And payment delays led to less diluents for Venezuelan crudes.
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US sanctions could block the sale of US diluents to Venezuela.
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So far, the most affected crudes are blends formulated with naphtha and other imported diluents.
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Without American diluents, PDVSA will have to buy them from elsewhere, probably at a higher cost.
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Such diluents are essential in helping to market and transport Venezuela's tar-like heavy crude, he added.
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Exports of Merey blend, mainly made with Venezuelan extra heavy crude and imported diluents, showed a significant increase.
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The bottleneck has caused problems for PDVSA to continue producing and refining oil without imported diluents and components.
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The port also receives imports of diluents for PDVSA's extra heavy oil output, such as light crude and naphtha.
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It has also made it harder for PDVSA to import diluents (needed to process its heavy oil) and diesel.
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It has also held off on blocking exports of U.S.-origin diluents, which Venezuela needs to dilute its heavy oil.
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There is also a prohibition on U.S firms exporting diluents - unfinished oils used for blending extra heavy crude - to Venezuela.
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But the sanctions blocked U.S. companies, previously the main suppliers of diluents to Venezuela, from selling the products to PDVSA.
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The U.S. also could cut off the export of diluents, a diluting agent Venezuela needs to thin down its heavy fuel.
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Venezuela gets about half of its diluents from the United States and often secures supplies through crude oil swaps, according to Grais-Targow.
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Almost as painful is the ban on the sale of diluents to PDVSA, without which its thick oil will not flow through pipes.
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During the closure, more imported diluents would be needed to process its extra heavy oil output, according to a Reuters report on Monday.
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It shows PDVSA expects a shortfall in imported diluents needed for blending with its extra heavy crude output, along with aggressive refinery maintenance plans.
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The cash crunch has hurt its ability to import diluents needed to formulate exportable crude grades and refined products to supply Venezuela's domestic market.
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PDVSA had long relied on imports of diluents from the United States to add to its extra-heavy oil to make the crude exportable.
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The sanctions expressly prohibit sales of diluents (heavy naphtha) to PDVSA, which are used for making the country's extra heavy crude oil ready for export.
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The Treasury Department said the license does not authorize transactions related to shipments of diluents, which Venezuela uses to thin its heavy oil for consumption.
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"The heavy oil crowd is long heavy oil, so diluents will still make sense," Zinsmeister told analysts and investors on the company's second quarter earnings call.
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On Thursday, Washington tightened pressure on Venezuela's state-owned oil company by making clear that exports of diluents by international shippers could be subject to sanctions.
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"The heavy oil crowd is long heavy oil, so diluents will still make sense," Zinsmeister told analysts and investors on the companys second quarter earnings call.
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To avoid a further drop in exports, the country has recently turned to Rosneft for supply of diluents, according to the industry source and Refinitiv Eikon data.
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Since sanctions banned U.S. firms from selling diluents to PDVSA, the company has been struggling to find alternatives to dilute its extra heavy oil and produce exportable grades.
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Reliance also halted all supply of diluents including heavy naphtha to Venezuela and does not plan to resume such sales until sanctions are lifted, according to the release.
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Venezuela started regular imports of diluents in 2015 because its output of light and medium grades has tumbled, but PDVSA's cash shortage has led to delays and insufficient purchases.
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Losing access to U.S. diluents would force Venezuela to source them from elsewhere, potentially requiring transactions in cash, a resource that is scarce in Venezuela, according to Grais-Targow.
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The master limited partnership (MLP) was formed by London-based BP's U.S. pipeline unit to transport crude oil, refined products and diluents to customers under long-term agreements. (bit.
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Importantly, the Treasury seems also to be prohibiting American firms from selling diluents, products that PDVSA mixes with its viscous crude so that it can be transported through pipelines.
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A shortage of diluents for refining fuel, which the United States has stopped selling to Venezuela, has forced dozens of petrol stations in Caracas to shut down their pumps.
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The Maduro government has lost the ability to maintain critical energy infrastructure, obtain diluents and other vital imports, and pay service providers and PDVSA employees on a regular basis.
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Washington may also demand that U.S. energy companies cease operating in the country and that European firms stop providing diluents and other services to (Venezuelan state-owned oil firm) PDVSA.
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This week the United States, still Venezuela's main trading partner, imposed what amounts to sanctions on oil exports and on imports of the diluents needed to market its heavy oil.
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Some 18 vessels were waiting to load crude or discharge diluents at Jose as of April 6, the data say, including a dozen tankers for exports and three for imports.
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But the new sanctions imposed on PDVSA, which are aimed at diverting oil revenue away from the hands of socialist President Nicolas Maduro, bar U.S. exports of diluents to Venezuela.
