146 Sentences With "designer drugs" | Random Sentence Generator

Prosecutors said one had supplied Smollett with "designer drugs" in the past.

There's designer drugs made by pharmaceutical companies, which I think should become true.

Prosecutors said one of the brothers had sometimes supplied him with designer drugs.

Designer drugs, almost by definition, are made of chemical combinations we haven't seen before.

"If someone thinks they have designer drugs eventually they will be found," he said.

Because designer drugs don't show up on traditional drug tests, they're hard to track and identify.

Bath salts are designer drugs made to mimic a natural stimulant—cathinone—found in the khat plant.

One of the most prominent categories of designer drugs are those intended to mimic marijuana, called synthetic cannabinoids.

Manufacturers of designer drugs are constantly tweaking the chemical structures of synthetic cathinones to skirt US drug laws.

For Gerona, the increased interest in designer drugs led to more work and more samples from around the country.

"Designer drugs including ecstasy pills, doses of LSD, marijuana, poppers and cocaine," were spotted by witnesses at the festival.

Nichols has also strongly condemned a number of designer drugs, particularly synthetic cannabinoids like spice, as dangerous for consumption.

This is all part of the "new paradigm" to responding to the challenge of many new designer drugs, he added.

Other illegal substances, such as opiates, cocaine, meth, and other designer drugs, are also an emerging problem on our roads.

Legal highs, designer drugs, research chemicals—whatever you call them, they're all now banned in the UK. All of them.

AMB-FUBINACA was 50 times as powerful than that first generation of designer drugs like K2, according to the study.

In fact, a lot of the things I've made are now called designer drugs and are out on the street.

Operating from a range of colorful hiding spots, Jack illegally reverse-engineers designer drugs and distributes them for wider public consumption.

Beyond fentanyl itself, law enforcement is also concerned with its analogues: designer drugs with similar function but slightly different chemical structure.

It is clear that price gouging is not limited to newly developed or expensive biologic/designer drugs even the price of insulin.

Specifically, I wanted 25C and 25B — synthetic "designer drugs " that mimic the effects of LSD and other hallucinogens — for self-improvement purposes.

On Tuesday, the Illinois Department of Public Health (IDPH) reported a second death in connection to the designer drugs, also known as synthetic cannabinoids.

According to Gerona, the scientists behind designer drugs are reading scientific journals and examining expired patents in search of formulas to create synthetic cannabinoids.

He said athletes guilty of gene doping or using the so-called designer drugs — more sophisticated forms of performance-enhancing drugs — will be caught.

They also sold, as their name implies, MDMA, as well as other niche designer drugs and guides on how to synthesize the compounds at home.

According to the DEA, the new designer drugs are likely manufactured in China, Canada, and Mexico, and then smuggled into the US and sold online.

The landscape of 2017 would probably be unrecognizable to the pioneering psychonauts of the 1950s and 60s: Obscure designer drugs are now the kids' chemicals of choice.

That said, given the black box nature of manufacturing synthetic cannabinoids and other designer drugs (usually in China), there's also no excluding the possibility of inadvertent contamination.

"Bath salts" is a blanket term for a group of designer drugs made from stimulants; they create a euphoric high like MDMA, sometimes with hallucinations thrown in.

The development of "designer drugs"—compounds with similar effects to known performance-enhancers but undetectable in testing—means that the authorities are constantly running to stay still.

Authorities are constantly revamping their testing technology to keep up, meaning some designer drugs enjoy a period of relative legality before the DEA gets up to speed.

The hypothesis was further tested by using designer drugs to limit PBN functioning, which resulted in less scratching reflexes in mice made to itch via histamine injection.

Technically, it's also a concept album about a dystopian fairy tale world of big-box store convenience, filled with unicorns and castles and pharmaceutical companies dispensing designer drugs.

The show suggests that our modern society, with its smartphone dating apps, internet pornography and designer drugs, has made teenage life more extreme and dangerous than ever before.

The DEA had intended to ban kratom via its emergency authority, granted by Congress to swiftly tackle emerging "designer drugs" such as synthetic marijuana and so-called bath salts. Sen.

While cheating with PEDs wasn't sponsored by the government, rampant abuse and masking of PED use were undertaken by individuals, as well as labs that were developing such designer drugs.

While emptying his luggage in the common area, Ivan pulled out more designer drugs and a couple grand in $100 bills, casually informing me that the money was grade-A counterfeits.

In fact, synthetic cannabinoids have a completely different chemical structure from plant-based THC, according to the study — one of the major draws for both makers and consumers of designer drugs.

When we leave him in the 2010s, he is learning to adapt to yet another new age, this one featuring gayness triumphant in the form of dancing, designer drugs and Grindr.

RIO DE JANEIRO (Reuters) - Doping cheats using designer drugs or gene doping at the Rio Olympics should know they will eventually be found out, the International Olympic Committee said on Monday.

Suzanne Bell, a professor in the C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry at West Virginia University, specializes in forensic chemistry and designer drugs; she told Gizmodo she's not surprised these color-changing gadgets haven't gotten made.

In 2012, the US government passed the Synthetic Drug Abuse Prevention Act, which classified a number of "designer drugs," including synthetic cannabinoids and synthetic hallucinogens, under Schedule I of the Controlled Substances Act -- meaning they have no accepted medical use and high potential for abuse.

The crypto-currency conjures a William Gibson–esque panorama of dark web Tor servers, masked figures cavorting in Eastern European shipping containers, multibillion dollar South American cartel-laundering operations, gaunt college sophomores picking up Silk Road designer drugs at liberal arts–school mailboxes, and so forth.

"The DEA spokespeople have emphasized their reliance on science rather than anecdote in making scheduling decisions, so given the response not just from the public but from research scientists at Columbia University, among other institutions, they seem willing to admit their mistake in lumping together a coffee plant with synthetic 'designer' drugs," he wrote in an email.

Izaguirre told me that clandestine parties typically fall into one of two categories, depending on attendees' socio-economic background: those like Project XXX, in which cheaper drugs such as marijuana and cocaine paste are consumed (and at which you're more likely to see gang violence in the form of shootouts or knife fights); and wealthier deals that are used as marketing grounds for designer drugs.

Council of the European Union decisions on designer drugs. Council of the European Union issued a set of decisions on 7 designer drugs to make them subject to control measures and criminal provisions.

Synthetic Panics: The Symbolic Politics of Designer Drugs. NYU Press 1999.

