was a response to Poland's policy. The Federation of Expellees initiated the formation of the Center Against Expulsions.
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After the Second World War he was interned in Bielefeld until being fined 10,000 Marks in August 1948 for membership of a criminal organisation and released.Dr. Heinrich Erdmann, Hamburg im Dritten Reich. Sieben Beiträge, Veröffentlichungen der Landeszentrale für politische Bildung, Hamburg, 1998, p. 33 He withdrew from politics and worked initially in construction before operating his own wholesale lumber business, as well as publishing various editions of his diaries.
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The group supported the Nazi Party, which Meyer joined in 1933.Ernst Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945, Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, Zweite aktualisierte Auflage, Frankfurt am Main 2005, p. 407. He was one of three directors of the Dresdner Bank, the others being Karl Rasche and Fritz Kranefuss, to belong to the exclusive Freunde des Reichsführer-SS circle, a development of Keppler's group.
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Ernst Klee, Das Kulturlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945, Frankfurt: Fischer, 2007, , p. 644 He was nonetheless called up in March 1945. (His studio and residence had both been destroyed by bombing and he and his wife had left Berlin for Heepen, now in Bielefeld.) A month later he was captured by U.S. forces and interned at the Golden Mile prisoner-of-war camp at Remagen.
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Wernher von Braun und die Geburt der Raumfahrt aus dem Geist der Barbarei. zu Klampen, Springe 2012, , p. 125. During the Second World War he held a number of positions with the Reichsministerium für Bewaffnung und Munition (Reich Ministry for Armament and Munitions) before becoming manager of Demag, a tank production company, in 1942.Ernst Klee: Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich: Wer war was vor und nach 1945.
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Althaus held the position of university preacher from 1932 to 1964 . Between 1926 and 1964 he was president of the Luther-Gesellschaft. Having welcomed the National Socialist rise to power as a 'divine gift and miracle' in 1933, he nonetheless served after the end of the Second World War as the inaugural head of the internal university denazification commission.Ernst Klee: Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich.. Fischer Taschenbuch 2005, S. 13.
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Franz Friedrich Carl Gröpler was born as a child of the railway worker and service man Heinrich Gröpler and his wife Auguste, born Anton, in Magdeburg. He was first a musician, then spent five years as a postal worker. Gröpler learned the horse butcher's trade and business and ran a laundry in Magdeburg named "Aegir".Ebbinghaus, Angelika; Linne, Karsten, Kein abgeschlossenes Kapitel: Hamburg im Dritten Reich, Hamburg 1997, p. 335.
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"To prevent this success of Hitler in all circumstances and by all means, even at the expense of a heavy defeat of the Third Reich, was our most urgent task. (Diesen Erfolg Hitlers unter allen Umständen und mit allen Mitteln zu verhindern, auch auf Kosten einer schweren Niederlage des Dritten Reiches, war unsere dringlichste Aufgabe.)" - from his book, Offiziere gegen Hitler (Officers Against Hitler), Zurich: Europa-Verlag, 1946, p. 38\.
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In 1943 he was promoted to the rank of SS-Obersturmbannführer (lieutenant colonel). From 1943 through 1944, he was the leader of the German Foreign Service Academy, until, in 1945, he was sent to Norway as the commander of the Security Police (Sicherheitspolizei; SiPo) and SD.Klee, Ernst, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945. Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, Zweite aktualisierte Auflage, Frankfurt am Main 2005, page 72.
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Franz Eher Nachfolger GmbH (Franz Eher and Successors, LLC, usually referred to as the Eher-Verlag (Eher Publishing)) was the central publishing house of the Nazi Party and one of the largest book and periodical firms during the Third Reich.Norbert Frei/Johannes Schmitz: Journalismus im Dritten Reich. 3. Aufl., C.H. Beck: München 1999, Peter de Mendelssohn: Zeitungsstadt Berlin: Menschen und Mächte in der Geschichte der deutschen Presse Berlin. Ullstein, 1959, 2.
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From April 1933 he served with the guards of Dachau concentration camp; from November 1933 till February 1938 he was the engineer of the camp. In March he became adjutantErnst Klee: Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich: Wer war was vor und nach 1945. Fischer-Taschenbuch-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 2007, S. 664 to camp commander Hans Loritz and Alexander Piorkowski. He married in 1934, and he had at least two children.
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125 He appointed Richard Hoffmann, until May 1933 a lawyer in Magdeburg, as first president of the Landgericht Berlin.Lothar Gruchmann: Justiz im Dritten Reich 1933–1940. Anpassung und Unterwerfung in der Ära Gürtner München 1990, p. 229 During Berlin's division after World War II the Landgericht building in Berlin-Mitte also contained several city-related courts as well as the Supreme Court and the State Prosecutors Office of East Germany.
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Die Gauleiter des Dritten Reiches: ein biographisches Nachschlagewerk, Grabert-Verlag, Tübingen, 1986, p. 42. . Bürckel died at about 11:04 a.m. in Neustadt-an-der-Weinstrasse on 28 September 1944. A report from Bürckel's personal physician (since 1936), Dr. Ewig, dated 28 September 1944, stated that Bürckel was physically and mentally worn out, spending all of his time at work because of the deteriorating situation in his Gau.
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In 1934 he was transferred to the Prussian Secret State Police Office, where he also worked for the SD. He was registered on 11 April 1935 in the ranks of the SS (member 267,224), joining the staff of the Reich Main Security Office (RSHA).Ernst Klee: Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945. Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, Zweite aktualisierte Auflage, Frankfurt am Main 2005, p. 55.
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Lang also played the guitar and the accordion and he authored several books on yodeling. Ursprung Buam is an Austrian folk music trio from Zillertal, Tyrol. One of the most popular touring groups in Austria, Ursprung Buam often tours Germany and many places across the European Union, as well as the Tirolean festival scene. Oesch’s die Dritten is a Yodel Volksmusik family group from the Bernese Oberland, Switzerland.
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Hans-Michael Bock and Tim Bergfelder, Film Europa 1, New York: Berghahn, 2009, , p. 399. He was a career officer in the German military, built his own aeroplane and earned a pilot's licence in 1911 {#121},The Aerodrome Forum and in World War I became one of the country's first military pilots."Ritter, Karl", Das Grosse Lexikon des Dritten Reiches, ed. Christian Zentner and Friedemann Bedürftig, Munich: Südwest, 1985, , p.
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Adolf Hitler, Gerdy Troost, Adolf Ziegler, and Joseph Goebbels on a tour of the Haus der Deutschen Kunst, 5 May 1937 Gerdy Troost, full name Gerhardine Troost née Andresen (3 March 1904 - 30 January 2003), was a German architect interior designer and interior decorator and the wife of Paul Ludwig Troost.Hermann Weiß (Ed.): Biographisches Lexikon zum „Dritten Reich“. Fischer-Taschenbuch-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 2002, (Fischer 13086 Die Zeit des Nationalsozialismus).
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Following the Anschluss he was appointed Deputy Chief of police in Vienna from 12 March 1938 to March 1940. In March 1938 he was involved in several high-profile meetings and public ceremonies with Heinrich Himmler, Kurt Daluege, Karl Wolff, Reinhard Heydrich and Ernst Kaltenbrunner reviewing Austrian police forces in Vienna. In 1940 he was removed from his post following accusations of corruption.Ernst Klee: Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich.
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Soon after, he was named an honorary member of the Academy of Fine Arts, Vienna, by Baldur von Schirach.Ernst Klee: Kulturlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945, Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 2009 He was also a member of the Deutscher Künstlerbund. In 1943, after his studio in Berlin was destroyed by an Allied bombing, he moved to Tutzing, where he died the following year.
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This insight eventually became influential in the early music movement. From 1928 onward he taught as a professor of musicology in Berlin. After the Nazis rose to power, Schering became a member of the National Socialist Teachers League and the executive council of the Reichsmusikkammer. Until 1936 he served as president of the German Society for Musicology (until 1933 the German Music Society),Ernst Klee: Das Kulturlexikon zum Dritten Reich.
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Hans Endres (born 26 February 1911 in Stuttgart – died 11 June 2004 in Heidelberg) was a German religious philosopher and author. He was a pioneer in the para-scientific areas of transpersonal psychology and integral management. Endres studied at Heidelberg University, the University of Vienna, the University of Graz and in London, studying philosophy, psychology, pedagogy, anthropology and psychiatry, amongst other subjects.Ernst Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich.
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In a report Schmidt judged him to be "the best commissioner of the Reichskommissar in Holland".: Die Stellvertretenden Gauleiter und die Vertretung der Gauleiter der NSDAP im "Dritten Reich", S. 8. From October 1941, Ritterbusch was head of Department II B in the Parteikanzlei ("Party Chancellery") of the NSDAP. Department II B was responsible for the reporting system, propaganda and "celebration organization", as well as training issues within the NSDAP.
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Frauenfeld, who finished the war in Germany, was sentenced in absentia to 15 years imprisonment by a Vienna court in 1947. According to a German secret service report on 22 July 1949 Fraunefeld joined a secret "Bruderschaft" of crypto-neo Nazis in Hamburg where he was manager of a building firm. He also was close to Gustav Adolf Scheel who was active in similar secret societies.Ernst Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich.
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A novel Staatliches Konzentrationslager VII, Eine "Erziehungsanstalt" im Dritten Reich was first published in London, 1936 under the pen name Klaus Hinrichs. German edition: Edition Temmen, Bremen, 1991. His second wife Olga Joffe Lang worked for his release and, with the help of national bolshevist revolutionary Friedrich Hielscher, the also radical right- wing geographer Karl Haushofer, and the LSE historian R. H. Tawney, managed to get Wittfogel free in 1934.(Mathias Greffrath, Martin Jay).
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Following the establishment of the Reich University of Posen Voss served as director of the anatomy institute. Under Voss experiments on both Jews and Poles became commonplace and indeed Voss became notorious for his anti-Polish sentiment, writing in his diaries that "the Polish people must be eradicated".Ernst Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945, Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, Zweite aktualisierte Auflage, Frankfurt am Main 2005, p.
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Landsberg Prison After the verdict all the convicts were transferred to Landsberg Prison to serve out their sentence. Möser, the only one of the convicts sentenced to death, was executed by hanging on November 26, 1948.Ernst Klee: Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich: Wer war was vor und nach 1945., Frankfurt am Main 2007, S. 414 The other convicted war criminals were released early, the last being Otto Brinkmann on May 9, 1958.
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He was born on 2 June 1886 in Meisenheim, Hesse-Nassau in Germany. A pupil of the Berlin Imperial Opera, he sang with the Wiesbaden Royal Opera, Vienna Imperial Opera, Berlin City Opera, Metropolitan Opera, and the Berlin State Opera. He was actor Hermann Braun's father, Carl Braun, was an early sympathizer with the Nazis and a member of the anti-semitic Kampfbund für deutsche Kultur,Ernst Klee. Das Kulturlexikon zum Dritten Reich.
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In some of his best works there can be noticed also some expressionist influences, like in the tapestries of The Four Hoursemen of the Apocalypse, executed in 1937. Like other German painters favored during the Third Reich, such as Conrad Hommel and Adolf Wissel, his reputation in the Western world was tainted after World War II - he then worked e.g. for the Ethiopian Emperor Haile Selassie.Ernst Klee: Das Kulturlexikon zum Dritten Reich.
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Ernst Klee waived Albrecht's inclusion in the completely revised edition of 2009.Cf. Ernst Klee: Das Kulturlexikon zum Dritten Reich: Wer war was vor und nach 1945. Fischer-Taschenbuch-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 2009, (part of Anne Frank Shoah Library). Until 1937 Albrecht held several teaching positions at music schools, among other at the Witte Conservatory Essen (1925-1933), at the Sievert Conservatory Wuppertal (1925-1935) and at the Folkwang School Food (1933-1937).
