Generator versus discriminator Generator versus discriminator Unfortunately, GANs are notoriously unstable — to the detriment of anything they're applied to.
|
|
So what happens if you feed the discriminator other stuff?
|
|
When the two work competitively — the generator trying to trick the discriminator and the discriminator scoring the effectiveness of the generator — the system eventually learns how content can be transformed into a certain style.
|
|
For example, a "generator" AI creates an image of a tree and presents it to a "discriminator" AI. The discriminator is trained to analyze an image and decide if it's real, or a creation of the generator.
|
|
Simultaneously, the discriminator wants to reject as many fake images as possible.
|
|
He said financial regulation would remain a key discriminator between financial centers.
|
|
Civilian schooling is a discriminator when it comes to advancement and opportunity.
|
|
GANs traditionally involve a generator and a discriminator interacting via an adversarial relationship.
|
|
They used two tools to make the portrait, a generator and a discriminator.
|
|
This enabled the discriminator to maintain an understanding of the differences between styles of art.
|
|
The first network then tweaks its data and tries to sneak it past the discriminator again.
|
|
In a GAN, two neural networks—the generator and the discriminator—are set against each other.
|
|
Caselles-Dupré, quoted on the website, said the two parts are the Generator and the Discriminator.
|
|
The tree only pops into existence once the generator has created a tree that fools the discriminator.
|
|
The aim is to fool the Discriminator into thinking that the new images are real-life portraits.
|
|
The discriminator attempts to determine which images are generated cat faces and which are real cat faces.
|
|
The generator is trying to create an image artificially that tricks the discriminator into thinking it is real.
|
|
The generator networks produces the images, the discriminator checks them, and then the generator improves its output accordingly.
|
|
These refined images are then sent to a discriminator that's tasked with distinguishing real images from synthetic ones.
|
|
These synthetic fingerprints were then fed to a "discriminator" neural net that determined if they were genuine or fake.
|
|
The first network is the "discriminator," which can tell if a satellite image is the representation of a map.
|
|
"The aim is to fool the Discriminator into thinking that the new images are real-life portraits," Caselles-Dupré said.
|
|
A second algorithm called the discriminator judged the result to see if it could discern AI- from human-created art.
|
|
Once the discriminator tool could no longer distinguish if the portrait was man-made or not, the image was complete.
|
|
The less sure the discriminator is that an image is artificial, the closer it tends to be to the authentic portraits.
|
|
Becker argued that discrimination against women or ethnic minorities costs the discriminator money; in fully competitive markets, it would be competed away.
|
|
These generated cat faces are then fed to the other algorithm, the discriminator, along with some pictures from the original training dataset.
|
|
To maximize the performance of the model, the team added an extra component to the traditional discriminator to predict the genre of paintings.
|
|
A second network, the "discriminator," would judge the verisimilitude of those images by comparing them with the "ground truth" of real landscape photographs.
|
|
This is because current text-generation systems share certain weaknesses, and with a few examples those weaknesses become even more obvious to the discriminator.
|
|
Based on this data, the generator attempts to create new portraits, and the discriminator tries to identify those portraits as either authentic or artificial.
|
|
The second is a "generator," which learns how to create a satellite image from a given map, so real that it can fool the discriminator.
|
|
At a high-level, GANs include a neural net "generator" that creates new products (in this case, molecules), and a discriminator that classifies the new product.
|
|
The generator then adjusts its parameters for creating cat faces based on how well the discriminator is able to tell the real and generated images apart.
|
|
This process was repeated thousands of times until the generator was able to successfully fool the discriminator—a setup known as a generative adversarial network, or GAN.
|
|
When women use the same language in protesting Trump, they are appropriating it—simultaneously depriving the words of their discriminatory offense and weaponizing them against the discriminator.
|
|
Images are bounced back and forth between the two modules until the discriminator can no longer tell the difference between the fake data and the original training material.
|
|
Then, a second network called a discriminator judges its work, and if it can spot the difference between the originals and the new sample, it sends it back.
|
|
"The Discriminator is looking for the features of the image — a face, shoulders — and for now it is more easily fooled than a human eye," Caselles-Dupré added.
|
|
The first part of the network (the "generator") tries to replicate this data, while the second part (the "discriminator") attempts to distinguish between this output and the real thing.
|
|
"In a craven and gratuitous abuse of presidential power, Donald Trump issued a Friday-night pardon to an adjudicated discriminator and disgraced former sheriff," Saenz said in a statement.
|
|
In theory, a forger could integrate his forensic network into a GAN , where—as a discriminator—it could train a generator to synthesize images capable of eluding its detection.
|
|
With AI Portrait Ars, the generator learns how to create realistic portraits of people and the discriminator learns how to discern which aren't convincing enough based on the dataset.
|
|
The generator's goal is to trick the discriminator side of the algorithm, which is satisfied if it believes a Doom map was created by a person and not a computer.
|
|
Then the Generator made a new image based on that set, and the Discriminator tried to spot the difference between a human-made image and one created by the Generator.
|
|
The GAN uses a system of two neural networks called a "generator" and a "discriminator" to create convincing versions of the works using data from the paintings and machine learning.
|
|
The key idea is to grow both the generator and discriminator progressively, starting from low-resolution images, and add new layers that deal with higher resolution details as the training progresses.
|
|
GANs are actually comprised of two separate networks: one that generates the imagery based on the data it's fed, and a second discriminator network (the adversary) that checks if they're real.
|
|
But this facility in creating articles rests on the ability to tell when an article is not convincing — that's the "discriminator" that evaluates whether the output of the "generator" is any good.
|
|
In a GAN, two models are created: a discriminator that learns to detect what is consistent with the style of one image or video, and a generator that learns how to create images or videos that match a certain style.
