106 Sentences With "directional signal" | Random Sentence Generator

"Terragraph implements a phase array antenna to retain the highly directional signal required for 60GHz, but makes it steerable to communicate over a wide area," Facebook's Neeraj Choubey and Ali Panah write today.

"We absolutely know that when there's a social post out there or an influencer post out there, that's getting a strong reaction from either influencer followers and or customers, that is a strong directional signal that product is going to be strong," Ceresoli said.

When the signals were synchronized, they consisted of a 3,000-watt directional signal in Santa Monica and 2,570-watt non-directional signal in Newport Beach.Broadcasting & Cable Yearbook 1993. Broadcasting & Cable. 1993. pp. B-42, B-51. Retrieved May 22, 2019.

The pilot was ordered to maintain contact and to broadcast a directional signal that the other Japanese bombers could follow.Shores, et al.

Its transmitter is located in Gaithersburg, Maryland. WMET has a daytime transmitter power of 50,000 watts and a 1,500-watt directional signal at night.

WTHK also operates translator station W284AB (Jamaica, Vermont) that transmits a directional signal from the top of Stratton Mountain. The translator can be heard at 104.7 FM.

By day it uses a non-directional antenna. But at night, to protect other stations on AM 930, it switches to a directional signal aimed toward the east.

At night, the station reduces power to 1,400 watts, with a directional signal to the north and south to protect Class-A clear-channel station WSCR in Chicago.

The KOSY transmitter site on Line Ferry Road has two towers, constructed for a nighttime directional signal of 500 watts. The station now operates non-directional on one tower with .023 watts of power at night.

He described in his Nobel Prize lecture how he carefully arranged three antennas to transmit a directional signal."Karl Ferdinand Braun - Nobel Lecture: Electrical Oscillations and Wireless Telegraphy" p. 239. Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB 2013. Web. 28 Sep 2013.

At least one border blaster targets the Russian Far East: KICY broadcasts its religious programming on a 50,000-watt clear-channel directional signal pointed due west from the Seward Peninsula, one of the westernmost land masses in North America.

The station signed on the air June 1, 1984, as KMUV. The station has always had a highly eastward directional signal that operates during daylight hours only. The directional signal is a result of protection that KYOK must afford the adjacent operating facility 1150 KZNE College Station, which signed on as WTAW in 1922. KYOK had a construction permit (CP) granted by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to move its transmission facilities from Conroe to Katy in an effort to cover more of the Houston Metropolitan area, and introduce night time service to the 1140 facility for the first time.

WOLI (910 AM) is a regional Mexican/brokered programming radio station located in Spartanburg, South Carolina. The station is licensed by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to broadcast with power of 3,600 watts in the daytime and 890 watts at night under separate directional signal patterns.

For such purposes, special recorders that record pilottone must be used. Tachometer signals can be used to synchronize several tape machines together, but only if in addition to the tach signal, a directional signal is transmitted, to tell slave machines in which direction the master is moving.

Radio- Locator.com/KONO-AM KONO broadcasts with 5,000 watts, with a non-directional signal by day. But because AM 860 is a clear channel frequency reserved for CJBC Toronto, KONO reduces power at night to 900 watts, using a directional antenna, to avoid interfering with other stations.

Radio- Locator.com/WTIC WTIC is the primary entry point (PEP) for the Emergency Alert System (EAS) in Connecticut. WTIC is a Class A, clear channel station powered at 50,000 watts, the maximum permitted for commercial AM stations. It has a non-directional signal in the daytime.

It once broadcast at night with a directional signal at 5,000 watts, using a multiple tower array. Ownership decided to go switch to a nighttime non-directional pattern, allowing WKY to only need one antenna after sunset. But that requires the station to drop to 510 watts at night.

WHLI first signed on the air on July 15, 1947 along with FM sister station WHNY,Hempstead Radio Stations To Begin Operation July 15 licensed to Paul and Elias Godofsky, the owners of WLIB in New York City from 1942 to 1944. The station began broadcasting with a 250-watt non- directional signal, only heard in and around Nassau County, New York.Broadcasting Yearbook 1948 page 174 In 1960, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) gave permission for WHLI to raise its power to the current 10,000 watts, using a two-tower directional signal. The WHLI towers are located next to the Southern State Parkway in Hempstead, near the Baldwin Road/Grand Avenue exit.

Large cells can be subdivided into smaller cells for high volume areas. – Cellular Radiotelephone System for Different Cell Sizes – Richard H. Frenkiel (Bell Labs), filed 22 September 1976, issued 13 March 1979 Cell phone companies also use this directional signal to improve reception along highways and inside buildings like stadiums and arenas.

By the summer of 1963, WMCA led the pack among contemporary stations, with WABC at No. 2 and WINS slipping to third place. It has been said, but is difficult to verify, that WMCA dominated in the city proper, while WABC owned the suburbs. This would be consistent with WMCA's 5,000-watt directional signal.

WVKR-FM (Independent Radio) is a college radio station owned by, and primarily staffed by students of, Vassar College in Poughkeepsie, New York. The station broadcasts on 91.3 MHz at 3,700 watts ERP from a tower in Milton, New York with a directional signal to the south. The station also streams on the web.

Cellular telephone frequency reuse pattern. See Cell towers frequently use a directional signal to improve reception in higher-traffic areas. In the United States, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) limits omnidirectional cell tower signals to 100 watts of power. If the tower has directional antennas, the FCC allows the cell operator to broadcast up to 500 watts of effective radiated power (ERP).

WJCW broadcasts with a 5,000 watt non-directional signal in the daytime. But at night, to protect other stations on AM 910, the station reduces power to 1,000 watts and uses a directional antenna. The station is East Tennessee's AM primary entry point station for the Emergency Alert System, with WJXB-FM in Knoxville performing the PEP function on FM in east Tennessee.

In 1994, Prism Radio Partners acquired the former WAPE/690, "The Big Ape." WAPE had Jacksonville's best AM signal, powered at 50,000 watts by day non-directional, 10,000 watts at night with a directional signal. The WOKV callsign and news/talk programming was moved to 690 AM. The WPDQ callsign was again returned to AM 600 with an adult standards format.

