Lucify's "Visualizing European Migrant Crisis" interactive map, for instance, uses open-source data to show the diachronic movement of asylum seekers arriving in European countries.
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But by making unlikely connections between well-described locations and events separated by aeons, she gives voice to those witchy, diachronic feelings in a spectacular fashion.
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The Department of Diachronic Operations has a plan and a device: they want to bring magic back, and to send an operative back in time to ensure that magic never went away in the first place.
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A timeline of Thailand's history enables a diachronic reading that relates developments in Chang's production to corresponding moments in time, such as his hiatus from painting triggered by the 1974 clashes between student-led protesters and the military government, during which his son went missing.
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When historian Frederick Naerebout writes, "Research has concentrated on the specific sources that, in large part, we will never be able to relate to a realistic diachronic account of the dance, and it has tended to neglect the unspecific sources, such as inscriptions that just mention the presence of a dance, dancers, or a chorus, without any details but in fact referring to dance at a specific time and place," it treads a fine line between expertise and pedanticism.
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Digraphia can be either "synchronic" (or "concurrent") or "diachronic" ("historical" or "sequential"),DeFrancis (1984), p. 60 uses concurrent and sequential. extending Ferdinand de Saussure's classic division between synchronic linguistics and diachronic linguistics. Dale first differentiated "diachronic (or historical) digraphia" ("more than one writing system used for a given language in successive periods of time") and "synchronic digraphia" ("more than one writing system used contemporaneously for the same language").
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The study of language change offers a valuable insight into the state of linguistic representation, and because all synchronic forms are the result of historically-evolving diachronic changes, the ability to explain linguistic constructions necessitates a focus on diachronic processes.Bybee, Joan L. "Diachronic Linguistics." The Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics, June 2010. In practice, a purely-synchronic linguistics is not possible for any period before the invention of the gramophone, as written records always lag behind speech in reflecting linguistic developments.
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Trend analysis can be also used for word usage, how words change in the frequency of use in time (diachronic analysis), in order to find neologisms or archaisms. It relates to diachronic linguistics, a field of linguistics which examines how languages change over time. Google provides tool Google Trends to explore how particular terms are trending in internet searches. On the other hand, there are tools which provide diachronic analysis for particular texts which compare word usage in each period of the particular text (based on timestamped marks), see e.g.
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For this British approach, a positivist methodology ("what is") is not so useful; rather, a "diachronic historical perspective" should be taken.
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Initially, all of modern linguistics was historical in orientation. Even the study of modern dialects involved looking at their origins. Ferdinand de Saussure's distinction between synchronic and diachronic linguistics is fundamental to the present day organization of the discipline. Primacy is accorded to synchronic linguistics, and diachronic linguistics is defined as the study of successive synchronic stages.
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Nanping Mandarin is traditionally considered to have five tones by diachronic convention, but it may be analyzed as having four phonemic tones.
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Afolabi Alaja-Browne. 'A Diachronic Study of Change in Juju Music', Popular Music, Vol. 8, No. 3, African Music, Oct. 1989. p 5.
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It may sometimes be useful to distinguish between diachronic and synchronic museums. According to University of Florida's Professor Eric Kilgerman, "While a museum in which a particular narrative unfolds within its halls is diachronic, those museums that limit their space to a single experience are called synchronic."Kilgerman, Eric. Sites of the Uncanny: Paul Celan, Specularity and the Visual Arts, p.
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However, apparent-time data are only a surrogate for real- time evidence, and apparent-time data cannot uncritically be assumed to represent diachronic linguistic developments.
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Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society, 3(1), 86-105. #For the diachronic changes of tone value, please see Pittayaporn (2007).Pittayaporn, Pittayawat. (2007). "Directionality of Tone Change".
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Irwin, Henry J.; Irwin, Cynthia C. (1966). Excavations at Magic Mountain: A Diachronic Study of Plains-Southwest Relations. Denver Museum of Natural History Proceedings Number 12. October 20, 1966.
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Semantics as a linguistic discipline has its beginning in the middle of the 19th century, and because linguistics at the time was predominantly diachronic, thus lexical semantics was diachronic too – it dominated the scene between the years of 1870 and 1930.Dirk Geeraerts, The theoretical and descriptive development of lexical semantics, Prestructuralist semantics, Published in: The Lexicon in Focus. Competition and Convergence in Current Lexicology, ed. Leila Behrens and Dietmar Zaefferer, p.
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In a broad diachronic and synchronic study about sound changes involving ejectives, Fallon argues that the proposed shift from ejective stops to voiced stops—which according to the ejective model of Proto-Indo-European consonantism must have occurred in most branches of IE—is not in conflict with empirical data in other language families.Paul D. Fallon,The Synchronic and Diachronic Phonology of Ejectives (2003), New York, NY, & London: Routledge, Chapter 6: Ejective Voicing.
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Professor Roberts is a generative linguist and enthusiastic adopter of Chomsky's Minimalist Program. He has published widely in the synchronic and diachronic syntax of Romance and Germanic languages and Welsh.
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Excavations at Magic Mountain: A Diachronic Study of Plains-Southwest Relations. Denver Museum of Natural History Proceedings Number 12. October 20, 1966.Gibbon, Guy E., and Kenneth M. Ames. (1998).
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The reconstruction of IH proposes that diachronic phonetic shifts in ancient Israelite dialects varied geographically, with northern shifts attesting a number of isoglosses with Aramaic and other northwest Semitic languages.
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In the history of English phonology, there have been many diachronic sound changes affecting vowels, especially involving phonemic splits and mergers. A number of these changes are specific to vowels which occur before .
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Y'all serves as a "tone-setting device to express familiarity and solidarity."Hickey, Raymond. "Rectifying a standard deficiency", from Diachronic Perspectives on Address Term Systems. Irma Taavitsainen, Andreas Juncker, eds. 2003. p.352.
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Saussure's clear demarcation, however, has had both defenders and critics. In linguistics, a synchronic analysis is one that views linguistic phenomena only at a given time, usually the present, but a synchronic analysis of a historical language form is also possible. It may be distinguished from diachronic, which regards a phenomenon in terms of developments through time. Diachronic analysis is the main concern of historical linguistics; however, most other branches of linguistics are concerned with some form of synchronic analysis.
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Only trained observers can avoid eticism, or description without regard to the meaning in the culture: "... etics are in part observers' emics incorrectly applied to a foreign system...." He makes a further distinction between synchronic and diachronic. Synchronic ("same time") with reference to anthropological data is contemporaneous and cross- cultural. Diachronic ("through time") data shows the development of lines through time. Cultural materialism, being a "processually holistic and globally comparative scientific research strategy" must depend for accuracy on all four types of data.
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Denver: United States Forest Service, 1987. A report published in 1966 found no correlation between the complexes.Irwin, Henry J., and Cynthia C. Irwin. Excavations at Magic Mountain: A Diachronic Study of Plains-Southwest Relations.
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An integrated approach to phonological theory that combines synchronic and diachronic accounts to sound patterns was initiated with Evolutionary Phonology in recent years.Blevins, Juliette. 2004. Evolutionary phonology: The emergence of sound patterns. Cambridge University Press.
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In linguistics, univerbation is the diachronic process of combining a fixed expression of several words into a new single word.Brinton, Laurel J., & Elizabeth Closs Traugott. 2005. Lexicalization and Language Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 48.
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Haug, Christoph; Haeringer, Nicolas & Mosca, Lorenzo (2009): The ESF organizing process in a diachronic perspective. In: Donatella della Porta (Ed.): Another Europe: Conceptions and Practices of Democracy in the European Social Forums. Abingdon: Routledge. pp. 26–45.
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Tod ḱeḱluwōs owis aǵrom > ebhuget.Lehmann W. P., Zgusta L., Schleicher’s tale after a century. // > Studies in diachronic, synchronic, and typological linguistics: Festschrift > for Oswald Szemerényi on the occasion of his 65th birthday. / Ed. by Bela > Brogyanyi; [contrib.
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"Cross-cultural research as a Rosetta Stone for finding the original homelands of language groups," Cross-Cultural Research Volume 40, Number 1, pages 18-28, 2006. Peregrine also developed new methodologies for conducting diachronic cross-cultural research using archaeological cases. Peregrine is now using diachronic cross-cultural research to explore how ancient societies were able to successfully build resilience to climate- related disasters. He argues that this work may help modern societies to create policies to enhance resilience to the increasing frequency of climate- related disasters caused by climate change.
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Wolfgang Schulze: Towards a History of Udi. International Journal of Diachronic Linguistics 1, 2005, pp. 55–91. There were also Tat-speaking Mountain Jews in Vartashen. Most of them have emigrated to Israel, but possibly 80 have stayed.
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Maling, Joan & Sigríður Sigurjónsdóttir. 2015. From passive to active: Stages in the Icelandic New Impersonal. In Theresa Biberauer & George Walkden (eds.): Syntax over Time: Lexical, Morphological, and Information-Structural Interactions, pp. 36-53. [Oxford Studies in Diachronic & Historical Linguistics.
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Numa solved the riddle by instituting the sacrifice of a pregnant cow.Vyacheslav V. Ivanov, "Fundamentals of Diachronic Linguistics", Semiotics around the World: Synthesis in Diversity (Mouton de Gruyter, 1994), vol. 1, pp. 64–66, with discussion of Vedic and Hittite parallels.
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In Grammaticalization (2003) Hopper and Traugott state that the cline of grammaticalization has both diachronic and synchronic implications. Diachronically (i.e. looking at changes over time), clines represent a natural path along which forms or words change over time. However, synchronically (i.e.
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Languages are grouped by diachronic relatedness into language families. In other words, languages are grouped based on how they were developed and evolved throughout history, with languages which descended from a common ancestor being grouped into the same language family.
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The Spetses Museum is a diachronic museum in Spetses, Greece. Its exhibits cover 4000 years of the island's cultural history. It is housed in the mansion of Chatzigiannis-Mexis, which was built in 1798. The first floor is open to the public.
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"Phylogenetic inference for function-valued traits: speech sound evolution." Trends in ecology & evolution 27.3 (2012): 160-166.. and meaning. e.g. Hamilton, William L., Jure Leskovec, and Dan Jurafsky. "Diachronic word embeddings reveal statistical laws of semantic change." arXiv preprint arXiv:1605.09096 (2016).
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Phonemic differentiation can have an effect on diachronic sound change. In chain shifts, phonemic differentiation is maintained, while in phonemic mergers it is lost. Phonemic splits involve the creation of two phonemes out of one, which then tend to diverge because of phonemic differentiation.
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These questions touch on understanding the human condition and existential purpose. Furthermore, the diachronic research of entire traditions highlights changes that occurred in Armenian thought throughout generations and ties them to Armenian history, politics, religion, and thought. Here he attends to ancient Jewish elements in Armenian culture.
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In the 19th century it was used as a gunpowder magazine. Today only the outer walls survive, and only the southern entrance is open. Prior to the opening of the Diachronic Museum of Larissa in 2015, it was used to house the local Byzantine antiquities collection.
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Ain't has several antecedents in English, corresponding to the various forms of to be not and to have not that ain't contracts. The development of ain't for to be not and to have not is a diachronic coincidence; in other words, they were independent developments at different times.
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Many different approaches of analyzing the morphology of the fairy tale have appeared in scholarly works. Differences in analyses can arise between synchronic and diachronic approaches. Other differences can come from the relationship between story elements. After elements are identified, a structuralist can propose relationships between those elements.
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Primates 43(2):133-8. Females also exist in a stable dominance hierarchy, and a female's rank depends on her mother. Younger females tend to rank higher than their older siblings.Takahata Y. "Diachronic changes in the dominance relations of adult female Japanese monkeys of the Arashiyama B group".
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Diachronic syntax. Syntax, 1(1), 1-18. Hale, M.,(2004) Neogrammarian Sound Change, Chapter 7 in The Handbook of Historical Linguistics, Edited by: Brian D. Joseph and Richard D. Janda, Blackwell Mark Hale & Charles Reiss (2000) Substance abuse and dysfunctionalism: Current trends in phonology. Linguistic Inquiry 31: 157–169.
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The evolutionist approach is, like the formal approach, generalizing; but it is also diachronic, seeing particular events as general instances of larger trends. Boas claimed his science promised complex and interdependent visions of culture, but White thought that it would delegitimize anthropology if it became the dominant position, removing it from broader discourses on science. White viewed his own approach as a synthesis of historical and functional approach because it combined the diachronic scope of one with the generalizing eye for formal interrelations provided by the other. As such, it could point out "the course of cultural development in the past and its probable course in the future" a task that was anthropology's "most valuable function".
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Stokes learns that D.O.D.O. stands for the Department of Diachronic Operations, and that Lyons intends to build a device that will enable magic-assisted time travel. Over the next five years, D.O.D.O. grows in size and scope as a project of IARPA and the Director of National Intelligence. Agents are trained in period-specific languages and combat techniques and magically sent back to 1601 London and the 1203-1204 Constantinople, among other times and places. The object is to alter historical events to subtly help the United States government, but it has to be done carefully and methodically to avoid Diachronic Shear, a catastrophic magical explosion that occurs when history is changed too much or too quickly.
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Unseth (2005), p. 36. The Azerbaijani language provides an "extreme example" of diachronic digraphia; it has historically been written in runic, Arabic, Latin, Cyrillic, and again Latin alphabets.Unseth (2005), p. 36.Hatcher, Lynley. 2008. Script change in Azerbaijan: acts of identity. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 192:105–116.
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From Daba Script to Dongba Script: A Diachronic Exploration of the History of Moso Pictographic Writings. Libellarium: Journal for the Research of Writing, Books, and Cultural Heritage Institutions, X, 1: 1-47 (Links: 1. Libellarium; 2. academia.edu).Often mistaken for a written script, these symbols do not represent a written language.
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It can be said that structuralists focussed on the synchronic aspects of culture, while poststructuralists, as a reaction toward the highly dualistic and deterministic characteristics, focussed on the diachronic aspects of culture in an attempt to invoke a grey area.This section of the article references the Roy Harris translation of the book.
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The Vorres Museum is a diachronic museum of folk and contemporary art in Paiania, Athens, Greece. Its grounds cover including several buildings, gardens and courtyards. Its collection includes over 6000 pieces covering 4000 years of Greek history and art. The museum has been donated by the Vorres family to the Greek state.