|
|
They learn to infer the missing information by means of a competition (hence the term "adversarial"): One part of the network, known as the generator, generates fake data, while a second part, the discriminator, tries to distinguish fake data from real data.
|
|
The 114 refers to the fictional device, the CRM 20013 Discriminator, from Dr. Strangelove and is a number that recurs in various Kubrick films: 114 is a pod in 2001, a serum injected into Alex in A Clockwork Orange, and crops up in Eyes Wide Shut as a room number in a mortuary.
|
|
"Ten more pushups for a pararescueman versus a combat controller doesn't shake out all the way to the battlefield, so it shouldn't be an entrance discriminator when we have the training pipeline that can help … forge them, refine them, mold them, guide them to that calling, so they can go forth and be special warfare operators," Kerns said.
|
|
A system formed by various RAM-discriminators is called WiSARD. Each RAM-discriminator is trained on a particular class of patterns, and classification by the multi- discriminator system is performed in the following way. When a pattern is given as input, each RAM-discriminator gives a response to that input.
|
|
Bidirectional GAN (BiGAN) aims to introduce a generator model to act as the discriminator, whereby the discriminator naturally considers the entire translation space so that the inadequate training problem can be alleviated. To satisfy this property, generator and discriminator are both designed to model the joint probability of sentence pairs, with the difference that, the generator decomposes the joint probability with a source language model and a source-to-target translation model, while the discriminator is formulated as a target language model and a target-to-source translation model. To further leverage the symmetry of them, an auxiliary GAN is introduced and adopts generator and discriminator models of original one as its own discriminator and generator respectively. Two GANs are alternately trained to update the parameters.
|
|
The ratio detector has the advantage over the Foster-Seeley discriminator that it will not respond to AM signals, thus potentially saving a limiter stage; however the output is only 50% of the output of a discriminator for the same input signal. The ratio detector has wider bandwidth but more distortion than the Foster-Seeley discriminator.
|
|
The output across the diodes is connected to a large value capacitor, forming a dynamic limiter. The ratio detector has the advantage over the Foster-Seeley discriminator that it does not respond to amplitude modulation (AM) signals, thus potentially saving a limiter stage; however, the output is only 50% of the output of a discriminator for the same input signal. The ratio detector has wider bandwidth, but more distortion than the Foster-Seeley discriminator.
|
|
The Foster-Seeley discriminator, part 1. is a widely used FM detector. The detector consists of a special center-tapped transformer feeding two diodes in a full wave DC rectifier circuit. When the input transformer is tuned to the signal frequency, the output of the discriminator is zero.
|
|
A threshold value is connected to the inverting input of the other comparator. The output of both comparators is fed through an AND gate. A discriminator without that constant fraction would just be a comparator. Therefore the word discriminator is used for something different (namely for an FM-demodulator).
|
|
Typically the generator is seeded with randomized input that is sampled from a predefined latent space (e.g. a multivariate normal distribution). Thereafter, candidates synthesized by the generator are evaluated by the discriminator. Independent backpropagation procedures are applied to both networks so that the generator produces better images, while the discriminator becomes more skilled at flagging synthetic images.
|
|
Tilt sensors come in digital or mercury. A digital sensor is more accurate since it sets itself, allowing for the vehicle to be placed on a hill and not cause false triggers. A sound discriminator or glass breakage sensor senses only the sound of glass breaking. Typically, a sound discriminator sensor can be eliminated using a shock sensor.
|
|
The various responses are evaluated by an algorithm which compares them and computes the relative confidence of the highest response (e.g., the difference d between the highest response and the second highest response, divided by the highest response). A schematic representation of a RAM-discriminator and a 10 RAM-discriminator WiSARD is shown in Figure 1.
|
|
In 1961, Spilker published an IRE paper (the predecessor of the IEEE) showing that the optimal tracking system was the delay lock loop (DLL), not the early-late-gate type of delay discriminator. Instead the optimal DLL uses the differentiated signal as the reference and the conventional early-late-gate discriminator is only optimal for a trapezoidal pseudonoise wave shape.
|
|
CRM114 (full name: "The CRM114 Discriminator") is a program based upon a statistical approach for classifying data, and especially used for filtering email spam.
|
|
Large waves have vertical sides that reflect radar efficiently, and this causes false returns on the display. In high sea states this can fill the display with noise, rendering the system useless. This led to experiments with a "sea return discriminator" to help filter these out. The discriminator was a high pass filter that muted any low-frequency components of the signal as it exited the amplifiers.
|
|
However, there is a counter-argument against Becker's claim. As Becker conceptualized, discrimination is the personal prejudice or a "taste" associated with a specific group, originally formulated to explain employment discrimination based on race. The theory is based on the idea that markets punish the discriminator in the long run as discrimination is costly in the long run for the discriminator. There are three types of discrimination, namely: employer, employee and customer.
|
|
The name comes from the CRM-114 Discriminator in the Stanley Kubrick movie Dr. Strangelove - a piece of radio equipment designed to filter out messages lacking a specific code-prefix.
|
|
The Delay Lock Loop has been derived by J.J. Spilker, JR. and D.T. Magill, "The delay-lock discriminator--an optimum tracking device," Proc. IRE, vol.49, pp. 1403–1416, September 1961.
|
|
The generator creates new images from the latent representation of the source material, while the discriminator attempts to determine whether or not the image is generated. This causes the generator to create images that mimic reality extremely well as any defects would be caught by the discriminator. Both algorithms improve constantly in a zero sum game. This makes deepfakes difficult to combat as they are constantly evolving; any time a defect is determined, it can be corrected.