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In 1935 he joined the SS.Ernst Klee: Das Kulturlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945, S. Fischer Verlag Frankfurt am Main 2007, 179. Gerigk took over the planning of the music policy of Alfred Rosenberg and was responsible for its implementation in the Rosenberg's office. This policy was to suppress Jewish representation in musical life by removing Jews from their positions and stopping the spread of new music.
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149–171 (here p. 166) On December 22, 1941, the German Evangelical Church called for suited actions by all Protestant churches to withhold baptised non-Aryans from all spheres of Protestant church life.Circular (Rundschreiben) by the church chancery of the German Evangelical Church to all governing bodies of the major Protestant Landeskirchen (22 December 1941), published in Kurt Meier, Kirche und Judentum: Die Haltung der evangelischen Kirche zur Judenpolitik des Dritten Reiches, Halle upon Saale: Niemeyer, 1968, pp. 116seq.
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The objective of the study was to determine whether individuals who were of mixed German and Slavonic heritage were suitable to be considered for German citizenship or if they should be deported. It was during this period that Konrad Lorenz worked with him on the project, and which was to affect the later reputation of Lorenz. Hippius died in a Soviet prison camp in 1945.Hans-Christian Harten, Uwe Neirich, Matthias Schwerendt: Rassenhygiene als Erziehungsideologie des Dritten Reichs.
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6 While valued by the Western media, Filipescu had a fairly negative image in his own country,Popescu (2012), pp. 38, 40 where, he noted, the major current of thought was pro-Laval and pro-Mussolini. In December 1935, he visited Berlin and had a meeting with Hermann Göring, who was trying to talk Romania out of a defensive rapprochement with the Soviet Union.Alfred Kube, Pour le mérite und Hakenkreuz: Hermann Göring im Dritten Reich, pp. 136–137.
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Woman with Ostarbeiter badge in Auschwitz During World War II, he was named Reich defence commissioner for the Kassel district (Reichsverteidigungskommissar Wehrkreis IX) in September 1939. A member of the SS since 1934, he was promoted to honorary SS-Obergruppenführer on 30 January 1942 before being appointed General Plenipotentiary for Labour Deployment (Generalbevollmächtigter für den Arbeitseinsatz) on 21 March 1942, on the recommendation of Martin Bormann.Karl Höffkes: Hitlers Politische Generale. Die Gauleiter des Dritten Reiches: ein biographisches Nachschlagewerk.
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The Expressionist gallery was closed in October 1936, after the Berlin Olympics had ended, as a "hotbed of cultural Bolshevism".Petropoulos, Art as Politics, pp. 60-61."Magere Schultern", Der Spiegel, 9 September 1968 Mortimer G. Davidson, Kunst in Deutschland, 1933-1945: eine wissenschaftliche Enzyklopädie der Kunst im Dritten Reich Volume 1 Skulpturen, Tübingen: Grabert, 1988, , p. 15 In the 1937 Nazi operation against Entartete Kunst (degenerate art), the National Gallery lost a total of 435 works.
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On 12 March 2011 Musikantenstadl celebrated their 30-year anniversary of being on TV. The show was located in Freiburg, Germany was hosted by Andy Borg. Unfortunately this was the same day as the Japan tsunami, so Musikantenstadl was not broadcast live. The show was later aired on 26 March 2011. A few singers performing were: Hansi Hinterseer, Semino Rossi, Die Stoakogler, Peter Kraus, Stefan Mross, Francine Jordi, DJ Ötzi, Oesch's die Dritten and Ursprung Buam.
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Wolfgang Schivelbusch, tr. Jefferson Chase, Three New Deals: Reflections on Roosevelt's America, Mussolini's Italy, and Hitler's Germany, 1933–1939, New York: Holt-Metropolitan, 2006, , p. 170. Motoring and the use of the autobahn for outings were heavily promoted. German manufacturers produced touring buses for the non-car-owning public,Angela Schumacher, "'Vor uns die endlosen Straßen, vor uns die lockende, erregende Ferne ...': 'Vom Tanken und Rasten auf Entdeckerfahrt durch deutsche Lande'", in: Reichsautobahn: Pyramiden des Dritten Reichs, pp.
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Whether caught by a gust of wind or by an unforeseen aerodynamic effect, it skidded to the left onto the median, then right and off the highway, where it went airborne and collided with a bridge embankment. Rosemeyer was thrown out of the car as it somersaulted through the air; he died at the roadside.Meinhold Lurz, "Denkmäler an der Autobahn--die Autobahn als Denkmal", in: Reichsautobahn: Pyramiden des Dritten Reichs. Analysen zur Ästhetik eines unbewältigten Mythos, ed.
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Schematic drawing depicting fluid flow over a heated flat plate. This page describes some parameters used to characterize the properties of the thermal boundary layer formed by a heated (or cooled) fluid moving along a heated (or cooled) wall. In many ways, the thermal boundary layer description parallels the velocity (momentum) boundary layer description first conceptualized by Ludwig Prandtl.L. Prandtl, “Über Flüssigkeitsbewegung bei sehr kleiner Reibung,” Verhandlungen des Dritten Internationalen Mathematiker-Kongresses in Heidelberg 1904, A. Krazer, ed.
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Hitler regularly consumed methamphetamine, barbiturates, amphetamine, opiates and cocaine. In 2015, Norman Ohler published a work Der totale Rausch ("The Total Rush", translated in 2016 as Blitzed: Drugs in Nazi Germany) in which he claims that all of Hitler's irrational behavior can be attributed to his excessive drug use. Helena Barop, who reviewed the book in Die Zeit, wrote that Ohler's account is not based on solid research.Norman Ohler: Der totale Rausch: Drogen im Dritten Reich.
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Höppner was arrested near Flensburg in July 1945. He appeared as a defense witness in the Nuremberg trial against the main war criminals to deny the responsibility of the Reich Security Main Office for the murders committed by the Einsatzgruppe of the Security Police and the SD.IMT: Der Nürnberger Prozess... Band XX, S. 207–261. Höppner was extradited to Poland in 1947 and reportedly sentenced to death on March 15, 1949.Ernst Klee: Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Aktual.
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Shareen Blair Brysac, From 1932 to 1935 Havemann directed the Berlin Kampfbund Orchestra, which he founded and which was renamed the "Landesorchester des Gaues Berlin" in 1934.Ernst Klee: Das Kulturlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945. S. Fischer, Frankfurt 2007, , . After the Nazis's seizure of power he wrote to the Deutscher Konzertgeberbund on 2 April 1933: "The Kampfbund für deutsche Kultur will know how to prevent Jewish influence from remaining in Germany's musical life".
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In this position, he was heavily involved in the deportation of Jews out of Germany and took part in the execution of Polish forced laborers.Biographie Gerhard Bast, Dr. bei Landesgeschichte OÖ From November 1942 to December 1942 he was leader of the special unit 11a in Einsatzgruppe D and led the assassinations of Jews.Ernst Klee: Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, Frankfurt am Main 2007, S. 30. In January 1943, Bast was transferred to Linz, where he led the Gestapo.
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Jota Vaqueira, traditional song in Paḷḷuezu The Asturian spelling Ḷḷ ḷḷ, called "che vaqueira" is used where l.l has sometimes been used if it is imposible to write ḷḷ. It can be a voiceless retroflex affricate [tʂ], a voiced retroflex plosive [ɖ] or a voiced retroflex affricate [dʐ], and it corresponds to standard palatal lateral approximant /ʎ/, dritten Ll ll and called "elle". The latter spelling is current in publications of the Paḷḷuezu literary revival that has been underway since approximately 2006.
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He spent two years each in positions in Prague, Leipzig, Göttingen, and Tübingen until, in 1919, he took the professorship at the University of Hamburg that he would keep for the rest of his career. His students at Hamburg included Shiing-Shen Chern, Luis Santaló, and Emanuel Sperner. In 1933 Blaschke signed the Vow of allegiance of the Professors of the German Universities and High-Schools to Adolf Hitler and the National Socialistic State.Ernst Klee: Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich.
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He had however been encouraged to retain his membership of the party by Göring, who felt he was more useful in that party, and tried to push the DVP more towards a pro-Nazi Party line in the run up to the Nazi takeover. With the dissolution of the DVP in 1933 he was elected to the Reichstag again in 1933 and served as Vice-President of the body.Ernst Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945.
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Jerusalem 2011. See the discussion of Frank-Rutger Hausmann in H-Soz-Kult, 21 November 2012, (online). The German translation was published in a substantially extended version in 2016.Benjamin Z. Kedar, Peter Herde: Karl Bosl im "Dritten Reich". Berlin among others 2016. Cf. the reviews by Bernhard Unckel in Hessisches Jahrbuch für Landesgeschichte 66 (2018), (online); Dirk Walter in sehepunkte 16 (2016), Nr. 4 [15 April 2016], online; Clemens Vollnhals in Bohemia 57 (2017), (online); Stefan Jordan in Historische Zeitschrift 305 (2017), .
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Circular (Rundschreiben) by the church chancery of the German Evangelical Church to all governing bodies of the Protestant church bodies (22 December 1941), published in Kurt Meier, Kirche und Judentum: Die Haltung der evangelischen Kirche zur Judenpolitik des Dritten Reiches, Halle upon Saale: Niemeyer, 1968, pp. 116seq. No ISBN. Many German Christian-dominated congregations followed suit. However, the Evangelical Congregation of Neubabelsberg handed in a list of signatures in protest against the exclusion of the stigmatised Protestants of Jewish descent.
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In 1936 he became Professor and Director of the Chemical Institute (Chemisches Institut) at the University of Halle/Saale and was also a visiting lecturer at the University of Chicago. Ziegler, who was a Patron Member of the SSErnst Klee: Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945. Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, Second extended edition, Frankfurt am Main 2005, , p. 694 citing Henrik Eberle: Die Martin-Luther-Universität [Halle] in der Zeit des Nationalsozialismus 1933–1945, Halle 2002.
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The plane designs brought forward by other German aircraft makers were the Messerschmitt P.1110,Peter Allen's Aircraft Profiles – Fighters Heinkel P.1078, Focke-Wulf Ta 183 and Blohm & Voss P 212.Karl-Heinz Ludwig, Technik und Ingenieure im Dritten Reich. Athenäum-Verlag, Königstein/Ts., 1979, This more advanced fighter attracted more interest than the austere Miniaturjäger among German aircraft manufacturers, but at the time of the Surrender of Nazi Germany in World War II only models had been built.
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Winkelmann passed the state examination in 1913 at the University of Kiel, and on 26 September 1914 he received his licence to practise as a doctor. He received his doctorate from Walter Stoeckel, worked at various hospitals and was employed as a doctor in the Imperial German Navy during the First World War. After the war he was in 1918 a member of a volunteer corps,Ernst Klee: Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945.
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Franz Eichhorst (Berlin 7 September 1885 - 30 April 1948 Innsbruck) was a German painter, engraver and illustrator, one of a number of German artists known for his war paintings supporting the Nazi regime.McCloskey, Barbara. Artists of World War II, p. 50 (2005) () ("Paintings and drawings by Elk Eber, Fritz Erler, Franz Eichhorst, Wolf Willrich, Rudolf Hengstenberg, and other soldier-artists instead glorified Germany's war effort ...") Eichhorst volunteered for military service for Germany in World War I.Ernst Klee: Das Kulturlexikon zum Dritten Reich.
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150 A block statue from the Serapeum at Saqqara may well have been dedicated to Hornakht. The statue is decorated with relief images of queen Karomama I, Hornakht’s mother, and of the god Amun-Ra (besides other divinities). The sculpture now has a figure of Osiris at the front (re-cut from what appears to have represented a naos once) and was probably set up not long after the prince’s premature death.Helmut Brandl: Untersuchungen zur steinernen Privatplastik der Dritten Zwischenzeit: Typologie, Ikonographie, Stilistik.