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The EU-27 Watch has been monitoring debates on EU policy for 12 years and provides a rich set of material from national debates on European policy and thus a unique source for diachronic analyses. Currently, this internet based publication reviews the discourses on European policies in 31 countries in a comparative perspective.
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Synchronic and diachronic approaches can reach quite different conclusions. For example, a Germanic strong verb like English sing – sang – sung is irregular when it is viewed synchronically: the native speaker's brain processes them as learned forms, but the derived forms of regular verbs are processed quite differently, by the application of productive rules (for example, adding -ed to the basic form of a verb as in walk – walked). That is an insight of psycholinguistics, which is relevant also for language didactics, both of which are synchronic disciplines. However, a diachronic analysis shows that the strong verb is the remnant of a fully regular system of internal vowel changes, in this case the Indo-European ablaut; historical linguistics seldom uses the category "irregular verb".
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Release 2 of ICE-GB has now been released and is available on CD. As well as contrasting varieties of English, many researchers are interested in language development and change over time. A recent project at the Survey undertook the parsing of a large (400,000 word) selection of the spoken part of the LLC in a manner directly comparable with ICE-GB, forming a new, 800,000 word diachronic corpus, called the Diachronic Corpus of Present-Day Spoken English (DCPSE). DCPSE has now been released and is available on CD from the Survey. These two corpora comprise the largest collection of parsed and corrected, orthographically transcribed spoken English language data in the world, with over one million words of spoken English in this form.
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Although nasalization as a feature also occurs in most Scottish Gaelic dialects, it is not shown in the orthography on the whole as it is synchronic (i.e., the result of certain types of nasals affecting a following sound), rather than the diachronic Irish type sonorization (i.e., following historic nasals). For example "house" → "the house".
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Diachronic studies figure prominently in Bybee's body of work. Specifically, her work has explored the ways in which grammar emerges through language use via grammaticalization. Grammaticalization describes the concept that individual words or constructions may come to express abstract grammatical meaning (e.g. future tense) as users increasingly pair frequent words with a given meaning.
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Among the first scholars to state this clearly is Ian P. Wright. This is a synchronic valuation, not a diachronic one."...the value of a commodity is determined not by the quantity of labour actually objectified in it, but by the quantity of living labour necessary to produce it." - Karl Marx, Capital, Volume I, Penguin 1976, p. 676-677.
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Joyce Thambole Mogatse Mathangwane (1996), Phonetics and Phonology of Ikalanga: A Diachronic and Synchronic Study, vol. 1, p. 79 The labiodental approximant is the typical realization of in the Indian and South African varieties of English. As the voiceless is also realized as an approximant (), it is also an example of a language contrasting voiceless and voiced labiodental approximants.
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That sound may also be transcribed as an advanced labiodental approximant , in which case the diacritic is again frequently omitted, since no contrast is likely.Peter Ladefoged (1968) A Phonetic Study of West African Languages: An Auditory-instrumental Survey, p. 26.Joyce Thambole Mogatse Mathangwane (1996), Phonetics and Phonology of Ikalanga: A Diachronic and Synchronic Study, vol. 1, p.
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Philology, with its focus on historical development (diachronic analysis), is contrasted with linguistics due to Ferdinand de Saussure's insistence on the importance of synchronic analysis. The contrast continued with the emergence of structuralism and Chomskyan linguistics alongside its emphasis on syntax, although research in the field of historical linguistics is often characterized by reliance on philological materials and findings.
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According to what is established in articles 1 and 3, and the introduction, the law has the principal function and objective to develop (i.e. liberate circulation of cinematogeaphic works), encourage, broadcast (including production and distribution), as well as protect and conserve, all audiovisual products and diachronic images organized in speech, with the possibility of being exhibited as mass media.
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Fallon, 2002. The synchronic and diachronic phonology of ejectives These weakly ejective articulations are sometimes called intermediates in older American linguistic literature and are notated with different phonetic symbols: = strongly ejective, = weakly ejective. Strong and weak ejectives have not been found to be contrastive in any natural language. In strict, technical terms, ejectives are glottalic egressive consonants.
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An annual calendar is a representation of the year that expires with the year represented, or that must be altered annually to remain current. The term takes different but related meanings across two contexts. One is for static (synchronic) calendars, such as wall calendars or calendar systems. The other is for dynamic (diachronic) calendars, such as digital calendars or timepieces.
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As for displays and exhibitions, architecture museums may display exhibitions relating the history of architecture of a certain region, such as German Architecture Museum (diachronic), but others, such as the Museum of Ponce Architecture focuses on a particular architectural style (Ponce Creole) - synchronic.Sites of the Uncanny: Paul Celan, Specularity and the Visual Arts. Eric Kilgerman. Berlin: Walter DeGruyter, Publishers. 2007. p. 255.
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Riad in 2012 Tomas Staffan Riad (born 15 November 1959 in Uppsala) is a Swedish linguist, specialised in Swedish phonology and prosody. He received his Ph.D. from Stockholm University in 1992Dissertation, full text available: Structures in Germanic Prosody. A diachronic study with special reference to the Nordic languages, Stockholm University, 1992. and is professor at the Department of Scandinavian languages there.
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Ajeti's work concentrated on the research on the Albanian language dialects from the diachronic point of view, old linguistic documents written in Ottoman Alphabet, and reciprocal Albania-Serbian relations. He also touched topics on nowadays Albanian language, being an initiator and contributor to many linguistic consults and symposiums. He also co-authored Albanian language and literature textbooks for high school and college students.
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The ancient city of Cyretiae can still be traced on the hill where a church dedicated to Saint George now stands. It was a very important one and 2 representatives voted in the Delphic Amphictyony. In the Roman times the name of the city was changed to "Domeniko". Archaeological finds from the site are presented in the Diachronic Museum of Larissa.
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In this sense, it is a diachronic approach to interpretation of the Bible. The individual contexts of interpreters in communication with the original text is the basis for reception history of the bible. One of the key issues surrounding biblical reception history is locating when it began. This issue is sometimes addressed by demarcating a shift from the original text and its reception.
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The Rise and Fall of D.O.D.O. is a science fiction novel by American writers Neal Stephenson and Nicole Galland, published in 2017. The story follows the members of a secret U.S. government agency known as the Department of Diachronic Operations (D.O.D.O.) as they attempt to change history through the use of magic. Stephenson and Galland had previously written together on The Mongoliad.
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Prichard was a major figure in looking at human variability from a diachronic angle, and argued for ethnology as such a study, aimed at resolving the question of human origins.Sadiah Qureshi, Peoples on Parade: Exhibitions, Empire, and Anthropology in Nineteenth-Century Britain (2011), p. 327 note 60; Google Books. The early days of ethnology saw it in the position of a fringe science.
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A diachronic view' in Sex in Antiquity: exploring gender and sexuality in the ancient world, eds. Mark Masterson, Nancy Rabinowitz, and James Robson (Routledge, 2014). Scholars have debated the role or extent of pederasty, which is likely to have varied according to local custom and individual inclination.Michael Lambert, "Athens," in Gay Histories and Cultures: An Encyclopedia (Taylor & Francis, 2000), p. 122.
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In Ancient Greek, consonant length was distinctive, e.g., "I am of interest" vs. "I am going to". The distinction has been lost in the standard and most other varieties, with the exception of Cypriot (where it might carry over from Ancient Greek or arise from a number of synchronic and diachronic assimilatory processes, or even spontaneously), some varieties of the southeastern Aegean, and Italy.
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Hans Henrich Hock (born September 26, 1938) is Professor Emeritus of Linguistics and Sanskrit at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Hock holds a Ph.D. in linguistics from Yale University. His research interests include general historical and comparative linguistics, as well as the linguistics of Sanskrit. He currently teaches general historical linguistics, Indo-European linguistics, Sanskrit, diachronic sociolinguistics, pidgins and creoles, and the history of linguistics.
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Bloody, as an adverb, is a commonly used expletive attributive in British English, Australian English, Indian English and a number of other Commonwealth nations. It has been used as an intensive since at least the 1670s.Sterfania Biscetti, "The diachronic development of bloody: a case study in historical pragmatics". In Richard Dury, Maurizio Gotti, Marina Dossena (eds.) English Historical Linguistics 2006 Volume 2: Lexical and semantic change.
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Lukacs, G. 1937. The Historical Novel. Moscow. Lukács is most adamant in his belief that Waverley is the first major historical novel of modern times. This is clear from the distinction he draws between the eighteenth- century novel of manners, where social realities are described with little attention to diachronic change, and the eruption of history in the lives of communities, as occurs in historical novels.
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The Empire of Brazil declared itself an empire after separating from the Portuguese Empire in 1822. France has twice transitioned from being called the French Republic to being called the French Empire while it retained an overseas empire.Jane Burbank and Frederick Cooper, Empires in world history: Power and the politics of difference (Princeton UP, 2010). Diachronic map of the main empires of the modern era (1492–1945).
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He became a professor in 1965, and he retıred recently. Among his other work, he aided Professor Cecil L. Striker, of the University of Pennsylvania, in his scholarly restoration of the Kalenderhane Mosque in Istanbul. Kuban's urban history of Istanbul—one of the more complete diachronic histories of the city—is available in English as Istanbul: An Urban History. Byzantion, Constantinopolis, Istanbul (Istanbul, 1996).
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215Camilla Adang, Hassan Ansari, Maribel Fierro, Sabine Schmidtke Accusations of Unbelief in Islam: A Diachronic Perspective on Takfīr' Brill, 30 October 2015 p. 61 Such anthropomorphic descriptions of God were at odds with the Manichaean understanding of Divinity. Further, according to Manichaeism, it would be impossible that good and evil originate from the same source, therefore the Islamic deity could not be the true god.
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Cronkite, Susan-Marie "THE SANCTUARY OF DEMETER AT MYTILENE: A DIACHRONIC AND CONTEXTUAL STUDY" Institute of Archaeology, University College London. 1997 The city flourished and was in League with the King of Macedon, Lesbos joined a revolt against Rome in the Mithridatic Wars and in 88 BC the Romans destroyed Mytilene and the Temple of Mytilene assumed Apollo's Temple. They extended domination over the whole island.
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When he created St. Johnland on Long Island late in his life, he would say that the primary study in the educational programs there was "Jesus." The history of persons and of institutions is a diachronic phenomenon; time does not stand still and everything changes. Muhlenberg's faith and practice developed over the decades. He was a born reformer and did effect reforms in the PECUSA.
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Changes in aesthetic styles and expressions have been, and still are, both synchronic and diachronic, as different aesthetic styles are produced and promoted simultaneously. A number of values which cannot be classified as aesthetic design values have influenced the development of the aesthetic reality, as well as contributed to the pluralistic aesthetic reality which characterises contemporary architecture and industrial design. Aesthetic Design Values, contains seven values.
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Many scholars and linguists debate whether Kashubian should be recognized as a Polish dialect or separate language. From the diachronic view it is a distinct Lechitic West Slavic language, but from the synchronic point of view it is a Polish dialect. Kashubian is closely related to Slovincian, while both of them are dialects of Pomeranian. Many linguists, in Poland and elsewhere, consider it a divergent dialect of Polish.
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Apart from that, he wrote several diachronic studies of Quenya, and its proto-language Common Eldarin, three of which have been published: The Qenyaqetsa (dealing with early Quenya or Eldarissa), Outline of Phonetic Development, and the Outline of Phonology. Late Quenya is a highly inflected language, nouns having ten cases, and a rather regular inflection of verbs. Although the word order is highly flexible, the usual structure is subject–verb–object.
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Such a research programme would have to combine theoretical linguistics, diachronic linguistics, dialectology, first language acquisition and second language acquisition.” (The original Variflex proposal) supported by the comparison between Germanic languagesJóhanna Barðdal, “The Development of Case in Germanic,” in Barðdal & Chelliah, eds., The Role of Semantic, Pragmatic & Discourse Factors in the Development of Case, Studies in Language Companion Series, No. 108 (Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2009 [in press]), pp. 123–160, .
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Agarum is generally thought to be the Failaka Island, located near the coast of Kuwait. Failaka was the main center of the cult of Inzak. In the late 1st millennium BCE, the Aramaic name of Failaka was ´KR — probably standing for Akar, likely a diachronic variant of Akarum. The Aramaic BL ´KR ("Bēl of Akar") can be seen as a late re- interpretation of the ancient "Inzak of Agarum".
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When the concept of theoretical linguistics is taken as referring to core or internal linguistics, it means the study of the parts of the language system. This traditionally means phonology, morphology, syntax and semantics. Pragmatics and discourse can also be included; delimitation varies between institutions. Furthermore, Saussure's definition of general linguistics consists of the dichotomy of synchronic and diachronic linguistics, thus including historical linguistics as a core issue.
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However, aDNA samples from southeastern Europe remain few, and only further sampling will allow a clear and diachronic overview of migratory and demographic trends. No detailed analyses exist from the Roman and early medieval periods. Genome-wide analyses of extant populations show that intra- European diversity is a continuum (with the exception of groups like Finns, Sami, Basques and Sardinians). Romanians cluster amidst their Balkan and East European neighbours.
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"Returning and Reuse: Diachronic Perspectives on Multi-Component Cemeteries and Mortuary Politics at Middle Neolithic and Early Bronze Age Tara, Ireland". Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, issue 37 (2015). pp.1-18 It holds the remains of hundreds of people, most of which are cremated bones. In the Neolithic, it was the communal tomb of a single community for about a century, during which there were almost 300 burials.
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Symbols grow into cultures that increasingly refine themselves through sameness and difference, and symbols are the basis of any concrete, temporal consciousness, including historical consciousness. Auxier holds that symbolic reasoning is expressive, emotive, diachronic, and largely unreflective (capable even of falling below the threshold of conscious thought). Semiotic reasoning, by contrast, is largely reflective, cognitive, representational, and synchronic. Auxier's theories of actuality, potentiality, and possibility derive from these distinctions.
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"Free Encyclopedia" written using Koa-á books' writing system In terms of writing systems, Hokkien gained one as early as the first half of 16th century (Ming Dynasty) - with the play Tale of the Lychee Mirror (),Chappell, Hilary; Peyraube, Alain (2006). "The analytic causatives of early modern Southern Min in diachronic perspective". In Ho, D.-a.; Cheung, S.; Pan, W.; Wu, F. Linguistic Studies in Chinese and Neighboring Languages.