According to FCC records, WCAT's 445-foot tower #1 is the tallest man-made structure in the State of Vermont. WCAT broadcasts at 5,000 watts around the clock, with a non-directional signal by day. But to protect other stations on AM 1390 at night when AM radio waves travel farther, it uses a directional antenna after sunset. WCAT's transmitter is located off Intervale Road in Burlington.

WRNS-FM is an FM radio station located in Kinston, North Carolina in the United States. Its format is a mixture of mainstream and classic country. Broadcasting at 95.1 MHz, the station has a non-directional signal of 100,000 watts, that reaches "from the capital to the coast". The station has served Kinston and eastern North Carolina since the 1960s, when it was WFTC-FM.

The Recco system is used by organised rescue services around the world. The Recco system is a two-part system where the rescue team uses a small hand-held detector. The detector receives a directional signal that is reflected back from a small, passive, transponder called a reflector that is included into outerwear, boots, helmets, and body protection. Recco reflectors are not a substitute for avalanche beacons.

As of August 2010, the two radio towers broadcast with a directional signal at 15,000 watts of power during the day, covering others cities such as Hagerstown, MD and Martinsburg, WV. Under ideal conditions, the signal goes as far north as northern Pennsylvania; faint remnants of the signal could be heard there when WGGO was silent, and the station's signal still occasionally overwhelms WGGO's during critical hours.

CKJR is a radio station in Wetaskiwin, Alberta broadcasting at 1440 AM owned by Stingray Group (formerly by Newcap Radio). The station currently broadcasts an Oldies format branded as W1440. CKJR broadcasts with a non-directional pattern during the daytime hours and a directional signal (using a three-tower array) during nighttime hours. CKJR is the only station in Canada broadcasting at 1440 AM.

Its power was increased to 5,000 watts in 1962. In 2009, the AM signal was upgraded to change the daytime coverage area from a directional pattern aimed north, to a non-directional signal. In 2009, the station added an FM translator on 92.7 MHz purchased from Horizon Christian Fellowship, which changed frequencies from its original 103.7. The translator moved to the station's studios on Haynor Road Ionia.

Additionally, it was able to attack aircraft flying at altitude, a limit selected to allow tracking cameras to see the target. These tests demonstrated there was no practical lower altitude limit to the technique. The downside to the inverse monopulse seeker is twofold. For one, it requires the radar on the launch platform to have monopulse encoding, or there will be no directional signal for the seeker to process.

During the final stages of station construction the construction permit was modified to a 2.9 Kw non-directional signal from a much shorter tower in order to get the station on the air before the construction permit expired. The station was granted a construction for the originally approved power, directional pattern, and tower height on May 20, 2010. On December 27, 2010, the station began broadcasting with increased power.

The 4bbl. OHC six was uprated to . Front disc brakes were a new option along with a stereo 8-track tape player and hood-mounted tachometer. All 1967 Pontiacs got GM's safety package, mandated by Federal law, which included a dual-circuit braking system, energy absorbing steering column, wheel, and interior, shoulder belt anchors, four-way hazard flashers, and a new directional signal control that could be "flicked" for lane changes.

WEEU is a news/talk station in Reading, Pennsylvania. The station broadcasts at 830 kHz on the AM band with 20,000 watts of power daytime and 6,000 watts of power during nighttime. The station uses six broadcast towers to create different directional signal patterns for daytime and nighttime. During the daytime, WEEU's signal is aimed toward the northwest and the southeast from its transmitter site near Shartlesville, northwest of Reading.

The transmitter towers are located off Second Street NW in North Valley.Radio-Locator.com/KKOB KKOB is simulcast on the FM band, over co-owned 96.3 KKOB-FM. KKOB is a Class B radio station, operating with 50,000 watts around the clock, the maximum allowed by the Federal Communications Commission. It uses a non-directional signal during the daytime, reaching most of New Mexico's populated area, as well as parts of Colorado and Arizona.

KNX holds a Class A license as one of the original clear-channel stations allocated under the 1928 General Order 40 band plan. Its full-time 50,000 watt non-directional signal is heard around Southern California. With a good radio, it can be picked up at night throughout much of the Western United States and parts of Mexico and Canada. The station is even received by DXers in Hawaii and across the Pacific Ocean.

On June 29, 1998, a fierce line of thunderstorms packing winds of nearly 100 miles-per-hour toppled two of the towers. For months afterwards, WSUI's nighttime power output from the single remaining tower was limited to 1,250 watts non-directional. Today, the towers are located about 10 miles south of Iowa City, in the community of Hills. A single tower is used during the day, when the station has a non-directional signal.

Beamforming or spatial filtering is a signal processing technique used in sensor arrays for directional signal transmission or reception. This is achieved by combining elements in an antenna array in such a way that signals at particular angles experience constructive interference while others experience destructive interference. Beamforming can be used at both the transmitting and receiving ends in order to achieve spatial selectivity. The improvement compared with omnidirectional reception/transmission is known as the directivity of the array.

The detector sends out a highly directional signal and if the signal ‘hits’ a reflector it bounces back, the returned signal is translated into an audio tone if the detector is pointed in the direction of a reflector. Judging from the audio tone a trained professional can determine the location of a buried victim. Due to the diode, the returned signal is doubled in frequency - harmonic radar. RECCO's newest, 9th generation, detector (R9) was released in 2009.

KTIE (590 kHz, "AM 590 The Answer") is a commercial AM radio station in San Bernardino, California. It is owned by the Salem Media Group, based in Camarillo, California, and it airs a conservative talk radio format. The station serves the Inland Empire of California, including Riverside, Redlands and San Bernardino. By day, it broadcasts at 2500 watts and at night, just under 1000 watts, with a directional signal that also can be heard in parts of Orange County.