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BP Midstream is a master limited partnership (MLP) formed by London-based BP's U.S. pipeline unit and transports crude oil, refined products and diluents to customers under long-term agreements. (bit.
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Emerald comprises two units, with Kalama Chemical specializing in preservatives and aroma chemicals and CVC Thermoset Specialties supplying products such as liquid polymers, specialty epoxy resins, reactive diluents and curing agents.
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Emerald comprises two units, with Kalama Chemical specialising in preservatives and aroma chemicals and CVC Thermoset Specialties supplying products such as liquid polymers, specialty epoxy resins, reactive diluents and curing agents.
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The United States could next ban the sale of the lighter US crude oil and diluents Venezuela needs to get its heavier crude out of the ground, processed, and suitable for export.
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WASHINGTON (Reuters) - The U.S. Treasury Department on Thursday tightened its pressure on Venezuela's state-owned oil company by making clear that exports of diluents by international shippers could be subject to U.S. sanctions.
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As imported diluents are increasingly crucial to transport and market Venezuelan crudes amid declines in PDVSA's own light and medium oil output and refinery frequent stoppages, some companies might agree to the deal.
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As of March 22, about a dozen tankers were waiting around PDVSA ports in Venezuela and the Caribbean to discharge refined products, components, and diluents crucial for oil blending, Reuters vessel tracking data showed.
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Factors contributing towards high revenue share of this segment in 2014 include growing demand for major polymers such as lubricants, anti-adherents, fillers/diluents, binders, disintegrants, and coating materials in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries.
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National oil output tumbled last year on the back of constant refinery outages, an outflow of talent, and shortages of basic equipment in oil fields and imported diluents needed for blending with Venezuela's heavy crude.
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" Indeed, the DEA acknowledges this in its National Threat Assessment: "It is increasingly more common for fentanyl to be mixed with adulterants and diluents and sold as heroin with no heroin present in the product.
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But there are measures short of that, including a ban on the sale of diluents that are critical to refining, or restrictions on oil service companies and insurance coverage, that could be effective interim steps.
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"The changing of the language puts international companies on notice that any continued engagement or transactions they have with PDVSA selling diluents is at risk, or subject to future potential sanctions," the official told Reuters.
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If imported diluents including naphtha are not available, PDVSA is forced to use the little production of light crude the country has for mixing with its extra heavy oil so exportable grades can be formulated.
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To keep exports stable with limited upgrading capacity, PDVSA will need to import diluents - light crude or heavy naphtha - that can be blended directly with extra heavy oil from the Orinoco belt to make exportable grades.
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But, "with the import of diluents now sanctioned by the U.S., and problems in producing its own lighter crudes, PDVSA will have a tough job to make enough on spec barrels available for export," the IEA said.
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Venezuela's oil production has declined sharply this year due to years of underinvestment, payment delays to suppliers and lack of enough diluents to make exportable crude blends, which has affected exports of state-run oil firm PDVSA.
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"It would be inconvenient for everybody if purchases of diluents get halted, but the way to solve this is not by asking for more money to the partners," said another executive who asked not to be named.
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NEW DELHI (Reuters) - India's Reliance Industries Ltd, operator of the world's biggest refining complex, said on Wednesday it had halted supply of diluents to Venezuela's national oil company PDVSA and will not resume such sales until sanctions are lifted.
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Venezuela's imports of fuel and diluents fell to 137,500 bpd in May, well below the more-than 200,000 bpd received in March and April, which brought lines of drivers to filling stations across the country waiting to refuel their vehicles.
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Before the latest price tumble of 20 percent this month, Ecopetrol and Pacific reduced sales of heavy Castilla LCO-CAS while increasing purchases of diluents to formulate more medium Vasconia, which is better priced but has a bigger imported component.
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Falling output of crude and natural gas liquids(NGL) and delays to discharge cargoes of imported diluents have led to fewer exports this year, at a time when Venezuela is hungry for the U.S. dollars needed to stabilize its ailing economy.
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Brennock said U.S. imposed sanctions on the oil-dependent state's crude industry would force Caracas to offer steep discounts in a desperate search for new buyers and also leave the country reeling with the prospect of supply restrictions of vital diluents.
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There are giant boxes of syringes, needles, powders and diluents sent directly to your house, and you -- who has never shot a needle into anyone before -- are expected to mix, measure and self-administer these crucial and expensive drugs on a regular basis.