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Die Bücherverbrennung; Traum von einer großen Miesmacherin; Der Dienstzug; Schwierigkeit des Regierens; Notwendigkeit der Propaganda; Die Verbesserungen des Regimes; Die Ängste des Regimes; Kanonen nötiger als Butter; Die Jugend und das Dritte Reich; Der Krieg soll gut vorbereitet sein; Die Liebe zum Führer; Was der Führer nicht weiß; Wörter, die der Führer nicht hören kann; Die Sorgen des Kanzlers; Trost vom Kanzler; Der Jude, ein Unglück für das Volk; Die Regierung als Künstler; Dauer des Dritten Reiches; Verbot der Theaterkritik.
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Boetticher's National Socialist past was not unknown in post-war Germany. In 1963 Joseph Wulf had already published several documents in his source work Music in the Third Reich, which proved Wolfgang Boetticher's National Socialist and anti-Semitic commitment. For example, he presented a document that proved Boetticher's involvement in the notorious anti-Semitic Lexikon der Juden in der Musik: Musik im Dritten Reich: Eine Dokumentation. Ullstein, Frankfurt am Main 1989 (unchanged reprint of the first edition in Sigbert Mohn Verlag, Gütersloh 1963), .
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Just three days after the formal end of Action T4, a lorry arrived at Hartheim with 70 Jewish inmates from Mauthausen concentration camp who were subsequently executed there.Klee: Euthanasie“ im Dritten Reich, p. 266. The Hartheim killing centre achieved a special notoriety, not just because it was where the largest number of patients were gassed, but because as part of Action 14f13 Hartheim was also the institution in which the most concentration camp prisoners were executed. Their numbers are estimated at 12,000.
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Lindenberg received his medical education at the universities of Bonn, Munich, and Berlin, where his M.D. was awarded in 1934. He served his internship and residency, 1934-1939, at the university hospitals of Hamburg and Munich and at the Kaiser-Wilhelm Institute for Brain Research in Berlin as Oberarzt (senior resident or attending physician) under Nazi physician Hugo Spatz.Ernst Klee. Deutsche Medizin im Dritten Reich: Karrieren vor und nach 1945. S. Fischer, 2001 p 197Lindenberg R. In memoriam; Dr. Hugo Spatz.
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2014 Hitler claimed to be the sole source of power in Germany, similar to a Roman emperor. The march had a similar formal role as the Pontifical Anthem for the Pope as the embodiment of the Holy See.Die Aussenpolitik des Dritten Reiches 1933-1939, Rainer F. Schmidt, Klett-Cotta, 2002 Features from the National Socialist period or newsreels (e.g. "Deutsche Wochenschau", etc.) had the march being pasted into the audio track as background music when appearances of Hitler were shown.
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Ryback does not cite a source for this list, which may have been a book list distributed by Alfred Rosenberg's Kampfbund für deutsche Kultur. See Jan-Pieter Barbian, Literaturpolitik im Dritten Reich: Institutionen, Kompetenzen, Betätigungsfelder(Nördlingen, revised edition 1995), p. 56ff. When newly appointed Thuringian Education Minister Wilhelm Frick—the first NSDAP minister in government—appointed Günther to a chair in "Social Anthropology" at the University of Jena in 1930 (for which Jena professors considered him unqualified), Adolf Hitler and Hermann Göring demonstratively attended his inaugural lecture.
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Rudolf Werner Georg Hippius (9 June 1905 in Schadriza, Pskov Oblast – 23 October 1945 in Prague) was a German-Baltic psychologist and sociologist.Jörg Gutberger, Volk, Raum und Sozialstruktur : Sozialstruktur- und Sozialraumforschung im “Dritten Reich”, Münster: Lit., 1996. pp. 506-507 He is best known for his work in "racial psychology" carried out under the auspices of the Nazi regime, and specifically his study of the "suitability" of German- Slavonic mischlinge, which he carried out in the occupied Reichsuniversität Posen or University of Poznan from 1942-1944.
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In October 1943 an act, facilitating compulsory divorce imposed by the state, was ready for appointment, however, Hitler never granted the competent referees an audience. Pressure by the NSDAP headquarters in early 1944 also failed. Cf. Uwe Dietrich Adam, Judenpolitik im Dritten Reich, Düsseldorf: 2003, pp. 222–234. In case a mixed marriage ended by death of the 'Aryan' spouse or divorce, the Jewish-classified spouse residing within Germany was usually deported soon after, unless the couple still had minor children not counting as Geltungsjuden.
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By command of Heinrich Himmler an evacuation into rearward concentration camps started in March and April 1945 during which many prisoners died due to exhaustion or being shot by the SS."Rosenheim im Dritten Reich; Beiträge zur Stadtgeschichte", published by "Kulturamt der Stadt Rosenheim 1989" After the end of World War II around 1500 refugees and expellees came to Stephanskirchen and founded the settlement Haidholzen close to the former flak casern. Streets named "Schlesierstraße" or "Sudetenlandstraße" remind up to today of the origin of these people.
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Elisabeth Kraus: Die Universität München im dritten Reich: Aufsätze. Herbert Utz Verlag GmbH, München 2006. pp. 494–502 On the same day, the Nazis founded in his absence the Sven Hedin Institute for Inner Asian Research located at Mittersill Castle, which was supposed to serve the long-term advancement of the scientific legacy of Hedin and Wilhelm Filchner as Asian experts. However, it was instead misused by Heinrich Himmler as an institute of the Research Association for German Genealogical Inheritance (Forschungsgemeinschaft Deutsches Ahnenerbe e.V.).
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Archaeological finds from the Celtic Corded Ware and La Tène cultures and also a former Germanic "Thing" site have been located at the Brandberge.Rainer Stommer, Die inszenierte Volksgemeinschaft: die "Thing-Bewegung" im Dritten Reich, Marburg: Jonas, 1985, , p. 64 In the 1930s, the area was a popular location for winter sports. After World War II until the end of 2007, it was used as a proving ground by the Soviet Red Army, the East German National People's Army and, after German reunification, the Bundeswehr.
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Art Intelligence: Kunsthalle. Page 1–11; see also Marlene Angermeyer-Deubner: Die Kunsthalle im Dritten Reich (The Kunsthalle in the Third Reich). in: Stilstreit und Führerprinzip (Dispute on style and principle of the Führer). Badischer Kunstverein Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe 1987 (Art society of Baden), P. 139, 155. and Rosebrock: "Kurt Martin", P. 101 In 1935, Kurt Martin acquired the work Portrait of the Marchesa Veronica Spinola Doria by Peter Paul Rubens for 63.000 Reichsmark at the liquidation auction of the gallery van Diemen & Co. GmbH.
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Korherr replaced the phrase with "Durchgeschleust" suggesting that the quoted numbers of Jews had "passed through" the so-called Durchgangslager (transit camps). A summary of his report was delivered to Adolf Hitler by Brandt. In 1945-46 he was under so-called 'automatic arrest' as state functionary, however he did not face the Nuremberg Trials, because his Report was not revealed and he later claimed he never heard about the extermination before 1945.Ernst Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, Frankfurt 2005, , p. 331.
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Internetgestützten Lehre (IGL) am Institut für Geschichte. Retrieved July 9, 2010 The ISK's best known act of resistance was the sabotage of the opening of the Reichsautobahn on May 19, 1935. The night before Hitler's trip to inaugurate the new highway, ISK activists wrote anti-Hitler slogans, such as "Hitler = War" and "Down with Hitler", on all the bridges along the route between Frankfurt am Main and Darmstadt, where he was to travel.Wolfgang Benz, Geschichte des Dritten Reiches Verlag C.H. Beck, Munich (2000) pp. 120-121.
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Pictured at a Reichsfilmkammer dinner with actresses Fita Benkhoff and Hilde Krüger, 1938 Demandowsky was born in Berlin. Already a member of the Nazi Party in 1930, he gained employment as a cultural-political editor of the Völkischer Beobachter newspaper. In 1937 he was appointed Reichsfilmdramaturg subordinate to the Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda and served to abort unwanted filming projects at the behest of Reich Minister Joseph Goebbels. Two years later he became head of Tobis Filmkunst,Ernst Klee: Das Kulturlexikon zum Dritten Reich.
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Allesschlucker Stevie Starr verblüfft in der dritten Castingshow, RTL. 3 October 2010 (German) Starr re-auditioned in 2018 in the hope of beating his previous position in 2010. He subsequently won the show later that year. In October 2011, Starr he appeared on series 2 of the Czech-Slovak version of the show, Česko Slovensko má talent, where he progressed to the final. In October 2013, Starr appeared on series 4 of the Italian version of the show, where he progressed to the semi-finals.
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Genealogy Net. Pennavaire. Accessed 7 March 2017. Pennavaire's older brother, Johann Jakob von Pennavaire, also called Jean Jacques (21 Jan 1678-5 Feb 1750), was also in Prussian military service and first served in the Dragoon Regiment Derfflinger.Kurd Wolfgang von Schöning, Geschichte des königlich preussischen dritten Dragoner-Regiments und ...Dümmler, 1835, pp. 35, 42, 51, 64, 409. He was a Fähnrich in the 4th company in 1706, lieutenant in 1714 (3rd company), captain in 1723 (7th company), major in 1724; lieutenant colonel in 1739 (4th squadron).
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Starting in 1937, Thumann was employed in the Office of Guard Command and ascended to the rank of Protective Custody Camp Leader () in 1940. By early August 1940 he transferred to Gross-Rosen concentration camp, which at the time was still a sub-camp of Sachsenhausen concentration camp. In early May 1941, Thumann became the Protective Custody Camp Leader of the now independent Gross-Rosen camp, under Commander Arthur Rödl.Ernst Klee (ed): Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich: Wer war was vor und nach 1945.
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The National Socialist German Doctors' League was founded by the Nazi Party on August 3, 1929Erwin Walraph: Mißbrauchte Medizin im Dritten Reich – Der Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Ärztebund (NSDÄB) on the initiative of the doctor and publisher . He was also the first chairman, with his tenure lasting three years. The NSDÄB's self-image was not that of a representative body, but of a combat organisation. As such, the League developed the essential "scientific" foundations of National Socialist health policy, which culminated in the racial hygiene concept of annihilation of the "life unworthy of life".
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Amt Rosenberg (ARo, Rosenberg Office) was an official body for cultural policy and surveillance within the Nazi party, headed by Alfred Rosenberg. It was established in 1934 under the name of Dienststelle Rosenberg (DRbg, Rosenberg Department), with offices at Margarethenstraße 17 in Berlin, to the west of Potsdamer Platz. Due to the long official name of Rosenberg's function, Beauftragter des Führers für die gesamte geistige und weltanschauliche Erziehung der NSDAP, the short description Reichsüberwachungsamt "Reich surveillance office" was used alongside,Jan-Pieter Barbian: Literaturpolitik im »Dritten Reich«. Institutionen, Kompetenzen, Betätigungsfelder, Nördlingen 1995, S. 276, .
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Oswald Rothaug, Nazi Judge, on trial at Nuremberg Oswald Rothaug (17 May 1897, in Mittelsinn - 4 December 1967, in Köln) was a Nazi jurist. In June 1933 Rothaug was named a prosecutor in Nuremberg, and in April 1937 he became the regional court director in Schweinfurt and director of Nazi "special courts" or "Sondergerichte" at Nuremberg. In 1938 he became a member of the German Nazi Party, though he had applied the year previously. He worked closely with the Sicherheitsdienst or intelligence apparatus of the Nazi SS.Ernst Klee: Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich.