|
|
One of the key elements of promoters inhibited by (p)ppGpp is the presence of a GC-rich discriminator, defined as a region between TATA-box (-10 box) and +1 nt (where +1 is the transcription start site). Promoters negatively regulated by ppGpp have a 16-bp linker, in contrast with the 17-bp consensus. Promoters activated by ppGpp seem to have an AT-rich discriminator and linger linkers (for example, the his promoter linker is 18 bp).
|
|
In Hibernate (Java) and Entity Framework this pattern is called Table-Per-Class- Hierarchy and Table-Per-Hierarchy (TPH) respectively., and the column containing the class name is called the Discriminator column.
|
|
Though originally proposed as a form of generative model for unsupervised learning, GANs have also proven useful for semi- supervised learning, fully supervised learning, and reinforcement learning. The core idea of a GANs is based on the "indirect" training through the discriminator, which itself is also being updated dynamically. This basically means that the generator is not trained to minimize the distance to a specific image, but rather to fool the discriminator. This enables the model to learn in an unsupervised manner.
|
|
The RAMnets formed the basis of a commercial product known as WiSARD (Wilkie, Stonham and Aleksander Recognition Device) was the first artificial neural network machine to be patented. A RAM- discriminator consists of a set of one-bit word RAMs with inputs and a summing device (Σ). Any such RAM-discriminator can receive a binary pattern of X⋅n bits as input. The RAM input lines are connected to the input pattern by means of a biunivocal pseudo-random mapping.
|
|
Hyperactivity was a stronger discriminator of ADHD in children, while inattentiveness was a stronger discriminator in adolescents. Issues with comorbidity is another possible explanation in favor of the argument of overdiagnosis. As many as 75% of diagnosed children with ADHD meet criteria for some other psychiatric diagnosis. Among children diagnosed with ADHD, about 25% to 30% have anxiety disorders, 9% to 32% have depression, 45% to 84% have oppositional defiant disorder, and 44% to 55% of adolescents have conduct disorder.
|
|
If the discriminator triggers a sampler with a following comparator this is called a single channel analyzer (SCA). If an Analog-to-digital converter is used, this is called a multi channel analyzer (MCA).
|
|
Stuart William Seeley (June 23, 1901 – November 4, 1978) was a noted American electrical engineer, best known for inventing the Foster-Seeley discriminator and SHORAN. Seeley was born in Chicago, Illinois, and received his B.Sc. degree in electrical engineering from Michigan State College in 1925. From 1915–1924 he was an amateur radio experimenter and commercial operator, then worked at General Electric 1925–1926, Sparks Withington 1926–1935, and the RCA License Laboratory, starting in 1935. In 1936 Seeley invented the Foster- Seeley discriminator with D. E. Foster, publishing details in 1937.
|
|
In contrast, energy analyzers that employ the use of a magnetic field as a discriminator are very similar to mass spectrometers. Particles travel through a magnetic field in the probe and require a specific velocity in order to reach the detector. These were first developed in the 1960s, and are typically built to measure ions. (The size of the device is on the order the particle's gyroradius because the discriminator intercepts the path of the gyrating particle.) The energy of neutral particles can also be measured by an energy analyzer, but they first have to be ionized by an electron impact ionizer.
|
|
The ground receiving station consisted of a manually tracked antenna, receiver, recorder and a power generator. More specifically, the receiver setup was composed of a microwave receiver (Polard Model R), frequency meter and discriminator (General Radio Corp Type 1142-A), a loudspeaker, and a multivibrator-pulse shaper.
|
|
In distributed computing, a discriminator is a typed tag field present in OMG IDL discriminated union type and value definitions that determines which union member is selected in the current union instance.CORBA/IIOP Specification 3.0.3 , March 12, 2004, OMG.orgCORBA 3.0 - IDL Syntax and Semantics chapter, March 12, 2004, OMG.
|
|
Are Emily and Greg more employable than Lakisha and Jamal? A field experiment on labor market discrimination. American Economic Review, 94(4), pp. 991–1013. Relatedly, Bertrand, Mullainathan and Dolly Chugh have argued for the existence of implicit discrimination, which – unlike taste-based or statistical discrimination – is unintentional and of which the discriminator is unaware.
|
|
FM modulation Many FM detector circuits exist. A common method for recovering the information signal is through a Foster-Seeley discriminator or ratio detector. A phase-locked loop can be used as an FM demodulator. Slope detection demodulates an FM signal by using a tuned circuit which has its resonant frequency slightly offset from the carrier.
|
|
AS1-AS2-AS3 is shorter than AS4-AS5-AS6-AS7. # Prefer routes with the lowest value of their ORIGIN attribute. # Prefer routes with the lowest MULTI_EXIT_DISC (multi-exit discriminator or MED) value. Before the most recent edition of the BGP standard, if an UPDATE had no MULTI_EXIT_DISC value, several implementations created a MED with the highest possible value.
|
|
Reflecting the increasingly common analogies between computer science and biology in the 1960s, Rodbell believed that the fundamental information processing systems of both computers and biological organisms were similar. He asserted that individual cells were analogous to cybernetic systems made up of three distinct molecular components: discriminators, transducers, and amplifiers (otherwise known as effectors). The discriminator, or cell receptor, receives information from outside the cell; a cell transducer processes this information across the cell membrane; and the amplifier intensifies these signals to initiate reactions within the cell or to transmit information to other cells. In December 1969 and early January 1970, Rodbell was working with a laboratory team that studied the effect of the hormone glucagon on a rat liver membrane receptor—the cellular discriminator that receives outside signals.
|
|
Before translation can begin, the process of binding a specific amino acid to its corresponding tRNA must occur. This reaction, called tRNA charging, is catalyzed by aminoacyl tRNA synthetase. A specific tRNA synthetase is responsible for recognizing and charging a particular amino acid. Furthermore, this enzyme has special discriminator regions to ensure the correct binding between tRNA and its cognate amino acid.