WBWX is an AM broadcasting station licensed to the U.S. city of Berwick, Pennsylvania and serves the immediate Berwick/Bloomsburg radio market. The station broadcasts at a frequency of 1280 kHz with 1,000 watts daytime, and 164 watts nighttime with a non-directional signal pattern. The station is owned by the Columbia Broadcasting Company which also owns NEWSRADIO WHLM and Classic Rock 103.5. The station currently simulcasts the programming coming from NEWSRADIO WHLM in their studios in Bloomsburg, Pennsylvania.

KZFW-LP, VHF analog channel 6, is a low-powered Aliento-affiliated television station licensed to Dallas, Texas, United States. The station transmits a directional signal towards Dallas, so as to not interfere with nearby KBFW-LP (also on channel 6), which covers Fort Worth. The station is what is colloquially known as a "Franken-FM" station - a television station that is used as an FM radio station. This is due to the FM broadcast band being located adjacent to the VHF spectrum.

WRVA is well known for its 24-hour broadcasts on the clear channel frequency at 1140 kHz, with a 50,000 watt non- directional signal, intended to reach rural areas. Its daytime signal provides at least secondary coverage to most of the eastern portion of Virginia, from Hampton Roads to Fredericksburg. At night (when the AM signals travel farther), WRVA covers almost all of the eastern half of North America, including most of the Eastern and Central United States and three-fourths of Canada.

At night, power is fed to all four towers to provide a directional signal aimed to the west to protect WCBS. This results in the second-largest city within its coverage area, Kearney, only getting a grade B signal; a translator at 106.9 FM is used to make up for this shortfall. Even with this arrangement, it is able to cover western Nebraska, northwestern Kansas, northeastern Colorado, and most of the Dakotas. KRVN is a member of the Nebraska Cornhuskers radio network.

KHVM previously broadcast a highly directional signal on channel 28 that carried southwest, to possibly to avoid signal conflicts with PBS Wisconsin station WHWC-TV channel 28 in Menomonie, Wisconsin. KHVM gained an FCC "Special Temporary Authority" (STA) to broadcast at 0.35 kW power. In addition, KAWB in Brainerd, Minnesota, which also broadcasts on channel 28, displaced KHVM. KHVM began broadcasting on channel 48 over the last weekend in July 2011 following a construction permit to move to the channel.

WSLI broadcasts the Smile FM programming from flagship station WLGH in Lansing. WSLI is owned by Smile FM under the official name of Superior Communications. The original Construction Permit granted on July 15, 2005 called for 10 kW from a short 98' tower. After having an application to modify to 14 kW dismissed by the FCC due to a small overlap in coverage area of WCSG, a construction permit for 11.5 Kw directional signal from a tower was approved on May 2, 2007.

WPSN is an AM broadcasting radio station licensed to the city of Honesdale, Pennsylvania and serves a portion of the Scranton radio market (northeast of the city). The station broadcasts at a frequency of 1590 kHz with 2,500 watts daytime, 15 watts nighttime with a non-directional signal pattern. It simulcasts on FM translator W282BF Honesdale on 104.3 MHz with 110 watts and on FM translator W270CC Hamlin on 101.9 MHz with 190 Watts. The station is owned by Bold Gold Media.

WMAC is a primary entry point for the Emergency Alert System (EAS). WMAC is a Class B radio station, powered at 50,000 watts by day with a non-directional signal. It can be heard from Albany to the suburbs of Atlanta. But because it broadcasts on AM 940, a clear channel frequency reserved for XEW in Mexico City, WMAC reduces its power at night to 10,000 watts, and uses a directional five-tower array, concentrating the signal in Central Georgia.

Commercial station WXRV relocated its city of license from Haverhill to Andover, becoming the first/only radio service for the town, and Newburyport's WNEF 91.7 altered its signal pattern to put more power toward Andover. Lowell's WUML was built with a directional signal to protect WPAA, which still is used. In addition to its online broadcasts, WPAA also offers recording opportunities for student performers and provides live sound equipment for nearly all campus events, including the station's "Battle of the Bands" every spring.

The transmitting location was on old Highway 18 just west of Mason City. Shortly thereafter, power was increased to five kilowatts and two flanking towers were added to produce a directional signal at night with deep nulls to the east and west. In 1998, the transmitter was moved to six miles south of Mason City with directional pattern both day and night to provide a better signal over Mason City. The revenue generated by KGLO radio provided for significant corporate expansion.

WXYT changed to an all-sports format in 2000 when the station, which had aired Detroit Lions football starting in 1998, acquired the broadcast rights to Detroit Tigers baseball and Detroit Red Wings hockey from rival WJR. The station re-branded itself as "Team 1270". By 2002, WXYT re- branded itself again as "AM 1270 The Sports Station". Power was increased from 5,000 watts to 50,000 watts, though with a highly directional signal as opposed to non-directional clear-channel WJR.

In the early 1960s they sold the station to Kentucky financier Garvis Kincaid where it became part of the Bluegrass Broadcasting chain, headquartered in Lexington, Kentucky. Bluegrass sold the station to a former Michigan legislator and local resident, Emil Lockwood. Lockwood retained the station for less than three years before selling to competitors, the Thacker family, who then owned WMUM-FM, a music station in Marathon. The Thackers upgraded the station to 2,500 watts with a two tower directional signal.

Signals received from the rear and re-broadcast from the reflector have not undergone a change of phase, and do not add to the signal from the front. This greatly improves the front-to-back ratio of the antenna, making it more directional. This can be useful when a more directional signal is desired, or unwanted signals are present. There are cases when this is not desirable, and although reflectors are commonly seen in array antennas, they are not universal.

WSPD (1370 AM) is a news-talk radio station licensed to Toledo, Ohio. WSPD broadcasts on a full-time basis with 5,000 watts, including a directional signal pattern at night. The station is currently owned by iHeartMedia, Inc.. WSPD's studios are located in downtown Toledo at Superior and Lafayette Avenues, and their transmitter is located on Oregon Road near Wales Road in Perrysburg Township. The transmitter site still contains a small DJ booth - reportedly the original broadcast studio - and features three unique free- standing towers.