From June 2010, JWH-018, along with a variety of other designer drugs, has been illegal.

An assortment of several designer drugs. Designer drugs are structural or functional analogues of controlled substances that are designed to mimic the pharmacological effects of the parent drug while avoiding detection or classification as illegal. Many of the older designer drugs (research chemicals) are structural analogues of psychoactive tryptamines or phenethylamines but there are many other chemically unrelated new psychoactive substances that can be considered part of the designer drug group. Designer drugs can also include substances that are not psychoactive in effect, such as analogues of controlled anabolic steroids and other performance and image enhancing drugs (PIEDs), including nootropics, weight loss drugs and erectile dysfunction medications.

Names like "synthetic cocaine" and "new cocaine" have been misapplied to phencyclidine (PCP) and various designer drugs.

Adamantane was recently identified as a key structural subunit in several synthetic cannabinoid designer drugs, namely AB-001 and SDB-001.

Other designer drugs were prepared for the first time in clandestine laboratories. Full text. Because the efficacy and safety of these substances have not been thoroughly evaluated in animal and human trials, the use of some of these drugs may result in unexpected side effects. The development of designer drugs may be considered a subfield of drug design.

Whilst a great many products are sold, drugs dominate the numbers of listings, with the drugs including cannabis, MDMA, modafinil, LSD, cocaine, and designer drugs.

The advent of novel illegal or quasi-legal designer drugs intended as substitutes or alternatives to illegal drugs has given rise to several new legends as well.

Piperazine containing designer drugs have effects similar to MDMA (ecstasy). This class of drugs are mimics of serotonin that activate 5-HT receptor subtypes that release norepinephrine and dopamine.

Nilfisk is featured in a song from the Belgian singer Daan. The song "Swedish Designer Drugs" opens with the sentence "I'm shot in the back by Nilfisk addicted cowboys".

In March 2011, the International Narcotics Control Board published a report about designer drugs, noting mephedrone was by then being used recreationally in Europe, North America, Southeast Asia, New Zealand and Australia.

It is also known as a naturalized species in tropical western Africa. The plant is known commonly as maconha brava.Fattore, L. and W. Fratta. (2011). Beyond THC: the new generation of cannabinoid designer drugs.

Since, the class has been expanded by scientific research into stimulant, analgesic, and neuroprotective agents, and also by clandestine chemists in search of novel recreational drugs.Valter K, Arrizabalaga P. Designer Drugs Directory. Elsevier, 1998.

She was the first Drag Race contestant to have died. On the show, Davenport discussed her use of "designer drugs", such as ketamine, and how her drag mother had to help her out of her addiction.

Aminoalkylindole are now commonly found in synthetic cannabis designer drugs. In the United States, the DEA added the aminoalkylindole JWH-200 to Schedule I of the Controlled Substances Act on 1 March 2011 for 12 months.

Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2018 Apr;56(4):256-263. Majchrzak M, Celiński R, Kuś P, Kowalska T, Sajewicz M. The newest cathinone derivatives as designer drugs: an analytical and toxicological review. Forensic Toxicol. 2018;36(1):33-50.

Although AB-CHFUPYCA contains structural elements common to the synthetic cannabinoid designer drugs AB- PINACA and AB-FUBINACA, it can also be considered an analog of the traditional pyrazole cannabinoid receptor 1 antagonist rimonabant. Its pharmacological properties have not been studied.

In the late 1990s and early 2000s, there was a huge explosion in designer drugs being sold over the internet. The term and concept of "research chemicals" was coined by some marketers of designer drugs (in particular, of psychedelic drugs in the tryptamine and phenethylamine family). The idea was that, by selling the chemicals as for "scientific research" rather than human consumption, the intent clause of the U.S. analogue drug laws would be avoided. Nonetheless, the DEA raided multiple suppliers, first JLF Primary Materials, and then multiple vendors (such as RAC Research) several years later in Operation Web Tryp.

Other legislations related to intoxicants address "designer drugs" and placed legal liabilities on those establishments serving alcoholic beverages. The Senate approved observing the third Monday in January as Martin Luther King, Jr. Day. Senate Bill 485, 70th Legislature Regular Session. Chapter 159.

Some jurisdictions may have analogue laws which ban drugs similar in chemical structure to other prohibited drugs, while some designer drugs may be prohibited irrespective of the legal status of structurally similar drugs; in both cases, their trade may take place on the black market.

Are the side effects worth the benefits? What if the side effect was something that had never been seen before? This book explores the practice of designer drugs. The novel was made into a TV film in 2001, directed by William A. Graham, and starring Chad Lowe.

A temporary class drug is a relatively new status for controlled drugs, which has been adopted in some jurisdictions, notably New Zealand and the United Kingdom, to attempt to bring newly synthesized designer drugs under legal control. The controlled drug legislation in these jurisdictions requires drug scheduling decisions to follow an evidence-based process, where the harms of the drug are assessed and reviewed so that an appropriate legal status can be assigned. Since many designer drugs sold in recent years have had little or no published research that could help inform such a decision, they have been widely sold as "legal highs", often for months, before sufficient evidence accumulates to justify placing them on the controlled drug schedules.

Rosselló is a co-founder of Beijing Prosperous Biopharm, a medical company established in Beijing, China, that has developed various designer drugs aimed at prostate cancer, neurodegeneration problems, diabetes, and HIV. Rosselló claimed to have developed various drugs then later clarified that they were still in the research phase of development.

Bostrom (2005), 16. He defends a version of negative utilitarianism. He outlines how drugs and technologies, including intracranial self-stimulation ("wireheading"), designer drugs and genetic engineering could end suffering for all sentient life. Mental suffering will be a relic of the past, just as physical suffering during surgery was eliminated by anaesthesia.

The drug policy of Canada since Fall 2012 categorizes methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) as a schedule I substance under the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act, placing it in the same category as heroin and MDMA. Mephedrone and methylone are already illegal in Canada and most of the United States. In the United Kingdom, all substituted cathinones were made illegal in April 2010, under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971, but other designer drugs such as naphyrone appeared soon after and some products described as legal contained illegal compounds. To avoid being controlled by the Medicines Act, designer drugs such as mephedrone have been described as "bath salts", or other misnomers such as "plant food" despite the compounds having no history of being used for these purposes.