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PDVSA said the additional capacity would benefit the Petroindependencia joint venture, which is 34 percent owned by Chevron and allow for the reactivation of a pumping station for diluents, which are oil products that PDVSA needs to convert its extra-heavy oil into exportable grades.
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LESS FUEL AS IMPORTS PLUNGE OVER 30% Venezuela's imports of fuel and diluents fell to 137,500 bpd in May, well below the more-than 200,000 bpd received in March and April, which brought lines of drivers to filling stations across the country waiting to refuel their vehicles.
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PDVSA's imports of fuel and diluents, which are mixed with Venezuela's extra-heavy crude, have plunged to 86,000 barrels per day (bpd) on average so far in May, compared with 1463,000 bpd for the full month of April, according to internal PDVSA documents and Refinitiv Eikon data.
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Venezuela has overall imported some 160,000 barrels per day of fuel and diluents for its extra heavy oil output since the U.S. measures were imposed, according to PDVSA and Refinitiv data, below levels prior to the sanctions but still enough to supply gas stations and power plants.
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Valero Energy, Phillips 66 and Chevron Corp followed, but Venezuela's overall export drop curbed their purchases since U.S. imports of Venezuelan oil are dominated by extra heavy grades produced in the vast Orinoco belt, which is facing limitations due to lack of diluents used to mix with those crudes.
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PDVSA's imports of fuel and diluents, which are mixed with Venezuela's extra-heavy crude for export, plunged to 86,000 barrels per day (bpd) on average in the first half of May, nearly one-third of their average level in April, according to internal PDVSA documents and Refinitiv Eikon data.
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The latest figures from Venezuela's state oil company PDVSA show the average production cost for all its crudes is $218 a barrel, while Toronto-listed Pacific Exploration & Production , Colombia's largest private operator, said its production cost including diluents, transportation and taxes averaged $20 to $22 in the third quarter of 2015.
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The Orinoco Belt's joint ventures, involving PDVSA, U.S.-based Chevron Corp, France's Total, Norway's Equinor and Russia's Rosneft, turn Venezuela's extra heavy oil into exportable grades by using crude upgraders, but a large portion of output is frequently mixed with imported diluents if upgraders are not in service or operating partially.
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Receiving more barrels from PDVSA and Citgo would help Rosneft grow its trading arm, Swiss-based Rosneft Trading SA. And Rosneft could use light crude from the three joint ventures in Zulia for blending its extra-heavy crude from the Orinoco - instead of relying on Venezuela's pricey and often delayed imports of diluents.
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Options on the table include restricting Venezuela's imports of U.S. diluents that are used to make exportable crude blends; a full oil embargo on Venezuela's shipments to the United States; and the recognition of an alternative government to Maduro's, which could allow the international community to freeze and divert assets and revenues, according to Barclays.
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Organic synthesis, lubricants and additives, diluents, detergence, fire extinguishing foams.
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Mixtures containing both hydrogen and helium as diluents are termed Hydreliox.
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In the case of radiation-curing lacquers (for example UV lacquers), those diluents should be avoided. The addition of reactive diluents facilitates the processing of the lacquers, allows the addition of more fillers and improves the wetting behavior on the substrate.Bodo Müller, Walter Rath: Formulierung von Kleb- und Dichtstoffen – das kompetente Lehrbuch für Studium und Praxis. 2. Auflage. Vincentz Network, Hannover 2009, , S. 149–150 If volatile diluents are replaced by reactive diluents, flammability, smell, skin irritation and environmental compatibility (by lower or no VOC emissions) can be improved.
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Paints in which a reactive diluent could be used. Reactive diluents are substances which reduce the viscosity of a lacquer for processing and become part of the lacquer during its subsequent curing via copolymerization. Diluents (or thinners) are usually added to lacquers to reduce their viscosity (they are used to adjust the rheology). In thermal cured lacquers, such diluents added are volatile substances which evaporate from the lacquer during drying.
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The use of diluents in illegal drugs reduces the potency of the drugs and makes it hard for users to determine the appropriate dosage level. Diluents include "foodstuffs (flour and baby milk formula), sugars (glucose, lactose, maltose, and mannitol), and inorganic materials such as powder." The diluents used often depend on the way drug purchasers consume particular drugs. Drug dealers selling heroin to users who inject dilute the drug with different products from dealers selling to users who smoke or insufflate the drug; diluents which can easily form a solution with water for injecting heroin can be problematic for users who are sniffing the powder.
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These resins typically display low viscosity at room temperature (10-200 mPa.s) and are often referred to as reactive diluents. They are rarely used alone, but are rather employed to modify (reduce) the viscosity of other epoxy resins. This has led to the term ‘modified epoxy resin’ to denote those containing viscosity-lowering reactive diluents.