The facility received it License to Cover on May 20. KNAL received a grant to build a second tower in 1950, giving the proposed nighttime facility a directional signal to the north at dark, in order to conduct unlimited hours broadcasting by 1951. The KALO callsign would ultimately have its own lengthy history in Beaumont, Texas as "Kay-Lo", a vital Urban voice in Beaumont's Black community. Louis "Culp" Krueger had previously been the driving force in signing on 1390 KULP a year earlier in El Campo.

However, instead of always pointing toward the same direction—the animals are asleep and thus immobile—the neuronal "compass needle" moves constantly. In particular, during rapid eye movement sleep, a brain state rich in dreaming activity in humans and whose electrical activity is virtually indistinguishable from the waking brain, this directional signal moves as if the animal is awake: that is, HD neurons are sequentially activated, and the individual neurons representing a common direction during wake are still active, or silent, at the same time.

WAZH-CD signed on in 1989 as W24AZ, and briefly took the callsign WWAZ-CA before becoming WAZH-CA in 2001. Although its callsign implied it was to be the relay for Harrisonburg, in the analog era it broadcast from a ridge above Basye with a directional signal pointed at Mount Jackson. After the digital transition, the new WAZH-CD moved to Signal Knob near Strasburg, which was the same location as then-WAZW-CD. The station operated on UHF channel 14 and virtual channel 24.1.

Since PG-14's directional signal also covers into neighboring counties in West Central Ohio, the station in addition aired farm programming from Ohio-based Agri Broadcasting Network and its founder/director, the late Ed Johnson. WPGW-FM signed on under Brandon's ownership on May 19, 1975. At first as a simulcast and continuation of PG-14's programming in the evening hours before WPGW-FM switched to "Jay Country 101" a country music format in 1980. Both AM and FM formats remain in place.

The original KBIG (740 AM) was founded by John H. Poole in 1952, originating from Catalina Island off the coast of California. Known as "The Catalina Island Station", Poole knew KBIG would have wide coverage of Southern California by broadcasting the station's directional signal across ocean water. KBIG was heard from Santa Barbara to San Diego, including the large audience in Los Angeles. The station became popular as it presented an island theme and scheduled music, news, and commercials on a different sequence from his competitors.

"List of Radio Broadcast Stations" (as of March 29, 1941), page 50. During the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962, the station was used to broadcast news and information to the area, due to its southerly directional signal pattern. During the mid-1960s, it was the flagship station for the Cincinnati Reds, identifying itself as "your 50,000 watt Big League Baseball Station". Perhaps one of the best-remembered programs in the station's history was the night-time "WCKY Jamboree" that ran from the 1940s until early 1964.

Although WINS has usually received the higher Arbitron ratings of the two all-news stations, WCBS has had the better ratings in the suburbs because of its stronger, non-directional signal, unlike WINS' directional pattern. Its traffic reports and news coverage includes more of Long Island and Westchester County than WINS, and it occasionally allows room for longer interviews and analysis pieces than does WINS. The station is less tightly formatted than WINS, and formats at a half-hour cycle instead of a 20-minute cycle.

KWWN officially signed on in December 2007, and was running tests for several months on its transmitter. These tests were mainly to arrange the nighttime directional signal of the station, so it would not interfere with nearby KNZZ or other stations on 1100 kHz. While testing, the station ran at half power (10,000 watts day and 1,000 watts night) to further limit the possibility of interference. 1100 AM is a United States clear-channel frequency, on which WTAM in Cleveland, Ohio is the dominant Class A station.

KHJ (930 AM) is a commercial radio station that is licensed to Los Angeles, California. Owned and operated by Immaculate Heart Media, Inc., the station broadcasts Roman Catholic religious programming as an affiliate of the Relevant Radio network. KHJ broadcasts at 5,000 watts, with a non-directional signal by day but using a directional antenna at night to protect other stations on 930 AM. KHJ's transmitter is triplexed to three of the six towers of KBLA (1580 AM), near the intersection of Sunset Boulevard and Alvarado Street in the Echo Park neighborhood of Los Angeles.

Together, the semicircular canals and the otolith organs make up the vestibular apparatus of the inner ear, which provides information to the brain about balance and motion in 3-D space. The gravity-dependent otolith organs, lined with hair cell receptors and otoconia, detect linear acceleration of the head. When the head moves, the otoconia lag behind, bending the hair cell receptors and changing the directional signal to the brain. The objective of the newt experiment was to study the early development of gravity-sensing organs (see figure).

This station, as WPLH, signed on for the first time on November 29, 1946, with a "grand opening" program broadcast live from the Hotel Prichard in Huntington. WPLH transmitted at 1450 kHz with a 250 watt non-directional signal. The Huntington Broadcasting Corporation, owned and operated by Flem J. Evans, advertised broadcasting, recording and transcription services as being available at the WPLH studios. The station offered a mix of live and recorded local programming, live hillbilly music from the Echo Valley Boys and other groups, plus national programming from the Mutual Network.

At 5,000 watts during the day, KRKK drops to 1,000 watts at night with a directional signal to protect other stations on 1360 kHz. Reception of the station begins to fade near the Sweetwater County line to the east and west, however under the right conditions KRKK can be heard much farther distances.Salt Lake City DX Logs KRKK has three sister stations KSIT 99.7, KQSW 96.5 and KMRZ-FM 106.7 FM. In 2018, the station added a translator on 103.5 FM. The translator was broadcasting from Aspen Mountain.

Its transmitter is located at an antenna farm in Bettendorf, Iowa, near the campus of Scott Community College. (WOC is the only remaining AM station at this site, as all the other transmitters are for FM radio or television.) WOC broadcasts with 5,000 watts with a directional signal to avoid interfering with other stations on 1420 kHz. WOC's most famous former employee was future U.S. President Ronald "Dutch" Reagan, who got his start in radio there in 1932, broadcasting football games, after having played football at Eureka College in nearby Eureka, Illinois.