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The arena, the Maifeld field, and the Olympic stadium itself were designed to be used together for large events, and March also provided an indoor arena in the nearby Haus des deutschen Sports (House of German Sports) that has been regarded as a smaller equivalent of the Dietrich Eckart theatre.Rainer Stommer, Die inszenierte Volksgemeinschaft: die "Thing-Bewegung" im Dritten Reich, Marburg: Jonas, 1985, , p. 207 The theatre opened on 2 August 1936, the day after the opening of the games, with the première of Eberhard Wolfgang Möller's Frankenburger Würfelspiel.
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In her mid- twenties, after a career spanning half a dozen films and some 30 songs, she withdrew from performing as Leila Negra. In 1957, she began training as a nurse, which became her career for the remainder of her working life. In 2007, she published her autobiography, Mach nicht so traurige Augen, weil du ein Negerlein bist: Meine Jugend im Dritten Reich (Do Not Look So Sad Because You Are a Little Negro: My Youth in the Third Reich). The title is taken from one of her hit songs from the 1950s.
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Nach einer Ruanda-Reise 1993 drängte der SPD-Abgeordnete die damalige Bundesregierung: Sie solle die Entsendung von 4000 Blauhelm-Soldaten in das afrikanische Land finanziell unterstützen - vergebens, der verstärkte Uno-Einsatz kam nicht zu Stande; im folgenden Jahr starben 800000 Menschen beim Genozid in Ruanda. ... Der Arzt aus dem hessischen Idstein sprach Kisuaheli. Nach seiner Wahl in den Bundestag 1990 kümmerte er sich in der SPD-Fraktion um Afrika und den Kampf gegen Aids. Er forderte, dass die reichen Länder zehn Prozent ihres Bruttosozialprodukts zur Bekämpfung der Armut in der Dritten Welt verwenden.
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Wilhelm Zimmermann became sole owner of the publishing company. Being of part-Jewish ancestry, he was officially prohibited from operating his business from 1933, but still managed his company during the whole Nazi regime.Musikverlage im “Dritten Reich” und im Exil by Sophie Fetthauer, Hamburg 2004 After his death, his widow Edith Zimmermann (1900-1975) did not receive a license from the Soviet military authority to continue publishing and the firm was formally confiscated by the East German authorities.Die Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart, Kassel 2007 She reached the west, and established the company in Frankfurt.
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Under the Third Reich she received state commissions, notably one from Fritz Todt for portraits of autobahn construction workers, originally commissioned for the Schaffendes Volk exhibition of 1937 as part of Todt's effort to have the best photographers in the Reich artistically reproduce the new autobahn.Claudia Gabriele Philipp, "'Die schöne Straße im Bau und unter Verkehr'. Zur Konstituierung des Mythos von der Autobahn durch die mediale Verbreitung und Ästhetik der Fotografie", in Reichsautobahn: Pyramiden des Dritten Reichs. Analysen zur Ästhetik eines unbewältigten Mythos, ed. Reiner Stommer with Claudia Gabriele Philipp, Marburg: Jonas, 1982, , pp.
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In 1998, Friedländer chaired the Independent Historical Commission (IHC) that was appointed to investigate the activities of the German media company Bertelsmann's under the Third Reich. The 800-page report, Bertelsmann im Dritten Reich, written with Norbert Frei, Trutz Rendtorff and Reinhard Wittmann, was published in October 2002. It confirmed the findings, first reported by Hersch Fischler in The Nation, that Bertelsmann collaborated with the Nazi regime before and during World War II. Bertelsmann subsequently expressed regret "for its conduct under the Nazis, and for later efforts to cover it up".
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After the Nazi seizure of power in 1933, Carossa chose the Inner emigration and rejected his appointment to the German Academy of Poetry,Ernst Klee: Das Kulturlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945. S. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 2007. , p. 94. but in 1938 he accepted the Goethe Prize of the City of Frankfurt, and in 1941 at the European Poets' Meeting he was appointed President of the European Writers' League, which was founded by Joseph Goebbels in 1941/42, vice president was Giovanni Papini.
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In these he displayed a decidedly nationalistic perception, which together with his glorification and exalting of the love of the native soil, of motherhood and war, made it inevitable that he would become a representative of Nazi ideology. His best-known work Das harte Geschlecht, about the Christian conversion of Iceland, appeared in 1931 and in May 1933 was praised in the Völkischer Beobachter as a 'thoroughly bloodthirsty Northland novel.'Ernst Klee, Das Kulturlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945, S. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 2007.
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A later investigation by Dutch historian Louis de Jong concluded that no such plan had existed, however, and that Kersten's documents were partly fabricated.Louis de Jong, 1972, reprinted in German translation: H-H. Wilhelm and L. de Jong. Zwei Legenden aus dem dritten Reich : quellenkritische Studien, Deutsche Verlags- Anstalt 1974, pp. 79–142. Following these revelations and others, Trevor-Roper told journalist Barbara Amiel in 1995 that he was no longer certain about the allegations, and that Bernadotte may merely have been following his orders to rescue Danish and Norwegian prisoners.
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These included about twelve thousand prisoners from the Dachau and Mauthausen concentration camps who were sent here to be gassed,Klee: Euthanasie im Dritten Reich, p. 290. as were hundreds of women sent from Ravensbrück concentration camp in 1944, predominantly sufferers of TB and those deemed mentally infirm . The castle was regularly visited by the psychiatrists Karl Brandt, Professor of Psychiatry at Würzburg University, and Werner Heyde. In December 1944 Schloss Hartheim was closed as an extermination centre and restored as a sanatorium after being cleared of evidence of the crimes committed therein.
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They have largely succeeded in preventing change, but the field has grown stagnant and much less popular. There are still popular performers, such as Res Schmid, Willi Valotti, Markus Flueckiger, Dani Haeusler, and Carlo Brunner, but the total fanbase has shrunk enormously. During the late 1990s, and especially in the 2000s from around 2008 to the present, the family band Oesch’s die Dritten, a yodeling family from the Bernese Oberland, have been enjoying success. Their format is a Schwyzeroergeli (small accordion) played by Hans Oesch, a guitar, an electric bass, and a large accordion.
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Petropoulos, Faustian Bargain, pp. 1–2; according to Nicholas, p. 69, "Frank was allowed to keep them [in Kraków]." and Frank's anger at him reportedly led to his leaving the position in Poland, which he did in mid- or late 1943.Petropoulos, Faustian Bargain, pp. 1–2, 195, saying he left the post in Poland in October.Christian Fuhrmeister and Susanne Kienlechner, "Tatort Nizza: Kunstgeschichte zwischen Kunsthandel, Kunstraub und Verfolgung. Zur Vita von August Liebmann Mayer, mit einem Exkurs zu Bernhard Degenhart und Bemerkungen zu Erhard Göpel und Bruno Lohse", Kunstgeschichte im "Dritten Reich", pp.
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Latzke refurbished the estate consisting of two buildings situated in an overgrown park and restored the existing wall paintings. In 1998 he published the book "Traumwelten - Die Kunst der Dritten Dimension" and in 1990 "Dreamworlds, the making of a room with illusionary painting". In the Villa Paradou he also continued his work in developing new techniques for the production and reproduction of murals, which he had started in Belgium in 1988 with the "Artscape" technique. In 2000 he was awarded a patent for his invention of the Frescography.
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Since 1991 he has emerged as a freelance academic and writer. In recent years Thomas Kuczynski's public profile has been raised with the publication of his study of compensation claims for forced labour victims of the Nazi years ("Entschädigungsansprüche für Zwangsarbeit im ‚Dritten Reich‘ auf der Basis der damals erzielten zusätzlichen Einnahmen und Gewinne"). Kuczynski concluded that the German Federal Republic should pay victims of forced labour under Nazi Germany approximately 180 Billion Deutsche Marks. Later, in his book "Brosamen vom Herrentisch", he increased his estimate to 228 Billion Deutsche Marks (equivalent to €116 Billion).
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During the term breaks 1921/1922 and again 1930/1931, when he was already teaching as a professor, he served for extensive periods as a doctor in the navy, traveling to all continents except for Australia. In 1934 Hans Lipps joined the SS.Christian Tilitzki: Die deutsche Universitätsphilosophie in der Weimarer Republik und im Dritten Reich, Teil 1. Akademie Verlag, Berlin 2002 , p. 636 According to Otto Friedrich Bollnow, Lipps did so to put a distance between himself and the NSDAP, submitting that SS was a purely military organisation.
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Former camp commandant Otto Förschner was executed by American occupation authorities in Landsberg prison on May 28, 1946 following his conviction by a US military tribunal for war crimes that occurred during his tenure as commander of the Dachau subcamp of Kaufering. His successor, former Auschwitz commandant Richard Baer was arrested by West German authorities in 1960, but died of natural causes in 1963, before he was able to appear as a defendant in the Frankfurt Auschwitz Trials.Ernst Klee: Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich: Wer war was vor und nach 1945 (Frankfurt am Main, 2007) p. 24, p.
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In 1975, Kershaw joined Martin Broszat's "Bavaria Project". During his work, Broszat encouraged Kershaw to examine how ordinary people viewed Hitler. As a result of his work in the 1970s on Broszat's "Bavaria Project", Kershaw wrote his first book on Nazi Germany, The "Hitler Myth": Image and Reality in the Third Reich, which was first published in German in 1980 as Der Hitler-Mythos: Volksmeinung und Propaganda im Dritten Reich. This book examined the "Hitler cult" in Germany, how it was developed by Joseph Goebbels, what social groups the Hitler Myth appealed to and how it rose and fell.
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In addition to his medical work, in 1945–46 he took a political position with the embryonic East German state as departmental chief of the German Peoples' Education Administration (Deutsche Verwaltung für Volksbildung). He subsequently received various honours from the state: in 1953 he was named as an Outstanding scientist of the people (Hervorragender Wissenschaftler des Volkes), and he received the silver Patriotic Order of Merit in 1954 followed by the gold version in 1958, In 1956 the state also honoured him with the National Prize of East Germany.Ernst Klee: Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945.
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Tessa Friederike Rosebrock, Kurt Martin und das Musée des Beaux-Arts de Strasbourg: Museums- und Ausstellungspolitik im 'Dritten Reich' und in der unmittelbaren Nachkriegszeit, Ars et scientia 2, Berlin: Akademie, 2012, , p. 74 The majority of the Expressionist works were officially labelled Verfallskunst (art of decay) the same month. National Gallery Director Justi had been forced out in the 1933 purge of ideologically suspect academics and civil servants; his successor, Alois Schardt, was forced to resign after Bernhard Rust, the Nazi Minister of Education for Prussia, who had responsibility for museums, visited the modern art gallery;Petropoulos, Art as Politics, p. 20.
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Schmitt was termed the "Crown Jurist of the Third Reich" ("Kronjurist des Dritten Reiches") by Waldemar Gurian. Timothy D. Snyder has asserted that Schmitt's work has greatly influenced Eurasianist philosophy in Russia by revealing a counter to the liberal order. According to historian Renato Cristi in the writing of the present Constitution of Chile Pinochet collaborator Jaime Guzmán based his work on the pouvoir constituant concept used by Schmitt as well as drawing inspiration in the ideas of market society of Friedrich Hayek. This way Guzmán would have enabled a framework for an authoritarian state with a free market system.
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Bollnow was a member of the Militant League for German Culture.Die Kant-Studien im Dritten Reich, George Leaman, Bowling Green / Gerd Simon, Tübingen In 1933 Bollnow signed the Vow of allegiance of the Professors of the German Universities and High-Schools to Adolf Hitler and the National Socialistic State. In 1939 he moved to the University of Gießen then briefly to the University of Kiel, to the University of Mainz and finally in 1953 to a chair in contemporary philosophy, philosophical anthropology and ethics at the University of Tübingen. He taught at Tübingen until his retirement in 1970.