PCPr is an arylcyclohexylamine dissociative anesthetic drug with hallucinogenic and stimulant effects. It is around the same potency as phencyclidine, although slightly less potent than its ethyl homologue eticyclidine, and has reportedly been sold as a designer drug in Germany and other European countries since the late 1990s.Christoph Sauer. Phencyclidine Derivatives – A new Class of Designer Drugs.

Dzirasa is interested in how mechanisms in neural circuits underpin emotional behavior. His ultimate aim is to use neuroelectrical stimulation to treat mental illness. He has considered the fluctuations of local field potential oscillations in the brain. Dzirasa developed a multi- circuit in vivo recording technique that can be used with selective modulation using designer drugs.

The Federal Analogue Act, , is a section of the United States Controlled Substances Act passed in 1986 which allowed any chemical "substantially similar" to a controlled substance listed in Schedule I or II to be treated as if it were listed in Schedule I, but only if intended for human consumption. These similar substances are often called designer drugs.

Philip Jenkins, Synthetic panics: the symbolic politics of designer drugs, NYU Press, 1999, , pp. ix–x In the U.S., drugs have been legally classified into five categories, schedule I, II, III, IV, or V in the Controlled Substances Act. The drugs are classified on their deemed potential for abuse. Usage of some drugs is strongly correlated.

Methedrone is a research chemical and its euphoric and stimulant properties can be abused. Similarly to MDMA it can be administered through insufflation, ingestion, smoking, rectal, and intravenous routes; however, it differs greatly in both duration and toxicity and great care should be taken when used due to the lack of medical literature available common among designer drugs.

The exploration of modifications to known active drugs—such as their structural analogues, stereoisomers, and derivatives—yields drugs that may differ significantly in effects from their "parent" drug (e.g., showing increased potency, or decreased side effects). In some instances, designer drugs have similar effects to other known drugs, but have completely dissimilar chemical structures (e.g. JWH-018 vs THC).

"Anthonio" was released via Richard X's independent record label, Pleasure Masters. The Fred Falke and Designer Drugs remixes were released to Beatport on 20 April 2009. A CD single, a 12-inch single and two digital download formats were made available, all including remixes of the song. Limited edition handmade singles were released, limited to just one hundred copies.

He was released at the end of the 2010-11 season along with 11 others. In January 2013, Williams and Kristopher O'Malley pleaded guilty to charges of supplying designer drugs methylone and naphyrone. The lawyer representing Williams said that he had become involved in this activity because of financial difficulties suffered due to a gambling addiction. Williams was jailed for 32 months.

The 2012 festival lineup featured the following artists: Duck Sauce, Richie Hawtin, Chuckie, R3hab, Steve Lawler, A-Trak, Guy Gerber, Autoerotique, Kaskade, Alesso, Dubfire, Nic Fanciulli, Mark Knight, Boris, Carlo Lio, Designer Drugs, Sydney Blu."Canada Day 2012 with R3HAB, AFROJACK & KASKADE – RECAP". The Guvernment, July 11, 2012. The festival was held at the Flats at The Molson Canadian Amphitheatre.

Klare H, Neudörfl JM, Brandt SD, Mischler E, Meier-Giebing S, Deluweit K, Westphal F, Laussmann T. Analysis of six 'neuro-enhancing' phenidate analogs. Drug Test Anal. 2017 Mar;9(3):423-435. Luethi D, Kaeser PJ, Brandt SD, Krähenbühl S, Hoener MC, Liechti ME. Pharmacological profile of methylphenidate-based designer drugs. Neuropharmacology. 2018 May 15;134(Pt A):133-140.

Due to the recent development of many designer drugs, laws banning or regulating their use have not been developed yet, and in recent cases novel drugs have appeared directly in response to legislative action, to replace a similar compound that had recently been banned. Many of the chemicals fall under the various drug analogue legislations in certain countries, but most countries have no general analogue act or equivalent legislation and so novel compounds may fall outside of the law after only minor structural modifications. In the United States, the Controlled Substances Act was amended by the Controlled Substance Analogue Enforcement of 1986, which attempted to ban designer drugs pre-emptively by making it illegal to manufacture, sell, or possess chemicals that were substantially similar in chemistry and pharmacology to Schedule I or Schedule II drugs. Other countries have dealt with the issue differently.

Some attempts have been made to ban these drugs as unlicensed medicines, but progress has been slow so far, as even in those jurisdictions which have laws targeting designer drugs, the laws are drafted to ban analogs of illegal drugs of abuse, rather than analogs of prescription medicines. However, at least one court case has resulted in a product being taken off the market.

Drug addiction constitutes a major health problem. Iran is situated along one of the main trafficking routes for cannabis, heroin, opium and morphine produced in Afghanistan, and designer drugs have also found their way into the local market in recent years. Iran ranks first worldwide in the prevalence of opiate addiction with 2.8% of its population addicted. Initiation age for most Iranian addicts is their 20s.

This is a list of fentanyl analogues, including both compounds developed by pharmaceutical companies for legitimate medical use, and those which have been sold as designer drugs and reported to national drug control agencies such as the DEA, or transnational agencies such as the EMCDDA and UNODC.Fentanyl- related substances with no known legitimate uses. International Narcotics Control Board, 24 June 2018 This is not a comprehensive listing of fentanyl analogues, as more than 1400 compounds from this family have been described in the scientific and patent literature, but it includes all notable compounds that have reached late-stage human clinical trials, or which have been identified as having been sold as designer drugs. In the United States, the Drug Enforcement Administration placed the broadly defined class of "Fentanyl- Related Substances" on the list of Schedule I drugs in 2018, making it illegal to manufacture, distribute, or possess fentanyl analogs.

3-Methylfentanyl (3-MF, mefentanyl) is an opioid analgesic that is an analog of fentanyl. 3-Methylfentanyl is one of the most potent opioids, estimated to be between 400 and 6000 times stronger than morphine,Henderson GL. Designer Drugs: Past History and Future Prospects Journal of Forensic Sciences. 33(2): 569-575 (1988) depending on which isomer is used (with the cis isomers being the more potent ones).

A 2016 study found that Wikipedia editors who contributed to articles on designer drugs were most likely to also contribute to articles on illegal drugs and pharmaceutical drugs, implying that they have a background in pharmacology. They were also more likely to contribute to articles on neurological disorders, psychiatric disorders, other diseases, and cell biology; they were least likely to edit articles about popular culture topics or history.