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Synchrony and diachrony are two different and complementary viewpoints in linguistic analysis. A synchronic approach (from Greek συν- "together" and χρόνος "time") considers a language at a moment in time without taking its history into account. Synchronic linguistics aims at describing a language at a specific point of time, usually the present. By contrast, a diachronic approach (from δια- "through" and χρόνος "time") considers the development and evolution of a language through history.
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The diachronic dimension was incorporated into the work of the systemic Formalists. The main proponent of the "systemo-functional" model was Yury Tynyanov. "In light of his concept of literary evolution as a struggle among competing elements, the method of parody, "the dialectic play of devices," becomes an important vehicle of change" (Steiner, "Russian Formalism" 21). Since literature constitutes part of the overall cultural system, the literary dialectic participates in cultural evolution.
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In ancient Rome, the fasti (Latin plural) were chronological or calendar-based lists, or other diachronic records or plans of official and religiously sanctioned events. After Rome's decline, the word fasti continued to be used for similar records in Christian Europe and later Western culture. Public business, including the official business of the Roman state, had to be transacted on dies fasti, "allowed days". The fasti were the records of this business.
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Crowe’s book Natural Law and the Nature of Law argues against traditional ideas of natural law as timeless and unchanging.Crowe, Natural Law and the Nature of Law, 3-4. Rather, he proposes a ‘diachronic’ conception of natural law as evolving over time.Crowe, Natural Law and the Nature of Law, 246. Crowe describes natural law as ‘socially embodied, historically extended and dependent on facts about human nature.’Crowe, Natural Law and the Nature of Law, 6.
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Deflexion is a diachronic linguistic process in inflectional languages typified by the degeneration of the inflectional structure of a language. All members of the Indo-European language family are subject to some degree of deflexional change. This phenomenon has been especially strong in Western European languages, such as English, French, and others. Deflexion typically involves the loss of some inflectional affixes, notably affecting word endings (markers) that indicate noun cases, verbal tenses and noun classes.
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The Shire site located in Logan County, Illinois has an unknown complete size due to the private ownership of the pasture it resides in. The small area of the excavated site revealed two houses, with subterranean elements, as well as a variety of ceramics and other artifacts. It is estimated that the site was occupied around 1000 AD.Claflin, John. “The Shire Site: Mississipian Outpost in the Central Illinois Prairie.” Diachronic Research Associates, 1991, pp174.
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324 Significant differences between Wendat and Wyandot in diachronic phonology, pronominal prefixes, and lexicon challenge the traditional view that Wyandot is modern Wendat.Kopris, 2001, p. 371 History suggests the roots of this language are complex; the ancestors of the Wyandot were refugees from various Huronian tribes who banded together to form one tribe. After being displaced from their ancestral home in Canada on Georgian Bay, the group traveled south, first to Ohio and later to Kansas and Oklahoma.
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In addition there are several construction grammarians who operate within the general framework of construction grammar without affiliating themselves with any specific construction grammar program. There is a growing interest in the diachronic aspect of grammatical constructions and thus in the importation of methods and ideas from grammaticalization studies. Another area of growing interest is the pragmatics of pragmatic constructions. This is probably one of the reasons why the usage-based model is gaining popularity among construction grammarians.
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Canoe launching points on the mainland for trade with the Chumash of the Channel Islands were located at the mouth of the Ventura River, Mugu Lagoon and Point Hueneme. This has led to speculations among archeologists of whether the Chumash could have had a pre-historic contact with Polynesians. According to diachronic linguistics, certain words such as tomolo’o (canoe) could be related to Polynesian languages. The dialect of the Chumash language that was spoken in Ventura County was Ventureño.
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Story, fabula, is a chronological sequence of events, whereas plot, sjuzhet, can unfold in non- chronological order. The events can be artistically arranged by means of such devices as repetition, parallelism, gradation, and retardation. The mechanistic methodology reduced literature to a variation and combination of techniques and devices devoid of a temporal, psychological, or philosophical element. Shklovsky very soon realized that this model had to be expanded to embrace, for example, contemporaneous and diachronic literary traditions (Garson 403).
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This hypothesis has three diachronic stages: agricultural-"zhi", tipping-zhi, and jade-zhi. The first agricultural-"zhi" period began when ancient farmers in late Neolithic China developed an irrigation tool (the prehistoric name of this device is unknown, and Fried extends "zhi" emblematically) that used ropes and ceramic amphora with handles below the center of gravity. It facilitated evenly irrigating large fields, and proved so useful that it continued to be used for thousands of years.
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Richard Webster explains how the "complex, and at times impenetrable paper ... appears to have made little or no lasting impression on the psychoanalysts who first heard it. It was not mentioned in Ernest Jones's brief account of the congress and received no public discussion." In the 1930s, Lacan attended seminars by Alexandre Kojève, whose philosophy was heavily influenced by Hegel. The diachronic structure of the mirror stage theory is influenced by Kojève's interpretation of the Master-slave dialectic.
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In 1980 he exhibited a number of his creations at the Salon d'Automne as well as in assorted exhibitions, either on his own, or alongside other artists. He manufactured screen prints in association with – amongst others – Deyriès, in l'ephémère Groupe Ptyx. He also produced numbered works from 1995, combining shapes created by means of diachronic software. Since 2008, his work has been almost entirely dedicated to Lenticular High Relief using lenticular networks invented byGabriel Lippmann in 1908.
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Three types of relationship between vantages have been identified: near synonymy, coextension, and inclusion, plus the relationship of complementation obtaining between the dominant vantages of distinct categories. The relationships are found synchronically in the world's languages but also follow a diachronic sequence in that order. The process has to do with progressively greater differentiation of categories along with greater emphasis placed on difference at the expense of similarity. The relationships are idealized segments of a continuum.
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A significant amount of ceramic fragments were found at the site which makes it one of only two sites, out of hundreds, by the Sangamon River system to have yielded ceramics. The ceramics found revealed that Late Woodland ceramic methods were used in forming these vessels. Additionally, there were attempts at combining two different methods of ceramic making: Late Woodland and Mississippian culture.Claflin, John. “The Shire Site: Mississipian Outpost in the Central Illinois Prairie.” Diachronic Research Associates, 1991, pp159.
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It altogether consists of four areas of expertise (Fennistic, Scandinavian Modern Literature, Scandinavian Linguistics, Medieval and Diachronic Linguistics) as well as five lectorships (Danish, FInnish, Icelandic, Norwegian, Swedish) which offer oral language lessons in Danish, Estonian, Finnish, Faeroese, Icelandic, Norwegian and Swedish. The division of Slavic studies focuses on the research of the languages and literatures of the Slavic countries, such as Poland, Russia, Czech Republic, Slovac Republic and the Ukraine. It is further in charge of the PolenmARkT.
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A phonological rule is a formal way of expressing a systematic phonological or morphophonological process or diachronic sound change in language. Phonological rules are commonly used in generative phonology as a notation to capture sound-related operations and computations the human brain performs when producing or comprehending spoken language. They may use phonetic notation or distinctive features or both. John Goldsmith (1995) defines phonological rules as mappings between two different levels of sounds representationGoldsmith 1995:2.
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The original 11th-century cross-in-square was expanded in the 14th century through the addition of a second narthex to the west (exonarthex, or outer narthex) and by a side chapel (parekklesion) to the south, used for burials.Ousterhout, Kariye Camii. The ultimate plans of many other Byzantine churches resulted from a similar diachronic succession of additions about a central, cross-in-square, core; for example, Kalenderhane Camii in Constantinople,Striker, Kalenderhane. Çanlı Kilise in Cappadocia,Ousterhout, Byzantine settlement.
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Alongside his work with literature, he began exploring linguistic theory and questioning the Neogrammarian emphasis on diachronic, or historical, linguistics that defined the study of language at his time. In 1911 he presented one of his more famous lectures to the Royal Learned Society, "On the potentiality of the language phenomenon", which anticipates Ferdinand de Saussure's critical distinction between langue and parole (1916) and emphasizes the importance of the synchronic (in his words, "static") study of language.
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Extensive recent studies on Proto-Albanian phonology have been published by Huld (1984), Beekes (1995), Shaban Demiraj (1996), Bardhyl Demiraj (1997), Orel (2000), Hock (2005), Matzinger (2006), Vermeer (2008), Schumacher (2013), and De Vaan (2018). At present, this page follows Orel's paradigm for periods of Proto-Albanian, and presents the relationship between the synchronic phonologies of both "EPA" and "LPA" with diachronic relationships to each other and to ancestral Indo-European forms as well as descendant Albanian forms.
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Original /d/ corresponds to /t/ in German, and original /ð/ corresponds to /d/. Thus, wether = German Widder, leather = Leder, brother = Bruder, whether = weder, pointing to original /ð/ in English; weather = German Wetter, father = Vater, mother = Mutter pointing to original /d/. :Note 3: alternation between /d/ and /ð/ would have been a theoretical possibility in English, as in sets like hard, harder; ride, rider, but any such details have been erased by the commonplace diachronic process called morphological leveling.
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This manuscript was a complement to the 1974 publication, "La métrique diatemporelle". The structured approach which finally led him to the Greek linear musical scales and harmonics and consequently to the cybernetic models regulating the rings of aesthetic group, deals evidently with the intensive forms of diachronic harmony; however, he believed that in languages where the short syllables are more frequent than the long ones (referring to the duration without any other arbitrary engagement which may be added to it) extensive diachronic eurythmy is in fact not only practicable, but very valuable too. An exemplary copy of the manuscript was sent to the Director of the Library of the Irish Academy. Prior to his sudden death, he completed his 41 years of research on aesthetics of temporal time in relation to the Indo-European languages, and among his new findings he found a universal formula (what he used to call the "absolute zero" of linguistics) that is applicable to quantitative poetic meters of all the Indo-European languages.
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A parser may be improved by applying it to large amounts of text and gathering rule frequencies. However, it should be obvious that only by a process of correcting and completing a corpus by hand is it possible then to identify rules absent from the parser knowledge base. In addition, frequencies are likely to be more accurate. In corpus linguistics, treebanks are used to study syntactic phenomena (for example, diachronic corpora can be used to study the time course of syntactic change).
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Diachronic map showing African empires spanning roughly 500 BCE to 1500 CE At about 3300 BC, the historical record opens in Northern Africa with the rise of literacy in the Pharaonic civilization of Ancient Egypt.Were Egyptians the first scribes? BBC News (15 December 1998) One of the world's earliest and longest-lasting civilizations, the Egyptian state continued, with varying levels of influence over other areas, until 343 BC.Hassan, Fekri A. (2002) Droughts, Food and Culture, Springer. p. 17. McGrail, Sean.
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Webster's Dictionary), some users regard such linguistic codifications as authoritative for correcting the spoken and written forms of the language. Effects of such codifications include slowing the pace of diachronic change in the standardized variety and affording a basis for further linguistic development (Ausbau). In the practices of broadcasting and of official communications, the standard usually functions as a normalizing reference for speech and writing. In educational contexts, it usually informs the version of the language taught to non-native learners.
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From 2012 to 2018 he was an External Professor at the Santa Fe Institute. Peregrine developed a comprehensive data set and methodology for conducting diachronic cross-cultural research. This work produced the Atlas of Cultural EvolutionPeter N. Peregrine, Atlas of Cultural Evolution, World Cultures 14(1), 2003 and the Encyclopedia of Prehistory (with Melvin Ember), and also formed the organizational structure for the Human Relations Area Files eHRAF Archaeology. Peregrine has conducted archaeological fieldwork in North America, Syria, and South America.
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The classification of Dutch Low Saxon is not unanimous. From a diachronic point of view, the Dutch Low Saxon dialects are merely the West Low German dialects native to areas in the Netherlands, as opposed to areas beyond the national border with Germany. Some Dutch Low Saxon dialects like Tweants show features of Westphalian, a West Low German dialect spoken in adjacent Northern Germany. From a strictly synchronic point of view, however, some linguists classify Dutch Low Saxon as a variety of Dutch.
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These were arranged in a biological hierarchy under several phyla, or most general groups, branching ultimately to the various species. The basis for this biological classification was the observed shared physical features of the species. Darwin, however, reviving another ancient metaphor, the tree of life, hypothesized that the groups of the Linnaean classification (today's taxa), descended in a tree structure over time from simplest to most complex. The Linnaean hierarchical tree was synchronic; Darwin envisioned a diachronic process of common descent.
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Over the past two decades, she has together with her associate, Joan Maling linguist and Director of the National Science Foundation's Linguistics Program, worked extensively on the syntactic characteristics and sociological distribution of the Icelandic New Impersonal Construction, an innovative syntactic construction which surfaced in Icelandic in the last century.Sigurjónsdóttir, Sigríður & Joan Maling. 2019. From Passive to Active: Diachronic Change in Impersonal Constructions. In Peter Herbeck, Bernhard Pöll & Anne C. Wolfsgruber (eds.): Semantic and syntactic aspects of impersonality, Linguistische Berichte Sonderheft 26:99-124.
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Most syllables in Araki are open (CV). Diachronic effects of word stress have led to the irregular loss of some syllables, and the creation of new phonotactic patterns of CVC and CCV, with many word-final consonants. Although a cluster of more than two consonants is impossible within a word, longer consonant clusters may appear in longer linguistic sequences. Word stress in Araki normally falls on the penultimate syllable, at least when the last syllable of the word is of the form -(C)V.
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The connections between Arabic literature and Islamic mysticism were in the centre of some of Snir’s investigations and publications. In 2005 he summarized his findings in a book which deals with the synchronic status of traditional literature in the literary system and the diachronic relationship between Arabic literature and Islam in modern times. Also, within the generic cross-section, it deals with the mystical theme in Arabic poetry, its literary and extra-literary concretization in the writings of one author, and its materialization in one text.
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The Intraurban Sanctuary of Demeter and Persephone was an intraurban sanctuary in ancient Cyrene in Libya, dedicated to Demeter and Persephone.Susan-Marie Cronkite , The Sanctuary of Demeter at Mytilene: A Diachronic and Contextual Study. Volume Two Catalogue, 1997, Institute of Archaeology, University College London The sanctuary was located on the north-west edge of the agora. It was founded in 7th-century BC, and the predecessor of the larger and more monumental Extramural Sanctuary of Demeter and Persephone at Cyrene, Libya, which was founded somewhat later.