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Ernst Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, Frankfurt am Main (2007) p. 648 Letter of June 2, 1933, Munich District Court Prosecutor II to the State Ministry of Justice: Subject: "Death of protective custody prisoners at Dachau concentration camp." In his stead, Himmler installed Theodor Eicke, a fanatical SS-Oberführer whose extreme violence had, only shortly before, in March 1933, caused him to be committed for evaluation at a psychiatric clinic at the University of Würzburg. Himmler arranged for Eicke to be released, asking his doctor, Werner Heyde to talk to Eicke and get him to promise to control himself.
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A late controversy came in October 1933, when Paul Wentzcke commemorated in his articles 1920s Rhenish separatism, depicting it as a popular self-help movement against Weimar incompetence.S. A. Schuker, "Bayern und der rheinische Separatismus", in Jahrbuch des Historischen Kollegs 1997, 1998, pp. 105–106 Some of the final issues had encomiums of Nazi architecture, penned by art reviewers such as (who celebrated the Nuremberg Rally as a "sacred space").Steffen Krämer, "Achsen für den Aufmarsch. Zur politischen Inszenierung des urbanen Raumes im Dritten Reich", in Schriftenreihe der Winckelmann Akademie für Kunstgeschichte München Textbeitrag Nr. 18, February 2014, pp.
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The propaganda films that refer directly to Nazi politics amounted to less than a sixth of the whole national film production, which mainly consisted of light entertainment films. For conceiving a Nazi film theory, Goebbels suggested as formative material the Hamburg Dramaturgy and Laokoon, or the Limitations of Poetry by Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, and also demanded "realistic characters" pointing to Shakespeare.Michaela Rethmeier: Die Funktion und Bedeutung Fritz Hipplers für das Filmschaffen im „Dritten Reich“, p. 194 (dissertation, University of Münster, 2006) Goebbels emphasized Lessing's idea that "not only imagining per se, but purposeful imagining, would prove the creative mind".
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Ein Wort über die Mechilta des R. Simon (Breslau, 1889) was likewise an authoritative work in the field of halakhic exegesis. Lewy also published Interpretation des ersten, zweiten und dritten Abschnitts des Palästinischen Talmud-Traktates Nesikin (ib. 1895–1902), and Ein Vortrag über das Ritual des Pesach-Abends (ib. 1904). His work and publications later became fundamental cornerstones for the Talmudic studies at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and from there to all modern day Talmudic studies, being the first to methodically and meticulously gather sources and versions of the words of Jewish sages leading to their origins.
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Between 2011 and 2013 he was the Academic Director of the Master Study Programme "Interdisciplinary Latin American Studies". Currently, he is the Academic Director of the Master Study Programme "Global Political Economy of Sustainable Development" that starts in spring 2018. Ulrich Brand is a reviewer (among others) for: Antipode, Cambridge Journal of Economics, Environment & Planning C: Government & Policy, Environmental Politics, Environmental Values, Global Environmental Politics, Globalizations, Millennium: Journal of International Studies, Review of International Political Economy, Review of Ecological Economics, Peripherie. Zeitschrift für Politik und Ökonomie in der Dritten Welt, Third World Quarterly, and Zeitschrift für Internationale Beziehungen.
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His most important work was geographical; besides his maps of Europe, mention should be made of Grundlinien zu einer neuen Theorie der Erdgestaltung (1824) and Landeskunde von Palästina (1816). His historical works include: Ueber die Entstehung, das Alter und die früheste Geschichte der Städte Berlin und Kölln (On the origins, age and earliest history of the cities of Berlin and Cologne, 1839); Lebens und Regierungsgeschichte Friedrich Wilhelms des Dritten Königs von Preussen (Life and reign of Frederick William III of Prussia, 1840); and Die Quitzows und ihre Zeit (The Quitzows and their times, 3d ed. 1889).
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Born in Birkenhead, the child of schoolteachers he was educated at Birkenhead School and Oxford University. He taught at Oxford from 1971 to 1984 and was twice married. He helped to found the left-wing journal History Workshop Journal. Mason specialised in the social history of the Third Reich, especially that of the working class, and his most famous books were his 1975 work Arbeiterklasse und Volksgemeinschaft (The Working Class and the National Community), a study of working-class life under the Nazis and his 1977 book, Sozialpolitik im Dritten Reich (Social Policy in the Third Reich).
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He wrote: > This may be translated as: "I propose the expression Genom for the haploid > chromosome set, which, together with the pertinent protoplasm, specifies the > material foundations of the species ..." Among his experiments was the > discovery of chimeras (also chimaeras) by grafting a Deadly Nightshade and > tomato plant and observing a shoot which displayed characteristics of both > plants. Winkler also worked at the University of Naples, in Italy, where he > researched the physiology of the alga Bryopsis. He joined the NSDAP in > 1937.Ernst Klee: Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich: Wer war was vor und > nach 1945.
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In October 1933 Ilse Reicke and her estranged husband were two of the eighty-eight German writers who signed the widely publicised (and subsequently infamous) Vow of loyal obedience ("Gelöbnis treuester Gefolgschaft") to the leader.Ernst Klee: Das Kulturlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945, S. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 2007, pp. 272,477. She was a member of the government's "Chamber of Writers" which was seen as an important prerequisite to pursuing a career as a published author, but later, as the inhuman and destructive impetus of Nazi government emerged, became deeply discrediting.
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During the Nazi era, from 1934 onward, he was a member of the National Socialist Teachers League and a member of the Nazi party from 1937 on.Ernst Klee: Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, Frankfurt am Main 2007, S. 382f. During the Second World War in 1942, he was in the Luftwaffe, but was retracted a little later to the Reich Office for Weatherproof offsets and in 1943 to the Agricultural Meteorological Research Centre in Giessen, where he worked until the war ended. After his release from a POW prison in May 1946, he went back to Halle.
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Mug shot of Rudolf Brandt, 1946 Rudolf Hermann Brandt (2 June 1909 – 2 June 1948) was a German SS officer from 1933–45 and a civil servant. A lawyer by profession, Brandt was the Personal Administrative Officer to Reichsführer-SS (Persönlicher Referent vom Reichsführer SS) Heinrich Himmler and a defendant at the Doctors' Trial at Nuremberg for his part in securing the 86 victims of the Jewish skeleton collection, an attempt to create an anthropological display of plaster body casts and skeletal remains of Jews.Ernst Klee: Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945.
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However, he also designed a number of mostly Protestant churches, some of which met with official approval,Taylor, p. 209. and Hitler chose his design for the Mangfall Bridge, a girder bridge on two massive concrete pylons carrying one of the new autobahns, which was influential in its simple modernity and size.Richard Vahrenkamp, "Der Autobahnbau 1933 bis 1943 und das hessische Autobahnnetz", Arbeitspapier zur Logistik 36/2001, University of Kassel, Zeitschrift des Vereins für hessische Geschichte und Landeskunde 104 (2004) 225–66, revision of August 2005 in pdf , p. 4, note 5 Rainer Stommer, "Triumph der Technik: Autobahnbrücken zwischen Ingenieuraufgabe und Kulturdenkmal", in: Reichsautobahn: Pyramiden des Dritten Reichs.
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Kurt Martin was born on January 31, 1899 in Zurich, as the third son of Rudolf Martin (1864–1925), professor of anthropology from Baden, and his wife Anna Hein (1865–1940). In Zurich, he attended elementary school before changing to the École Nouvelle in Lausanne and later to a secondary school in Karlsruhe. There he passed his Abitur (final secondary school examinations) in 1917. He served as a soldier in World War I.Tessa Friederike Rosebrock: "Kurt Martin und das Musée des Beaux-Arts de Strasbourg. Museums- und Ausstellungspolitik im 'Dritten Reich‘ und in der unmittelbaren Nachkriegszeit", (Kurt Martin and the Fine Arts Museum in Strasbourg.
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Rainer Stommer, Die inszenierte Volksgemeinschaft: die "Thing-Bewegung" im Dritten Reich, Marburg: Jonas, 1985, , p. 217 The arena was inaugurated on 25-26 June 1938 as a Feierstätte der Volksgemeinschaft (ceremonial site for the folk community), the Grenzlandfeierstätte (Borderlands Ceremonial Site). A copper container containing construction plans, a newspaper and coins was sealed into the masonry to the right of the stage. The theatre was operated in cooperation with those at Borna and Kamenz; in 1938-39, the theatre troupe from the open-air theatre at Ehrenfriedersdorf also played there. Under the German Democratic Republic, the arena was renamed in 1950 for President Wilhelm Pieck, who was himself present.
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In 1940 Rosenberg was made head of the Hohe Schule (literally "high school", but the German phrase refers to a college), the Centre of National Socialist Ideological and Educational Research, out of which the Einsatzstab Reichsleiter Rosenberg (Reichsleiter Rosenberg Taskforce) developed for the purpose of looting art and cultural goods. The ERR were especially active in Paris in looting art stolen from famous Jewish families such as the Rothschilds and that of Paul Rosenberg. Hermann Göring used the ERR to collect art for his own personal gratification.Löhr, Hanns Christian (2018): Kunst als Waffe – Der Einsatzstab Reichsleiter Rosenberg, Ideologie und Kunstraub im „Dritten Reich“, Gebr.
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Compiled and edited by Marion Gillum and Jörg Wyrschowy. Verlag für Berlin-Brandenburg, Potsdam 2000, . He had repeated appearances in the 1930s and 40s at the Beethovenfest and the chamber music festival in Bonn.Helmut Heyer: Kultur in Bonn im Dritten Reich (Veröffentlichungen des Stadtarchivs Bonn. Vol. 62). Stadtarchiv und Stadthistorische Bibliothek, Bonn 2002, , among others pp.116 and 127 ff. His engagement for Ludwig van Beethoven went so far that in 1938 he participated with Hoelscher and Ney in the Beethoven-Fest of the Hitlerjugend in Bad Wildbad in the Black Forest and heroized the composer there.David B. Dennis: Beethoven in German Politics, 1870–1989.
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Slovenian and former Yugoslav avant-garde music group Laibach has a number of references to Heartfield's works: the original band's logo, the 'black cross', references Heartfield's art Der alte Wahlspruch im "neuen" Reich: Blut und Eisen (1934), a cross made of four axes, as can be seen on the inner sleeves and labels of their 1987 album Opus Dei. The cover art of their self-titled debut album Laibach (Ropot, 1985, Ljubljana), also references Heartfield's Wie im Mittelalter… so im Dritten Reich (1934). A track called Raus! (Herzfelde), originally on Slovenska Akropola, but also included in Krst pod Triglavom and Opus Dei as Herzfeld (Heartfield), is about Heartfield.
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Rudolf Creutz was born in the city of Trieste on 6 April 1896, when it was part of Austria-Hungary. He married the Countess Marie Margarethe Christiane Rességuier von Miremont and the couple had one son. Creutz became a member of the Nazi party (member no. 2,367,675) and the SS (member no. 77,813), reaching the rank of SS-Brigadeführer on 9 November 1943.Ernst Klee: Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich – Wer war was vor und nach 1945. 2nd Edition (Frankfurt am Main, 2007) p. 96 Creutz became a deputy of Ulrich Greifelt, an SS Major General and Chief of Staff of the Reichskommissariat for the Consolidation of German Nationhood () or RKFDV.
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The Nazis were early aware of the propagandistic effect of movies and already in 1920 the issues of the Racial Observer included film criticism.Michaela Rethmeier: Die Funktion und Bedeutung Fritz Hipplers für das Filmschaffen im „Dritten Reich“, p. 25 (dissertation, University of Münster, 2006) The SS-philosopher Walter Julius Bloem published the book "The Soul of the Cinema – A Commitment to the Movies" in 1922.Original title: "Seele des Lichtspiels – ein Bekenntnis zum Film", by Dr Walter Julius Bloem (1898–1945), Verlag Grethlein, Leipzig, 1922. In September 1923 Philipp Nickel produced a documentary of the “German Day in Nuremberg” where the “Battle-League” was founded, shortly before the Beer Hall Putsch.
