The most radical commentary, though, is inside the cyclorama itself.
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Only three complete 19th-century cycloramas survive in North America, with the other two being the "Cyclorama of Jerusalem" in Quebec, which depicts the crucifixion of Jesus of Nazareth, and the Gettysburg Cyclorama in Pennsylvania.
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Another piece of Atlanta history will usher visitors into the cyclorama wing.
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The entrance fee for the cyclorama section is $15 for foreign tourists.
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Wisely, the Center doesn't treat the cyclorama as art, entertainment or monument.
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Over 22.5,2400 figures populate this cyclorama, a depiction of 20003th-century Angkorian history.
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Looming above him out of the sea is a cyclorama of colossal dimensions.
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Cyclorama: The Big Picture On permanent view at the Atlanta History Center, beginning Feb.
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It took 215 artists, flown in from North Korea, four months to paint the cyclorama.
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Clinging to the rail with one hand, he tentatively reaches out toward the painted cyclorama.
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MARK BRADFORD: PICKETT'S CHARGE The debut of a specially commissioned, 400-foot-long "cyclorama" of paintings.
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Two holes will be opened on the concrete roof of the old Atlanta Cyclorama at Grant Park.
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When the "Gone With the Wind" cast visited the cyclorama, the film's black performers were not invited.
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By 2014, the Atlanta Cyclorama & Civil War Museum was feeling its age and attendance was mostly in decline.
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Zoo Atlanta, which sits next door to the Cyclorama in the city's Grant Park neighborhood, wanted to expand.
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The cyclorama featured cut-paper silhouettes of enslaved Africans and their white masters amid light projections of rural wilderness.
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In 2014, one of his successors, Kasim Reed, signed the cyclorama over to the Atlanta History Center for safekeeping.
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At Gettysburg, you can still visit the battlefield depicted in that Cyclorama and see for yourself where Pickett's Charge occurred.
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To create the work he first experienced Philippoteaux's cyclorama the way that most of us now would: via the internet.
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In recent years, elementary schoolteachers leading rite-of-passage field trips were among the most loyal visitors to the cyclorama.
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Read more about the "Battle of Atlanta" cyclorama at the Atlanta History Center (130 West Paces Ferry Road NW, Atlanta, Georgia).
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Mansudae designed the structure and the cyclorama in consultation with a committee made up of Cambodian government officials, Mr. Yit said.
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When the cyclorama made its way south—first to Chattanooga and then, in 1892, to Atlanta itself—its meaning was reversed.
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Bradford visited the cyclorama in situ only after his Pickett's Charge canvases had been shipped off from his Los Angeles studio.
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Unlike a film, the cyclorama image was in most cases stationary: The picture didn't move; the eyes of the audience did.
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One might imagine some sort of counter-cyclorama or parody of the Gettysburg painting, but that's not what Bradford's Pickett's Charge is.
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A major restoration that concluded in 1982 bought the Atlanta Cyclorama more time before the painting's quality and appeal began to wane again.
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Of some 8143,000 figures in the cyclorama, only one — set far back from the action, barely visible but clearly noncombatant — is African-American.
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It's expected that the 23,000-square-foot Lloyd and Mary Ann Whitaker Cyclorama Building won't open to the public until the fall of 2018.
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Indeed, the really interesting aspect of the cyclorama in its new home at the Center is the way it is documented, interpreted, and explained.
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Stretching 359 feet in circumference and standing 42 feet tall, the cyclorama was designed to curve around the viewer for a totally immersive viewing experience.
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Main stage is 103m2 sound proof cyclorama grid 120 KVA A/C production offices dressing room full baths and accommodations a few minutes from Copa.
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The first spool was removed late Thursday from the shuttered Atlanta Cyclorama & Civil War Museum by cranes and trucked about 12 miles north to the center.
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One is at (and of) Gettysburg; the other, known as the Atlanta cyclorama, encapsulates the problems involved in commemorating the civil war—and a possible solution.
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Then the spools will be lowered on the second day of the move through a hole in the roof of the Lloyd and Mary Ann Whitaker Cyclorama Building.
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The buyer was a Georgia entrepreneur named Paul Atkinson, who wanted to bring the cyclorama to Atlanta itself, but knew he had to change it if he did.
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Boardman of Gettysburg said cyclorama workers in the 1880s typically used a pulley system and worked with wooden scrolls that had to be moved as the painting was rolled.
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Crews lowered the cyclorama painting -- which is in two pieces, rolled onto 45-foot-tall spools -- through the roof of the Atlanta History Center in the city's Buckhead neighborhood.
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The image was geared to a Northern audience, and the cyclorama traveled a Midwest circuit — Minneapolis, Indianapolis — until its creators suddenly declared bankruptcy and put it up for sale.
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Boston Center for the Arts and Bodega team up again to present the second largest Art Book Fair on the East Coast, taking place in the Historic Cyclorama at BCA.
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The Center, led by its president, Sheffield Hale, who has memories of visiting the cyclorama as a child, raised $35 million for a new building to house it on the campus.
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In 1939, the cyclorama finally had a moment of public glory, when some of the stars of "Gone With the Wind," in town for the film's world premiere, paid a ceremonial visit.
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Among panorama proponents, the project in Atlanta, more than eight years after a restoration of the "Battle of Gettysburg" cyclorama in Pennsylvania, is seen as a crucial effort to preserve the medium's past.