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Treasury of Precious Qualities: Book One, p. 391. Shambhala > Publications. The four applications of mindfulness are also discussed by Nyingma scholars like as Rong-zom-pa (eleventh century), Longchenpa (1308–1364), and Ju Mipham (1846–1912).Dorji Wangchuk, “The Diachronic and Synchronic Relationship between Philosophical Theory and Spiritual Praxis in Buddhism: With Special Reference to the Case of the Four Applications of Mindfulness (smṛtyupasthāna: dran pa nye bar gzhag pa) in Vajrayāna.” In Buddhist Meditative Praxis: Traditional Teachings and Modern Applications, edited by K.L. Dhammajoti.
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Landscape features can also contribute important information towards the significance of the house. These features are important in interpreting the long-term development of the complex, including its current situation on a busy traffic rotary. A great deal of recent scholarship has focused on archaeological landscapes from a holistic perspective, one that takes in account diachronic landscape change as a factor in the development of layered landscapesDarvill, Timothy, Christopher Gerrard and Bill Startin, 1993 Identifying and Protecting Historic Landscapes. Antiquity 67(256): 563-574 (cf.
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A large amount of deer, fish, and other animal remains show that the Shire site was occupied while the lake was present and nature was thriving. Though the animals of which the remains were found can be found all year, research suggests that the site may have only been used during the summer rather than year round due to a lack of winter antler shedding found on the deer skulls.Claflin, John. “The Shire Site: Mississipian Outpost in the Central Illinois Prairie.” Diachronic Research Associates, 1991, pp166.
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Diagram based on the Wave model originally presented by Johannes Schmidt. In this Euler diagram, the circles are to be regarded as diachronic; that is, they increase in diameter over time, like the concentric waves on a water surface struck by a stone. The background represents a dialect continuum of no language boundaries. The circles are stable dialects, characters or bundles of characters that have been innovated and have become more stable over an originally small portion of the continuum for socio-political reasons.
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During the 19th century linguistics came to be regarded as belonging to either psychology or biology, and such views remain the foundation of today's mainstream Anglo- American linguistics. They were however contested in the early 20th century by Ferdinand de Saussure who established linguistics as an autonomous discipline within social sciences. Following Saussure's concept, general linguistics consists of the study of language as a semiotic system which includes the subfields of phonology, morphology, syntax and semantics. The linguist's approach to these can be diachronic or synchronic.
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Buridan's judgment is all the more possible because of at least four reasons: (1) Aristotle's De Interpretatione IX, 19a23-25 can be interpreted like the Scotistic contingency theory; (2) Scotus himself does not refute Aristotle's De Interpretatione IX in Lectura I 39 §§49–53; (3) Scotus, rather, tries to formulate his contingency theory with the help of other works of Aristotle in Lectura I 39 §§51, 54; (4) Scotus introduces the diachronic feature of God's volition to his contingency theory as well as the synchronic feature.
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Throughout the book, he stated that a linguist can develop a diachronic analysis of a text or theory of language but must learn just as much or more about the language/text as it exists at any moment in time (i.e. "synchronically"): "Language is a system of signs that expresses ideas". A science that studies the life of signs within society and is a part of social and general psychology. Saussure believed that semiotics is concerned with everything that can be taken as a sign, and he called it semiology.
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Sociohistorical linguistics, or historical sociolinguistics, is the study of the relationship between language and society in its historical dimension. A typical question in this field would, for instance, be: "How were the verb endings -s and -th (he loves vs. he loveth) distributed in Middle English society" or "When did people use French, when did they use English in 14th- century England?" Sociohistorical linguistics is a relatively new field of linguistic research which represents a merger of two distinct sub-disciplines of linguistics; sociolinguistics and historical (or diachronic) linguistics.
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The principal tools of research in diachronic linguistics are the comparative method and the method of internal reconstruction. Less- standard techniques, such as mass lexical comparison, are used by some linguists to overcome the limitations of the comparative method, but most linguists regard them as unreliable. The findings of historical linguistics are often used as a basis for hypotheses about the groupings and movements of peoples, particularly in the prehistoric period. In practice, however, it is often unclear how to integrate the linguistic evidence with the archaeological or genetic evidence.
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Before then, the term classis, in addition to being a naval fleet, was a social class in one of the diachronic divisions of Roman society in accordance with property ownership under the Roman constitution. The word is a transliteration of Greek κλῆσις (clēsis, or "calling") used to rank army draftees by property from first to fifth class. Classicus refers to those in the primae classis ("first class"), such as the authors of polished works of Latinitas, or sermo urbanus. It contains nuances of the certified and the authentic, or testis classicus ("reliable witness").
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As this region is believed to have been an evolutionary nest of hominins, the dates are important for generating a diachronic array of fossils, both hominoid and nonhominoid—that is, both ape (includes hominins) and non-ape. Many thousands have been excavated. Terraces representing ancient shores are visible in the Turkana Basin. The highest is 100 m above the surface of the lake (only approximate, as the lake level fluctuates), which occurred about 9500 years ago, at the end of the Pleistocene as part of the African humid period.
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His 1995 University of Southern California doctoral dissertation The Diachronic Self: Identity, Continuity, and Transformation examined several issues that concern transhumanists, including the nature of death, and what it is about each individual that continues despite great change over time. Founder of the Extropy Institute, Max More has written many articles espousing the philosophy of transhumanism and the transhumanist philosophy of extropianism, most importantly his Principles of Extropy.Resources for Germline Technology, Washington Post, February 9, 2003. In a 1990 essay "Transhumanism: Toward a Futurist Philosophy", he introduced the term "transhumanism" in its modern sense.
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Word Structure is an international academic journal covering linguistic morphology and all related disciplines. It is published twice-yearly, in April and October, by Edinburgh University Press and was founded in 2008 under the editorship of Laurie Bauer (Victoria University of Wellington), Heinz Giegerich (University of Edinburgh), and Gregory T. Stump (University of Kentucky). The journal is both synchronic and diachronic and empirical and theoretical. It aims to understand the nature of words, particularly their morphology, syntax and phonology, as well as the social and psychological aspects of language, amongst others goals.
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The Shire site is located near a lake which is thought to have been formed during the Holocene, or present epoch. The lake is surrounded by forested areas with large trees used for timber. The lake has a slope located near its shores making it unique in the Sangamon River system it is a part of; the slope prevents archeologists from using similar methods to the areas around it as they become unreliable with this topography.Claflin, John. “The Shire Site: Mississipian Outpost in the Central Illinois Prairie.” Diachronic Research Associates, 1991, pp154.
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Diachronic Research Foundation, Columbia, S.C. Tennis, Cynthia L. (Ed.), I. Waynne Cox, Jeffrey J. Durst, Donna D. Edmondson, Barbara A. Meissner, Steve A. Tomka, Douglas S. Frink, John G. Jones, and Rick C. Robinson 2001 Archaeological Investigations at Four San Antonio Missions: Mission Trails Underground Conversion Project. Center for Archaeological Research, The University of Texas at San Antonio, Archaeological Survey Report 297. Webb, Paul A., and David S. Leigh 1995 Geomorphological and Archaeological Investigations of a Buried Site on the Yadkin River Floodplain. Southern Indian Studies 44:1-36.
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Dale (1980), p. 6. Dale concluded that, > Two primary factors have been identified as operating on a society in the > choice of script for representing its language. These are the prevailing > cultural influence (often a religion) and the prevailing political influence > of the period in which the choice is made. Synchronic digraphia results when > more than one such influence is operating and none can dominate all groups > of speakers of the language in question [ … ] Diachronic digraphia results > when different influences prevail over a given speech community at different > times.Dale (1980), p. 12.
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There is though a greater degree of fuzziness concerning the function and role of goddesses, which may have formed a preexisting structure allowing the absorption of the local Mediterranean mother goddesses, nurturers and protectresses .G. Dumezil "De Janus à Vesta" in Tarpeia (Paris, 1946), pp. 33–113; M. Marconi, Riflessi mediterranei nella piú antica religione laziale (Milan, 1940). As a consequence the position of the gods of beginning would not be the issue of a diachronic process of debasement undergone by a supreme uranic god, but rather a structural feature inherent to their theology.
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A. and Murphy, L.D. (2008) A History of Anthropological Theory, Toronto: Broadview Press The Association of Social Anthropologists of the UK and Commonwealth was founded in 1946. In Britain, anthropology had a great intellectual impact, it "contributed to the erosion of Christianity, the growth of cultural relativism, an awareness of the survival of the primitive in modern life, and the replacement of diachronic modes of analysis with synchronic, all of which are central to modern culture."Heyck, Thomas William (1997) at The American Historical Review, Vol. 102, No. 5 (December, 1997), pp.
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What does it take for individuals to persist from moment to moment – or in other words, for the same individual to exist at different moments? Personal identity is the unique identity of persons through time. That is to say, the necessary and sufficient conditions under which a person at one time and a person at another time can be said to be the same person, persisting through time. In the modern philosophy of mind, this concept of personal identity is sometimes referred to as the diachronic problem of personal identity.
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Beyond case studies, one of the goals of comparative linguistics is to assemble data that lead to an inventory of the common types of sound change and to an improved understanding of the conditions under which they occur. Panchronic Phonology aims to achieve this: it attempts to formulate generalizations about sound change that are independent of any particular language or language group. Haudricourt (1973) labels such an approach Panchronic Phonology. Panchronic laws are obtained by induction from a typological survey of precise diachronic events whose analysis brings out their common conditions of appearance.
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Till today, this study is considered as the most authentic record of the Sompur Mahavihara. Prudence R. Myer published the first of such studies in 1969 as a journal paper, in which he proposed the missing superstructure as a stupa and illustrated the possible three- dimensional articulations. Myer embarked on his proposal through a diachronic study of the stupa and stupa shrines in India. He took Sompur Mahavihara as an example to elaborate his study and did a conjectural restoration of the central structure in support of his analysis.
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He then studied with the Vedic scholar Maurice Bloomfield, and received his PhD in 1916. His doctoral dissertation was published in part in the Journal of the American Oriental Society in 1919, and demonstrated his diachronic interest in South Asia. From 1916 to 1919 he was a post-doctoral fellow at the University of Pennsylvania, and then returned to Johns Hopkins as the Johnston scholar in Sanskrit. He traveled to India in 1922, first to Varanasi for research, and then to Jammu where he became the professor of English and Vice-Principal at the Prince of Wales College.
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Hunting of big game is an important ability in the development of early hominid subsistence. Monrepos has set an international standard in the study of hominid hunting by the use of an elaborated set of archaeozoological methods and a diachronic perspective. For instance, big game hunting by early hominids and its evolutionary relevance was demonstrated for the first time in the archaeological record by a member of Monrepos The Role of Early Humans in the Accumulation of European Lower and Middle Palaeolithic Bone Assemblages. Ergebnisse eines Kolloquiums (1999) Currently, the research mainly focuses on Neanderthals' hunting behaviour in the context of land use.
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We are not bringing > something new into a 2,500-year-old tradition. The roots are there, and we > are simply re-energizing them. As a present evaluation of women (and equality) in Buddhism, Masatoshi Ueki gave a diachronic textual interpretation of Buddhist texts from Early Buddhism to the Lotus Sutra. Ueki examined the terms 'male' and 'female' as based not solely on the physical characteristics of each sex biologically but also on their functional roles within society, calling them the 'male principle' and 'female principle,' and concluded that no difference is preached in the Shakyamuni's teachings regarding the enlightenment of woman.
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In historical (or diachronic) linguistics, subjectification (also known as subjectivization or subjectivisation) is a language change process in which a linguistic expression acquires meanings that convey the speaker's attitude or viewpoint. An English example is the word while, which, in Middle English, had only the sense of 'at the same time that'. It later acquired the meaning of 'although', indicating a concession on the part of the speaker ("While it could use a tune-up, it's a good bike."). This is a pragmatic-semantic process, which means that inherent as well as contextual meanings of the given expression are considered.
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Age being significant in most variation, therefore, indicates the semantic change based on the apparent time construct. This is not novel to sociolinguistics, as Labov's (1963) Martha's Vineyard study was the pioneer work in this area. In the awesome study, as well, real-time evidence (from the Oxford English Dictionary Online, for example,) proves the semantic change interpreted from the case study, that “great” is becoming the core meaning of awesome, and that “terrible” is archaic since it is only active in older members. Based on the cognitive sociolinguistic approach, the overlapping of senses shows diachronic succession (e.g.
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The linguist Ivan Sag has pointed out an advantage of the ancient Indian theory: it explains why there are no patterns like hypothetical ~ , which are not ruled out by the underlying diaspirate theory. However, aspiration fails to account for reduplication patterns in roots with initial aspirates, such as Greek 'I put', with an unaspirated reduplicated consonant. Aspiration throwback thus needs to be enhanced with a stipulation that aspirates reduplicate as their unaspirated counterparts. From a diachronic standpoint, the absence of these patterns in Greek is explained by the Proto-Indo-European constraint against roots of the form .
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For most language pairs, building a usable romanization involves trade-offs between the two extremes. Pure transcriptions are generally not possible, as the source language usually contains sounds and distinctions not found in the target language, but which must be shown for the romanized form to be comprehensible. Furthermore, due to diachronic and synchronic variance no written language represents any spoken language with perfect accuracy and the vocal interpretation of a script may vary by a great degree among languages. In modern times the chain of transcription is usually spoken foreign language, written foreign language, written native language, spoken (read) native language.
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Her main contribution in the field of archaeology and history of the Athenian Agora was that she insisted on a diachronic exploration of archaeological sites. In the case of the Athenian Agora excavations, she focused her interest in recording and studying the post-classical periods, especially Late Antiquity and Byzantium. She was one of the first scholars to publish on the Byzantine and Ottoman collection of finds from the Agora. She also worked closely with John Travlos to restore the Church of the Holy Apostles, the only Byzantine monument still standing today in the Athenian Agora.