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Reichsleiter was the second highest political rank in the Nazi Party. He was also elected to the Reichstag that year. After the Nazi seizure of power, he was made Jugendführer of the German Reich on 17 June 1933 with responsibility for all youth organizations, including the Hitler Youth (Hitlerjugend) and given an SA rank of Gruppenführer.Karl Höffkes: Hitlers Politische Generale, Die Gauleiter des Dritten Reiches; ein biographisches Nachschlagewerk. Grabert-Verlag, Tübingen, (1997) pp. 299-300, . He was made a state secretary in 1936. Schirach appeared frequently at rallies, such as the Nuremberg rally of 1934, when he appeared with Hitler in rousing the Hitlerjugend audience.
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When in 1933 the Nazis came to power he remained active in the German Christian movement which sought to "Nazify" the 28 Protestant church bodies in Germany.Biographical information from Ernst Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich (Fischer Verlag 2005), 346 For 23 July 1933 Hitler ordered an unconstitutional, premature re-election of all presbyters and synodals, with the German Christians now gaining 70–80% of the seats, so Kube could then further advance as head of the Berlin synod of the old-Prussian Church. Following the German conquest of Poland in 1939 his Nazi party domain was extended to include Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia and Reichsgau Wartheland.
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This airplane was one of the products of the last phase of the Third Reich, when the lack of materials and the dire need to put up a strong defense against the devastating Allied bombing raids required such craft to be built as quickly as possible in underground factories. Comparable models were the Junkers EF 127 Walli and the Messerschmitt P.1104. In the design of such small aircraft little thought was given to the safety and comfort of the pilots who were intended mostly to be young Nazis motivated by fanaticism,von Ulrich, Albrecht. "Artefakte des Fanatismus; Technik und nationalsozialistische Ideologie in der Endphase des Dritten Reiches." wissenschaft.
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Germany's political objective in the expected conquest of Switzerland was to regain the bulk of the "racially suitable" Swiss population for the German people, and aimed at direct annexation into the German Reich of at least its ethnic German parts. With this purpose in mind, Heinrich Himmler in September 1941 discussed with his subordinate, Gottlob Berger, the suitability of various people for the position of Reichskommissar for the 'reunion' of Switzerland with Germany.Jürg Fink, Die Schweiz aus der Sicht des Dritten Reiches, 1933–1945 (Zurich: Schulthess, 1985), 71–72. This yet-to-be-chosen official would have had the task of facilitating the total amalgamation (Zusammenwachsen) of the Swiss and German populations.
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Andreas Hempfling, Organisationsstruktur und Regulierungspolitik der Zeitschriftenwerbung im Dritten Reich, Munich: GRIN 2005, , note 19 (print on demand) Irene Guenther, Nazi 'Chic'?: Fashioning Women in the Third Reich, Oxford/New York: Berg, 2004, , p. 441. By 1944 it was the only survivor of the twelve independent illustrated news magazines that had existed in Germany in 1939--five others continued to publish in name only, with the same contents as the Berliner Illustrierte--de Mendelssohn, pp. 414-15. and with the fall of Nazi Germany in 1945, regular production ceased: on April 22 the last copies were printed, and an SS detachment occupied the printing plant "to protect" it from the invading Soviets.
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Uhlenhuth's activities in the Third Reich cast a deep shadow on his scientific achievements. According to Ernst Klee's Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945 - one of the most respected and reliable sources on the topic of individual Nazi involvement in the Third Reich \- in April 1933 Uhlenhuth actively supported the firing of his Jewish colleagues and six years later, in 1939, he joined the ranks of the NSDAP. Later, the scientist's picture gets even darker: in 1944 Paul Uhlenhuth contacted the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (High Command of the Armed Forces in Nazi Germany) to obtain their consent to carry out medical experiments on non- white prisoners of war.
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A member of the Communist Party of Germany (Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands, or KPD), Dudow was arrested by the Nazis shortly after they took power in January 1933. He was soon expelled from Germany as a Bulgarian citizen, but was unable to return to Bulgaria for reasons unknown (and to which Brecht alludes in a July 1933 letter to the Russian playwright Sergei Tretyakov). He made his way to France sometime in 1934, and remained there under constant threat of expulsion until 1939/1940, when he went to Switzerland. In Paris, Dudow completed the film Seifenblasen, which he had begun working on in Berlin, and also staged Brecht's Furcht und Elend des Dritten Reichs.
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Hall of Fame (2009) According to Canadian historian Michael H. Kater, during Orff's denazification process in Bad Homburg, Orff claimed that he had helped establish the White Rose resistance movement in Germany. There was no evidence for this other than his own word, and other sources dispute his claim. Kater also made a particularly strong case that Orff collaborated with Nazi German authorities.Review of "Carl Orff im Dritten Reich" Archive, by David B. Dennis, Loyola University Chicago (25 January 1996) However, in Orff's denazification file, discovered by Viennese historian Oliver Rathkolb in 1999, no remark on the White Rose is recorded; and in Composers of the Nazi Era: Eight Portraits (2000) Kater recanted his earlier accusations to some extent.
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After the Nazi seizure of power in 1933, several state institutions were placed in Braunschweig, including the Luftfahrtforschungsanstalt in Völkenrode, the Hitler Youth Academy for Youth Leadership, and the SS-Junkerschule Braunschweig. With the Reichswerke Hermann Göring in Salzgitter and the Stadt des KdF-Wagens, as well as several factories in the city itself (including Büssing and the Volkswagenwerk Braunschweig), the Braunschweig region became one of the centres of the German arms industry.Jörg Leuschner (2008): Die Wirtschaft des Braunschweigischen Landes im Dritten Reich (1933–1939), in: Jörg Leuschner / Karl Heinrich Kaufhold / Claudia Märtl (eds.), Die Wirtschafts- und Sozialgeschichte des Braunschweigischen Landes vom Mittelalter bis zur Gegenwart, vol. 3, Hildesheim: Georg Olms Verlag, pp. 468–522. .
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Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke published The Occult Roots of Nazism (1985) based on his thesis, and the German librarian and historian Ulrich Hunger's thesis on rune-lore in Nazi Germany (Die Runenkunde im Dritten Reich) was published in the series Europäische Hochschulschriften (also 1985). Goodrick-Clarke's book The Occult Roots... is not only considered "without exception"As mentioned, preface of the German Edition (2004), written by H. T. Hakl to be the pioneering work on Ariosophy, but also the "definitive book" on the topic. The term 'Ariosophy' refers to an esoteric movement in Germany and Austria of the 1900s to 1930s. It clearly falls under Goodrick-Clarke's definition of occultism, as it obviously drew on the western esoteric tradition.
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In addition, he received organ lessons and, at age 14, was asked by the Wiesbaden church of St. Kilian to replace the organist who had been drafted for military service. In 1941, the priest of St. Birgid in Wiesbaden-Bierstadt entrusted him with setting the patron saint's hymn, which is still sung there today.Günther Massenkeil: Die Lieder, die wir sangen – ein Glaubensbekenntnis junger Christen im "Dritten Reich" (in German) in: Wort und Ton in christlicher Musik, Ferdinand Schöningh Due to a serious illness, his military service was deferred, and he was able to complete his schooling at the Humanistisches Gymnasium with the Abitur in 1944. He studied at the Technische Hochschule Darmstadt to become an organ builder.
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The German blazon reads: In Silber ein rotes Kreuz, bewinkelt im ersten und vierten Felde von grünen Rankenornamenten, im zweiten durch die Buchstaben BR und im dritten Feld eine grüne Weintraube. The municipality's arms might in English heraldic language be described thus: Argent a cross gules, in dexter chief and sinister base tendril patterns, in sinister chief the letters BR, and in dexter base a bunch of grapes on a vine palewise reversed, leafed of two and slipped, all vert. The old 1518 seal used by the court of Schöffen (roughly "lay jurists") served as the model for today's coat of arms. The cross refers to the former landholder, the Prince-Archbishop-Elector of Trier.
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Josef Greindl (23 December 1912 - 16 April 1993) was a German operatic bass, remembered mainly for his performances of Wagnerian roles at Bayreuth beginning in 1943. Josef Greindl was born in Munich and studied at the Munich Music Academy with Paul Bender. His opera debut was in 1936, as Hunding in Wagner's Die Walküre in the State Theatre in Krefeld. In 1944, Adolf Hitler included him in the Gottbegnadeten list ("God-gifted list" or "Important Artist Exempt List" of artists considered crucial to Nazi culture), which exempted him from the requirement to serve in the German military.Ernst Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich: Wer war was vor und nach 1945, S. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 2007, , p.197.
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Beatrice Heiber & Helmut Heiber, eds., Die Rückseite des Hakenkreuzes: Absonderliches aus den Akten des Dritten Reiches, Munich, Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, 1993, pp. 382383\. .Christian Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde: Die deutsche Wirtschafts- und Vernichtungspolitik in Weißrußland 1941 bis 1944, Hamburg, Hamburger Edition: Hamburger Institut für Sozialforschung (HIS), 1999, p. 174\. . But the knockout blow appears to have been invested with figurative significance as well, as the incident marks Braemer's exit from the scene in Riga (on orders from the Wehrmacht which removed him that very day not only from the commandership of the Ostland but from active duty altogetherIn one source Braemer is said to have exercised the command of the Panzer Division Kempf "for a short time" beginning on 10 June 1944, i.e.
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In October 1943 an act, facilitating compulsory divorce imposed by the state, was ready for the appointment, however, Hitler never granted the competent referees an audience. Pressure by the NSDAP headquarters in early 1944 also failed. Cf. Uwe Dietrich Adam, Judenpolitik im Dritten Reich, Düsseldorf: 2003, pp. 222–234. In the event that a mixed marriage ended by the death of the so-called Aryan spouse or the divorce of the Jewish-classified spouse, the Jewish-classified spouse residing within Germany was usually deported soon after unless the couple still had minor children not counted as Geltungsjuden.Beate Meyer, Die Verfolgung und Ermordung der Hamburger Juden 1933–1945, Landeszentrale für politische Bildung (ed.), Hamburg: Landeszentrale für politische Bildung, 2006, p. 83.
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In response to Wehler's book, Geiss later published a book entitled Der Hysterikerstreit. Ein unpolemischer Essay (The Hysterical Dispute: An Unpolemical Essay) in which he largely defended Nolte against Wehler's criticisms. Geiss wrote Nolte's critics had "taken in isolation" his statements and were guilty of being "hasty readers"Evans, p. 33 In particular, controversy centered on an argument of Nolte's 1985 essay “Between Myth and Revisionism” from the book Aspects of the Third Reich, first published in German as "Die negative Lebendigkeit des Dritten Reiches" ("The Negative Vitality of the Third Reich") as an opinion piece in the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung on 24 July 1980, but which did not attract widespread attention until 1986 when Jürgen Habermas criticized the essay in a feuilleton piece.
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Zwei Legenden aus dem dritten Reich : quellenkritische Studien, Deutsche Verlags- Anstalt 1974, pp 79-142. The position in the future empire of the Frisians, another Germanic people, was discussed on 5 April 1942 in one of Hitler's many wartime dinner-conversations. Himmler commented that there was ostensibly no real sense of community between the different indigenous ethnic groups in the Netherlands. He then stated that the Dutch Frisians in particular seemed to hold no affection for being part of a nation-state based on the Dutch national identity, and felt a much greater sense of kinship with their German Frisian brethren across the Ems River in East Frisia, an observation Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel agreed with based on his own experiences.