|
|
This project involves interfacing Icom's UT-118 with other manufacturer's amateur radio transceivers. With this project some VHF/UHF/SHF amateur radio transceivers are capable of being adapted for D-STAR operation. This requires access to the receiver's discriminator and to the direct FM modulator of the radio, sometimes available at a 9600 bit/s packet interface. Satoshi's product is no longer available.
|
|
The emitted light signal as well as reference light signal is processed through a constant fraction discriminator (CFD) which eliminates timing jitter. After passing through the CFD, the reference pulse activates a time-to-amplitude converter (TAC) circuit. The TAC charges a capacitor which will hold the signal until the next electrical pulse. In reverse TAC mode the signal of "sync" stops the TAC.
|
|
This kind of multidimensional filter has been used for MRI imaging processing. This filter uses MRI signal models to implement an approximate maximum likelihood or least squares estimate of each pixel gray level from the gray levels. It is also employs a trimmed mean spatial smoothing algorithm that uses a Euclidean distance discriminator to preserve partial volume and edge information; corresponds to using intra frame information .
|
|
Here we show block diagrams for typical superheterodyne receivers for AM and FM broadcast respectively. This particular FM design uses a modern phase locked loop detector, unlike the frequency discriminator or ratio detector used in earlier FM receivers. A schematic of a simple superhet broadcast FM receiver. Note that there is no AGC loop, but simply uses a high- gain IF amplifier which is intentionally driven into saturation (or limiting).
|
|
This can then be decoded with a model trained specifically for the target. This means the target's detailed information will be superimposed on the underlying facial and body features of the original video, represented in the latent space. A popular upgrade to this architecture attaches a generative adversarial network to the decoder. A GAN trains a generator, in this case the decoder, and a discriminator in an adversarial relationship.
|
|
For example, a particular network will have a higher preference set on internal and customer advertisements. Settlement free peering is then configured to be preferred over paid IP transit. Networks that speak BGP to each other can engage in multi exit discriminator exchange with each other, although most do not. When networks interconnect in several locations, MEDs can be used to reference that network's interior gateway protocol cost.
|
|
CNN processors could be thought of as a hybrid between ANN and CA (Continuous Automata). The processing units of CNN and NN are similar. In both cases, the processor units are multi-input, dynamical systems, and the behavior of the overall systems is driven primarily through the weights of the processing unit’s linear interconnect. The main discriminator is that in CNN processors, connections are made locally, whereas in ANN, connections are global.
|
|
The final Supreme Court opinions were delivered in 2003. Having failed to get the Court to ban use of race in admissions, CIR provided legal support for the Michigan Civil Rights Initiative and has brought subsequent challenges to the University's continuing use of racial preferences in admissions. The two Michigan cases capped a series of cases around the country, challenging discriminator admissions systems at various universities. Two other key cases were Hopwood v.
|
|
In 1973 the first Bulgarian single channel electro- photometer was constructed and mounted on the main instrument, operating in photon counting regime, using the UBV photometric system of filters and five diaphragms (0.5–5 mm). It was upgraded a couple of years later with an EMI-9789 QA photomultiplier. In 1997 the photometer's preamp-discriminator module was changed with a new one built in Ukraine. It is still used occasionally for bright stars.
|
|
Although these characteristics, can be one or more attributes. It can be defined as a subdividing the customers based on already known good discriminator. # Improve customization of marketing: Meaning of customization of marketing is that, the firm or organization adapt and change its services or products based on presenting a different and unique product or services for each customer. With the purpose of ensuring that customer needs and requirements are met Customization is used by the organization.
|
|
Box, R. A. Fisher, pp 93–166 This book went through many editions and translations in later years, and it became the standard reference work for scientists in many disciplines. In 1935, this book was followed by The Design of Experiments, which was also widely used. In addition to analysis of variance, Fisher named and promoted the method of maximum likelihood estimation. Fisher also originated the concepts of sufficiency, ancillary statistics, Fisher's linear discriminator and Fisher information.
|
|
The X-ray monitor of Solwind, designated NRL-608 or XMON, was a collaboration between the Naval Research Laboratory and Los Alamos National Laboratory. The monitor consisted of 2 collimated argon proportional counters. The instrument bandwidth of 3-10 keV was defined by the detector window absorption (the window was 0.254 mm beryllium) and the upper level discriminator. The active gas volume (P-10 mixture) was 2.54 cm deep, providing good efficiency up to 10 keV.
|
|
In addition to normal text-based channels, Discord servers can create voice-chat channels. Jason Citron, Discord Co-Founder and CEO, at TechCrunch Disrupt 2018 Every Discord user has a four-digit "discriminator", shown as a four-digit number, prefixed with "#", after their username. This allows for multiple users to have the same username and for users to find friends easily. Both at the server and the user level, Discord allows users to connect these to their Twitch or other gaming service account.
|
|
That could change the playing field—favoring the large > companies that can afford to make those investments. “Small businesses tend > to have just one or two key products that they sell to government as their > discriminator. And a lot of initial profits go into keeping talent at the > company, rather than investing in the next big development. For all of > industry, this requirement will force some business decisions to be made. > But for these smaller companies, there’s a lot more to consider.
|
|
Each cell--or pixel--is a complete detector in itself, equipped with an amplifier, discriminator and counter circuit. This is possible thanks to contemporary CMOS integrated circuit technology. The direct detection of single photons and the accurate determination of scattering and diffraction intensities over a wide dynamic range have resulted in PILATUS detectors becoming a standard at most synchrotron beamlines and being used for a large variety of X-ray applications, including: small-angle scattering, coherent scattering, X-ray powder diffraction and spectroscopy.