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Diluents are also very important in the pharmaceutical industry. They are inactive ingredients that are added to tablets and capsules in addition to the active drug. For example, a Tylenol 325 mg tablet does not weigh 325 mg. This is the weight of the active acetaminophen, while the tablet weighs more due to other additives known as diluents.
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Epichlorohydrin is a highly reactive electrophilic compound and is used in the production of glycerol, plastics, epoxy glues and resins, epoxy diluents and elastomers.
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The most common EO processing method is the gas chamber method. To benefit from economies of scale, EO has traditionally been delivered by filling a large chamber with a combination of gaseous EO either as pure EO, or with other gases used as diluents; diluents include chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), and carbon dioxide. Ethylene oxide is still widely used by medical device manufacturers.Mendes GCC, Brandão TRS, Silva CLM. 2007.
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Railbit is a common blend of bitumen and diluent used for rail transport. Railbit which contains approximately 17% diluents or less.citing Kinder Morgan Cochin LLC. compared to 30% in dilbit.
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The solution viscosity is controlled by stoichiometry, monofunctional reagents, and polymer solids. The typical polymer solids level is 35-45% and it may be diluted further by the supplier or user with diluents.
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Epoxy resins diluents are typically formed by glycidylation of aliphatic alcohols or polyols. The resulting materials may be monofunctional (e.g. dodecanol glycidyl ether), difunctional (butanediol diglycidyl ether), or higher functionality (e.g. trimethylolpropane triglycidyl ether).
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When cocaine is mixed with diluents for the purpose of injection, the "...diluents can produce serious abscesses and pain if the user misses the vein and injects into muscle tissue."Office of National Drug Control Policy - Publications - Pulse Check: Trends in Drug Abuse, Summer 1997 "Diluents and adulterants are often added to No. 3 heroin", including sugar, quinine, barbital and caffeine, some of which "can cause serious side effects." Dr. Hirsch, the New York Medical Examiner, claimed that buying illegal drugs is "... like playing Russian roulette," because "there is no way of knowing just what a heroin dealer has slipped into the packets." In some cases, if a dealer does not take the time to dilute the drug with lactose or other fillers, a "very potent blend of heroin" is sold, which can lead to overdoses.
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Inert gases (most often carbon dioxide and water) produced by thermal degradation of some materials act as diluents of the combustible gases, lowering their partial pressures and the partial pressure of oxygen, and slowing the reaction rate.
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Ceftriaxone is available for administration via the intramuscular or the intravenous routes. Diluents containing calcium should not be used to reconstitute ceftriaxone and it must not be administered in intravenous lines containing other calcium-containing solutions, as a ceftriaxone-calcium precipitate could form.
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The cold chain is further challenged by the type of local transportation for the vaccines in rural communities, such as by motorcycle or delivery drone, need for booster doses, use of diluents, and access to vulnerable populations, such as healthcare staff, children and the elderly.
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It is a solvent for nitrocellulose, cellulase acetate, cellulase acetobutyrote and cellulase acetaprapionate. It is used in the manufacture of lacquers and dopes where it contributes high tolerance for diluents, good flaw and blush resistance."Industrial Solvents Handbook" by Ernest W. Flick. 5th Edition.
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The CUMA is capable for diving to a depth of 90 meters (295 feet) or a maximum working pressure of 10 ATA. It can be calibrated for the use of different diluents such as: air, trimix, heliox, or pure helium. Its first prototype set was made in March 1987.
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As prepolymers are already partially polymerized the shrinking is therefore reduced during the final cure. The higher the molecular weight of the used monomers the lower the shrinkage in volume. Also the addition of reactive diluents can reduce the shrinkage in proportion to the extent of its addition.
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Some petroleum refineries also produce small amounts of specialty naphthas for use as solvents, cleaning fluids and dry- cleaning agents, paint and varnish diluents, asphalt diluents, rubber industry solvents, recycling products, and cigarette-lighter, portable-camping-stove and lantern fuels. Those specialty naphthas are subjected to various purification processes. Sometimes the specialty naphthas are called petroleum ether, petroleum spirits, mineral spirits, paraffin, benzine, hexane, ligroin, white oil or white gas, painters naphtha, refined solvent naphtha and Varnish makers' & painters' naphtha (VM&P;). The best way to determine the boiling range and other compositional characteristics of any of the specialty naphthas is to read the Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for the specific naphtha of interest.