Physical construction of the broadcast tower began in January 1949 with work on the radio studio building commencing on March 1949. KMCM began testing its transmitter on June 11, 1949, and started regular broadcast operation at 11:00am on June 18, 1949, with a ceremonial first broadcast at a local theater inaugurated by McMinnville mayor R.H. Windisher. The station's initial format was a mix of local and syndicated block programming under the slogan "Always good listening". KMCM was authorized to add nighttime service with a 1,000 watt directional signal on November 4, 1949.

After WWII, Mr. Pate applied for the first radio license in Havre de Grace. The station later began broadcasting on FM as WHDG which in the late 1980s, was sold to Delmarva Broadcasting. The station broadcasts with an omni-directional signal 24- hours-a-day. Studios are in the Arts & Entertainment district of Havre De Grace at 331 North Union Avenue. Long-time Baltimore television personality Royal Parker began his broadcasting career on the station in the 1940s, when it was WASA, hosting a music program called the Royal Record Review.

WLTI is a radio station licensed to New Castle, Indiana which serves the Henry County, Indiana, radio market. It is a Real Country affiliate, which is a 24/7 format distributed by Cumulus Media Networks, a subsidiary of WLTI's owner, Cumulus Media. This station operates at an effective radiated power of 250 watts on AM frequency 1550 kHz. During the day, WLTI broadcasts with an omnidirectional pattern; at night, it broadcasts with a directional signal to the southeast and southwest, to protect Class-A clear-channel stations CBEF Windsor, Ontario and XERUV-AM Xalapa, Mexico.

The construction of KKAA occurred south of Aberdeen during the summer of 1974. Located just south of the city next to the waste treatment plant, the , antenna farm's ground conductivity was excellent for an AM radio station. The Aberdeen area is a flood plain, soil like this allows for excellent radio wave propagation by having an excellent ground plane. At night, it cannot be heard in Ipswich, South Dakota, but the radio station can be heard in Moscow, Russia because of the highly directional signal that pointed almost due north at roughly 350 degrees on the compass.

For a brief time, program director Mark Driscoll began imaging the station as "9-J", giving rise to a recorded parody of the station called "Nine" produced by a group that included disk jockeys Howard Hoffman, Randy West, Pete Salant and Russ "Famous Amos" DiBello."The Jay Philpott Collection", which includes a section devoted to "Nine". Retrieved 2018-11-04. (reelradio.com) The station was hampered by a directional signal that covered Manhattan and parts of New Jersey well but suffered in the rest of the Five Boroughs and was virtually nonexistent on Long Island and western New Jersey.

On December 22, 2010, WHEN changed its format to urban adult contemporary, branded as "Power 620." The format change preceded abandonment of the format on co-owned 106.9 WPHR- FM, which switched to a simulcast of WSYR (570 AM) on the FM band to fill in areas in Syracuse's western, southern and eastern suburbs where WSYR's AM directional signal pattern provides poor coverage. The station uses the slogan "Central New York's Only R&B.;" An FM translator at 101.7 MHz was added to broadcast WHEN programming on the FM dial in Syracuse and its adjacent suburbs.

He adds, "there is no purpose in a fundamentally causative manner in evolution but that the processes of selection and adaptation give the illusion of purpose through the utter functionality and designed nature of the biological world".Foley, RA., in Morris, SC., The Deep Structure of Biology: Is Convergence Sufficiently Ubiquitous to Give a Directional Signal, Templeton Foundation Press, 2008 p. 175. Richard Dawkins suggests that while biology can at first seem to be purposeful and ordered, upon closer inspection its true function becomes questionable. Dawkins rejects the claim that biology serves any designed function, claiming rather that biology only mimics such purpose.

Before using a VOR indicator for the first time, it can be tested and calibrated at an airport with a VOR test facility, or VOT. A VOT differs from a VOR in that it replaces the variable directional signal with another omnidirectional signal, in a sense transmitting a 360° radial in all directions. The NAV receiver is tuned to the VOT frequency, then the OBS is rotated until the needle is centred. If the indicator reads within four degrees of 000 with the FROM flag visible or 180 with the TO flag visible, it is considered usable for navigation.

1460 AM in Colorado Springs signed on December 21, 1956, as KAFA. The call letters changed to KYSN ("Kissin") on July 1, 1958, when the station was acquired by the General Broadcasting Corporation. Despite having a restrictive directional signal and never more than 1,000 watts of power the station dominated radio listening in the Pikes Peak region into the mid-1970s as the market's AM Top 40 station.. A combination of the limited signal and inconsistent programming made KYSN vulnerable to the many FM signals booming off of Cheyenne Mountain. They declined throughout the late 1970s.

The NES Zapper, Nintendo's early light gun The Light Phaser for the Sega Master System The Atari, Inc XG-1 Light Gun A light gun is a pointing device for computers and a control device for arcade and video games, typically shaped to resemble a pistol. In aviation and shipping, it can also be a directional signal lamp. Modern screen-based light guns work by building an optical sensor into the gun, which receives its input from the light emitted by on-screen target(s). The first device of this type, the light pen, was used on the MIT Whirlwind computer.

The new owners have offer live streaming of the station from the website and they've also allow the signal to be accessed via a special application which then allows tablet and smart phone users to listen anytime. The app is called "Tune In". The FCC had issued a construction permit for low-power FM translator W256BQ, which was purchased by CC Broadcasting LLC from a station in Olean, NY at a reported $75,000. It was planned to operate on 93.3 FM with a power of 250 watts and would be mounted on the existing AM tower with a directional signal west from the tower toward the center of Bethlehem.

Gogo's air-to-ground (ATG) network is a cellular (meaning that there is a hand-off when the aircraft moves between service areas) radio network that has more than 200 towers in the continental U.S., Alaska and Canada. The ground stations consist of original Airfone air-ground phone relay stations and newer locations, using the 850 MHz ATG band. Unlike terrestrial cell sites, ATG ground stations project a directional signal up into the air where airplanes are, rather than downward, where terrestrial users are. However the short wavelength used allows segmentation and other cellular technologies in the same way that terrestrial cellphone technology works.