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There is no comprehensive biography of Diewerge. In addition to the short, not detailed outlines in Ernst Klee's Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich and Wolfgang Benz' Handbuch des Antisemitismus, a relatively extensive account of Diewerge's biography can be found in Kristian Buchna's 2010 study. In contrast, there are already detailed research reports on the political activities in which Diewerge was involved, some of which at least marginally address Diewerge's actions. The Cairo Trial is dealt with from different perspectives in the studies by Gudrun Krämer, Albrecht Fueß and Mahmoud Kassim, whereby the latter two in particular offer material on Diewerge's propaganda activities and also deal with his cooperation with the Nazi foreign organization and the differences to the line of the German Foreign Office.
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Schmidt, Rainer F. (2002) Die Aussenpolitik des Dritten Reiches 1933–1939 Klett-Cotta He used the title Führer und Reichskanzler (Leader and Chancellor), highlighting the positions he already held in party and government, though in popular reception, the element Führer was increasingly understood not just in reference to the Nazi Party, but also in reference to the German people and the German state. Soldiers had to swear allegiance to Hitler as "Führer des deutschen Reiches und Volkes" (Leader of the German Reich and People). The title was changed on 28 July 1942 to "Führer des Großdeutschen Reiches" (Leader of the Greater German Reich). In his political testament, Hitler also referred to himself as Führer der Nation (Leader of the Nation).
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Moninger Greifswald 1921 (Deutsche Sammlung Band 1), quoted from Christian Tilitzki: Die deutsche Universitätsphilosophie in der Weimarer Republik und im Dritten Reich. Teil 1., Berlin Akademie 2002, , Jacoby regards logic as a purely philosophical discipline which must be strictly distinguished from modern formal-mathematical logic (still called "logistics" by him), a position which he summarized in his monograph Die Ansprüche der Logistiker auf die Logik und ihre GeschichtsschreibungDie Ansprüche der Logistiker auf die Logik und ihre Geschichtsschreibung on WorldCat published in 1962 and which his pupil Bruno von Freytag-Löringhoff developed further in his succession. Jacoby considers the task of logic to be to examine the concept of "logical" - in the sense of "consistent" - for its objective backgrounds independent of the closing subject.
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The report states that, by his contemporaries, Debye was considered an opportunist by some and as a man of highest character by others. The report asserts that Debye was not coerced by the Nazis into writing the infamous DPG Heil Hitler letter and that he also did not follow the lead of other societies in doing so but, rather, other societies followed his lead.Note that this statement is in sharp contrast to the conclusion reached in a previous study of the DPG's relationship to the Third Reich which describes the DPG to be one of the last professional organizations in Germany to expel its Jewish members. Dieter Hoffmann (2001) Zwischen Autonomie und Anpassung: Die Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft im Dritten Reich.
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The third law forbade marriage and any intimate extramarital relations between Jews and non-Jewish German citizens (the latter denigrated as race disgrace).Diemut Majer (2003). "Non-Germans" under the Third Reich: the Nazi judicial and administrative system in Germany and occupied Eastern Europe with special regard to occupied Poland, 1939-1945 (Uniform title: "Fremdvölkische" im Dritten Reich, Boppard upon Rhine: Boldt, 1981, ), Peter Thomas Hill, Edward Vance Humphrey, and Brian Levin (translators), Lubbock, Texas: Texas Tech University Press in association with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 2003, p. 102\. . While the law left existing marriages between non-Jewish and Jewish spouses untouched it banned future such marriages and declared marriages by a non-Jewish German and a Jewish spouse of any nationality contracted after that ban outside of Germany invalid within the Reich.
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On 23 July 1933, the day of the unconstitutional premature reelection of synodals and presbyters imposed by Hitler, the Nazi-submissive German Christians then gained a majority of 32 seats against the only remaining opposition of 25 members of the conservative Ecclesiastical Positive Association (Kirchlich-Positive Vereinigung, KPV, another nominating group not to be confused with the proponents of the so-called Positive Christianity) in the widely self- disenfranchised Landessynode.Hermann Erbacher, Die Evangelische Landeskirche in Baden in der Weimarer Zeit und im Dritten Reich 1919–1945. Geschichte und Dokumente, Karlsruhe: Evangelischer Presseverband fuer Baden, 1983, p. 43. .Bernd Martin, „Professoren und Bekennende Kirche. Zur Formierung Freiburger Widerstandskreise über den evangelischen Kirchenkampf“ in: Wirtschaft, Politik, Freiheit: Freiburger Wirtschaftswissenschaftler und der Widerstand, Nils Goldschmidt (ed.), Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2005. pp.
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The historian Heinrich August Winkler notes that "the rejection of the Versailles system was extraordinarily popular" and that at this stage in the history of Nazi Germany, it was still possible to vote negatively, to invalidate one's ballot or not to vote at all "without great personal risk".Heinrich August Winkler, Germany: The Long Road West, Volume II, 1933–1990 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), p. 31. The work was originally published in German as Der Lange Weg nach Westen, Zweiter Band: Deutsche Geschichte vom “Dritten Reich” bis zur Wiedervereinigung (Munich: Verlag C. H. Beck, 2000). In particular, the Nazis made no effort to prevent the casting of negative or invalid votes in districts that were known to have large populations of Jews, Poles and other ethnic minorities, who were then still allowed to vote.
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Both communities had previously been part of Austria but could only be reached overland from Swabia. Both were returned to Austria in September 1945.Jahrhundert – Rückblick (in German) Kleinwalsertal website, accessed: 28 June 2008 With the beginning of the Second World War, Wahl noticed that the excitement within the German population for another war was very limited. Compared to the patriotism he encountered and felt himself in 1914, he now mostly felt people were resigned and stunned in the face of another conflict.Presselenkung im Dritten Reich - Die propagandistische Vorbereitung des Überfalls auf Polen (in German) Historic seminar of the University of Bonn, accessed: 28 June 2008 In May 1941, he gave a rather telling speech at the Messerschmitt factory, voicing his belief in Hitler and his mission from God to punish all people and countries which have strayed from the path of decency.
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He joined the Nazi Party in 1933 after the party's rise to power and in 1935 he became director of the University Library in Berlin.Ernst Klee: Das Kulturlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945. S. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 2007, S. 9. From 1937 he was chairman of the Association of German Librarians (VDB). In the year after the Anschluss, on 30 May 1939 he declared in the opening speech at the annual meeting of the VDB in Graz, paying homage to Adolf Hitler, he praised him as the creator and expander of the German Reich.Vollständiges Zitat bei Ernst Klee, Kulturlexikon, S. 9. During World War II, Abb was given the rank of SS-Sturmbannführer and deployed in July 1940 as head of the central administration of the libraries (Leiter der Hauptverwaltung der Bibliotheken) in occupied Poland.
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In 1940, following the German victory in the Battle of Narvik the Bertelsmann publishing house released this lavishly turned-out book written by Busch. It was a work of "war reporting which toed the party line", it had an introduction by Grand Admiral Erich Raeder and was recommended by the OKW in the Books of the Armed Forces.Saul Friedländer, Norbert Frei, Trutz Rendtorff, Reinhard Wittmann: Bertelsmann im Dritten Reich. C. Bertelsmann, München 2002, . S. 435. The book was celebrated in the specialist press and after a year 200,000 copies had been sold. In 1941 Busch earned 242,084.47 RM from his writing activities, and in the following years he earned approximately 100,000 RM a year. In doing so, at that time he was among the highest-earning German authors. The Bertelsmann publishing house earned a clear total profit of 650,000 RM from the book.
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Before the war he published articles with Nazi historian Erich Maschke,Erich Maschke; Erich Weise; Kurt Forstreuter, Sammelbesprechung über neuere polnische Literatur, in: AltprF 10, 1933, S. 148 who supported Nazi racist and nationalist views.The Shaping of German Identity: Authority and Crisis, 1245–1414, page 29 He took part in a conference on the 3rd and 4 September 1933 in Königsberg where duties of archivists and the role of Ostforschung - an aggressively anti-Polish nationalist ideology whose publications were of questionable valueKarin Friedrich (2006), The Other Prussia: Royal Prussia, Poland and Liberty, 1569-1772. Cambridge University Press, page 5, page 13 were discussed.Musial, T.: „Staatsarchive im Dritten Reich“, 1996, page 31, 67-68 Weise, speaking on behalf of German archivists, declared loyalty to the Third Reich and its ideas: > The initial aversion of the German archivist against engaging in political > matters has waned.
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Klee was first trained as a sanitary and heating technician. Afterwards, he caught up on his university entrance requirements and then studied theology and social education. As a journalist in the 1970s, he looked at socially excluded groups, such as the homeless, psychiatric patients and the disabled. During this period, he collaborated with Gusti Steiner, who laid the foundation for the federal German emancipatory movement of the disabled at that time. In 1997, he received the Geschwister-Scholl- Preis ("Scholl Siblings Prize") for his book, Auschwitz, die NS-Medizin und ihre Opfer (Auschwitz, Nazi Medicine and Their Victims). In 2001, the city of Frankfurt am Main honored Klee with the Goethe Plaque of the City of Frankfurt for his book, Deutsche Medizin im Dritten Reich. Karrieren vor und nach 1945 (German Medicine in the Third Reich. Careers before and after 1945).
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With the intent of showing the kinship between ancient Greek and Germanic culture, the entrance is flanked by two pairs of reliefs by Adolf Wamper: on the left, representing the "Fatherland", two male nudes, one with a sword, the other with a spear,Antike und Altertumswissenschaft in der Zeit von Faschismus und Nationalsozialismus, University of Zurich colloquium, 14–17 October 1998, ed. Beat Näf with Tim Kammasch, Texts and studies in the history of humanities 1, Mandelbachtal/Cambridge: Edition Cicero, 2001, , p. 260 a pairing that was to be used more famously by Arno Breker;Klaus Wolbert, Die Nackten und die Toten des "Dritten Reiches": Folgen einer politischen Plastik des deutschen Faschismus, Kunstwissenschaftliche Untersuchungen des Ulmer Vereins, Verband für Kunst- und Kulturwissenschaften 12, Gießen: Anabas, 1982, , p. 212 and on the right, representing artistic celebration, two female nudes, one with a laurel wreath, the other with a lyre.
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The border crossing above Herleshausen, where Agricola was released on 9 October 1955 (photograph from 12 June 1985) On 9 May 1945, one day after the unconditional surrender of Nazi Germany, Agricola was captured by Soviet troops in Teplice–Šanov in Czechoslovakia (present-day Teplice in the Czech Republic), and was subsequently transported to the Soviet Union, where he was imprisoned in the camps No. 27, 62, 362, 476 and 48.Bezborodova, Generäle des Dritten Reiches in sowjetischer Hand 1943–1956, p. 26Foltmann and Möller–Witten, Opfergang der Generale, p. 137 Afterwards, he was transported to the Prison No. 1 in Kiev, in order to be tried for war crimes. A military tribunal of the Ukrainian Ministry of Internal Affairs in Kiev Oblast found him guilty under the Article 1 of the Ukaz 43 (19 April 1943) and sentenced him to 25 years of hard labor on 16 November 1948.
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Numerous sources report that, given their hostile relationship, the Nazis forced Berger into retirement that same year with a complete ban of any further work on EEG. These biographical accounts were contradicted in 2005 by Ernst Klee, a German journalist specializing in the exposure and documentation of Nazi medical crimes.That Berger was a member of the SS has yet to be double-checked for this article. The German-language source provided is: Ernst Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich: Wer war was vor und nach 1945, 41 In 2005, Dr Susanne Zimmermann, medical historian at the University of Jena, found evidence that Berger had not been forced into retirement but had "served on the selection committee for his successor"Quoted in R. Douglas Fields (2009), The Other Brain: From Dementia to Schizophrenia, 150 Google Books Berthold Kihn, who was sacked as a Nazi after the war.