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The olefin feed to an alkylation unit generally originates from a FCCU and contains butene, isobutene, and possibly propene and/or amylenes. The olefin feed is also likely to contain diluents (such as propane, n-butane, and n-pentane), noncondensables (such as ethane and hydrogen) and contaminants. Diluants in principle have no effect on the reaction of alkylation but occupy a portion of the reactor and can influence the yield of secondary reactions of polymerisation and of undesired organofluorine side products. Incondensable are from a chemical perspective similar to diluents but they do not condense at the pressure and temperature of the process, and therefore they concentrate to a point that must be vented.
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Solvent- borne, also called oil-based, paints can have various combinations of organic solvents as the diluent, including aliphatics, aromatics, alcohols, ketones and white spirit. Specific examples are organic solvents such as petroleum distillate, esters, glycol ethers, and the like. Sometimes volatile low- molecular weight synthetic resins also serve as diluents.
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The company was responsible for the Elixir Sulfanilamide disaster of 1937, described as one of the most consequential mass poisonings of the 20th century.Wax, P.M. Elixirs, Diluents, and the Passage of the 1938 Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act. Ann. Intern. Med. March 15, 1995 122(6):456–461. Elixir Sulfanilamide was formulated with diethylene glycol as a solvent.
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Pure morphine and heroin are both fine powders. Tar's unique appearance and texture is due to its acetylation without benefit of the usual reflux apparatus. The assumption that tar has fewer adulterants and diluents is a misconception. The most common adulterant is lactose, which is added to tar via dissolving of both substances in a liquid medium, reheating and filtering, and then recrystallizing.
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Dilbit can be transported through pipelines but railbit cannot. To prevent solidifying in lower temperatures, both raw bitumen and railbit require insulated rail cars with steam-heated coils. Because it has a smaller percentage of diluents, railbit crude requires special capacity rail unload terminals capable of loading railbit and of handling larger unit trains. By the fall 2013 approximately 25% had that capacity.
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A diluent (also referred to as a filler, dilutant or thinner) is a diluting agent. Certain fluids are too viscous to be pumped easily or too dense to flow from one particular point to the other. This can be problematic, because it might not be economically feasible to transport such fluids in this state. To ease this restricted movement, diluents are added.
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A related class is cycloaliphatic epoxy resin, which contains one or more cycloaliphatic rings in the molecule (e.g. 3,4-epoxycyclohexylmethyl-3,4-epoxycyclohexane carboxylate). This class also displays lower viscosity at room temperature, but offers significantly higher temperature resistance than the aliphatic epoxy diluents. However, reactivity is rather low compared to other classes of epoxy resin, and high temperature curing using suitable accelerators is normally required.
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Decompression models and algorithms developed for binary mixtures of nitrogen and oxygen can not be used for gases containing significant amounts of other diluent gases without modification to take into account the different solubilities and diffusion constants of the alternative or added diluents. It is also highly desirable to test any such modifications, to make sure the schedules produced by them are acceptably safe.
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Following the spill, the volatile hydrocarbon diluents evaporated, leaving the heavier bitumen to sink in the water column. of the Kalamazoo River were closed for clean-up until June 2012, when portions of the river were re-opened. On March 14, 2013, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) ordered Enbridge to return to dredge portions of the river to remove submerged oil and oil-contaminated sediment.
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Solid epoxy resins are generally safer than liquid epoxy resins, and many are classified non-hazardous materials. One particular risk associated with epoxy resins is sensitization. The risk has been shown to be more pronounced in epoxy resins containing low molecular weight epoxy diluents. An assessment of skin sensitisation by the use of epoxy resin in the construction industry, 2003 Exposure to epoxy resins can, over time, induce an allergic reaction.
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The reaction is carried out in the presence of a base such as sodium hydroxide, analogous to the formation of bisphenol A-diglycidyl ether. Also aliphatic glycidyl epoxy resins usually have a low viscosity compared to aromatic epoxy resins. They are therefore added to other epoxy resins as reactive diluents or as adhesion promoters. Epoxy resins made of (long-chain) polyols are also added to improve tensile strength and impact strength.
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" The evolution of modern paints, that can be used in panel paintings, has contributed to facilitate conservation. "The introduction of synthetic binders—most notably acrylic, alkyd, polyvinyl acetate, and nitrocellulose—has resulted in paints that exhibit fast drying times, reduced yellowing tendencies, a vast range of appearances and handling properties and, in the case of emulsion formulations, great flexibility and the elimination of organic solvents as thinners and diluents.
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The product used mainly for coatings is sold in a powdered form and is roughly 50% imidized. One of the major uses is as a magnet wire enamel. The magnet wire enamel is made by dissolving the PAI powder in a strong, aprotic solvent such as N-methyl pyrrolidone. Diluents and other additives can be added to provide the correct viscosity for application to the copper or aluminum conductor.