The Pistons also cited WDFN's weak directional signal, listeners were having difficulty receiving the station without interference. On October 1, 2010, WDFN dropped the "Detroit Sports Talk" branding and returned to being "The Fan," but in 2013, they altered their on-air program format significantly, deviating from their former sports format. On May 2, 2017, Matt Shepard, one of the few survivors of WDFN's 2009 layoffs, was released by the station after anchoring the morning drive for more than 8 years. Shepard had also anchored the hourly sports updates from 2001 through 2007, and again starting in April 2008 after a brief stint at WXYT.

Another challenge was filed by Nationwide Communications, which owned frequency-adjacent AM 1320 WKTQ (now WJAS) in Pittsburgh. Ridge Communications dropped its petition for 1330 kHz and opted for the 1520 kHz frequency instead, at the higher power level. Wishing to stay within budget, Raymark chose to operate the station at a more modest daytime directional signal of only 250 watts, with the possibility of upgrades later. Exceeding their anticipated revenue goals after sign-on, they were able to double their initial assigned power in less than six months, and then the following year, the station increased its power to a full thousand watts, but still retained its daytime-only status.

WODS is an AM broadcasting radio station licensed to the city of West Hazleton, Pennsylvania with service area extending out to the Wilkes- Barre/Scranton radio market. The station is a full-time relay of the programming of the WILK News Radio network featuring a news and talk radio format. The station broadcasts at a frequency of 1300 kHz with a power of 5,000 watts daytime with a directional antenna signal pattern focused towards the north, then switches to a power of 500 Watts at night with another directional signal pattern focused towards the northeast. WODS is considered a Class-B AM broadcasting station according to the Federal Communications Commission.

WTOR's 13,000-watt directional signal is aimed almost completely into the province of Ontario. (Canada ceased licensing daytime-only stations after the last such daytime, CKOT, signed off in 2013; this is a possible reason the station remains licensed in the U.S. instead of Canada as a legal fiction.) The transmitter is located off Langdon Road in Ransomville, New York, and a landline phone and a largely unused but official "main studio" are located at the transmitter site.Radio-Locator.com The WTOR call sign refers to TORonto, the target city. The call letters previously belonged to a station in Torrington, Connecticut which now uses the call sign WSNG.

WALG was also a social innovator. At a time when black voices were only heard on black radio stations, WALG News featured Eddie Grissom, the first black news voice on a 'white' Albany station. It began as a 1,000-watt station, omnidirectional, and then went to 5 kW day, and 1 kW night, with a southerly directional signal that protected WTGA, also at 1590, in Thomaston, Georgia. A "First Phone" license was required to operate the station until more modern equipment was installed in the 1970s, because at power change, the 'Phase Angle' of the signal had to be changed as part of the FCC requirements.

The original owners were N.D. "Doug" Williams and Randolph Reed. The original tower site for the transmitter and antenna was Sabine Pass, south of Port Arthur (this to prevent co-channel interference with KSLA-TV, Channel 12 in Shreveport). The transmitter and antenna were later moved to its current site near Mauriceville in the early 1960s with the antenna modified for a "directional" signal to prevent interference to KSLA's coverage area. The station was later sold to Cowles Broadcasting in 1965, the Channel 2 Television Company in 1970 and McKinnon Broadcasting in 1977.About 12NEWS - 12News Station History Retrieved 5 September 2020 On January 1, 2009, KBMT added NBC programming on digital subchannel 12.2.

WABC's early days as a Top 40 station were humble ones. WINS was the No. 1 hit music station and WMCA, which did a similar rock leaning top 40 format, was also a formidable competitor, while WABC barely ranked in the Top Ten. Fortunately for WABC, the other Top 40 outlets could not be heard as well in more distant New York and New Jersey suburbs, since WINS, WMGM, and WMCA were all directional stations. WABC, with its 50,000-watt non-directional signal, had the advantage of being heard in places west, south, and northwest of New York City, a huge chunk of the growing suburban population and this is where the station began to draw ratings.

WCKY is a class A clear channel station, sharing the frequency with co-owned station KFBK/Sacramento, and can be heard, particularly at night, over most of the eastern U.S. KFBK and WCKY both alter their coverage to operate with directional signals at night to limit interference with each other; however, as Class A stations, both receive more protection than other stations on this channel. This also explains why WCKY does not have to change to its directional signal until three hours past local sunset; as the only station it is required to protect is KFBK, and since sunset in Sacramento is three hours later than in Cincinnati the signal will not travel toward KFBK until after dark.

This station was assigned the "WGAD" call letters by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) when it first went on the air in 1947. WGAD signed on with 1,000 watts day non- directional, and 1,000 watts at night with a two tower directional signal, towers located west of Gadsden proper in Attalla, Alabama. In 1949, Valley Broadcasting requested transfer of the license to General Newspapers for a reported price of $40,000. In 1954, Coos Broadcasting Company, headed by Dick Biddle, acquired WGAD for a reported $40,000 In 1957, WGAD was sold to a group of broadcasters consisting of Ed Z. Carrel - who also served as General Manager, Lavelle Jackson, and Congressman Albert Rains.

In addition to a standard analog transmission, WVOC is simulcast over low-power FM translator W278CY (103.5 FM), and is available online via iHeartRadio. WVOC's main signal operates at 5,000 watts around the clock. By day it uses a non-directional signal from a single tower, providing secondary coverage to most of South Carolina and portions of North Carolina and Georgia—as far north as the Charlotte suburbs, as far east as the outer suburbs of Charleston, as far south as the Augusta suburbs, and as far west as the fringes of the Upstate. At night, three towers are used in a directional pattern to protect other stations on 560 AM. This concentrates WVOC's signal in the central part of the state.

The move has attracted much criticism from the local citizens of Point Roberts and the adjacent densely populated community of Tsawwassen, British Columbia because it would cause harmful blanketing interference. Another possible exception to that general rule on the Canadian side was CKLW in Windsor, Ontario, across the river from Detroit. Originally licensed as a Class II-B (now Class B) station and always operating in full compliance with the technical specifications and operating rules of its CRTC licence (i.e., protection of the entire Mexican border nights and protection of co-channel Canadian stations days and nights), CKLW's 50,000-watt directional signal blanketed much of Michigan and northern Ohio east to Cleveland days and nights, and south to Toledo, Lima and Dayton in the daytime.