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With these publications Stone initiated a new field of study and research: deuterocanonical literature in Armenian, which is the transmission of biblical and Jewish traditions in Armenian. In so doing he had lasting influence on Armenian Studies as well as the study of deuterocanonical literature. In recent years he has focused on the way in which these traditions function within the Armenian culture and how their transformation reflects changes in the religious and intellectual history of the Armenian nation. He presents diachronic questions that were never before posed and traces shifts of religious, intellectual, and cultural history that were hardly addressed.
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Conversely, its lacklustre predecessor, the Steve Nichols designed MP4/3 TAG Porsche twin-turbo stands alongside it in a diachronic exhibition of McLaren creations. In addition, rarities such as a Häkkinen's MP4/13 in test livery (prior to the unveiling of their new sponsorship ahead of the 1998 season), an M14A driven by Denny Hulme and an MP4/2, the car that took Alain Prost to his first World Drivers' Championship in 1985. Alongside these lied helmets of great drivers who drove for the Woking based outfit over the years such as Senna, Prost, Lauda, Häkkinen, Berger and Coulthard.
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Historical linguistics is typically a diachronic study. The concepts were theorized by the Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure, professor of general linguistics in Geneva from 1896 to 1911, and appeared in writing in his posthumous Course in General Linguistics published in 1916. In contrast with most of his predecessors, who focused on historical evolution of languages, Saussure emphasized the primacy of synchronic analysis of languages to understand their inner functioning, though never forgetting the importance of complementary diachrony. This dualistic opposition has been carried over into philosophy and sociology, for instance by Roland Barthes and Jean-Paul Sartre.
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Accessed 31 January 2019. To accomplish this, it specializes in the display and interpretation of artifacts related to agriculture, often of a specific time period or in a specific region. They may also display memorabilia related to farmers or businesspeople who impacted society via agriculture (for example, size of the land cultivated as compared to other farmers) or agricultural advances (for example, technology implementation). An agricultural museum is said to be diachronic if it presents the entire narrative associated with subject of agriculture within its walls, or to be synchronic if it limits its displays to a single experience.
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Possibly for this reason Pouwer did not embrace a purely structuralist position à la Lévi-Strauss. Pouwer was a foremost advocate of a configurational approach for cross-cultural comparison with an emphasis on the importance of 'relative position' of elements within an arrangement rather than on elements themselves. Pouwer's configurational approach has a synchronic aspect (comparison between cultures) and a diachronic aspect which (following Lévi-Strauss) he called 'structural history'. The configurational approach to cross-cultural comparison may also be viewed against other attempts such as those of structural functionalism, which dealt with institutions and functions.
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In modern times the word fasti and its reflexes in modern languages have been used formally for quasi- official writings of a diachronic character. Some examples are the official history and traditions of a regiment, in Scotland the Fasti Ecclesiae Scoticanae: the succession of ministers in the Church of Scotland from the reformation, the first volume of which was produced in 1915 and which is still updated at irregular intervals. Between 1946 and 1987 the International Association for Classical Archaeology (AIAC) published the Fasti Archaeologici. It contained summary notices of excavations through the area of the Roman Empire.
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His first paragraph of the Introduction asserts:. Müller goes on to propose that the original Pelasgian language was the common ancestor of Greek and Latin,. that it evolved into Proto-Greek and was corrupted in Macedon and Thessaly by invasions of Illyrians. This same pressure of Illyrians drove forth Greeks speaking Achaean (including Aeolian), Ionian, and finally Dorian in three diachronic waves, explaining the dialect distribution of Greek in classical times.. Following this traditional view, Thumb noticed that in the Peloponnesus and in the islands, where the Dorians established themselves, their dialect showed elements of the Arcadian dialect.
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The 'pooh-pooh theory' holds that speech originated from spontaneous human cries and exclamations; the 'yo-he-ho theory' suggests that language developed from grunts and gasps evoked by physical exertion; while the 'sing-song theory' claims that speech arose from primitive ritual chants. Saussure's solution to the problem of language evolution involves dividing theoretical linguistics in two. Evolutionary and historical linguistics are renamed as diachronic linguistics. It is the study of language change, but it has only limited explanatory power due to the inadequacy of all of the reliable research material that could ever be made available.
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Synchronic linguistics, in contrast, aims to widen scientists' understanding of language through a study of a given contemporary or historical language stage as a system in its own right. Although Saussure paid much focus to diachronic linguistics, later structuralists who equated structuralism with the synchronic analysis were sometimes criticised of ahistoricism. According to structural anthropologist Claude Lévi-Strauss, language and meaning – in opposition to "knowledge, which develops slowly and progressively" – must have appeared in an instant. Structuralism, as first introduced to sociology by Émile Durkheim, is nonetheless a type of humanistic evolutionary theory which explains diversification as necessitated by growing complexity.
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The Christian cultural association and the National Council have endowed an annual award, the Einspieler Prize (named after the founder of the Hermagoras Society Publishing House, Andrej Einspieler), to individuals who have rendered outstanding services to the cause of co-existence. The prize has been awarded to, among others, the industrialist Herbert Liaunig, the governor of South Tyrol Luis Durnwalder, and professor of general and diachronic linguistics at the University of Klagenfurt Heinz Dieter Pohl, scholar and professor at the Central European University Anton Pelinka Roman Catholic prelate Egon Kapellari, Austrian politician Rudolf Kirchschläger and others.
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The study of the relationship between words present in the language at one time is synchronic etymology, part of descriptive linguistics, and the study of word origins and evolution is diachronic etymology, part of historical linguistics. English orthography prioritizes morphology, etymology, and phonetics in descending order. Thus the spelling of a word is dependent principally upon its structure, its relationship to other words, and its language and origin. It is usually necessary to know the meaning of a word to spell it correctly, and its meaning will be indicated by the similarity to words of the same meaning and family.
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The book was the first to attempt a unified report of all existing approaches to lexicalization. She has made significant contributions in the areas of historical discourse analysis and corpus linguistics, especially with respect to historical corpora. She has completed a number of diachronic studies of the English language, including examinations of comment clauses and pragmatic markers, the latter of which has been taught as a university course with much discussion on her theories of pragmatics and discourse markers. She was part of the team who set up the Dictionary of Canadianisms on Historical Principles, 1st edition, in an online form.
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This was a major theme of his Dictionary of Biblical Tradition in English Literature (1992), his People of the Book (1996), and is still evident in his most recent Scripture and the English Literary Imagination (2019). In each of these volumes, Jeffrey tracks the intellectual history of English literary works from the earliest vernacular texts to the works of contemporary poets and novelists. This diachronic historical-philological method is likewise employed in his art criticism. He has edited and translated medieval texts—Latin, French, Italian and Old and Middle English, and published commentary on both Old and New Testaments.
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Their synchrony and diachronic cross a still point in which the show is no longer a total of several pieces, but only one painting.Figueroa, Hugo: Nabil Kanso’s Paintings, Panorama, p.6, April 28, 1985, Maracaibo, refers to the exhibition featuring 27 paintings spanning a period from 1976 to 1984 Some critics point to a sense of entrapmentFuenmayor, Carlos: “Time Cries, Space Cries” La Columna, pp. 8-9, May 21, 1987, Maracaibo, text online in which standing in the central space surrounded by Kanso’s 12-foot-high paintings is as close as you get to being in the middle of a fire.
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In the various cases seen above that require do-support, the auxiliary verb do makes no apparent contribution to the meaning of the sentence so it is sometimes called a dummy auxiliary. Historically, however, in Middle English, auxiliary do apparently had a meaning contribution, serving as a marker of aspect (probably perfective aspect, but in some cases, the meaning may have been imperfective). In Early Modern English, the semantic value was lost, and the usage of forms with do began to approximate that found today.I.G. Roberts, Verbs and Diachronic Syntax: A Comparative History of English and French, Springer 1993, p. 282ff.
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An official tribute was paid to the victims on 2 April, in the presence of President Jacques Chirac, Prime Minister Lionel Jospin and Interior Minister Daniel Vaillant. The massacre was discussed by French philosopher Bernard Stiegler in his book, Acting Out. Stiegler argues that Durn's feeling of non- existence was symptomatic of a society which tends to destroy the love of oneself and others, and that Durn's actions represent a "hyper-diachronic" acting out which is made possible by this feeling of non-existence. The event which takes place in the middle of the campaign of the presidential election of 2002.
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Vasile Florea... pag. 47 On the other hand, making an analysis of the work at a time of maturity would actually lead to a critical rigidity, because the diachronic slips towards the formation period of his artistic past are inherent. The edifying examples begin with the self-portraits, which must be approached starting with the first ones he made, or with the means of expression used, starting from romanticism, passing through impressionism. In order to reach a state of grace of maturity, Petrașcu went through a difficult and slow evolution that required his tenacity and patience.
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Hodge and Kress build a notion of semiosis as a dynamic process, where meaning is not determined by rigid structures, or predefined cultural codes. They argue that Ferdinand de Saussure's structuralist semiotics avoided addressing questions about creativity, movement, and change in language, possibly in reaction to the diachronic linguistic traditions of his time (the focus on the historical development from Indo-European). This created a "problematic" legacy, with linguistic change relegated to the "contents of Saussure’s rubbish bin" (1988:16-17). Instead, Hodge and Kress propose to account for change in semiosis through the work of Charles Sanders Peirce.
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Archaeologists study artifacts in the context of these three dimensions, and all archaeological inferences are affixed to any of these measurements. The relation of form and time represents a diachronic approach while the relation of form and space represents a synchronic approach; the alliance of all three constitutes a comprehensive archaeological unit and the foundation of context.O'Brien, Michael J. and R. Lee Lyman. (2000). Although Spaulding's discussion focused largely on form and its conceivable statistical measurements, his understanding of the reality of all three dimensions can be considered a moment of clarity in the theory of archaeology.
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This provides a systematic numerical key for the initial classification of any of the world's languages, following the principles set out in the Linguasphere Register. The first numeral of the key represents one of the ten referential sectors into which the world's languages are initially divided. The sector can either be a phylosector, in which the constituent languages are considered to be in a diachronic relationship one with another, or a geosector, in which languages are grouped geographically rather than historically. The second numeral is used to represent the ten zones into which each geosector is divided for referential purposes.
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Grave sounds are all other sounds, that is, those involving the lips as either passive or active articulator, or those involving any articulation in the soft palate or throat. Most acute sounds are , and most coronals are acute. In particular, palatal consonants are acute but not coronal, while linguolabial consonants are coronal but not acute. The distinction can be useful in diachronic linguistics, as conditional sound changes often act differently on acute and grave consonants, consonants are highly likely to preserve their acuteness/graveness through sound change; and changes between acute and grave can often be well circumscribed.
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Evidence of campfires are found in abundance in unit X, some 50,000 years old. That unit is up to 35 cm thick, and one of its sub-units (called Xb, 10-14 cm thick and browner, with more clay, than Xa) suggests that the climate at the time of deposit was more humid than today's. Unit X suggests "several diachronic human occupation episodes and different site functions". Analysis of the coprolites left at the site (the sample had been left on the remains of a campfire) indicated the donor was omnivorous: fats associated with meat consumption were found, but also evidence that the donor had eaten plants.
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3 volumes of Hanyu Da Cidian The Hanyu Da Cidian () is the most inclusive available Chinese dictionary. Lexicographically comparable to the Oxford English Dictionary, it has diachronic coverage of the Chinese language, and traces usage over three millennia from Chinese classic texts to modern slang. The chief editor Luo Zhufeng () (1911-1996), along with a team of over 300 scholars and lexicographers, started the enormous task of compilation in 1979. Publication of the thirteen volumes began with first volume in 1986 and ended with the appendix and index volume in 1994. The Hanyu Da Cidian includes over 23,000 head Chinese character entries, defines some 370,000 words, and gives 1,500,000 citations.
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In 2003 this department was established as an independent unit on the base of the Institute of Folklore. It has a various scale of working area such as collecting mythological texts of the country, classifying and defining their historical-cultural roots, carrying out diachronic structure study of the myth, researching problems relating to the myth-folklore structure levels and studying the morphological typology of myth. Besides, the department of Mythology investigates mythological samples on Turkic context and defines problems regarding to the Turkic national thinking texts. According to the investigations, department explores the impact of the Turkic mythological style to the structure creation of Azerbaijan national style.
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In Anthony Giddens' introduction to Central Problems in Social Theory, he states that, "in order to show the interdependence of action and structure…we must grasp the time space relations inherent in the constitution of all social interaction." And like structure and agency, time is integral to discussion of social reproduction. In terms of sociology, historical sociology is often better positioned to analyse social life as diachronic, while survey research takes a snapshot of social life and is thus better equipped to understand social life as synchronized. Some argue that the synchrony of social structure is a methodological perspective rather than an ontological claim.
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The object of study was not delineated by the researcher's viewpoint or interest, but the method by which he approached them could be. White believed that phenomena could be explored from three different points of view: the historical, the formal-functional, and the evolutionist (or formal- temporal). The historical view was essentially Boasian, dedicated to examining the particular diachronic cultural processes, "lovingly trying to penetrate into its secrets until every feature is plain and clear." The formal- functional is essentially the synchronic approach advocated by Alfred Radcliffe-Brown and Bronisław Malinowski, attempting to discern the formal structure of a society and the functional interrelations of its components.
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He has shown that among those peoples bifurcate merging systems tended to get transformed either into bifurcate collateral, or generational ones. On the other hand, the lineal kinship terminology developed either from bifurcate collateral ones (this development is most typical for Eurasia), or from generational systems. Note that these are not mere speculations, as Kryukov supported his conclusions with a wealth of diachronic data. Being a sinologist he paid special attention to the evolution of kinship terminology among the Chinese, thoroughly documenting the transition from the bifurcate merging to bifurcate collateral kinship terminology among them in the first millennium BC and its further development up to the present.
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The Germanic language family is one of the language groups that resulted from the breakup of Proto-Indo-European (PIE). It in turn divided into North, West and East Germanic groups, and ultimately produced a large group of mediaeval and modern languages, most importantly: Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish (North); English, Frisian, Dutch and German (West); and Gothic (East, extinct). The Germanic verb system lends itself to both descriptive (synchronic) and historical (diachronic) comparative analysis. This overview article is intended to lead into a series of specialist articles discussing historical aspects of these verbs, showing how they developed out of PIE, and how they came to have their present diversity.