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Semen can be stored in diluents such as the Illini Variable Temperature (IVT) diluent, which have been reported to be able to preserve high fertility of semen for over seven days. The IVT diluent is composed of several salts, sugars and antibacterial agents and gassed with CO2. Semen cryopreservation can be used for far longer storage durations. For human sperm, the longest reported successful storage with this method is 21 years.
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An oxazolidine is a five-membered ring compound consisting of three carbons, a nitrogen, and an oxygen. The oxygen and NH are the 1 and 3 positions, respectively. In oxazolidine derivatives, there is always a carbon between the oxygen and the nitrogen (or it would be an isoxazolidine).Dr Neil G Carter OXAZOLIDINE DILUENTS: REACTING FOR THE ENVIRONMENT Industrial Copolymers Limited All of the carbons in oxazolidines are reduced (compare to oxazole and oxazoline).
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Typical diluent in this case is naphtha or condensate. Types of diluents more familiar to the general public include paint thinner and nail polish thinner, both of which improve the consistency and applicability of the products to which they are added. Diluent is also used as a term in solvent extraction for an inert solvent in which a metal extraction agent (extractant) is dissolved. In solvent extraction the diluent has potentially several uses.
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Upgrading shale oil into transport fuels requires adjusting hydrogen–carbon ratios by adding hydrogen (hydrocracking) or removing carbon (coking). Shale oil produced by some technologies, such as the Kiviter process, can be used without further upgrading as an oil constituent and as a source of phenolic compounds. Distillate oils from the Kiviter process can also be used as diluents for petroleum-originated heavy oils and as an adhesive-enhancing additive in bituminous materials such as asphalt.
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Trioctylamine is used to extract organic acids such as succinic acid and acetic acid, and also precious metals. A formulation containing metoxuron mixed with an emulsion containing trioctylamine 50%, atlox 4851 B 15%, and isopropanol 35% was active as a potato defoliant. Trioctylamine can be used to extract monocarboxylic acid for equilibria and correlation of apparent reactive equilibrium constant. Liquid-liquid equilibria for aqueous solutions of carboxylic acids with trioctylamine in various diluents was determined at various trioctylamine concentrations.
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The highest quality of diamond-like properties was affirmed to be correlated with the proximity of the map point plotting the (X,Y) coordinates of a particular material to the upper left corner at (0,1), namely 0% hydrogen and 100% sp3 bonding. That "pure" DLC material is ta-C and others are approximations that are degraded by diluents such as hydrogen, sp2 bonded carbon, and metals. Valuable properties of materials that are ta-C, or nearly ta-C follow.
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Considerable research has been done to reduce shrinkage during polymerization. As methods the addition of fillers, the use of prepolymers, the addition of reactive diluents and special crosslinking agents are conventionally used. It is a general rule that the lower the reactive portion, the lower the shrinkage of the resin is during polymerization. Fillers (silica, mica, quartz, etc.) are reducing the shrinkage in proportion to the used amount since the volume stable filler replaces the shrinking polymer.
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In April 2009, the United States Food and Drug Administration approved astaxanthin as an additive for fish feed only as a component of a stabilized color additive mixture. Color additive mixtures for fish feed made with astaxanthin may contain only those diluents that are suitable. The color additives astaxanthin, ultramarine blue, canthaxanthin, synthetic iron oxide, dried algae meal, Tagetes meal and extract, and corn endosperm oil are approved for specific uses in animal foods.See 21 CFR 73.35,73.50, 73.75, 73.200, 73.275, 73.295, 73.315, respectively.
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Retrieved 27 October 2012. The First Photograph (Harry Ransom Center, University of Texas at Austin). Retrieved 27 October 2012. Bitumen was the nemesis of many artists during the 19th century. Although widely used for a time, it ultimately proved unstable for use in oil painting, especially when mixed with the most common diluents, such as linseed oil, varnish and turpentine. Unless thoroughly diluted, bitumen never fully solidifies and will in time corrupt the other pigments with which it comes into contact.
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Nitroglycerin and any diluents can certainly deflagrate (burn). The explosive power of nitroglycerin derives from detonation: energy from the initial decomposition causes a strong pressure wave that detonates the surrounding fuel. This is a self-sustained shock wave that propagates through the explosive medium at 30 times the speed of sound as a near-instantaneous pressure-induced decomposition of the fuel into a white-hot gas. Detonation of nitroglycerin generates gases that would occupy more than 1,200 times the original volume at ordinary room temperature and pressure.