Narrator Clive Lean seems unmoved by society's laws, and continually breaks them. He evades income tax by selling his company to a tramp, takes some of the world's first designer drugs, steals Berengaria's body and her documents from the Church of England, handcuffs a priest to a parking sign, drives a getaway car, knocks a policeman to the ground in resisting arrest, and bribes a witness to not testify against him.

Accessed August 16, 2012. The Great Falls were featured in the first season of the HBO crime drama The Sopranos, both in the pilot and in the episode Pax Soprana as the place where Junior Soprano's friend's grandson committed suicide after taking poor designer drugs; as a favor, Junior Soprano had Mikey Palmice and another individual toss the dealer, Rusty Irish, off the bridge over the falls.Nussbaum, Paul.

4-Ethylamphetamine (4-EA) is a substituted amphetamine derivative which has been sold as a designer drug. It is mainly known as a synthetic intermediate used as a building block to manufacture larger molecules, but 4-EA is closely related in chemical structure to designer drugs such as 4-methylamphetamine and 4-ethylmethcathinone, and is both a synthetic precursor and a metabolite of the 25-NB derivative 4-EA-NBOMe.

These drugs are primarily developed to avoid being controlled by laws against illegal drugs, thus giving them the label of designer drugs. In the US, the number of calls to poison centers concerning "bath salts" rose from 304 in 2010 to 6,138 in 2011, according to the American Association of Poison Control Centers. Calls related to bath salts then began to decrease; by 2015, the number had declined to 522.

A temporary class drug is a relatively new status for controlled drugs, which has been adopted in some jurisdictions, notably New Zealand and the United Kingdom, to attempt to bring newly synthesised designer drugs under legal control. The controlled drug legislation in these jurisdictions requires drug scheduling decisions to follow an evidence-based process, where the harms of the drug are assessed and reviewed so that an appropriate legal status can be assigned. Since many designer drugs sold in recent years have had little or no published research that could help inform such a decision, they have been widely sold as "legal highs", often for months, before sufficient evidence accumulates to justify placing them on the controlled drug schedules. This situation has been deemed to be undesirable, as every time a designer drug has been banned, novel compounds with similar effects have been quickly developed and brought to market, often with worse health consequences reported than the original compound.

A Tale of Sex, Designer Drugs, and the Death of Rock n' Roll is an EP released by the American rock band Pretty Boy Floyd. It was their second album & first recording since splitting up in 1991. On this EP, Keri Kelli joined as second guitarist and Keff Ratcliffe replaced Vinnie Chas on bass. "Everybody Needs a Hero" is a cover of a song by Keri Kelli's previous band Big Bang Babies.

Bromoketamine or 2-bromodeschloroketamine is a chemical compound of the arylcyclohexylamine class, which is an analog of the dissociative anesthetic drug ketamine in which the chlorine atom has been replaced with a bromine atom. It is used in scientific research as a comparison or control compound in studies into the metabolism of ketamine and norketamine, and has also been sold online alongside arylcyclohexylamine designer drugs, though it is unclear whether bromoketamine has similar pharmacological activity.

Ethan Brown was born on June 7, 1972. Before writing his books, Brown was a writer for magazines such as New York Magazine, the New York Observer, and Rolling Stone. He has written several prominent stories about the rise of new designer drugs and the intersection between drugs, gangs, and law enforcement that he has been able to obtain through investigative journalism. His work includes a cover story on Ecstasy for New York Magazine.

A package of stimulant powder labeled as bath products Bath salts (also psychoactive bath salts, PABS, or in the United Kingdom monkey dust) are a group of recreational designer drugs. The name derives from instances in which the drugs were disguised as bath salts. The white powder, granules, or crystals often resemble Epsom salts, but differ chemically. The drugs' packaging often states "not for human consumption" in an attempt to circumvent drug prohibition laws.

Bioengineering, against a backdrop of warfare, has resulted in the rapid development of cybernetic prosthetics and direct human-machine interfaces. With the lack of government and police, casual violence is endemic. Many also suffer from "technoshock", an inability to cope with a world of synthetic muscle tissue, organic circuits and designer drugs. The main location for Cyberpunk is the fictional Night City, situated on the west coast of the United States between Los Angeles and San Francisco.

In Europe, the drugs were predominantly purchased from websites, but in the US they were mainly sold in small independent stores such as gas stations and head shops. In the US, this often made them easier to obtain than cigarettes and alcohol. Bath salts have also been sold online in small packets. Hundreds of other designer drugs or "legal highs" have been reported, including artificial chemicals such as synthetic cannabis and semi-synthetic substances such as methylhexaneamine.

While through recent history most designer drugs had been either opioids, hallucinogens, or anabolic steroids, the range of possible compounds is limited only by the scientific and patent literature, and recent years have been characterised by a broadening of the range of compounds sold as designer drugs. These have included a wide variety of designer stimulants such as geranamine, mephedrone, MDPV and desoxypipradrol, several designer sedatives such as methylmethaqualone and premazepam, and designer analogues of sildenafil (Viagra), which have been reported as active compounds in "herbal" aphrodisiac products. Designer cannabinoids are another recent development, with two compounds JWH-018 and (C8)-CP 47,497 initially found in December 2008 as active components of "herbal smoking blends" sold as legal alternatives to marijuana.Spice enthält chemischen Wirkstoff (German) Subsequently, a growing range of synthetic cannabinoid agonists have continued to appear, including by 2010, novel compounds such as RCS-4, RCS-8, and AB-001, which had never been reported in the literature, and appear to have been invented by designer drug manufacturers themselves.

Despite a high chemical similarity, structural analogs are not necessarily functional analogs and can have very different physical, chemical, biochemical, or pharmacological properties. In drug discovery either a large series of structural analogs of an initial lead compound are created and tested as part of a structure–activity relationship study or a database is screened for structural analogs of a lead compound. Chemical analogues of illegal drugs are developed and sold in order to circumvent laws. Such substances are often called designer drugs.

The second CD, Bridge Burner (2002), was a breakthrough, partly because Stuyven chose to go more into the direction of electronically flavoured dance music. The dance number "Swedish Designer Drugs" became a club classic and the frontman gradually gathered a live band around himself, consisting of top musicians like Isolde Lasoen (drums, vibraphone and backing vocalist), opera singer Gregory Frateur, Jeroen Swinnen (synthesizer and backing vocalist), Steven Janssens (guitar), Otti Van Der Werf (bass guitar), and Jo Hermans (trumpet and backing vocalist).