|
|
Munby's first publications were notes on the botany and entomology of trips with Percy, contributed to the Magazine of Natural History run by John Claudius Loudon and Edward Charlesworth in 1836–7. He was a vegetable anatomist, collector and acute discriminator of living plants. His two major works were the Flore de l'Algérie and the Catalogus Plantarum in Algeriâ … nascentium. The Flore de l'Algérie, Paris, 1847, contains eighteen hundred species arranged on the Linnæan system, with six plates from drawings by his sister.
|
|
RNA-Seq data of Phytophthora sojae show an expression level similar to that of neighboring mitochondrial tRNAs, and four major processing sites confirm the predicted termini of mature mt-tmRNA. The tmRNA precursor molecule is likely processed by RNase P and a tRNA 3’ processing endonuclease (see Figure 2); the latter activity is assumed to lead to the removal of the intervening sequence. Following the addition of CCA at the 3’ discriminator nucleotide, the tmRNA can be charged by alanyl-tRNA synthetase with alanine.
|
|
The electrons are digitally recorded using custom Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs) designed by the NuSTAR Caltech Focal Plane Team. Each pixel has an independent discriminator and individual X-ray interactions trigger the readout process. On-board processors, one for each telescope, identify the row and column with the largest pulse height and read out pulse height information from this pixel as well as its eight neighbors. The event time is recorded to an accuracy of 2 μs relative to the on-board clock.
|
|
The electrical signal from the detector is recorded by means of a time to digital converter (TDC) or a fast analog-to-digital converter (ADC). TDC is mostly used in combination with orthogonal-acceleration (oa)TOF instruments. Time-to-digital converters register the arrival of a single ion at discrete time "bins"; a combination of threshold triggering and constant fraction discriminator (CFD) discriminates between noise and ion arrival events. CFD converts a few nanosecond long Gaussian-shaped electrical pulses of different amplitudes generated on the MCP's anode into common-shape pulses (e.g.
|
|
Comparison of threshold triggering (left) and constant fraction triggering (right) A constant fraction discriminator (CFD) is an electronic signal processing device, designed to mimic the mathematical operation of finding a maximum of a pulse by finding the zero of its slope. Some signals do not have a sharp maximum, but short rise times t_r. Typical input signals for CFDs are pulses from plastic scintillation counters, such as those used for lifetime measurement in positron annihilation experiments. The scintillator pulses have identical rise times that are much longer than the desired temporal resolution.
|
|
The generator is typically a deconvolutional neural network, and the discriminator is a convolutional neural network. GANs often suffer from a "mode collapse" where they fail to generalize properly, missing entire modes from the input data. For example, a GAN trained on the MNIST dataset containing many samples of each digit, might nevertheless timidly omit a subset of the digits from its output. Some researchers perceive the root problem to be a weak discriminative network that fails to notice the pattern of omission, while others assign blame to a bad choice of objective function.
|
|
KVMs did not exist until the advent of the LCD computer monitor. Prior to the introduction of the KVM, there existed rack-mounted CRT monitors and separate rack-mounted keyboards and mice. With the introduction of the LCD computer monitor, it became possible to combine the display with the keyboard and pointing device into a 1U, 2U or 3U rackmount form factor to create the KVM. Ibus, a now defunct computer company, secured patent US5388032, filed May 4, 1993, showing a KVM with a "discriminator" to connect to multiple computers.
|
|
This activation of the G-protein, Rodbell postulated, was the "second messenger" process that Earl W. Sutherland had theorized. In the language of signal transduction, the G-protein, activated by GTP, was the principal component of the transducer, which was the crucial link between the discriminator and the amplifier. Later, Rodbell postulated, and then provided evidence for, additional G-proteins at the cell receptor that could inhibit and activate transduction, often at the same time. In other words, cellular receptors were sophisticated enough to have several different processes going on simultaneously.
|
|
Each candidate circuit can either be simulated or physically implemented in a reconfigurable device. Typical reconfigurable devices are field-programmable gate arrays (for digital designs) or field- programmable analog arrays (for analog designs). At a lower level of abstraction are the field-programmable transistor arrays that can implement either digital or analog designs. The concept was pioneered by Adrian Thompson at the University of Sussex, England, who in 1996 used an FPGA to evolve a tone discriminator that used fewer than 40 programmable logic gates, and had no clock signal.
|
|
The summing device enables this network of RAMs to exhibit – just like other ANN models based on synaptic weights – generalization and noise tolerance. In order to train the discriminator one has to set all RAM memory locations to 0 and choose a training set formed by binary patterns of X⋅n bits. For each training pattern, a 1 is stored in the memory location of each RAM addressed by this input pattern. Once the training of patterns is completed, RAM memory contents will be set to a certain number of 0’s and 1’s.
|
|
Geoffrey Bindman, QC was the legal advisor to the board throughout its existence and subsequently with the Commission for Racial Equality. The Board set up and co-ordinated 7 regional conciliation committees whose role was to deal with complaints of discrimination. These committees set out reach a settlement of the difference between the complainant and the discriminator with an assurance from the latter that the problem would not arise again. However if no settlement was obtained, the matter would then be referred to the RRB and, if necessary, to the Attorney-General.
|
|
Aussenleitstelle Paris contained a local staff of about fifteen including a technical officer and a discriminator with two assistant clerks. In addition the special staff of Auswertung Ursula dealing with VHF material (Techniques) was attached from the end of 1943. A liaison officer was subordinated to Leitstelle III West, and Non-commissioned officers partly drawn from the intercept companies were attached to some of the subordinate units. The Aussenleitstelle, now Radio Surveillance Department I, (), left Paris in early August, 1944 for Idar-Oberstein and move shortly thereafter to Gobelnroth in Giessen where it remained.