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The Kalamazoo River oil spill occurred in July 2010 when a pipeline operated by Enbridge (Line 6B) burst and flowed into Talmadge Creek, a tributary of the Kalamazoo River. A six-foot break in the pipeline resulted in the largest inland oil spill, and one of the costliest spills in U.S. history. The pipeline carries diluted bitumen (dilbit), a heavy crude oil from Canada's Athabasca oil sands to the United States. Following the spill, the volatile hydrocarbon diluents evaporated, leaving the heavier bitumen to sink in the water column.
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Compared with LERs (liquid epoxy resins) they have very low viscosities. If, however, they are used in larger proportions as reactive diluents, this often leads to reduced chemical and thermal resistance and to poorer mechanical properties of the cured epoxides. Large scale epoxidized vegetable oils such as epoxidized soy and lens oils are used to a large extent as secondary plasticizers and cost stabilizers for PVC. Aliphatic glycidyl epoxy resins of low molar mass (mono-, bi- or polyfunctional) are formed by the reaction of epichlorohydrin with aliphatic alcohols or polyols (glycidyl ethers are formed) or with aliphatic carboxylic acids (glycidyl esters are formed).
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Western Canadian Select (WCS) is a heavy sour blend of crude oil that is one of North America's largest heavy crude oil streams. It was established in December 2004 as a new heavy oil stream by EnCana (now Cenovus), Canadian Natural Resources Limited, Petro-Canada (now Suncor) and Talisman Energy Inc. (now Repsol Oil & Gas Canada Inc.). It is a heavy blended crude oil, composed mostly of bitumen blended with sweet synthetic and condensate diluents and 21 existing streams of both conventional and unconventional Alberta heavy crude oils at the large Husky Midstream General Partnership terminal in Hardisty, Alberta.
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"The extremely viscous oil contained in oil sands deposits is commonly referred to as bitumen." (CAS 8052-42-4) At the Husky Hardisty terminal, Western Canadian Select is blended from sweet synthetic and condensate diluents from 25 existing Canadian heavy conventional and unconventional bitumen crude oils. Western Canadian Select is a heavy crude oil with an API gravity level of between 19 and 22 (API), 20.5° (Natural Gas and Petroleum Products 2009). Western Canadian Select's characteristics are described as follows: gravity, density (kg/m3) 930.1, MCR (Wt%) 9.6, sulphur (Wt%) 2.8-3.5%, TAN (Total Acid number) of (Mg KOH/g) 0.93.
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Forty-four drugs, diluents, flavouring agents and emollients mentioned by Dioscorides are still listed in the official pharmacopoeias of Europe. The Puritans took Gerard's work to the United States where it influenced American Indigenous medicine. Francisco Hernández, physician to Philip II of Spain spent the years 1571–1577 gathering information in Mexico and then wrote Rerum Medicarum Novae Hispaniae Thesaurus, many versions of which have been published including one by Francisco Ximénez. Both Hernandez and Ximenez fitted Aztec ethnomedicinal information into the European concepts of disease such as "warm", "cold", and "moist", but it is not clear that the Aztecs used these categories.
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MDMA has become widely known as ecstasy (shortened "E", "X", or "XTC"), usually referring to its tablet form, although this term may also include the presence of possible adulterants or diluents. The UK term "mandy" and the US term "molly" colloquially refer to MDMA in a crystalline powder form that is thought to be free of adulterants. MDMA is also sold in the form of the hydrochloride salt, either as loose crystals or in gelcaps. Partly due to the global supply shortage of sassafras oil—a problem largely assuaged by use of improved or alternative modern methods of synthesis—the purity of substances sold as molly have been found to vary widely.
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On January 28, 2019, the U.S. Government imposed sanctions on PdVSA, freezing any assets they have in the U.S., and barring any U.S. firms and citizens from doing business with it. In February, Citgo cut ties with the PdVSA, and halted payments to them, placing them in a "blocked account". However, the sanctions limited Citgo's ability to refinance debt. In March, at the behest of the U.S. Treasury, 35 financial institutions secured a $1.2 billion loan to fund Citgo's daily operations and refinancing, allaying concerns about Citgo's ability to continue operating in the U.S. On June 6, 2019, the U.S. Treasury expanded the sanctions, clarifying that exports of diluents to Venezuela could be subject to sanctions.