Acetylpropionylmorphine is an opiate analogue that is an ester of morphine. It was developed in the early 1900s after first being synthesised in Great Britain in 1875 but shelved along with heroin and various other esters of morphine, but was never used medically, instead being widely sold as one of the first "designer drugs" for around five years following the introduction of the first international restrictions on the sale of heroin in 1925.Dominic Streatfeild. Cocaine A Definitive History. p169.

2004 Mar 10;140(2-3):195-206. Since PMA has a slow onset of effects, several deaths have occurred where individuals have taken a pill containing PMA, followed by a pill containing MDMA some time afterwards due to thinking that the first pill was not active.Dams R, De Letter EA, Mortier KA, Cordonnier JA, Lambert WE, Piette MH, Van Calenbergh S, De Leenheer AP. Fatality due to combined use of the designer drugs MDMA and PMA: a distribution study. Journal of Analytical Toxicology.

A large and complex variety of synthetic cannabinoids are designed in an attempt to avoid legal restrictions on cannabis, making synthetic cannabinoids designer drugs. Most synthetic cannabinoids are agonists of the cannabinoid receptors. They have been designed to be similar to THC, the natural cannabinoid with the strongest binding affinity to the CB1 receptor, which is linked to the psychoactive effects or "high" of marijuana. These synthetic analogs often have greater binding affinity and greater potency to the CB1 receptors.

She studied a wide range of illicit drugs, including cocaine, methamphetamine, ecstasy, and heroin. Her research included an initiative to develop new diagnostic tests for designer drugs, which current drug tests cannot detect. Huestis' work has yielded more than 400 manuscripts, most recently with a focus on the effects of marijuana use on driving impairment. She was motivated to see how her research improved people’s lives by reducing deaths from drugged driving or reducing the effects on children when mothers use drugs during pregnancy.

To evade drug laws, some companies sell a number of powdered recreational designer drugs in packages labelled "bath salts" . The name derives from instances in which the drugs were sold disguised as true bath salts, with the package claiming that the chemical was intended for use during bathing. The white powder, granules, or crystals often resemble true bath salts such as Epsom salts, but are very different chemically. The drugs' packaging often states "not for human consumption" in an attempt to circumvent drug prohibition laws.

In the United Kingdom, 2C-E is a Class A controlled substance. The UK has the strictest laws in the EU on designer drugs. The Misuse Of Drugs Act was amended in 2002 to include a "catch most" clause outlawing every drug, and possible future drug, from the LSD (ergoline) and MDMA (phenethylamine) chemical families (including 2C-E). The amendment is a near verbatim quote from the books of the American biochemist Alexander Shulgin, who obtained a PhD from the University of California, Berkeley.

The carrier arrived at Yokosuka, Japan on 25 September 2008, where she was met by several hundred local supporters and protesters. Anchored in Gage Roads Western Australia July 2009 F/A-18E/F Super Hornet assigned to the Royal Maces launches from USS George Washington In June 2009, the Navy revealed that 15 of the carrier's sailors were being expelled from the service for use of illegal designer drugs. On 2 July 2009, George Washington, accompanied by , anchored on the Gage Roads of Perth.

An alternative approach for on-demand control of circuit excitability that does not require light delivery to the brain is to use chemogenetics. This relies on expressing a mutated receptor in the seizure focus, which does not respond to endogenous neurotransmitters but can be activated by an exogenous drug. G-protein coupled receptors mutated in this way are called Designer Receptors Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs (DREADDs). Success in treating epilepsy has been reported using the inhibitory DREADD hM4D(Gi), which is derived from the M4 muscarinic receptor.

Although 25I-NBOMe was discovered in 2003, it did not emerge as a common recreational drug until 2010, when it was first sold by vendors specializing in the supply of designer drugs. In a slang context, the name of the compound is often shortened to "25I" or is simply called "N-Bomb". According to a 2014 survey, 25I-NBOMe was the most frequently used of the NBOMe series. By 2013, case reports of 25I-NBOMe intoxication, with and without analytic confirmation of the drug in the body, were becoming increasingly common in the medical literature.

Research chemicals are fundamental in the development of novel pharmacotherapies. Common medical laboratory uses include in vivo and animal testing to determine therapeutic value, toxicology testing by contract research organizations to determine drug safety, and analysis by drug test and forensic toxicology labs for the purposes of evaluating human exposure. Many pharmacologically active chemicals are sold online under the guise of "research chemicals," when in reality they are untested designer drugs that are being consumed by buyers taking advantage of many of the compounds' transitional or nonexistent legal status.

In a systematic review from 2014 of the chemical synthesis of designer drugs, the effects of Shulgin's work were described as "by far the most far-reaching" in the cultural climate of interest in hallucinogenic compounds – as presumed to have peaked in the 1950s – and in its consequences as "devastating". Shulgin claimed that mescaline made him aware of the existence of a world buried in our spirit, whose "availability" was "catalyzed" by chemicals. In the same review an example of his insights was given by his description of MDMA as "his low-calorie Martini".

Esters of morphine were first produced by boiling morphine in acids or acid anhydrides including acetic, formic, propanoic, benzoic, butyric, and others, forming numerous mono-, di-, and tetraesters. Some of these were later researched further by others and some were eventually marketed. They included heroin, the first designer drugs which were produced in the late 1920s to replace heroin when it was outlawed by the League of Nations, medicinal drugs such as nicomorphine and others. Some of the corresponding esters of codeine, dihydrocodeine, dihydromorphine, isocodeine were also developed, such as the cough suppressant nicocodeine.

Because of this, it can be used in synthetic synthesis to create amphetamine derivatives, and create designer drugs like MMDMA that are similar in structure and effect to MDMA. Out of the common spices that contain myristicin, nutmeg has the highest relative concentration of the compound. Therefore, it is used most frequently to isolate myristicin or exploit its effects. 280x280pxWhile there are accidental nutmeg poisonings, it is also known to be abused with the intention of achieving a low cost high resembling psychedelics, particularly by adolescents, drug users, college students, and prisoners.

A receptor activated solely by a synthetic ligand (RASSL) or designer receptor exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADD), is a class of chemogenetically-engineered proteins that permit spatial and temporal control of G protein signaling in vivo. Originally differentiated by the approach used to engineer them, RASSLs and DREADDs are often used interchangeably now to represent an engineered G-protein receptor-ligand system. These systems utilize G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) engineered to respond exclusively to synthetic ligands, like clozapine N-oxide (CNO), and not to their natural ligand(s).