Originally known as CFLP when it opened in 1978 as an AM station on 1000 kHz (and identified itself as "Radio Mille"), the station moved to the FM band in late 2000, due to serious problems in nighttime coverage resulting from a very directional signal necessary to protect WMVP in Chicago, Illinois. The station switched to its current call sign when it moved to FM and changed its format from talk radio to adult contemporary (and abandoned its Radiomédia affiliation).Decision CRTC 2000-131 On August 18, 2011, at 4:00 p.m. EDT, all RockDétente stations, including CJOI-FM, rebranded as Rouge FM. The last song under "RockDétente" was Pour que tu m'aimes encore by Celine Dion, followed by a tribute of the branding.

For much of its existence, WFRO had been a combination AM and FM station, with FM first going on the air in 1946, and AM (at 900 kHz) going on the air three years later. Both stations simulcast each other for a portion of the broadcast day, breaking away for separate programming during the midday hours, with AM concentrating more on information and talk, and FM focusing on music. For many years, WFRO AM broadcast a full-service MOR format heavy on local news and information; WFRO-FM played beautiful music during non- simulcast dayparts. AM 900's directional signal allowed WFRO programming to be heard clearly throughout much of southeastern Michigan (including the metropolitan Detroit area) and southwestern Ontario in addition to Ohio's North Coast region.

Radio-based traffic-preemption systems using a local, short-range radio signal in the 900MHz band, can usually avoid the weaknesses of line-of-sight systems (2.4 GHz and optical). A radio-based system still uses a directional signal transmitted from an emitter, but being radio-based, its signal is not blocked by visual obstructions, lighting or weather conditions. Until recently, the major drawback of radio-based traffic signal preemption systems was the possibility of interference from other devices that may be using the same frequency at a given time and location. The advent of FHSS (Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum) broadcasting has allowed radio-based systems to not only overcome this limitation, but also the aforementioned limitations associated with acoustic and line of sight (optical) systems.

WFRO had for much of its existence, been a combination AM and FM station, with the FM first going on the air in 1946, and the AM (at 900 kHz) coming on the air three years later. Both stations simulcast each other for a portion of the broadcast day, breaking away for separate programming during the midday hours, with the AM concentrating more on information and talk, and the FM for music. For many years, WFRO AM broadcast a full-service MOR format heavy on local news and information; WFRO-FM played beautiful music during non-simulcast dayparts. AM 900's directional signal allowed WFRO programming to be heard clearly throughout much of southeastern Michigan (including the metropolitan Detroit area) and southwestern Ontario in addition to Ohio's North Coast region.

WYHH signed on as WNKU in 1985 on 89.7 FM. As one of the last available frequencies in the Cincinnati area, WNKU was limited by a 12,000 watt directional signal. In 2011, then station owner Northern Kentucky University (NKU) purchased WPFB & WPFB-FM in Middletown, Ohio and 104.1 WPAY-FM in Portsmouth, Ohio, and increased the potential reach of WNKU to 3.1 million listeners. WNKU began simulcasting its adult album alternative (AAA) format on WPFB (now called WNKN) and WPAY (known as WNKE during NKU ownership and now known as WPYK) on February 1, 2011. In April 2016, Sacred Heart Radio, a religious talk radio station with studios located in Norwood, OH affiliated with EWTN Global Catholic Radio, announced that they had acquired WPFB's AM frequency from NKU.

Because of the motion of the solar system around the center of the galaxy, many physicists believe that the particles comprising the dark matter halo will appear to originate from a particular direction in the sky roughly corresponding to the position of the constellation Cygnus. If this is true, the DMTPC group hope to be able to use the directional track information to statistically confirm the existence of dark matter, even in the presence of non-dark matter backgrounds which are believed to have a different directional signal. Several other groups developing low pressure TPC dark matter detectors with directional sensitivity exist, including DRIFT, NEWAGE, and MIMAC. Additionally, dark matter searches such as COUPP and NEWAGE also use fluorine as the principal target nucleus for spin-dependent interactions.

In June 1987, Elting signed on broadcast translator W269AR on 101.7 MHz in order to bolster coverage in downtown Charlottesville. The 102.3 MHz facility is what is known as a rimshot station – a station licensed to a suburb or outlying area that attempts to serve a larger market. Due to its relatively low transmitter height and the hilly terrain between Crozet and Charlottesville, 102.3 has spotty coverage in the city itself, even with its highly directional signal pointed east. Most Charlottesville stations broadcast from the highest peak overlooking the city, the 1,573-foot Carter Mountain, which provides good coverage of Albemarle County. Clark moved the translator from 101.7 MHz to 94.1 MHz in November 1993 due to interference from co-owned WVSY, which had recently moved to 101.9 MHz.

This was because as a condition of being allowed to move to the VHF band, it remained on its original transmitter on Bald Mountain (a legacy of the days when it was licensed to Troy) and used a somewhat directional signal to protect WNTA-TV (now WNET) in Newark, New Jersey, near New York City. The other stations in the market had their transmitters on the Helderberg Escarpment. This forced WAST to build several translators to expand its coverage. Combined with the fact it was affiliated with ABC, the smallest and weakest of the three major networks at the time (but, during the late 1970s, ABC's fortunes would improve considerably), channel 13 was not really on par with rivals–WTEN and then-General Electric- owned NBC affiliate WRGB (channel 6)–until cable television arrived in the Capital District in the early 1970s.

From its October 1964 sign-on until 1976 this was a Country-Western station with the letters WKBX and a 10,000-watt directional signal shaped like a football."WKZL To Relocate, WKBX To Adopt All-News Format," Twin City Sentinel, June 25, 1976, p. 5. Stuart Epperson sold the station early in 1976 to Randolph Properties Inc. of Dallas, Texas, though general manager Curly Howard said no changes were planned."Owner Sells Station WKBX, Expected to Join Religious TV," Twin City Sentinel, January 27, 1976. In July 1976 it became WURL ("World"), the first all-news radio station in the area. On November 3, 1976, Crash Williams said the news format would remain even after the demise of the NBC news service in mid-1977.Howard Carr, "WKBX Hopes To Find Niche," Winston- Salem Journal, July 4, 1976.