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In open-circuit scuba, two classes of trimix are commonly used: normoxic trimix—with a minimum PO2 at the surface of 0.18 and hypoxic trimix—with a PO2 less than 0.18 at the surface. A normoxic mix such as "19/30" is used in the depth range; a hypoxic mix such as "10/50" is used for deeper diving, as a bottom gas only, and cannot safely be breathed at shallow depths where the PO2 is less than 0.18 bar. In fully closed-circuit rebreathers that use trimix diluents, the mix can be hyperoxic (meaning more oxygen than in air, as in enriched air nitrox) in shallow water, because the rebreather automatically adds oxygen to maintain a specific partial pressure of oxygen.
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In February Maduro ordered PDVSA to move its European office to Moscow to protect PDVSA's overseas assets from US sanctions. The Russian state-run oil company Rosneft has supplied naphtha to Venezuela and continues to purchase Venezuelan petroleum which it says is through contracts that were in place prior to the US sanctions. Exports of Venezuela's heavy crude oil depend on diluents that were imported from the US before sanctions; Rosneft chartered a ship to load thinners from Malta and deliver them to Venezuela on 22 March, and it has arranged for shipping of Venezuelan crude oil to be processed in India. Other companies including India's Reliance Industries Limited, Spain's Repsol, and commodity trading companies Trafigura and Vitol continued to supply Venezuela's oil industry as of 11 April 2019.
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However, which properties are added to a surface and to what degree depends upon which of the 7 forms are applied, and further upon the amounts and types of diluents added to reduce the cost of production. In 2006 the Association of German Engineers, VDI, the largest engineering association in Western Europe issued an authoritative report VDI2840 in order to clarify the existing multiplicity of confusing terms and trade names. It provides a unique classification and nomenclature for diamond-like-carbon (DLC) and diamond films. It succeeded in reporting all information necessary to identify and to compare different DLC films which are offered on the market. Quoting from that document: > These [sp3] bonds can occur not only with crystals - in other words, in > solids with long-range order - but also in amorphous solids where the atoms > are in a random arrangement.
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It can be used as a solvent (in the purely chemical sense rather than the solvent extraction sense) to dissolve an extractant which is a solid and so render it suitable for use in a liquid–liquid extraction process. In other cases such as PUREX nuclear reprocessing the diluent (kerosene) is used to reduce the maximum metal loading which the organic layer can reach. If the organic layer was to acquire too much metal then a solid metal complex might form, or more worryingly in a nuclear process the potential for a criticality accident if the fissile metal concentration in the organic phase becomes too high. Water is probably the most common and familiar diluent, but many substances, such as oils, do not dissolve well in water and therefore require different diluents to be diluted effectively without separating into parts.
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The classical model of drug cutting, according to Preble and Casey (1969), refers to the way that illicit drugs were diluted at each stage of the chain of distribution. Drug markets have changed considerably since the 1980s; greater competition, and a shift from highly structured (and thus controlled) to greatly fragmented markets, has generated competition among dealers in terms of purity. Many drugs that reach the street are now only cut at the manufacture/producer stage, and this may be more a matter of lacing the drug with another substance designed to appeal to the consumer, as opposed to simple diluents that increase the profit for the seller. The extent of cutting can vary significantly over time but for the last 15 years drugs such as heroin and cocaine have often sat at the 50% purity level.
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The excipients can include diluents, binders or granulating agents, glidants (flow aids) and lubricants to ensure efficient tabletting; disintegrants to promote tablet break-up in the digestive tract; sweeteners or flavours to enhance taste; and pigments to make the tablets visually attractive or aid in visual identification of an unknown tablet. A polymer coating is often applied to make the tablet smoother and easier to swallow, to control the release rate of the active ingredient, to make it more resistant to the environment (extending its shelf life), or to enhance the tablet's appearance. Medicinal tablets were originally made in the shape of a disk of whatever color their components determined, but are now made in many shapes and colors to help distinguish different medicines. Tablets are often stamped with symbols, letters, and numbers, which enable them to be identified.
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It can also happen when saturation divers breathing hydreliox switch to a heliox mixture. There is another effect which can manifest as a result of the disparity in solubility between inert breathing gas diluents, which occurs in isobaric gas switches near the decompression ceiling between a low solubility gas (typically helium, and a higher solubility gas, typically nitrogen) An inner ear decompression model by Doolette and Mitchell suggests that a transient increase in gas tension after a switch from helium to nitrogen in breathing gas may result from the difference in gas transfer between compartments. If the transport of nitrogen into the vascular compartment by perfusion exceeds removal of helium by perfusion, while transfer of helium into the vascular compartment by diffusion from the perilymph and endolymph exceeds the counterdiffusion of nitrogen, this may result in a temporary increase in total gas tension, as the input of nitrogen exceeds the removal of helium, which can result in bubble formation and growth. This model suggests that diffusion of gases from the middle ear across the round window is negligible.
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