Only a very small amount of material is needed to obtain results, and can be used to test powder, pills, capsules, crystals, or organic material. There is also the ability to detect illicit material when mixed with other non-illicit materials. The tests are used for general screening purposes, offering a generic result for the presence of a wide range of drugs, including Heroin, Cocaine, Methamphetamine, Amphetamine, Ecstasy/MDMA, Methadone, Ketamine, PCP, PMA, DMT, MDPV, and may detect rapidly evolving synthetic designer drugs. Separate tests for Marijuana/Hashish are also available.

The contribution of these receptors to the overall pharmacology of heroin remains unknown. A subclass of morphine derivatives, namely the 3,6 esters of morphine, with similar effects and uses, includes the clinically used strong analgesics nicomorphine (Vilan), and dipropanoylmorphine; there is also the latter's dihydromorphine analogue, diacetyldihydromorphine (Paralaudin). Two other 3,6 diesters of morphine invented in 1874–75 along with diamorphine, dibenzoylmorphine and acetylpropionylmorphine, were made as substitutes after it was outlawed in 1925 and, therefore, sold as the first "designer drugs" until they were outlawed by the League of Nations in 1930.

Porn Stars is a studio album by the band Pretty Boy Floyd. It features re- recordings of six tracks from their debut album Leather Boyz With Electric Toyz, a re-recording of one track from Tonight Belongs To The Young, and a re- recording of one track from their EP A Tale of Sex, Designer Drugs, and the Death of Rock N Roll. The production on this recording is notably far more raw than their debut. The album features five new tracks with two being covers, "Shout It Out Loud" by KISS and "Department Of Youth" by Alice Cooper.

Their debut album Safe Sex Designer Drugs & the Death of Rock 'N' Roll was released in the UK in October 1994 and in the US in June 1995, after US radio stations such as KROQ took an interest. They toured across the UK and Europe with the likes of Terrorvision and The Wildhearts in 1994 and also the US where they did a tour supporting Elastica in 1995. Kerrang! gave the band 5/5 in their live reviews for the Camden Monarch and Highbury Garage shows. A second album was recorded in 1995 with Al Scott and Zmago Smon.

Smart shops in various countries have been known in the past to sell designer drugs: that is, synthetic substances that were not (yet) illegal. The sale of synthetic drugs not explicitly approved as food, supplements or medicines is illegal in some of them. For example, in the Netherlands it is dealt with by the relatively benign machinery of the Warenautoriteit (Commodities Authority) rather than in criminal law, as would be the case with controlled substances. Yet, this has made it effectively impossible to sell them in a formal retail setting, even if their production and possession is entirely legitimate.

Morrow said – "Drug dealers throughout America are always trying to come up with new methods of selling our children drugs," [...] "This legislation is all about protecting our children." Bedford said – "We want to see the law catch up with these designer drugs". Franklin County District Attorney Joey Rushing said that he hopes Alabama can step up as a leader in fighting to control it before it becomes a major problem – "It's cheap, it's easy to buy and it's dangerous," [...] "Those are combinations that we need to stop before it's too late" he said.Willis 2007-10-18 (US Media).

In particular, manufacturers were switching from morphine to pethidine, methadone, and other designer drugs to evade the international restrictions. The similarity concept was specifically designed to combat these tactics. In addition, every Party to the Protocol was committed to inform the UN Secretary-General of any drug used or capable of being used for medical or scientific purposes (and not falling within the scope of the 1931 Convention) which that party considered capable of abuse and of producing harmful effects. The Protocol also authorized the Commission on Narcotic Drugs to place such a drug under provisional control.

3D molecular rendering of methylphenidate (MPH) This is a list of methylphenidate (MPH or MPD) analogues, or Phenidates. The most well known compound from this family, methylphenidate, is widely prescribed around the world for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and certain other indications. Several other derivatives including rimiterol, phacetoperane and pipradrol also have more limited medical application. A rather larger number of these compounds have been sold in recent years as designer drugs, either as quasi-legal substitutes for illicit stimulants such as methamphetamine or cocaine, or as purported "study drugs" or nootropics.

Betahydroxythiofentanyl (β-hydroxythiofentanyl) is an opioid analgesic that is an analogue of fentanyl. Betahydroxythiofentanyl was sold briefly on the black market from around 1985,Valter K, Arrizabalaga P. Designer Drugs Directory (1998), p150. before the introduction of the Federal Analog Act in 1986 which for the first time attempted to control entire families of drugs based on their structural similarity rather than scheduling each drug individually as they appeared. β-hydroxythiofentanyl was anecdotally said to be one of the more favored fentanyl analogues by opiate addicts, but nevertheless its brief career as a street drug did not survive the introduction of the Analogues Act.

On 28 October 2014, the Supreme Court transferred 258 cases to the Court of Appeal. It later transferred more, to a total of about 1,650 cases. On 10 March 2015, the Court of Appeal upheld a May 2014 High Court ruling that section 2(2) of the Misuse of Drugs Act 1977 was unconstitutional, thus annulling statutory instruments made under section 2(2) which criminalised various designer drugs. Although the government may seek to appeal this to the Supreme Court, it had also made contingency plans for emergency legislation after the High Court ruling, and an Act was rushed through the Oireachtas on 10–11 March 2015.

Cayman Chemical Company is an American biotechnology company founded in 1980, headquartered in Ann Arbor, MI. The company provides chemicals that are used primarily by universities and pharmaceutical companies for research and the development of medicines. The company is also known as a provider of reference standards to state and federal crime labs for use in the detection of rapidly evolving designer drugs. Small quantities of these known reference standards are analyzed using mass spectrometry and gas chromatography techniques to match against forensic evidence, usually confiscated by law enforcement, or forensic toxicological evidence collected in the form of biological samples such as urine, blood, or tissue.

Since 1993, OCI has investigated thousands of criminal schemes involving the distribution of potentially dangerous FDA-regulated products. These investigations have involved a wide variety of criminal conduct, including street level distribution of counterfeit, unapproved, and designer drugs, major organized illicit diversion of prescription drugs, fraudulent schemes involving ineffective AIDS, cancer, and Alzheimer cures, large scale product substitution conspiracies, application and clinical investigator fraud, and health frauds involving harmful FDA-regulated drugs and medical devices. As FDA's criminal law enforcement arm, OCI protects the American public by conducting criminal investigations of illegal activities involving FDA- regulated products, arresting those responsible, and bringing them before the Department of Justice for prosecution.