It officially retransmits the signal of WHYT, however, much of the programming comes from flagship station WLGH in Lansing. WSIS is owned by Smile FM. An application to construct the station was filed with the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) on May 12, 1998, for 25 kW with a directional signal from a 184' tower just south of St. Joseph. A Construction Permit was granted on November 15, 2005, however, in the 7 years between the filing of the application and granting of a construction permit the tower location was no longer available. A modification was filed with the FCC to move the station to the WCXT tower north of Benton Harbor. This was rejected and the construction permit was canceled on August 5, 2008, by the FCC on the grounds that the new coverage area did not include the southern portion of the original coverage area which was a violation of the 307(b)preference they had received.

In early 1979, WCAR picked up the country format and became WCXI "Country 11", featuring Deano Day and other former WDEE personalities. In the latter part of 1979, after less than a year, due to a terrible directional signal and WCXI overtaking them in the ratings, the country format was abandoned and the station's call sign was changed to WCZY and ran a more contemporary version of sister station WCZY- FM's highly rated easy listening music format (the two stations were paired in the mid 1970s). About a year, later the calls changed to WLQV (the calls were meant to designate the word "love"), and featured a religious format. In 1985, the station made one last return to playing Top 40 music as it became WCZY again; unlike its first time as WCZY, this time it was a 100% simulcast of the FM station, which by then had changed from easy listening to adult-oriented CHR.

The 102.5 license started in 1954 as WCRB-FM, the FM sister station of WCRB (AM) (now WRCA), bringing its classical music format to parts of the Boston area which did not get good reception of WCRB (AM)'s directional signal as well as improved audio quality. In 1961, WCRB-FM was the first Boston-area FM station to broadcast in multiplex stereo, for a few years prior to that, WCRB had broadcast some of its programming in stereo by broadcasting one channel on AM, the other on FM. Although Charles River Broadcasting acquired other radio stations in the last 10 years, WCRB remained the company's flagship station. In 1975, WCRB ended simulcasting of WCRB-FM, changing call letters to WHET, and its format to big- band/adult standards. In 1978, Charles River sold off WHET, but retained WCRB, which became increasingly successful over the years as a 24/7 classical music station.

Despite the fact that it is a 50,000 watt station, it cannot be heard clearly in many parts of the New York metropolitan area, especially west of New York City and in Suffolk County on Long Island. WEPN has a highly directional signal, due primarily to the fact that there is another 50,000 watt station on 1050, CHUM a few hundred miles to the northwest in Toronto, and yet another 50,000 watt station, KYW, in Philadelphia next door on the dial at 1060 AM, along with protecting the signal of Monterrey-based XEG in Northern Mexico to the southwest. thumbAccording to Arbitron data of as early 2006, WFAN's daytime ratings were about 3 points higher on average than WEPN's, though WFAN's most- known and now-defunct Mike and the Mad Dog show had been airing since 1989, or well over a decade longer than WEPN had existed. Because of WEPN's limited signal, all Jets games once were simulcast on WABC, which reaches more of the suburbs.

CKLW is picked up clearly as far off as Toledo and Cleveland (where it was consistently a highly rated station during its Top 40 days), Lansing, Michigan, and even the outskirts of Cincinnati, Ohio, with reports of night-time reception as far off as Toronto/Oshawa, Ontario; Hartford, Connecticut; Pennsylvania; New York City; Little Rock; Des Moines, Iowa; and San Antonio, Texas. At one point, it was stated that CKLW could be heard in at least 23 states and 4 Canadian provinces. For the station to be heard as far west as Arkansas, Iowa and Texas is impressive, given the station is not a "clear channel" Class A station, and has extreme northward/eastward nighttime directional signal in order to protect stations on 800 kHz in Ciudad Juárez (clear channel XEROK-AM across the river from El Paso, Texas). A station in Bonaire in the Netherlands Antilles (PJB3, Trans World Radio), provided severe interference to CKLW during its Big 8 years and beyond, operating with 525,000 watts of power.

In 1946, shortly after World War II, the Boston Herald-Traveler newspaper purchased WHDH, by this time again an independent station. In 1948, the station moved its transmitter site from Saugus to Needham, west of Boston, where the station would be able to increase power to 50,000 watts with a directional signal aimed east to protect KOA and other stations on 850. The station also expanded into FM broadcasting on March 31, 1948 with the sign-on of WHDH-FM (94.5 FM, now WJMN). While not first in Boston to adopt a popular music and disc jockey format with hourly newscasts (WORL was the first), a combination of a powerful signal, top-notch personalities like Ray Dorey, Fred B. Cole, Bob Clayton, Norm Nathan, news anchor John Day, and a mid-morning women's show hosted by Christine Evans (also billing herself as Chris); along with live coverage of Boston Red Sox baseball, Boston Bruins hockey, and Boston Celtics basketball, made WHDH one of the most popular stations in the region in the post-World War II era.

Rodriguez programmed it with foreign language programs as KDMM. Due to the popular Pakistani and Indian music and talk programs, 1150 became all-South Asian formatted. Initially, the station was 1,000 watts daytime only with a 6 tower directional array north of Irving for a number of years. Either in the late 1980s or early 1990s, it was able to get a grant of 5 watts of power for night-time operation. With the directional signal looking right down I-635 on the north side of Dallas, it barely covered that area from the tower site to the I-635/US-75 interchange. In 2001, KDMM changed to KBIS, and ran an all-Motown format still on 1150 kHz. When the station moved to 1160 (now with 35,000 watts day and 1,000 watts at night from two different 6 tower sites), it was revamped as Magic 1160, adding other soul songs to the playlists, but the call sign didn't change to KMGS until June 2005. On August 23, 2006, the call sign changed to KVCE, to make way for a News–Talk format, which began less than a month later.