|
|
As an additional extension, mimicry-driven systems can be framed as agents who are optimizing a "goal function" based on how closely the AI succeeds in apeing the desired behavior. In the generative adversarial networks of the 2010s, an "encoder"/"generator" component attempts to mimic and improvise human text composition. The generator is attempting to maximize a function encapsulating how well it can fool an antagonistic "predictor"/"discriminator" component. While GOFAI systems often accept an explicit goal function, the paradigm can also be applied to neural networks and to evolutionary computing.
|
|
One consequence of the dead time effect is the possibility of a high count rate continually triggering the tube before the recovery time has elapsed. This may produce pulses too small for the counting electronics to detect and lead to the very undesirable situation whereby a G–M counter in a very high radiation field is falsely indicating a low level. This phenomenon is known as "fold-back". An industry rule of thumb is that the discriminator circuit receiving the output from the tube should detect down to 1/10 of the magnitude of a normal pulse to guard against this.
|
|
It is then possible to define a rigorous and efficient test to discriminate the boson sampling statistics from an unbiased probability distribution. The corresponding discriminator is correlated to the permanent of the submatrix associated with a given measurement pattern, but can be efficiently calculated. This test has been applied experimentally to distinguish between a boson sampling and a uniform distribution in the 3-photon regime with integrated circuits of 5, 7, 9 and 13 modes, as well as 9 modes. The test above does not distinguish between more complex distributions, such as quantum and classical, or between fermionic and bosonic statistics.
|
|
Although, in many cases, the collecting anode functions as the detecting element, the MCP itself can also be used as a detector. The discharging and recharging of the plate produced by the electron cascade, can be decoupled from the high voltage applied to the plate and measured, to directly produce a signal corresponding to a single particle or photon. The gain of an MCP is very noisy, meaning that two identical particles detected in succession will often produce wildly different signal magnitudes. The temporal jitter resulting from the peak height variation can be removed, by using a constant fraction discriminator.
|
|
The Supreme Court did not rule on any merits of the non-discriminator clauses, leaving the permanent injunction in place. In 2018, the state was one of eleven where the legislature introduced a bill that would have banned abortion in almost all cases but were unsuccessful in passing it. Nationally, 2019 was one of the most active years for state legislatures in terms of trying to pass abortion rights restrictions. State governments with Republican majorities started to push these bills after Brett M. Kavanaugh was confirmed as a US Supreme Court judge, replacing the more liberal Anthony M. Kennedy.
|
|
Their play stresses the violence and brutality of Persian society (especially the practice of beheading) as a blatant discriminator between Persia and England.Margaret E. Owens, Stages of Dismemberment: The Fragmented Body in Late Medieval and Early Modern Drama, Newark, DE, University of Delaware Press, 2005; pp. 158-64. The English display their valor and resourcefulness when assaulted by violence and treachery; when an unarmed Sir Thomas Shirley is attacked by four Turks, he defends himself with rocks. The splendid English move the Persian "Sophy" (the play's version of the Shah) to verbal raptures -- and inspire him to grant Christians tolerance in his dominions.
|
|
An energy analyzer is a probe used to measure the energy distribution of the particles in a plasma. The charged particles are typically separated by their velocities from the electric and/or magnetic fields in the energy analyzer, and then discriminated by only allowing particles with the selected energy range to reach the detector. Energy analyzers that use an electric field as the discriminator are also known as retarding field analyzers. It usually consists of a set of grids biased at different potentials to set up an electric field to repel particles lower than the desired amount of energy away from the detector.
|
|
A ratio detector using solid-state diodes The ratio detectorReport L.B.-645: "Ratio detectors for FM receivers" (15 September 1945) issued by the Radio Corporation of America, RCA Laboratories Industry Service Division, 711 Fifth Avenue, N.Y., N.Y. Reprinted in Radio, pages 18-20 (October 1945). is a variant of the Foster-Seeley discriminator, but one diode conducts in an opposite direction, and using a tertiary winding in the preceding transformer. The output in this case is taken between the sum of the diode voltages and the center tap. The output across the diodes is connected to a large value capacitor, which eliminates AM noise in the ratio detector output.
|
|
A more advanced quenching, which was explored from the 1970s onwards, is a scheme called active quenching. In this case a fast discriminator senses the steep onset of the avalanche current across a 50 Ω resistor (or integrated transistor) and provides a digital (CMOS, TTL, ECL, NIM) output pulse, synchronous with the photon arrival time. The circuit then quickly reduces the bias voltage to below breakdown (active quenching), then relatively quickly returns bias to above the breakdown voltage ready to sense the next photon. This mode is called active quench active reset (AQAR), however depending on circuit requirements, active quenching passive reset (AQPR) may be more suitable.
|
|
The discriminator with the longest delay line establishes the frequency measurement accuracy and resolution, the shortest delay line correlator defines the unambiguous bandwidth of the DFD and the remaining correlators serve to resolve ambiguities.Wide Band Systems Inc., “ Digital Frequency Discriminators”, find at: www.widebandsystems.com Usually, there is an input, limiting amplifier present in the IFM. This boosts the received signal to a constant level for processing by the correlators, making the frequency-data- decoding task of the frequency processor easier, and to emphasise the “capture effect” when simultaneous signals are present. Normally the RF amplifier will produce a minimum of 10 dB limiting at the lowest specified signal input level.
|
|
Note that the above requires both first and second degree price discrimination: the right segment corresponds partly to different people than the left segment, partly to the same people, willing to buy more if the product is cheaper. It is very useful for the price discriminator to determine the optimum prices in each market segment. This is done in the next diagram where each segment is considered as a separate market with its own demand curve. As usual, the profit maximizing output (Qt) is determined by the intersection of the marginal cost curve (MC) with the marginal revenue curve for the total market (MRt).