A majority of the prisoners have more or less serious drug addiction before they come to the prison, but random drug test of the prisoners show a low and decreasing number (less than 2%) of ongoing drug use inside the Swedish prisons. This has helped to create a more calm situation also in high security prisons.Inga internetdroger i landets anstalter, Kriminalvården , 12 July 2011. None of 124 random urine test of prisoners showed any use of [designer drugs]Drogerna blir färre i fängelserna, Dagens Nyheter, 12 July 2011 Regular urine and sweat test are performed, dogs trained to find drugs are also used and more strict control of visitors.

A package of recreational drugs disguised in "bath salts" packaging. A designer drug is a structural or functional analog of a controlled substance that has been designed to mimic the pharmacological effects of the original drug, while avoiding classification as illegal and/or detection in standard drug tests. Designer drugs include psychoactive substances that have been designated by the European Union as new psychoactive substances (NPS) as well as analogs of performance-enhancing drugs such as designer steroids. Some of these were originally synthesized by academic or industrial researchers in an effort to discover more potent derivatives with fewer side effects and were later co-opted for recreational use.

Acetildenafil and other synthetic structural analogs of sildenafil which are PDE5 inhibitors have been found as adulterants in a number of "herbal" aphrodisiac products sold over-the-counter. These analogs have not undergone any of the rigorous testing that drugs like sildenafil have passed, and thus have unknown side-effect profiles. Some attempts have been made to ban these drugs, but progress has been slow so far, as, even in those jurisdictions that have laws targeting designer drugs, the laws are drafted to ban analogs of illegal drugs of abuse, rather than analogs of prescription medicines. However, at least one court case has resulted in a product being taken off the market.

Cocaine reverse ester, (also known as Reverse ester cocaine or REC) is a tropane derivative drug which is a reverse ester of cocaine, with the 2-COOCH3 methoxycarbonyl group swapped to an isomeric OCOCH3 acetoxy group. It was synthesised because of the observation that the reverse ester pairs of several structurally related substances show similar activity to each other (see e.g. methylphenidate vs phacetoperane, pethidine vs desmethylprodine). Cocaine reverse ester however did not produce cocaine-like stimulant effects in animal studies, and is also illegal in many jurisdictions as a structural isomer of cocaine; nevertheless it has attracted attention from vendors of quasi-legal designer drugs as a potential alternative to cocaine.

Bag and contents of a well-known early brand of synthetic cannabinoids named Spice that contains herbs covered with synthetic cannabinoids, now illegal throughout much of the world Synthetic cannabinoids are a class of molecules that bind to the same receptors to which cannabinoids (THC and CBD) in cannabis plants attach. They are designer drugs, commonly sprayed onto plant matter and are usually smoked, although they have also been ingested as a concentrated liquid form in the US and UK since 2016. They have been marketed as herbal incense, or "herbal smoking blends", and sold under common names like K2, Spice, and Synthetic Marijuana. They are often labeled "not for human consumption" for liability defense.

Synthetic cathinones such as mephedrone, which are chemically similar to cathinone, naturally found in the plant Catha edulis (khat), were first synthesised in the 1920s. They remained obscure until the first decade of the 21st century, when underground chemists rediscovered them and began to use them in designer drugs, as the compounds were legal in many jurisdictions. In 2009 and 2010 there was a significant rise in the abuse of synthetic cathinones, initially in the United Kingdom and the rest of Europe, and subsequently in the United States. Drugs marketed as "bath salts" first came to the attention of authorities in the US in 2010 after reports were made to US poison centers.

3,6-Diacetyloxymorphone is a third acetylated oxymorphone derivative, the oxymorphone analogue of acetylmorphone and expected to be intermediate in strength betwixt the two aforementioned drugs. Another is 3-acetyloxymorphone. All of the above have been, owing to their somewhat sophisticated yet straightforward synthesis from pharmaceutical opioids, consistently if in vanishingly small quantities since at least the 1960s by law enforcement around the world as the results of clandestine synthesis, and acetylmorphone itself was banned by the League of Nations in 1930 to prevent its use as a legal heroin substitute. Therefore, all or most of this group and its hydromorphone analogues along with some others more closely related to heroin such as acetylpropionylmorphine were the first designer drugs in the 1920s.

Jack adamantly refuses to take murder for hire jobs and almost never becomes involved in cases involving domestic issues between couples, kidnappings or missing persons as he believes officialdom, Jack's personal name for society norms such as the police, is the best option in those situations given their superior resources. These fix-its usually begin simply, but grow into complex problems that begin to involve more and more science- fiction and supernatural elements as the novels continue. The second novel, Legacies, is the only one that is completely free of any overtly supernatural elements. All of Jack's fix-its are immediately relevant problems in today's world, covering topics such as conspiracy groups, grassroots movements, designer drugs, public shootings, terrorists, legal dealings, and scientific and biological experiments.

Dibenzoylmorphine is an opiate analogue that is a derivative of morphine. It was developed in the early 1900s after first having been synthesised in 1875 in the UK by the CR Alders Wright organisation at Bayer, along with various other esters of morphine, but was never used medically, instead being widely sold as one of the first "designer drugs" for around five years following the introduction of the first international restrictions on the sale of heroin in 1925. It is described as being virtually identical to heroin and morphine in its effects, and consequently was itself banned internationally in 1930 by the Health Committee of the League of Nations, in order to prevent its sale as an unscheduled alternative to diacetylmorphine.Esters of Morphine.

Another novel development is the use of research ligands for cosmetic rather than strictly recreational purposes, such as grey- market internet sales of the non-approved alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone tanning drugs known as melanotan peptides. Mephedrone and the cathinones marked somewhat of a turning point for designer drugs, turning them from little known, ineffective substances sold in head shops to powerful substances able to compete with classical drugs on the black market. Mephedrone especially experienced a somewhat meteoric rise in popularity in 2009 and the resulting media panic resulted in its prohibition in multiple countries. Following this there was a considerable emergence of other cathinones which attempted to mimic the effects of mephedrone, and with a newly attracted customer base, plenty of money to drive innovation.

In the UK to avoid being controlled by the Medicines Act, designer drugs such as mephedrone have been described as "plant food," despite the compounds having no history of being used for these purposes. In the US, similar descriptions ("bath salts" is the most common) have been used to describe mephedrone as well as methylone and methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV). Combined with labeling that they are "not for human consumption," these descriptions are an attempt to skirt the Federal Analog Act which forbids drugs that are "substantially similar" to already classified drugs from being sold for human use. Synthetic cannabinoids are known under a variety of names including K2, Spice, Black Mamba, Bombay Blue, Genie, Zohai, Banana Cream Nuke, Krypton, and Lava Red.