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Prior to the work of Saussure in the early twentieth century, linguistics focused mainly on etymology, an historical analysis (also called a diachronic analysis) tracing the history of the meanings of individual words. Saussure was critical of the comparative philologists of the 19th century, who—basing their investigations only on Indo-European languages—whose conclusions, he said, had "no basis in reality." At that time "language was to be a "fourth natural kingdom." Saussure approached language by examining the present functioning of language (a synchronic analysis)—a relational approach in which he looked at the "system of relations between words as the source of meanings.
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In 1981 he conceived the prototype for the first operational virtual film editing machine in the world and conducted extensive research leading and development in the fabrication and manipulation of 3D images. He collaborated in numerous 3D and multi-screen programs for theme parks (Parc de la Villette, in France) and in 1992 for the French paillion's "Exposition Universelle" in 1992 in Seville. He is also the original creator of the "Diachronic Holoscopy" software. ;Virtual editing and interactive narration In 1980, due to financing by "Image du CNC" (Michel Fano), Frank Verpillat was able to formulate the first prototype of a working non-linear editing system which he called "virtual editing".
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The viewer, by moving laterally, observes, in 3D, a succession of elements which reveal themselves gradually in a sort of "layered" space. This led to Verpillat's theory concerning the "peripatetic" consumption of his work ("peripatetic", since one is obliged to move in order to see the whole) which he calls "paranoiaque feuilletée" ("strata paranoia") in homage to Dalí. Certain works in High Relief are abstract, some make use of diachronic forms, others are a "repetition" of old classics ("repetition" as used by Søren Kierkegaard, and Alain Robbe-Grillet). In 2009 he was awarded the prize of the city of in Saint-Tropez at the 13th International Salon of Contemporary Art.
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The inconsistencies brought from Latin language standardization of English language led to classifying and sub- classifying an otherwise simple language structure. Like many alphabetic writing systems, English also has incorporated the principle that graphemic units should correspond to the phonemic units; however, the fidelity to the principle is compromised, compared to an exemplar language like the Finnish language. This is evident in the Oxford English Dictionary; for many years it experimented with many spellings of 'SIGN' to attain a fidelity with the said principle, among them are SINE, SEGN, and SYNE, and through the diachronic mutations they settled on SIGN. Cultural differences in communication styles and preferences are also significant.
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In Catholic theology, the doctrine of apostolic succession is that the apostolic tradition - including apostolic teaching, preaching, and authority - is handed down from the college of apostles to the college of bishops through the laying on of hands, as a permanent office in the Church. Historically, this has been understood as a succession in office, a succession of valid ordinations, or a succession of the entire college. It is understood as a sign and guarantee that the Church, both local and universal, is in diachronic continuity with the apostles; a necessary but insufficient guarantor thereof. Catholic ordination ceremony Papal primacy is different though related to apostolic succession as described here.
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Deferral also comes into play, as the words that occur following "house" or "white" in any expression will revise the meaning of that word, sometimes dramatically so. This is true not only with syntagmatic succession in relation with paradigmatic simultaneity, but also, in a broader sense, between diachronic succession in History related with synchronic simultaneity inside a "system of distinct signs". Thus, complete meaning is always "differential" and postponed in language; there is never a moment when meaning is complete and total. A simple example would consist of looking up a given word in a dictionary, then proceeding to look up the words found in that word's definition, etc.
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Before the 20th century, linguists analysed language on a diachronic plane, which was historical in focus. This meant that they would compare linguistic features and try to analyse language from the point of view of how it had changed between then and later. However, with Saussurean linguistics in the 20th century, the focus shifted to a more synchronic approach, where the study was more geared towards analysis and comparison between different language variations, which existed at the same given point of time. At another level, the syntagmatic plane of linguistic analysis entails the comparison between the way words are sequenced, within the syntax of a sentence.
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Semantic change (also semantic shift, semantic progression, semantic development, or semantic drift) is a form of language change regarding the evolution of word usage—usually to the point that the modern meaning is radically different from the original usage. In diachronic (or historical) linguistics, semantic change is a change in one of the meanings of a word. Every word has a variety of senses and connotations, which can be added, removed, or altered over time, often to the extent that cognates across space and time have very different meanings. The study of semantic change can be seen as part of etymology, onomasiology, semasiology, and semantics.
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The learner should be able to elaborate a research plan, organised around bibliography, documents and other sources (oral, written, material), as appropriate to address the questions posed and to revise (broaden, perfect) it in relation to his or her findings. Ability to identify and utilise appropriate sources of information for a research project The European Union is sometimes compared to an onion (as a sphere) with concentric layers. This is because it has a horizontal synchronic geographical segmentation and a diachronic vertical periodization. Learners need to acquire competences that allow them to distinguish, compare and analyse different periods and spaces of European and European Union history.
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The study of lexical changes forms the diachronic portion of the science of onomasiology. The ongoing influx of new words into the English language (for example) helps make it a rich field for investigation into language change, despite the difficulty of defining precisely and accurately the vocabulary available to speakers of English. Throughout its history English has not only borrowed words from other languages but has re-combined and recycled them to create new meanings, whilst losing some old words. Dictionary-writers try to keep track of the changes in languages by recording (and, ideally, dating) the appearance in a language of new words, or of new usages for existing words.
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In some interpretations of the Marxian transformation problem, total "(production) prices" for output must equal total "values" by definition, and total profits must by definition equal total surplus value. However, Marx himself explicitly denied in chapter 49 of the third volume of Das Kapital that such an exact mathematical identity actually applies. As soon as synchronic and diachronic variability in labour productivity is admitted, then the two famous identities cannot be true even in theory.Karl Marx, Capital, Volume III, Penguin 1981, pp. 971-972. Subsequently, Frederick Engels emphasized in this regard that an idealization of reality is not the same thing as reality itself, in a letter to Conrad Schmidt dated March 12, 1895.
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This creates a domed shape on the side of the core, known as a tortoise core, as the various scars and rounded form are reminiscent of a tortoise's shell. When the striking platform is finally hit, a lithic flake separates from the lithic core with a distinctive plano-convex profile and with all of its edges sharpened by the earlier trimming work. This method provides much greater control over the size and shape of the final flake which would then be employed as a scraper or knife although the technique could also be adapted to produce projectile points known as Levallois points. Scientists consider the Levallois complex to be a Mode3 technology, as a result of its diachronic variability.
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The scientific study of language was broadened from Indo-European to language in general by Wilhelm von Humboldt. Early in the 20th century, Ferdinand de Saussure introduced the idea of language as a static system of interconnected units, defined through the oppositions between them. By introducing a distinction between diachronic and synchronic analyses of language, he laid the foundation of the modern discipline of linguistics. Saussure also introduced several basic dimensions of linguistic analysis that are still fundamental in many contemporary linguistic theories, such as the distinctions between syntagm and paradigm, and the Langue-parole distinction, distinguishing language as an abstract system (langue), from language as a concrete manifestation of this system (parole).
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Mark E. Davies (born 1963) is an American linguist. He specializes in the creation of linguistic corpora that can be used to better study and understand word meaning. He is the main creator of COCA, the Corpus of Contemporary American English. He received a National Endowment for the Humanities grant to build a comparable Spanish language corpus, the Corpus del Español, and another one to create a corpus of Portuguese texts covering material from the 12th century to the present day. Another corpus he compiled is a diachronic corpus of English, containing texts from the years 1810 through 2009, called COHA, the Corpus of Historical American English; this project was also funded by the NEH.
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Crowe’s work on legal and ethical theory is influenced by existentialism, particularly the writings of Emmanuel Levinas. His doctoral thesis examined the intersections between existentialist ethics and natural law theory.Jonathan Crowe, Existentialism, Liberty and the Ethical Foundations of Law (PhD Thesis, University of Queensland, 2006). Crowe draws attention to the important role of time in Levinas’s writings. He argues that the temporal (or diachronic) dimension of Levinas’s theory bridges the gap between his ethics and his political philosophy.Jonathan Crowe, ‘Levinas on Shared Ethical Judgments’ (2011) 42(3) Journal of the British Society for Phenomenology 233; Jonathan Crowe, ‘Levinasian Ethics and the Concept of Law’ in Desmond Manderson (ed.), Essays on Levinas and Law: A Mosaic (Palgrave Macmillan, 2009).
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Tertiary diachronic extrusion and deformation of western Indochina: Structural and 40Ar/39Ar evidence from NW Thailand The Three Pagodas Fault Zone accommodates the southeastward extrusion of Indochina, with stresses twisting clockwise. Together with the Wang Chao Fault and the Mae Ping Fault,Thailand: Cenozoic Basins and Structures - Kinematic History of the Khlong Marui & Ranong Faults, Southern Thailand it runs parallel to the Red River Fault. There is a fear that a future earthquake caused by the TPFZ and the Sri Sawat Fault Zone (SSFZ) could damage the large dams in Kanchanaburi Province in the future and that it could cause widespread damage to Bangkok. There was already a severe earthquake in the area about 2,500 years ago.
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"Not only is the tree model inadequate to express the relationships between diatopically related varieties, but it may seriously distort the diachronic and synchronic study of language. Some would argue that this model works well within Indo-European linguistics, where the varieties under consideration (all written and therefore partially or fully standardized) are usually well separated in space and time and where the intervening varieties have all vanished without trace, removing any possibility of viewing the Indo-European family as a continuum. However, where the object of study is a series of now-existing varieties or a range of closely related varieties from the past, the tree model is open to a number of grave objections." (Penny 2000: 22).
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Toward the turn of the twentieth century, a number of anthropologists became dissatisfied with this categorization of cultural elements; historical reconstructions also came to seem increasingly speculative to them. Under the influence of several younger scholars, a new approach came to predominate among British anthropologists, concerned with analyzing how societies held together in the present (synchronic analysis, rather than diachronic or historical analysis), and emphasizing long-term (one to several years) immersion fieldwork. Cambridge University financed a multidisciplinary expedition to the Torres Strait Islands in 1898, organized by Alfred Cort Haddon and including a physician-anthropologist, William Rivers, as well as a linguist, a botanist, and other specialists. The findings of the expedition set new standards for ethnographic description.
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If in 1959 Derrida was addressing this question of genesis and structure to Husserl, that is, to phenomenology, then in "Structure, Sign, and Play in the Discourse of the Human Sciences" (also in Writing and Difference; see below), he addresses these same questions to Lévi-Strauss and the structuralists. This is clear from the very first line of the paper (p. 278): Between these two papers is staked Derrida's philosophical ground, if not indeed his step beyond or outside philosophy. At the same time, in order that there be movement or potential, the origin cannot be some pure unity or simplicity, but must already be articulated—complex—such that from it a "diachronic" process can emerge.
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Major projects at LISD include State, Sovereignty, and Self-Determination, which addresses issues of boundaries, governance, and autonomy; Self-Determination and Emerging Issues, which focuses on self-determination as it relates to migration and the environment; and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, which promotes dialogue on the region. Funding for these projects and others comes from the Liechtenstein government, Princeton University, and the Carnegie Corporation of New York. LISD also runs a number of research tools that provide scholars, think tanks, and governments access to original research. These tools include Encyclopedia Princetoniensis: The Princeton Encyclopedia of Self-Determination (PESD), Diachronic Global Corpus (DiGCor), and the Digital Interactive Regional Mapping and Information System (DIRMAIS).
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To account for patterns of disfluency, stuttering, code-switching, and conversational sequencing, we look at the constraints imposed by online lexical access, patterns of cortical activation, and social affiliation. Some of these constraints operate across a timeframe of milliseconds and others, like social affiliation, extend across decades. The UCM distinguishes five major groups of time/process frames: phylogenetic drift in the species, diachronic change through social diffusion in the language, developmental change across the lifespan, memory consolidation across days, and frames for online processing and conversation in the moment. Within each of these five major time/process frame groups there are dozens of component processes working to constrain the shape of language.
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Examples of the former are the loss of all final vowels other than -a; the occurrence of phonemicized diachronic lenition; the development of original to (and often later to ); and the development of front rounded vowels (e.g. the change of to ). Examples of the latter are the use of vowel changes to indicate plurals in place of ; the widespread occurrence of metaphony of stressed vowels, triggered by original final ; and the development in some areas of instead of as the result of palatalisation of original before e and i. As a result, there is some debate over the proper grouping of the Gallo-Italic languages. They are sometimes grouped with Gallo-Romance,Ethnologue, Hull, Geoffrey (1982): «The linguistic unity of northern Italy and Rhaetia.» Ph.D. diss.
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Sister () Josefa de los Dolores Peña y Lillo Barbosa, OP (also known as sor Josefa de los Dolores or sor Dolores Peña y Lillo, 12 March 1739 – 29 August 1823) was a Dominican nun and a self-taught writer of the Chilean Colonial period ascribed to Catholic confessional discourse produced by Indian nuns in South American cloisters during the fifteenth and seventeenth centuries. She cultivated the epistolary genre, but also rarely wrote poetry. She entered the religious life in 1751 against her parents' wishes, and began her literary production in 1763 probably by own choice. She is considered today "the best existing sources for the study of the Spanish language that was spoken during the Chilean Colonial period" and the most reliable source for diachronic linguistics.
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This section of the work is a discussion of the ways in which modern society is leading to a loss of a sense of existence, thus a destruction of what Stiegler calls "primordial narcissism", resulting in the proliferation of all kinds of individual and collective pathological behaviours. He outlines his theory of individuation (drawn in part from the work of Gilbert Simondon), and the compositional relation of synchronic and diachronic processes, in order to argue that a consumer society founded on television advertising produces hyper-synchronising and hyper-diachronising processes which threaten human desire and therefore human existence. Examples discussed of the consequences of these processes include the September 11, 2001 attacks, the success of the French National Front, and the Nanterre massacre perpetrated by Richard Durn.
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AIDA was founded in 1992, in Paris, at the initiative of a group of prestigious Arabists, with the aim to encourage and promote the study of Arabic dialects. AIDA is nowadays the leading international association in this field of research and it has become a center that joins scholars from all over the world who are interested in any aspect of Arabic dialectology, including dialects which have not been described yet, dialectal geography, specific aspects of phonology, morphology and syntax, code-switching, koiné language, pidgin, creole, the lexicon of Arabic dialects, dialectal atlases, comparative and diachronic studies, sociolinguistics, teaching of Arabic dialects, and so on. AIDA organizes conferences that are held in well-known universities every two years (with some exceptions).