|
|
A ratio detector using solid-state diodes The ratio detector is a type of detector circuit, commonly used in radio receivers for demodulating frequency modulated (FM) signal.Report L.B.-645: "Ratio detectors for FM receivers" (15 September 1945) issued by the Radio Corporation of America, RCA Laboratories Industry Service Division, 711 Fifth Avenue, N.Y., N.Y. Reprinted in Radio, pages 18-20 (October 1945). The ratio detector is a variant of the Foster- Seeley discriminator, but one diode conducts in an opposite direction, and using a tertiary winding in the preceding transformer. The output in this case is taken between the sum of the diode voltages and the center tap.
|
|
Prior to deep learning, the limited-view problem was addressed with complex hardware such as acoustic deflectors and full ring-shaped transducer arrays, as well as solutions like compressed sensing, weighted factor, and iterative filtered backprojection. The result of this ill-posed reconstruction is imaging artifacts that can be removed by CNNs. The deep learning algorithms used to remove limited-view artifacts include U-net and FD U-net, as well as generative adversarial networks (GANs) and volumetric versions of U-net. One GAN implementation of note improved upon U-net by using U-net as a generator and VGG as a discriminator, with the Wasserstein metric and gradient penalty to stabilize training (WGAN-GP).
|
|
This portion of the molecule has an invariable A residue in the discriminator position and a G-U pair at position 3 (except in Seculamonas ecuadoriensis, which has a G-C pair); this position is the recognition site for alanyl tRNA synthase. P2 is a helix of variable length (3 to 10 base pairs) and corresponds to the anticodon stem of tRNAs, yet without an anticodon loop (as not required for tmRNA function). P2 stabilizes the tRNA-like structure, but four nucleotides invariant across oomycetes and jakobids suggest an additional, currently unidentified function. P3 has five base pairs and corresponds to the T-arm of tRNAs, yet with different consensus nucleotides both in the paired region and the loop.
|
|
One of the major areas of Doomsday Argument debate is the reference class from which n is drawn, and of which N is the ultimate size. The 'standard' Doomsday Argument hypothesis doesn't spend very much time on this point, and simply says that the reference class is the number of 'humans'. Given that you are human, the Copernican principle could be applied to ask if you were born unusually early, but the grouping of 'human' has been widely challenged on practical and philosophical grounds. Nick Bostrom has argued that consciousness is (part of) the discriminator between what is in and what is out of the reference class, and that extraterrestrial intelligences might affect the calculation dramatically.
|
|
Junctors are wired from LLF through the junctor grouping frame to the levels of trunk junctor switches in the trunk link frame (TLF). Unlike earlier designs, the junctors have no supervisory relays or other active hardware, all such functions being assigned to trunk circuits. The basic design of the TLF has ten junctor switches with their horizontal multiples split in half, hence two hundred junctors, and two hundred trunk links to the ten trunk switches. The banjo wiring of the trunk switch was not split, but a discriminator level trick devoted two levels to doubling the use of the other eight, thus allowing each trunk switch to connect sixteen trunks to its twenty trunk links.
|
|
Ground-based calibration of the detectors was considered along with in-flight operation in three modes: inertial orientation, orbital orientation, and survey. Data could be collected in 4 energy channels: 2 to 3.1 keV (320 to 497 aJ), 3.1 to 5.9 keV (497 to 945 aJ), 5.9 to 9.6 keV (945 to 1,538 aJ), and 2 to 9.6 keV (320 to 1,538 aJ) in the larger detectors. The smaller detector had discriminator levels set at 0.2 keV (32 aJ), 0.55 keV (88 aJ), and 0.95 keV (152 aJ). Other instruments include a swivel chair for vestibular function tests, lower body negative pressure gear for cardiovascular studies, bicycle ergometer integrated physical trainer (electrically driven running track 1 m X .
|
|
The information stored by the RAM during the training phase is used to deal with previous unseen patterns. When one of these is given as input, the RAM memory contents addressed by the input pattern are read and summed by Σ. The number thus obtained, which is called the discriminator response, is equal to the number of RAMs that output 1. r reaches the maximum if the input belongs to the training set. is equal to 0 if no n-bit component of the input pattern appears in the training set (not a single RAM outputs 1). Intermediate values of r express a kind of “similarity measure” of the input pattern with respect to the patterns in the training set.
|
|
Most "modern" transponders (manufactured since 1973) have an "SLS" circuit which suppresses reply on receipt of any two pulses in any interrogation spaced 2.0 microseconds apart that are above the MTL Minimum Triggering Level threshold of the receiver amplitude discriminator (P1->P2 or P2->P3 or P3->P4). This approach was used to comply with the original C74c and but also complies with the provisions of the new and improved C74c. The FAA refers to the non-responsiveness of new and improved TSO C74c compliant transponders to Mode S compatible radars and TCAS as "The Terra Problem", and has issued Airworthiness Directives (ADs) against various transponder manufacturers, over the years, at various times on no predictable schedule. The ghosting and ring around problems have recurred on the more modern radars.
|
|
These three concepts are aimed at supporting five of the workflow patterns that were not directly supported in Petri nets, namely synchronizing merge, discriminator, N-out-of-M join, multiple instance with no a priori runtime knowledge and cancel case. In addition, YAWL adds some syntactical elements to Petri nets in order to intuitively capture other workflow patterns such as simple choice (xor-split), simple merge (xor-join), and multiple choice (or-split). During the design of the language, it turned out that some of the extensions that were added to Petri nets were difficult or even impossible to re-encode back into plain Petri nets. As a result, the original formal semantics of YAWL are defined as a labelled transition system and not in terms of Petri nets.