5-Ethoxy-DMT (5-ethoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine, 5-EtO-DMT, O-ethylbufotenine) is a tryptamine derivative which has been previously synthesized as a chemical intermediate, but has not been studied to determine its pharmacology.TIHKAL #19 The widespread recreational use of N,N-dialkylated 5-methoxytryptamine derivatives including 5-MeO-DMT, 5-MeO-MiPT and 5-MeO-DiPT has led to concern that the 5-ethoxy homologs of these drugs could emerge as novel designer drugs, and consequently 5-EtO-DMT and other derivatives including 5-EtO-DET, 5-EtO-DPT, 5-EtO-DiPT, 5-EtO-DALT, 5-EtO-MPT, 5-EtO-MiPT, 5-EtO-EiPT, 5-EtO- MET and 5-EtO-EPT have been synthesized as analytical standards in order to facilitate future research into these compounds.

Benzylbutylbarbiturate (5-benzyl-5-n-butylbarbituric acid) is a rare example of a barbiturate designer drug, possibly the only such compound encountered in recent years. It was confiscated by police in Japan in 2000, and presumably was a product of clandestine manufacture as this compound has never previously been sold as a legal pharmaceutical. As with all designer drugs, this compound was produced in an attempt to circumvent drug laws prohibiting the use of most known barbiturate drugs, however as the drug laws in many jurisdictions (including Japan) prohibit "any 5,5-disubstituted derivative of barbituric acid", this compound was deemed to be already illegal, despite being a novel compound which had not previously been encountered. This compound was known from the scientific literature and so was not a new chemical entity.

In 2012, Stephen McFadden was indicted in the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Virginia on one count of conspiracy to distribute and eight counts of distribution of controlled substance analogues intended for human consumption to another distributor in Charlottesville, Virginia. These substances were designer drugs known as "bath salts," specifically methylone, MDPV, and 4-MEC, considered to be illicit analogues under the Analogue Act. On January 10, 2013, McFadden was found guilty by a jury on all counts and was sentenced to 33 months of imprisonment and 30 months of supervised release. A motion for judgment of acquittal on the grounds that the Analogue Act was unconstitutionally vague, the court's instruction of the jury was improper, the admission of expert testimony was improper, and the evidence supporting his conviction was insufficient was denied by Chief Judge Glen E. Conrad.

Some attempts have been made to ban these drugs as unlicensed medicines, but progress has been slow so far, as even in those jurisdictions which have laws targeting designer drugs, the laws are drafted to ban analogues of illegal drugs of abuse, rather than analogues of prescription medicines. However at least one court case has resulted in a product being taken off the market. In December 2010, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued a warning to consumers about such products stating, "The FDA has found many products marketed as dietary supplements for sexual enhancement during the past several years that can be harmful because they contain active ingredients in FDA- approved drugs or variations of these ingredients."FDA warns consumers to avoid Man Up Now capsules, United States Food and Drug Administration, Dec.

The majority of currently approved antidepressants act predominantly or exclusively as MRIs, including the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), and almost all of the tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs). Many psychostimulants used either in the treatment of or as appetite suppressants in the treatment of obesity also behave as MRIs, although notably amphetamine (and methamphetamine), which do act to some extent as monoamine reuptake inhibitors, exerts their effects primarily as releasing agents. Additionally, psychostimulants acting as MRIs that affect dopamine such as cocaine and methylphenidate are often abused as recreational drugs. As a result, many of them have become controlled substances, which in turn has resulted in the clandestine synthesis of a vast array of designer drugs for the purpose of bypassing drug laws; a prime example of such is the mixed monoamine reuptake inhibitor and releasing agent mephedrone.

The Ricaurte article was published in the middle of a group of 16 "reports" and not given special prominence in the "Highlights of research in this issue" section of the 27 September 2002 issue of Science.27 September 2002 issue, Science 297 (5590) The short editorial commentary on the article was called "More Dangers from Designer Drugs" and drew the reader's attention to previously published research indicating that "ecstasy" use alters serotoninergic synaptic transmission. Science also commented that by linking "ecstasy" to dopaminergic neurotoxicity in monkeys, the Ricaurte article suggested that recreational users of "ecstasy" might be putting themselves at risk for developing neuropsychiatric disorders (such as Parkinson's disease) that are related to dopamine dysfunction. The Science section called "News of the Week" in the 27 September 2002 issue had an article by reporter Constance Holden called, "Drug Find Could Give Ravers the Jitters" (on pages 2185-2187).

During the 1980s, the power of the Chinese underworld was constantly shifting from one Triad to another in an attempt to control Britain's drug trafficking trade. Triads soon began expanding into other criminal activities including VAT fraud using innocent loanshark and extortion victims to provide a front business. The Triads also began to turn away from heroin; instead turning to less serious drugs such as cannabis and designer drugs which were smuggled by Triad couriers from The Netherlands and Germany as they competed with rival European competitors. Following the signing of the Sino-British Joint Declaration between the UK and China in 1984, the news of Hong Kong's return to China caused many Triads to flee to Britain, specifically the Wo On Lok and the Sun Yee On. These newer Triads were far more organized and professional and, as many of its members were respected and prominent Hong Kong businessmen, they were easily able to use their legitimate businesses as fronts for tax evasion and money laundering.

The Health Committee of the League of Nations banned diacetylmorphine in 1925, although it took more than three years for this to be implemented. In the meantime, the first designer drugs, viz. 3,6 diesters and 6 monoesters of morphine and acetylated analogues of closely related drugs like hydromorphone and dihydromorphine, were produced in massive quantities to fill the worldwide demand for diacetylmorphine—this continued until 1930 when the Committee banned diacetylmorphine analogues with no therapeutic advantage over drugs already in use, the first major legislation of this type. Bayer lost some of its trademark rights to heroin (as well as aspirin) under the 1919 Treaty of Versailles following the German defeat in World War I. Use of heroin by jazz musicians in particular was prevalent in the mid-twentieth century, including Billie Holiday, saxophonists Charlie Parker and Art Pepper, guitarist Joe Pass and piano player/singer Ray Charles; a "staggering number of jazz musicians were addicts".