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He received his first commission for monumental sculpture in 1935, for the two pairs of figures in relief flanking the entrance to the Dietrich- Eckart-Bühne open-air theatre, now the Waldbühne, on the grounds of the 1936 Summer Olympics. On the left, representing Fatherland Celebration, male nudes hold a sword and a spear, a pairing that was to be used more famously by Arno Breker;Klaus Wolbert, Die Nackten und die Toten des "Dritten Reiches": Folgen einer politischen Plastik des deutschen Faschismus, Kunstwissenschaftliche Untersuchungen des Ulmer Vereins, Verband für Kunst- und Kulturwissenschaften 12, Gießen: Anabas, 1982, , p. 212 on the right, representing Artistic Celebration, female nudes hold a laurel wreath and a lyre; the intent was to show the kinship between ancient Greek and Germanic culture.Antike und Altertumswissenschaft in der Zeit von Faschismus und Nationalsozialismus, University of Zurich colloquium, 14-17 October 1998, ed. Beat Näf with Tim Kammasch, Texts and studies in the history of humanities 1, Mandelbachtal/Cambridge: Edition Cicero, 2001, , p.
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Then it became part of the parish of the Church of Peace (Friedenskirche) at Sanssouci, and after 1859, it was assigned to the parish of Bornstedt. The final change came in 1870, when the Church of the Redeemer congregation was merged with the parishes of Klein-Glienicke (later part of Neubabelsberg) and the District of Stolpe (now Berlin-Wannsee), and the Church of Ss. Peter and Paul on Nikolskoë, forming together the Evangelical Congregation of Neubabelsberg. On December 22, 1941 the official German Evangelical Church called for appropriate action by all Protestant church bodies to exclude baptised non-Aryans from all spheres of Protestant church life.Circular (Rundschreiben) by the church chancery of the German Evangelical Church to all governing bodies of the Protestant church bodies (22 December 1941), published in Kurt Meier, Kirche und Judentum: Die Haltung der evangelischen Kirche zur Judenpolitik des Dritten Reiches, Halle upon Saale: Niemeyer, 1968, pp. 116seq.
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Nevertheless, in the political climate of the immigration debate in Switzerland, especially due to the proximity of Ecopop's initiative to the immigration referendum of February 2014, which resulted in widespread fears among the political and economic elite of deteriorating relations with the European Union, critics tended to accuse Ecopop or its supporters of (variously) xenophobic, racist, fascist, selfish or hypocritical motives.Res Strehle, Warum ein Ja zu Ecopop fatal wäre, Tages-Anzeiger, 7 November 2014NZZ Article, 1.9.2014, Bezeichnung «Birkenstock-Rassisten» rechtens These attacks were mostly based on the initiative's second paragraph dedicated to global rather than national population growth, as the idea of foreign aid invested in curbing population growth in developing countries was attacked as politically incorrect and some leftist critics went as far as equating it with child euthanasia in Nazi Germany.Die Genfer SP-Nationalrätin Maria Roth-Bernasconi warf Ecopop vor, der Verein postuliere Euthanasie, also die Tötung «lebensunwerten» Lebens, wie sie im Dritten Reich praktiziert wurde.
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At the end of this season the club was forced, for financial reasons, to withdraw the team from the Bayernliga to the Kreisliga.Seitz: „Mich trifft es schon zum dritten Mal!“ Schwäbische Zeitung, published: 5 April 2010, accessed: 31 October 2011 The club, after this, quickly worked its way back up through the league system, winning promotion to the Bezirksliga Mittelfranken-Nord in 2002, followed by a championship in this league in 2003.Manfreds Fussball Archiv: Bezirksliga Mittelfranken-Nord Tables and results from the Bavarian amateur leagues, accessed: 31 October 2011 Jahn won promotion to the Bezirksoberliga Mittelfranken in 2003, a league it would play in for six seasons from 2003 to 2006 and, again, from 2007 to 2010.Manfreds Fussball Archiv: Bezirksoberliga Mittelfranken Tables and results from the Bavarian amateur leagues, accessed: 31 October 2011 The club made a return to the Landesliga for a season in 2006–07 but dropped down again immediately.
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Berlin memorial plaque, Ruth Andreas-Friedrich () An Italian partisan in Florence on August 14, 1944 Three Italian partisans executed by public hanging in Rimini, August 1944 On 11 February 1944, the Resistance fighters of Polish Home Army's unit Agat executed Franz Kutschera, SS and Reich's Police Chief in Warsaw in action known as Operation Kutschera.Piotr Stachniewicz, "Akcja" "Kutschera", Książka i Wiedza, Warszawa 1982,Joachim Lilla (Bearb.): Die Stellvertretenden Gauleiter und die Vertretung der Gauleiter der NSDAP im "Dritten Reich", Koblenz 2003, S. 52-3 (Materialien aus dem Bundesarchiv, Heft 13) In the spring of 1944, a plan was laid out by the Allies to kidnap General Müller, whose harsh repressive measures had earned him the nickname "the Butcher of Crete". The operation was led by Major Patrick Leigh Fermor, together with Captain W. Stanley Moss, Greek SOE agents and Cretan resistance fighters. However, Müller left the island before the plan could be carried out.
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When criticized for honoring the sacrifice of SS men, Reagan had stated those Germans killed fighting in the SS were just as much victims of Hitler as the Jews exterminated in the death camps, and that therefore placing a memorial wreath honoring the memory of the SS men buried at the Bitburg cemetery was no different from placing a memorial wreath at Auschwitz. Reagan's statement that the SS and the Jews exterminated by the SS were all equally victims of Hitler is known to historians as the Bitburg fallacy. In his 1987 book Spuren des Widerstands Die Bergarbeiterbewegung im Dritten Reich und im Exil (Traces of Resistance The Miners' Movement in the Third Reich and In Exile), Peukert began with the question "How does one write a history of continual failure?", which he answered with "To write a history of the resistance from the "loser's" viewpoint means trying to understand why, in spite of everything, they did not give up".
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Ulrich Albrecht: Artefakte des Fanatismus; Technik und nationalsozialistische Ideologie in der Endphase des Dritten Reiches All the P.1079 Messerschmitt designs remained on paper, but Junkers built the Ju EF 126 Ellie the only pulsejet-powered fighter project that reached the prototype stage right before the end of the war. For this venture Heinkel would use a He 162 airframe, powered by a pulse jet and Blohm & Voss submitted the Blohm & Voss P 213 At any rate the Argus pulsejets proved themselves unsuitable for manned aircraft that would have to take off unassisted, for they did not produce enough power at low speeds for takeoff. Since additional launch schemes would have to be added to the project, such as towplanes, aircraft catapults or rocket boosters, the goal of the program would be defeated and expenses would be far higher than projected. Thus the pulsejet-powered fighter project never saw mass production, being brought to a close already before 1945.
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Arbeitseinsatz – Todesmärsche – Folgen. LIT, Vienna 2010, , p. 18.Johannes Bähr and Ralf Banken, Das Europa des "Dritten Reichs": Recht, Wirtschaft, Besatzung, Klostermann, Frankfurt/Main 2005, , p. 212. On 17 September 1944 (front)), a column of about 3,000 prisoners including Kapos left the camp under the supreme command of the German armed forces which were about 1000 strong were force marched to a pontoon bridge in Smederovo and then further on to Baja (via the eastern route). On 19 September, a second column of about 3,000 prisoners left the camp under the supreme command of the SS-Polizei-Gebirgsjäger-Regiment Nr. 18 and were force marched via Pančevo (the western route) to Baja. From Pančevo to Baja, the column was under the supreme command of a paramilitary operation echelon Deutsche Mannschaft „Hermann Göring“. All prisoners were either used to build the south-east wall or transported by train to concentration camps such as Bergen-Belsen, Buchenwald, Dachau, Flossenbürg, Mauthausen, Oranienburg, Sachsenhausen, and Auschwitz.
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The provincial ecclesiastical committee provided for the ignoration of Thom, so that the constitutional two general superintendencies could be restaffed. In 1941, following the incorporation of Posen-West Prussia into Pomerania (1938), also the Ecclesiastical Province of Posen-West Prussia was dissolved and its ambit became a part of the Ecclesiastical Province of Pomerania. In 1941 about two million of the Pomeranians, then amounting to 2.394 million inhabitants, were parishioners of the Pomeranian ecclesiastical province. On 22 December 1941 the official new umbrella, the pan-German Evangelical Church, called for suited actions by all Protestant church bodies to withhold baptised non-Aryans from all spheres of Protestant church life.Circular (Rundschreiben) by the church chancery of the German Evangelical Church to all governing bodies of the Protestant church bodies (22 December 1941), published in Kurt Meier, Kirche und Judentum: Die Haltung der evangelischen Kirche zur Judenpolitik des Dritten Reiches, Halle upon Saale: Niemeyer, 1968, pp. 116seq.
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In January 1934, Schering delivered a lecture at the German Society for Education about "The Germanic in German music" In the same year appeared his book "Beethoven in a New Interpretation" in which he parallels in the works of Beethoven scenes from Shakespeare's plays, and where Schering put forward the bold claim that this formal design along the line of Shakespeare scenes was intentional. Also in the same year he wrote an article in the Journal for Musicology where he characterized Beethoven's famous 5th symphony as a "Symphony of National Rising," much in the sense of the rising of the National Socialist regime. Finally in 1936, he wrote, in Beethoven and Poetry, "If a brutal, sensual, and to us, racially-foreign music threatens to alienate us from the insoluble relationship between high music and high art, it is in Beethoven we can once again make a new ideal covenant."Quoted by Ernst Klee: Das Kulturlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p. 520.
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One of the first usages of the term can be found in the 1803 Tribunat report, titled Résultats des guerres, des négociations et des traités qui ont préced́é et suivi la coalition contre la France ("Results of the Wars, Negotiations and Treaties that preceded and followed the Coalition against France"). About the situation in April 1793, when General Dumouriez had just been defeated at Neerwinden and defected to Austria, causing despair in France, it states: "Les événements de cette époque sont les plus pénibles à décrire de tous ceux qui ont signalé les guerres de la coalition." ("The events of that time are the most painful to describe of all those that marked the wars of the coalition.") In January 1805, the Salzburger Intelligenzblatt was one of the first to number the Coalition Wars when it discussed "Das Staatsinteresse von Baiern bei dem dritten Koalitions- Kriege" ("The national interest of Bavaria in the Third Coalition War").
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Jeffreys, p. 157 Ilgner's work was criticised by other Vorstand members, who felt that he was undertaking too much government propaganda and not enough work for IG Farben, but his initiatives won Hitler's approval and increasingly IG Farben's overseas offices also became centres of Nazi Party propaganda.Jeffreys, p. 158 In return Ilgner was able to boost IG Farben's contracts with the government, notably their fading Leuna arm which was rejuvenated considerably when Ilgner was able to use contacts in the Reichswehr's Weapons Office to secure for this branch of the company the contract to produce fuel for the Luftwaffe, which was being covertly built up in contravention of the Treaty of Versailles but which would have been discovered had they been forced to import large quantities of aircraft fuel.Jeffreys, pp. 161-162 According to Ilgner's much later claims his influence amongst the Nazi hierarchy even saved the life of Gattineau on Night of the Long Knives after his fellow executive had been arrested due to his membership of the Sturmabteilung and his friendship with Ernst Röhm.Jeffreys, p. 167 Ilgner would finally join the Nazi Party in 1937.Hermann Weiß (ed.): Biographisches Lexikon zum Dritten Reich. Fischer- Verlag, Frankfurt am Main, 1998, p.
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