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He located the intellectual sources of the American Revolution within a broader British political framework, explaining how English country Whig ideas about civic virtue, corruption, ancient rights, and fear of autocracy were, in the colonies, transformed into the ideology of republicanism. According to Bailyn, Bailyn's approach to the constellation of Whig ideas is artfully diachronic rather than structural; that is, contested libertarian meanings change through time as "the colonists" struggle to define, and to pursue, the property of independence. Recent historians, such as Tufts University wiki-skeptic and CUNY professor Benjamin Carp, hold that more than any other "colonist," Boston waterfront rebels channeled their "cosmopolitanism into a belief that 'the cause of America' was a libertarian 'cause for all mankind'" (Carp, Rebels Rising, 61).
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He also serves on the faculty of Religion at Claremont Graduate University (1994-present). In 2019, Sweeney relocated to Salem, Oregon, due to the transfer of Claremont School of Theology to Willamette University. A specialist in Prophetic Literature and Biblical Historical Narrative, Sweeney is especially well known for developing the field of Jewish Biblical Theology and for critical studies on the synchronic, final literary form of the prophetic and narrative books of the Hebrew Bible and the diachronic history of their composition. He has served as President of the National Association of Professors of Hebrew (2017-2019); President of the Society of Biblical Literature South Eastern Region (1993-94); and President of the Society of Biblical Literature Pacific Coast Region (2001-2002).
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At the end of his essay defining the ideograph, McGee says that > “A complete description of an ideology . . . will consist of (1) the > isolation of a society’s ideographs, (2) the exposure and analysis of the > diachronic structure of every ideography, and (3) characterization of > synchronic relationships among all the ideographs in a particular context.” Such an exhaustive study of any ideology has yet to materialize, but many scholars have made use of the ideograph as a tool of understanding both specific rhetorical situations as well as a broader scope of ideological history. As a teacher, McGee himself made use of the ideograph as a tool for structuring the study of the rise of liberalism in British public address, focusing on ideographs such as , , , .
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Max Gluckman, together with many of his colleagues at the Rhodes-Livingstone Institute and students at Manchester University, collectively known as the Manchester School, took BSA in new directions through their introduction of explicitly Marxist-informed theory, their emphasis on conflicts and conflict resolution, and their attention to the ways in which individuals negotiate and make use of the social structural possibilities. In Britain, anthropology had a great intellectual impact, it "contributed to the erosion of Christianity, the growth of cultural relativism, an awareness of the survival of the primitive in modern life, and the replacement of diachronic modes of analysis with synchronic, all of which are central to modern culture."Heyck, Thomas William (1997) at The American Historical Review, Vol. 102, No. 5 (December, 1997), pp.
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Additionally, some place names draw on Sanskrit or Pali roots, which are then adapted to Sinhala and Tamil phonology in different ways. These intricacies must be taken into account when evaluating claims that a certain area was predominantly inhabited by one group or the other at a certain point in time. Taking a synchronic point of view, Sinhala place names are more common in the Sinhala speaking areas in the South, whereas Tamil place names are more common in the Tamil speaking areas in the North and East. On a diachronic point of view, things are more complicated, and both Sinhala settlements in the North and Tamil settlements in the South have been claimed to have been more common in the past.
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Sound change includes any processes of language change that affect pronunciation (phonetic change) or sound system structures (phonological change). Sound change can consist of the replacement of one speech sound (or, more generally, one phonetic feature value) by another, the complete loss of the affected sound, or even the introduction of a new sound in a place where there had been none. Sound changes can be environmentally conditioned, meaning that the change only occurs in a defined sound environment, whereas in other environments the same speech sound is not affected by the change. The term "sound change" refers to diachronic changes—that is, changes in a language's sound system over time; "alternation", on the other hand, refers to changes that happen synchronically (i.e.
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The third and final period of Mathesius's work, which lasted until his death, was devoted to functionalist theories of grammar. He was a leading proponent of this school of thought, although he credits the followers of the Polish linguist Jan Baudouin de Courtenay and the Danish linguist Otto Jespersen with having sowed the seeds of the movement. Mathesius built up functionalism as an alternative to the approach of the Neogrammarians, which he criticized as failing to view language as a whole system, overly emphasizing written language at the expense of spoken, and neglecting the role of the speaker/writer in the production of language. Functionalism remedied these problems, and it also preferred synchronic study over diachronic and favored an analytic approach over a genealogical one.
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Evolutionary Phonology (as proposed by Juliette Blevins), building on work by John Ohala, considers phonetic variation as the primary source of phonological change. This emphasis on the phonetic bases of change encourages a continuous dialogue between experimental phonetics and historical phonology. Even if every scholars agree that there exist competing phonetic tendencies, according to Labov (1994: 601) they do not have explanatory or predictive power when it comes to individual cases.. In Panchronic Phonology, not all sound changes are straightforwardly related to phonetic tendencies, and hypothesized universals of language change based on phonetic properties are considered to seldom stand close scrutiny. According to some authors, the existence of a pool of phonetic variation is only part of the thoroughly complex story of diachronic sound change.
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International Journal of Diachronic Linguistics 1, 2005, pp. 55–91. Today the only place of concentrated Udi settlement are the village of Nij in Azerbaijan and the village of Zinobiani in Georgia, which was founded by Udi refugees from Vartashen in the 1920s. A significant group of Udi live in the Georgian village of Zinobiani, founded by Udi from Vartashen in the 1920s. Small groups reside in Russia in the Rostov region (Shahty, Taganrog, Rostov- na-Donu, Azov, Aleksandrovka); in the Krasnodar territory (Krasnodar, areas of Dinskoy, Leningrad, Kushchevsky); in the Stavropol Territory (Minvody, Pyatigorsk); in the Volgograd region (Volgograd, Dubovy Ovrag); and also in Sverdlovsk, Ivanovo, Kaluga areas, Moscow, Saint Petersburg, Astrakhan; in Georgia in the outskirts of Tbilisi, Poti, Rustavi, in Armenia mainly in the Lori Province, and Aktau in Kazakhstan.
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While these approaches had a diachronic aspect they lacked a conception of mental illness that encompassed a coherent notion of change over time in terms of the natural course of the illness and based upon an empirical observation of changing symptomatology. In 1863, the Danzig-based psychiatrist Karl Ludwig Kahlbaum (1828–1899) published his text on psychiatric nosology Die Gruppierung der psychischen Krankheiten (The Classification of Psychiatric Diseases).; ; Although with the passage of time this work would prove profoundly influential, when it was published it was almost completely ignored by German academia despite the sophisticated and intelligent disease classification system which it proposed. In this book Kahlbaum categorized certain typical forms of psychosis (vesania typica) as a single coherent type based upon their shared progressive nature which betrayed, he argued, an ongoing degenerative disease process.
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Several scholars have documented a contrast between oral and nasal vowels in Niger–Congo.le Saout (1973) for an early overview, Stewart (1976) for a diachronic, Volta–Congo wide analysis, Capo (1981) for a synchronic analysis of nasality in Gbe (see Gbe languages: nasality), and Bole-Richard (1984, 1985) as cited in Williamson (1989) for similar reports on several Mande, Gur, Kru, Kwa, and Ubangi languages. In his reconstruction of proto-Volta–Congo, Steward (1976) postulates that nasal consonants have originated under the influence of nasal vowels; this hypothesis is supported by the fact that there are several Niger–Congo languages that have been analysed as lacking nasal consonants altogether. Languages like this have nasal vowels accompanied with complementary distribution between oral and nasal consonants before oral and nasal vowels.
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Bronislaw Malinowski, Anthropologist at the London School of Economics Toward the turn of the 20th century, a number of anthropologists became dissatisfied with this categorization of cultural elements; historical reconstructions also came to seem increasingly speculative to them. Under the influence of several younger scholars, a new approach came to predominate among British anthropologists, concerned with analyzing how societies held together in the present (synchronic analysis, rather than diachronic or historical analysis), and emphasizing long-term (one to several years) immersion fieldwork. Cambridge University financed a multidisciplinary expedition to the Torres Strait Islands in 1898, organized by Alfred Cort Haddon and including a physician- anthropologist, William Rivers, as well as a linguist, a botanist, and other specialists. The findings of the expedition set new standards for ethnographic description.
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It was decided, at this time, that painting took precedence because sight was higher-ranking to people than hearing was. Gotthold Ephraim Lessing opens his Laocoön: An Essay on the Limits of Painting and Poetry (1766) by observing that "the first who compared painting with poetry [Simonides of Ceos] was a man of fine feeling,"Simonides, who wrote "poema pictura locguens, pictura poema silens" (poetry is a speaking picture, painting a silent [mute] poetry) was quoted by Plutarch, De gloria Atheniensium 3.346f. though, Lessing makes it clear, not a critic or philosopher. Lessing argues that painting is a synchronic, visual phenomenon, one of space that is immediately in its entirety understood and appreciated, while poetry (again, in its widest sense) is a diachronic art of the ear, one that depends on time to unfold itself for the reader's appreciation.
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Each element within each system is eventually contrasted with all other elements in different types of relations so that not two elements have the exact same value: :"Within the same language, all words used to express related ideas limit each other reciprocally; synonyms like French redouter 'dread', craindre 'fear,' and avoir peur 'be afraid' have value only through their opposition: if redouter did not exist, all its content would go to its competitors." Saussure defined his own theory in terms of binary oppositions: sign—signified, meaning—value, language—speech, synchronic—diachronic, internal linguistics—external linguistics, and so on. The related term markedness denotes the assessment of value between binary oppositions. These were studied extensively by post-war structuralists such as Claude Lévi- Strauss to explain the organisation of social conceptualisation, and later by the post-structuralists to criticise it.
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José Ignacio Hualde is a linguist from Madrid, «Idatzitakoa nola ahoskatu eta mintzoaren soinua» , Euskararen Berripapera, number 26, July 1994, page 3. specialised in Basque linguistics and in Spanish synchronic and diachronic phonology, Web page on Dr Jose Ignacio Hualde in the area of the Department of Spanish, Italian and Portuguese in the website of the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. professor of Linguistics Web page on Dr Jose Ignacio Hualde in the area of the Department of Linguistics in the website of the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign in the Department of Spanish, Italian and Portuguese, and in the Department of Linguistics, at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign.The page of professor José Ignacio Hualde in the website of the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign He is also the current Vice President of the Association for Laboratory Phonology.
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Sociocultural linguists, especially in the United States, take an interdisciplinary approach to the study of language and the social and cultural functions of language use. Although generative and cognitive linguistics have been dominant in the United States since the mid-twentieth century, American linguists have periodically proposed to bring their studies closer to other fields of social inquiry. For example, in 1929, Edward Sapir urged linguists to move beyond diachronic and formal analyses for their own sake and to "become aware of what their science may mean for the interpretation of human conduct in general" (1929:207). > It is peculiarly important that linguists, who are often accused, and > accused justly, of failure to look beyond the pretty patterns of their > subject matter, should become aware of what their science may mean for the > interpretation of human conduct in general.
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In 1993 the Catholic Church’s Pontifical Biblical Commission produced "The Interpretation of the Bible in the Church" with the endorsement of Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger, the head of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith.PBC 1993 While expressing an openness to all forms of Biblical criticism, the Commission expressed caveats for Catholics in the use of these methods, so that Scriptural interpretation might be "as faithful as possible to its character both human and divine." More specific observations of the Commission included the following points. Study of the text across time (historical-critical or diachronic method), including source and form criticism, while "indispensable" for proper understanding of texts, is limited in that it views texts at only one point in their transmission and can divert attention from the richness that the final form of the text has for the Church.
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Anderson's Glasgow thesis on The Christology of the Fourth Gospel (1996, 1997, 2010) found diachronic theories of John's composition insufficient in terms of stylistic, contextual, and theological evidence; and because 85% of its material is distinctive, with none of the contacts with other gospels being identical or verbatim, John's tradition is not derivative from Synoptic traditions. Anderson's monograph thus identified four sources of John's theological tensions: the dialectical thinking of the evangelist, the Jewish agency schema (Deut. 18:15-22), the dialectical Johannine situation (featuring several crises over several decades), and the rhetorical designs of the narrator. John's theological, historical, and literary riddles are unpacked more fully in Anderson's introduction to John (The Riddles of the Fourth Gospel, 2011), where his overall Johannine theory (the Dialogical Autonomy of the Fourth Gospel) is laid out as an improvement over alternative views.
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Dumezil has elaborated an interpretative theory according to which this aporia would be an intrinsic, fundamental feature of Indoeuropean deities of the primordial and sovereign level, as it finds a parallel in Vedic religion.G Dumezil Déesses latines et mythes vediques Bruxelles 1956 chapt. 3. The contradiction would put Fortuna both at the origin of time and into its ensuing diachronic process: it is the comparison offered by Vedic deity Aditi, the Not-Bound or Enemy of Bondage, that shows that there is no question of choosing one of the two apparent options: as the mother of the Aditya she has the same type of relationship with one of his sons, Dakṣa, the minor sovereign. who represents the Creative Energy, being at the same time his mother and daughter, as is true for the whole group of sovereign gods to which she belongs.
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Some authors, for example Randolph Nesse, warn us that patterns of behavior commonly considered inappropriate or even pathological may well have adaptive value. Evolutionary psychology provides several possible explanations for why humans typically respond to social dynamics in the way that they do, including possible functions of self-esteem in relation to dominance hierarchies. In a synhronic perspective behaviors considered abnormal may in fact be part of an adaptive response to stressors in modern or at least in old environments, for example social stressors from chronic subordination or interpersonal conflicts (Gilbert et alli, 2002; Allen & Badcock, 2003). Similarly, from a diachronic perspective various behaviors related to intra-species competition or predator-prey relationships may have played a role in the evolution of human abilities, for example defensive immobilization is hypothesized to have played a role in the evolution of both human parent-child attachment and theory of mind.Pdf.
