High-profile defenestrations do not do much to change the incentives faced by officials.
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Economic woes certainly played a part in the defenestrations of Mr Bouteflika and Mr Bashir.
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Mr. Bannon, a tenacious and shrewd operator, may yet cling to his Breitbart chairmanship, and Mr. Trump is known to re-embrace associates even after public defenestrations.
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The likes of Sisi, Rwanda's Paul Kagame or Uganda's Yoweri Museveni may claim to be pillars of stability, but this year's chaotic defenestrations of Abdelaziz Bouteflika in Algeria and Omar al-Bashir in Sudan show what happens when a strongman's power fades.
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In the 15th century, the Novoměstská radnice, or New Town Hall, was the site of the first of the three defenestrations of Prague.
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Hus was eventually executed in Konstanz in 1415, and the rest of Wenceslaus' reign in Bohemia featured precursors of the Hussite Wars that would follow his death during the Defenestrations of Prague.
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New Town Hall by night The New Town Hall () is the administrative centre of Prague's (medieval) New Town Quarter, or "Nové Město". In 1419 it was the site of the first of the three defenestrations of Prague.
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The Defenestrations of Prague (, , ) were three incidents in the history of Bohemia in which multiple people were defenestrated (thrown out of a window). The origin of the word "defenestrate" ("out of the window") is believed to come from the episodes in Prague in 1618 when the disgruntled Protestant estates threw two royal governors out of a window of the Hradčany Castle and wrote an extensive Apologia explaining their action. In the Middle Ages and early modern times, defenestrations were not uncommon--the act carried elements of lynching and mob violence in the form of murder committed together. The first governmental defenestration occurred in 1419, second in 1483 and the third in 1618, although the term "Defenestration of Prague" more commonly refers to the third.
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Czech traditional costumes. Defenestrations of Prague in 1618, signaled an open revolt by the Bohemian estates against the Habsburgs and started the Thirty Years' War. After the Battle of White Mountain in 1620, all Czech lands were declared hereditary property of the Habsburg family. The German language was made equal to the Czech language.
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The term originates from two incidents in history, both occurring in Prague. In 1419, seven town officials were thrown from the Town Hall, precipitating the Hussite War. In 1618, two Imperial governors and their secretary were tossed from Prague Castle, sparking the Thirty Years War. These incidents, particularly that in 1618, were referred to as the Defenestrations of Prague and gave rise to the term and the concept.
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Often, however, the 1483 event does not count as a "significant defenestration", which leads to some ambiguity when the "second Prague defenestration" is referred to as the 1618 defenestration. The first and third defenestrations helped to trigger a prolonged religious conflict inside Bohemia (the Hussite Wars, 1st defenestration) or beyond (Thirty Years' War, 3rd defenestration), while the second helped establish a religious peace in the country for 31 years (Peace of Kutná Hora, 2nd defenestration).
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More events of defenestration have occurred in Prague during its history, but they are not usually called defenestrations of Prague. Sometimes, the name the fourth defenestration of Prague is used, although it has no standard meaning. For example, it has been usedJohnston, Ian. "Some Introductory Historical Observations" (lecture transcript) to describe the death of Jan Masaryk, who was found below the bathroom window of the building of the Czechoslovak Ministry of Foreign Affairs on 10 March 1948.
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In 1618 two Catholic imperial councillors were thrown out of a window of Prague Castle (one of the so-called Defenestrations of Prague), signaling an open revolt by the Bohemian estates against the Habsburgs and started the Thirty Years' War. The Bohemian estates decided to levy an army, decreed the expulsion of the Jesuits, and proclaimed the Bohemian throne to be elective. They elected a Calvinist, Frederick of the Palatinate, to the Bohemian throne. Frederick then tried to muster further support for the Bohemian cause, even attempting to convince the Ottoman Empire to provide military support in exchange for tribute.
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Carta de Manuel Fraga Iribarne a > José Manuel Caballero Bonald The other prisoners reportedly did not witness the "suicide". The only witness was the police in charge of the interrogation, who claimed that he was there to inform Barranco of his transfer to Madrid.El policía que sí estaba allí The case shows many similarities with the defenestration of Julian Grimau,Tortura y defenestración de Julián Grimau as well as with four police defenestrations suffered by inmates between 1963 and 1969, none of which was admitted by the authorities.Cuatro defenestraciones policiales The police prevented his mother from seeing her dying son, and were present at his funeral,La policía impide a la madre ver al hijo agonizante discouraging his own friends from attending.
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A woodcut of the Defenestrations of Prague in 1618—which began the Thirty Years' War and ended with the Peace of Westphalia that started the recognition of the modern state Two related theories are based on military development and warfare, and the role that these forces played in state formation. Charles Tilly developed an argument that the state developed largely as a result of "state-makers" who sought to increase the taxes they could gain from the people under their control so they could continue fighting wars. According to Tilly, the state makes war and war makes states. In the constant warfare of the centuries in Europe, coupled with expanded costs of war with mass armies and gunpowder, warlords had to find ways to finance war and control territory more effectively.
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