|
|
The CRM 114 on the B-52 in Dr. Strangelove'' The C.R.M. 114 Discriminator is a fictional piece of critical radio equipment in Stanley Kubrick's film Dr. Strangelove (1964), the destruction of which prevents the crew of a B-52 from hearing the recall code that would stop them from dropping their hydrogen bombs on the Soviet Union. The device is one of several that misfunction in the movie, along with Mandrake's telephone, the bomb doors failing to open, and the Doomsday Weapon's misuse — a common theme in Kubrick's work of the failure of human planning. The code became a running joke, in Kubrick's work and outside. Kubrick used a near homophone of "CRM 114", "Serum 114", for the name of a drug injected into Alex to help his reformation in A Clockwork Orange (1971).
|
|
The first United States radar network used voice reporting to the 1939 Twin Lights Station in New Jersey, and the post-World War II experimental Cape Cod System used a Whirlwind I computer at Cambridge, Massachusetts to network long-range and several short-range radars. The key Whirlwind modification for radar netting was the development of magnetic-core memory that vastly improved reliability, doubled operating speed, and quadrupled input speed relative to the original Williams tube memory of the Whirlwind I. The AN/FSQ-7 was based on the larger and faster (but uncompleted) Whirlwind II design. It proved too much for MIT's resources, resulting in IBM being retained as prime contractor - though the MIT Lincoln Laboratory Division 6 still participated in AN/FSQ-7 development. Similar to the Q7, the smaller AN/FSQ-8 Combat Control Central was produced without an Automatic Initiation Area Discriminator and other equipment.
|
|
The masculine mystique: anti-modernism and virility in fascist Italy. Journal of Modern Italian Studies, 3, 314-335 Novelist Mario Carli provides a first-hand account of what was expected of Italian soldiers in this era: :: "[W]ar is something sublime because it forces every man to face the dilemma of choosing between heroism and cowardice, between the ideal and the stomach, between the spiritual instinct to project life beyond the material, and the pure and simple instinct of animal conservation. It is the brutal discriminator that distinguishes man from man, character from character, constitution from constitution: on the one side the cowardly, the soft, the hysterical, the effeminate, the cry-babies, the mommy's boys; on the other the strong, the aware, the idealists, the mystics of danger, those who triumph over fear and those who are courageous by nature, the hot-blooded heroes and the heroes of the will."Mario Carli, L'italiano di Mussolini (1930) in Gazzola Stacchini (1991: 494-5).
|
|
In January 2017, the first paid subscription and features were released with "Discord Nitro Classic" (originally released as "Discord Nitro"). For a monthly subscription fee of $4.99, users can get an animated avatar, use custom and/or animated emojis across all servers (non-nitro users can only use custom emoji on the server they were added to), an increased maximum file size on file uploads (from 8 MB to 50 MB), the ability to screen share in higher resolutions, the ability to choose their own discriminator (from #0001 to #9999) and a unique profile badge. In October 2018, "Discord Nitro" was renamed "Discord Nitro Classic" with the introduction of the new "Discord Nitro", which cost $9.99 and included access to free games through the Discord game store. Monthly subscribers of "Discord Nitro Classic" at the time of the introduction of the Discord games store were gifted with "Discord Nitro", lasting until January 1, 2020, and yearly subscribers of "Discord Nitro Classic" were gifted with "Discord Nitro" until January 1, 2021.
|
|
Since at least the late 1940s, commodore had been used as a "position title" for senior navy captains who commanded air groups and air wings (other than those officers commanding carrier air groups/carrier air wings, who were historically known and referred to as "CAGs"), destroyer squadrons, submarine squadrons, amphibious squadrons, patrol boat flotillas, patrol hydrofoil missile ship squadrons, special warfare groups, construction regiments, and other large seagoing commands. The U.S. Coast Guard had never previously used the title. Later in 1983, the one-star U.S. Navy and U.S. Coast Guard admiral rank was changed back to its original O-7 pay grade title of "rear admiral" with the discriminator in seniority and protocol purposes of Rear Admiral, lower half, and a rank title abbreviation of RDML versus the O-8 rank title abbreviation of RADM. From then on, commodore has remained a title for U.S. Navy captains in command of more than a single unit (other than captains commanding carrier air wings, who retained their traditional title of "CAG") and all U.S. Navy and U.S. Coast Guard one-star admirals were subsequently referred to as rear admiral.
|
|
If the RF S:N ratio is too low, the output of the longest delay line correlator (which sets the frequency resolution of the IFM) will become degraded and noisy. At high S:N ratios (+10dBm), the measured frequency accuracy approaches the correlator-limited rms error, but at approximately -3dBm SNR, ambiguity errors appear, causing large measurement inaccuracies.Sullivan W.B., “ Design Optimization Improves IFM/DFD Receiver Accuracy”, Microwaves & RF, vol. 31, no. 9, Sept. 1992, p. 96-99 The lowest input power level of a typical DDU is about -75dBm, and with a receiver noise figure of 10 dB, it gives a frequency accuracy of approximately 1 MHz They have dynamic ranges of 65 to 75 dB and cover frequency bands such as 2 – 6 GHz, 6–18 GHz and some wideband devices cover 2 – 18 GHz.Sullivan W.B., “ Ultra-Wideband IFM Receiver Fulfils Design Requirements”, MSN & CT, April 1985Keshavamurthy T. L., “ 2 to 18 GHz Single-band Digital Frequency Discriminator”, Microwave Journal, March 1989 With the advent of digital techniques, analogous processes to those of an analog system have been realized.Elisra Electronic Systems, “ A Digital Instantaneous Frequency Measurement Receiver”, May 2007. Find at: www.microwavejournal.
|
|