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European Union History is not the same as the History of European Integration and vice versa: the two terms cover different aspects of European History. The main focus of the History of the European Union is on the history of a very dense kind of European Integration, centred on institutionalised forms of integration and on the member states of the European Union. On the contrary, the History of European Integration also covers aspects of integration that go beyond the European Union. Moreover, to reach a mature comprehension of the complex political, social, economic and juridical framework in which the EU has been conceived and built, it is important to broaden our view back in history before 1945 and World War II. One of the most obvious tools of analysis that history offers is ‘historical perspective’, the diachronic dimension that provides important insights into present-day phenomena.
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It is sometimes difficult to determine whether a split or a merger has happened if one dialect has two phonemes corresponding to a single phoneme in another dialect; diachronic research is usually required to determine the dialect that is conservative and the one that is innovative. When phonemic change occurs differently in the standard language and in dialects, the dialect pronunciation is considered nonstandard and may be stigmatized. In descriptive linguistics, however, the question of which splits and mergers are prestigious and which are stigmatized is irrelevant. However, such stigmatization can lead to hypercorrection, when the dialect speakers attempt to imitate the standard language but overshoot, as with the foot–strut split, where failing to make the split is stigmatized in Northern England, and speakers of non-splitting accents often try to introduce it into their speech, sometimes resulting in hypercorrections such as pronouncing pudding .
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Proto-Algic (sometimes abbreviated PAc) is the proto-language from which the Algic languages (Wiyot language, Yurok language, and Proto-Algonquian) are descended. It is estimated to have been spoken about 7,000 years ago somewhere in the American Northwest, possibly around the Columbia Plateau.Peter Bakker, Diachrony and typology in the history of Cree, in Diachronic and typological perspectives on verbsPaul Proulx, Proto-Algic I: Phonological Sketch, in the International Journal of American Linguistics, volume 50, number 2 (April 1984)Paul Proulx, Algic Color Terms, in Anthropological Linguistics, volume 30, number 2 (Summer 1988)Paul Proulx, Proto-Algic IV: Nouns, in Studies in Native American Languages VII, volume 17, number 2 (1992) It is an example of a second-level proto-language (a proto-language whose reconstruction depends on data from another proto-language, namely its daughter language Proto- Algonquian) which is widely agreed to have existed. Its chief researcher was Paul Proulx.
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The debate of chant transmission in comparison between Old Roman and Gregorian manuscripts started in the time of Bruno Stäblein and Helmut Hucke, and was continued during the 1990s between Peter Jeffery, James McKinnon, Leo Treitler, Theodore Karp, James Grier, Kenneth Levy, and others. The dissertation of Andreas Pfisterer (2002) offers not only an important overview over this debate of a "Gregorian" historiography, but also a useful discussion of the transformation of chant between the various books of written transmission: the sacramentaries with more or less modal classifications, added neume passages until the fully notated chant manuscripts as the so- called Roman Gradual for Mass chant, and the Antiphonary for Office chant—sources, which he has all listed in his bibliography. Today the discussion has been refined by the distinction of various local chant traditions, which had been modified during various periods of liturgical reforms and their transformations of chant transmission. This diachronic study bridges the history of Western chant traditions with church and political history.
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The film achieves this by representing > the wanderings of an ancient and a future Orpheus, whose trajectories > inscribe their mysterious figures on a landscape primordial silt, archaic > ruins, modern waste, and moon scenery. Chronologically stratified and yet > recognizably modern, this landscape reverberates as speech (from Plato to > Eliot and Machado), as music (from the conch shell to electronic > instruments), and as a diachronic object world (from the horse-drawn cart to > the Jaguar). In it, living and dead languages merge; the gripping, almost > inaudible call of whales pierces the squeaking of rusty oil pumps; a > fortune-teller and an astrophysicist join forces in their prophecies... Moon > Lake is a double film – not only because its plot is double; or because it > looks both to the past and to the future; or because it is full of couples > and twins. This is also the case because there is one film that flows before > your eyes and another one that follows you.
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While traditional linguistic studies had developed comparative methods (comparative linguistics), chiefly to demonstrate family relations between cognate languages, or to illustrate the historical developments of one or more languages, modern contrastive linguistics intends to show in what ways the two respective languages differ, in order to help in the solution of practical problems. (Sometimes the terms diachronic linguistics and synchronic linguistics are used to refer to these two perspectives.) Contrastive linguistics, since its inception by Robert Lado in the 1950s, has often been linked to aspects of applied linguistics, e.g., to avoid interference errors in foreign-language learning, as advocated by Di Pietro (1971)Di Pietro, R.J. (1971) Language Structures in Contrast, Newbury House. (see also contrastive analysis), to assist interlingual transfer in the process of translating texts from one language into another, as demonstrated by Vinay & Darbelnet (1958)Vinay, J.P. & Darbelnet, J. (1958) Stylistique Comparée du Français et de l'Anglais, Didier-Harrap. and more recently by Hatim (1997)Hatim, B. (1997) Communication across Cultures.
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It became a residential place after the passage of Borgomale to Casa Savoia (1631, Peace of Cherasco), and figures among the "Open Castles" of Lower Piedmont. The name of the village is connected with the concept of 'apple tree' (Italian melo) and/or 'apple' (Italian mela) and the current denomination of the village, with '-male' ('bad', 'evil'), derives from a bona fide paretimology produced over time by the local speakers and due to the confusion between Latin mălum, 'bad ', 'evil', and Latin mālum, 'apple 'and/or 'apple tree'. Borgomale was originally 'the village of apples', or 'the village of the apple trees', and, over time, it became 'the bad village', or 'the village of evil', due to the misunderstanding of the vowel 'quantity' of the Latin lexemes related to its toponym.Francesco Perono Cacciafoco, Francesco Cavallaro, and František Kratochvíl, Diachronic Toponomastics and Language Reconstruction in South-East Asia According to an Experimental Convergent Methodology: Abui as a Case Study, in Review of Historical Geography and Toponomastics, vol.
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Mid-twentieth-century copy of the Tale of Tang Taizong There is scholarly consensus that the Semin-hwangje bon-puri is a shamanic adaptation of the Tale of Tang Taizong (Korean ), a Korean-language Buddhist novel of unclear date which was itself inspired by the tenth to twelfth chapters of the sixteenth-century Chinese novel Journey to the West, in which Emperor Taizong dies but is granted twenty more years of life by the gods of the afterlife. Indeed, the overall narrative of the Bak Bong-chun version is effectively identical to that of the novel. The fact that Jo's 1960s version diverges much more from the Buddhist original than Bak's 1930s version may reflect diachronic changes as the narrative increasingly shed its Buddhist origins before ultimately being lost. In both versions, the shamanic narrative has excised large parts of the original novel that were irrelevant to its religious purpose of exhorting charity.
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Dumézil has elaborated an interpretative theory according to which this contradiction would be an intrinsic, fundamental feature of Indoeuropean deities of the primordial and sovereign level, as it finds a parallel in Vedic religion.G Dumézil Déesses latines et mythes vediques Bruxelles 1956 chapt. 3. The contradiction would put Fortuna both at the origin of time and into its ensuing diachronic process: it is the comparison offered by Vedic deity Aditi, the Not-Bound or Enemy of Bondage, that shows that there is no question of choosing one of the two apparent options: as the mother of the Aditya she has the same type of relationship with one of his sons, Dakṣa, the minor sovereign who represents the Creative Energy, being at the same time his mother and daughter, as is true for the whole group of sovereign gods to which she belongs.Ṛg-Veda X 72, 4-5; G. Dumézil above and Mariages indo-européens p.
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On the other hand, verbs such as drink, hit and have are irregular since some of their parts are not made according to the typical pattern: drank and drunk (not "drinked"); hit (as past tense and past participle, not "hitted") and has and had (not "haves" and "haved"). The classification of verbs as regular or irregular is to some extent a subjective matter. If some conjugational paradigm in a language is followed by a limited number of verbs, or it requires the specification of more than one principal part (as with the German strong verbs), views may differ as to whether the verbs in question should be considered irregular. Most inflectional irregularities arise as a result of series of fairly uniform historical changes so forms that appear to be irregular from a synchronic (contemporary) point of view may be seen as following more regular patterns when the verbs are analyzed from a diachronic (historical linguistic) viewpoint.
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By analysing the Pulfrich effect (the effect of certain one-dimensional images observed through a smoked lens placed over one eye, thus creating the impression of a 3-D image), he understood that, under certain conditions, a time discrepancy could allow as many points of view as necessary. By means of this technique, which he called "Pulling" (from Pulfrich effect and tracking shot), most of the existing images taken from the side door of a helicopter become 3D. Before the end of the 20th century, at a time when the calculation of synthesised images was still long and onerous, Pulling would be used to create synthesised 3D images (the same images were able to be used twice, three times, or even four or eight times, depending on the type of 3D utilised). ;Diachronic holoscopy At the end of the 1990s, Verpillat refined software designed to create images by mixing the pixels of a film taken from separate photograms: the composite image bringing together a number of diverse elements photographed at different times.
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Nesfield's English Grammar: Past and Present was originally written for the market in colonial India. It was later expanded to appeal to students in Britain as well, from young men preparing for various professional examinations to students in "Ladies' Colleges". Other books on the English language by Nesfield include A Junior Course In English Composition, A Senior Course In English Composition, but it was his A Manual Of English Grammar and Composition that proved really successful both in Britain and her colonies — so much so that it formed the basis for many other grammar and composition primers including but not limited to Warriner's English Grammar and Composition, and High School English Grammar and Composition, fondly called Wren & Martin by P. C. Wren and H. Martin. Bibliographer Manfred Görlach is critical, saying of the frequently reprinted English Grammar: Past and Present that "it is not quite easy to see how its wordiness, lack of clear structure, mixture of synchronic description and diachronic explanation and often unclear definitions gave the book the immense impact it had".
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Sobre el estudio diacrónico de las lenguas chibchenses y su contribución al conocimiento del pasado de sus hablantes (Of the diachronic study of the Chibchan languages and its contribution to the knowledge of the past of their speakers). Boletín del Museo del Oro (38-39), 13-56. While all varieties of Ngäbere are grammatically identical and mutually intelligible, there are phonological and lexical differences that vary from region to region. The people of different regions may use different words for the same concept or pronounce the same word differently.Rolando Rodríguez, personal communication, December 9, 2011 Vowel sounds may change; for example, the word for “to see” that is pronounced /toen/ in some regions may be pronounced /tuen/ in other areas; the word for “you” may be pronounced /mä/ or /ma/ depending on the region. Syllable stress may also vary regionally—for instance, the word for “dove,” ütü, may be pronounced with the accent on the first syllable, or with equal strong accents on both syllables, depending on the speaker's region.
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Schieffelin, E. and D. Gewertz (1985), History and Ethnohistory in Papua New Guinea, 3 Finally, Simmons formulated his understanding of ethnohistory as "a form of cultural biography that draws upon as many kinds of testimony as possible over as long a time period as the sources allow." He described ethnohistory as an endeavor based on a holistic, diachronic approach that is most rewarding when it can be "joined to the memories and voices of living people." Reflecting upon the history of ethnohistory as research field in the US, Harkin has situated it within the broader context of convergences and divergences of the fields of history and anthropology and the special circumstances of American Indian land claims and legal history in North American in the mid-20th century. Commenting on the possibilities for ethnohistory studies of traditional societies in Europe (such as Ireland), Guy Beiner observed that "pioneering figures in the development of ethnohistory … have argued that this approach could be fruitfully applied to the study of Western societies, but such initiatives have not picked up and very few explicitly designated ethnohistories of European communities have been written to date".
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Starting with his Grondbeginselen van de psychologische taalwetenschap, based on which he wrote his dissertation Principes de linguistique psychologique, van Ginneken worked on developing a psychological foundation for linguistics and language. Three substantial parts of his convictions are presented in the following: Firstly, van Ginneken opposed the prevalence of the neogrammarians’ methods in linguistics and was a proponent for a psychological approach to linguistics in a more synchronic way, thereby allowing, he thought, to gain an extended view of the diachronic development of language as well. Secondly, language, it seemed to him, had its foundations in sub- or unconscious regions of sentiment and emotion. This notion, which he explained in his Principes, had its opposition in the field of language psychology from those who saw language as prevailingly cognitive, notably Edward Sapir. Thirdly, in the latter half of his life, van Ginneken developed the idea, that besides psychological factors, sound changes were influenced by genetic and anthropological ones, a view which didn’t find much agreement in the linguistic community at the time and much less after the Second World War, when much of language biology began to be seen as an absurdity of pre-War sciences.
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The comparative method developed out of attempts to reconstruct the proto-language mentioned by Jones, which he did not name but subsequent linguists have labelled Proto-Indo-European (PIE). The first professional comparison between the Indo-European languages that were then known was made by the German linguist Franz Bopp in 1816. He did not attempt a reconstruction but demonstrated that Greek, Latin and Sanskrit shared a common structure and a common lexicon. In 1808, Friedrich Schlegel first stated the importance of using the eldest possible form of a language when trying to prove its relationships; in 1818, Rasmus Christian Rask developed the principle of regular sound-changes to explain his observations of similarities between individual words in the Germanic languages and their cognates in Greek and Jacob Grimm, better known for his Fairy Tales, used the comparative method in Deutsche Grammatik (published 1819–1837 in four volumes), which attempted to show the development of the Germanic languages from a common origin, which was the first systematic study of diachronic language change.. Both Rask and Grimm were unable to explain apparent exceptions to the sound laws that they had discovered.
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His brother Tiberius reached him in just a few days riding post-horses over the Roman roads and served as the chief mourner, walking with the deceased in a funeral procession from the summer camp where he had fallen to Mogontiacum, where the soldiers insisted on a funeral. The body was transported to Rome, cremated in the Campus Martis and the ashes placed in the tomb of Augustus, who was still alive, and wrote poetry and delivered a state funeral oration for him. If Drusus founded Mogontiacum the earliest date is the start of his campaign, 13 BC. Some hypothesize that Mogontiacum was constructed at one of two earlier opportunities, one when Marcus Agrippa campaigned in the region in 42 BC or by Julius Caesar himself after 58 BC. Lack of evidence plays a part in favoring 13 BC. No sources cite Mogontiacum before 13 BC, no legions are known to have been stationed there, and no coins survive. Although the city is situated opposite the mouth of the Main, the name of Mainz is not from Main, the similarity being perhaps due to diachronic analogy.
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