The eastern tent caterpillar is of some importance as a pest because it defoliates ornamental trees. Damaged trees, however, typically recover and refoliate within several weeks.
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Conservation regimes are not required for this species. It is considered a pest of forests because it defoliates trees. Outbreaks can be treated with an arsenical spray.
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Black knot infection P. serotina is a host of caterpillars of various Lepidoptera (see List of Lepidoptera which feed on Prunus). The eastern tent caterpillar defoliates entire groves some springs.
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Lampetis fastuosa can reach a length of .. The basic colour is bright metallic bluish green. The head is rugose and the elytra are convex, with rows of distinct punctations. This species is considered a destructive insect. In India it defoliates the young shoots and gnaws the bark of Acacia nilotica and Acacia catechu (Mimosaceae).
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The spruce bud moth defoliates young white spruce trees, stunts tree growth, and deforms buds. Although the moth does not lead to spruce tree death, the deformation negatively affects the quality of wood harvested from spruce tree plantations. As a result, much research is being conducted into control methods for the spruce bud moth, including the use of sex pheromones in traps and annual pesticide sprays.
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Frost damage can occur at temperatures below −10 °C (14 °F). Healthy specimens have been grown with little protection as far north as St. Louis, Missouri, and New York, New York, both in USDA zone 7b. C. revoluta usually defoliates in winter in this temperate climate, but will usually flush (grow) several new leaves by spring. This plant has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit (confirmed 2017).
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Iep of olm, karakterboom van de Lage Landen (:Elm, a tree with character of the Low Countries). KNNV, Uitgeverij. U. wallichiana is grown in several arboreta in the UK, but by far the largest number is held by Brighton & Hove City Council, the NCCPG elm collection holder, which has some 60 specimens, including the TROBI Champion in school grounds at Rottingdean. The tree tends to be rather short-boled in Brighton & Hove, and readily defoliates in times of drought.
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Winter moth defoliates maples, oaks, fruit trees, and other deciduous trees. Attempts at biological control followed with the release of C. albicans since 2005. The wasp was considered unsuitable because it is unknown if it is host specific and there are some rare geometrid moths in the area. The fly has become successfully established in Massachusetts, and the level of parasitism of the moth larvae had reached 20-50% by 2015, after thousands of Cyzenis albicans were released at 17 sites in New England.
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Some pergids can be economically important because of their defoliation. Species of Tequus feed on potatoes in Peru and Bolivia, Cerospastus volupis defoliates Nothofagus in Chile and Argentina, a large number of species defoliate (Perginae) or mine in the leaves (Phylacteophaginae) of various species of Eucalyptus in Australia. In particular, the leafminers of the genus Phylacteophaga have been of concern in New Zealand and New Caledonia since being introduced into those countries. Other species of Haplostegus, Enjijus, and Sutwanus feed on the foliage or are shoot borers of guava, Psidium spp.
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The adult defoliates plants which are often already weakened by larval damage at the roots. This two-pronged attack is quite successful in preventing ragwort growth and development. The beetles have prevented entire populations of ragwort from reaching flowering stage at several monitored sites. The beetle is not choosy between species in the genera in which it feeds from, and recent studies with the beetle have shown "that selection pressure by specialist herbivores is not likely a driving force in evolutionary diversification" of the plants which contain the alkaloids that the beetle dines on.
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On occasion, this species develops enormous populations and defoliates entire areas with koa trees. During a recent outbreak of S. paludicola in 2013 on Hawaii Island, larvae were found to feed on isolated populations of the invasive tree Falcataria moluccana near Akaka Falls State Park. Laboratory feeding trials of these larvae showed that they could complete their development at the same rate on both the normal host (Acacia koa) and the invasive tree (Falcataria moluccana). Three other exotic tree species, Acacia confusa, Prosopis pallida, and Leucaena leucocephala were not suitable host plants and all the larvae tested on these species died after 5 days of feeding.
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The spruce bud moth defoliates young white spruce trees, and after 1980, upon the plantation of extensive regions of white spruce, has been considered a pest. As mentioned, the larvae of the spruce bud moth, in particular, deform the buds of the spruce tree greatly, specifically destroying the cortical tissue and crown of the tree, weakening shoots, and causing tree height loss. Zeiraphera canadensis has caused a high incidence of multiple and abnormal leaders in white spruce in the Maritime provinces, Quebec, and Maine. However, although severe feeding damage has seldom been extensive in forests, new shoots on open-grown white spruce are frequently disfigured.
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From this information it appears that the larger boulder would have the greatest diversity, however Sousa found that this hypothesis was incorrect. Large boulders usually have less biota than intermediate sized boulders, because they are inundated with one species of red algae, it is only after winter that the algae defoliates when other organisms can inhabit the boulder. Sousa discovered barnacles and Ulva, a fast succession species of green alga, inhabit the small boulders; these species essentially “took over” the resources of the boulder before any other organism had an opportunity. Intermediate boulders have the most varied communities, consisting numerous types of organisms; this study found barnacles, Ulva, quick succeeding red alga, and sometimes the late accumulating red alga, Gigartina canaliculata was also present.
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