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For one thing, it's not a sculpture; it's a colossal oil painting: 2404 feet high, as long as a football field, and conceived as a cyclorama, a wraparound environment for 2814-degree viewing.
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His museum has leased the cyclorama from the city, recently winching its rolled-up, six-tonne bulk through a hole in the roof of its old home and installing it in a bespoke rotunda.
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"We're going to wait until everybody goes home and the traffic dies down and there's no more Atlanta rush hour," Mr. McQuigg said in the musty room where the cyclorama has hung for generations.
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The Dahl Arts Center, which was built in 1974 and given to the city by a prominent local banker, is famous for its 180-foot cyclorama telling the economic history of the United States.
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In the palimpsests of Bradford's Pickett's Charge, one sees glimpses of the cyclorama in varying degrees of clarity and legibility amid the work's thick, three-dimensional striations, whose materials are often peeling away from the canvases.
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In its conception, the Gettysburg cyclorama had presumed a kind of mastery of the event it depicted, akin to the way topographical maps (of which there are echoes in Bradford's piece) purport to be accurate and reliable.
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This is partly the result of the delicate use of light (Jon Clark), sound and music (by Nick Powell) and melting videos (by Luke Halls) that stretch teasingly across a cyclorama at the back of the stage.
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The "Battle of Atlanta" cyclorama was carefully rolled onto two steel spools and lifted by crane out of its longtime home in Atlanta's Grant Park, then journeyed by flatbed truck this month to the nonprofit Atlanta History Center.
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The famous cyclorama painting, "The Battle of Atlanta," that was once housed near the Atlanta Zoo, has been moved to the center and placed in a custom-built cylindrical gallery that will open to the public in November.
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In Atlanta, the Cyclorama — a 360-degree diorama the length of a football field that depicts the Battle of Atlanta — was restored and returned to public display, this time with new interpretive materials that defy the Lost Cause myth.
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It is easy to see why Pope's color theory might have an extra appeal to Wurmfeld, whose immersive painting, E-Cyclorama (2008), is "made on canvas stretched onto a 37-foot-long oval cylinder," as I wrote in a review.
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Known for producing monumental sculptures (its artists are rumored to be the only ones allowed to portray members of the Kim dynasty) Mansudae has also created Frankfurt's Fairty Tale Fountain and a large-scale cyclorama in Cambodia's Angkor Panorama Museum.
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The opera's climax, atop the Castel Sant'Angelo, unfolds beneath the watchful eye of the Archangel Michael, which has now been painted to resemble the real statue, and in front of a cyclorama backdrop of 4,950 square feet of painted muslin.
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There are food carts advertising hot dogs, popcorn and varied goodies "Hot Dog/Fufu" (2017); more figurines; big, lighted plywood carnival wheels "Post-colonial Cyclorama" (2017), old wooden window shutters and a black and white Rubik's cube in a little alcove.
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Of the contemporary Hunter College color painters, their work is most aligned, in formal terms anyway, with that of Sanford Wurmfeld, who, in works such as the immersive "Cyclorama" (2004), uses incremental gradations of hue to give light a seemingly corporeal presence.
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Returning for its third year, Boston Art Book Fair will take place in the historic Cyclorama at Boston Center for the Arts and is free and open to all ages Saturday, November 9, 12 – 9 pm through Sunday, November 10, 12 – 5 pm.
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In one corner of the studio, half of a life-size sailboat was mounted ten feet high on a gimbal, a mechanism that would toss and turn the boat like a mechanical bull, while a cyclorama projected a tempestuous curved backdrop around it.
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In Bradford's hands, the cyclorama fragments visible in the canvases aren't some bedrock to be laid bare — in areas where the paper flakes away, revealing layers beneath, Philippoteaux's imagery seems flimsy as an ephemeral street poster, at the mercy of time and the elements.
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Using print-outs of the Gettysburg painting taken from the web, which Bradford sent off to be enlarged by a printing firm specializing in commercial billboards, the artist incorporated fragments of the digitally reproduced cyclorama through a laborious process involving the layering of paper and other materials.
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After decades of deepening disrepair and disinterest in the painting commonly known as the Atlanta Cyclorama, workers this month are moving the panorama as part of a $21800 million plan to rescue and maintain a titanic, deteriorating example of an art form that has mostly disappeared.
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Immersive and gripping, Pickett's Charge is in dialogue first and foremost with a differently impressive painting of the same title, some seventy miles north of the Hirshhorn and the National Mall: the French artist Paul Philippoteaux's 1883 cyclorama installed at Gettysburg, a proto-cinematic spectacle of high drama and martial valor.
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"What I like to say is, it's one of our greatest Civil War artifacts in what it can teach us about what Americans have remembered and disremembered about the Civil War," Gordon Jones, senior military historian at the Atlanta History Center and co-leader of the cyclorama move and restoration team, told Hyperallergic.
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The cyclorama was made by a team of German artists in Milwaukee in the mid-1880s: photographs of their workshop reveal a lubricating beer supply and a patriotic pin-up of Kaiser Wilhelm I. The subject was the Battle of Atlanta, a crucial Union victory, specifically the afternoon of July 22nd 1864.
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In the days following the presentation, which lasted all of 16 minutes, Chanel's design team worked backward to restore the Beaux-Arts building to its original state: The props were returned to storage and the sand was returned to the quarry; even the cyclorama was saved to be printed over for another occasion.
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Telling an old story in a new way Once it reopens in autumn 2018 with related exhibits, visitors to the Atlanta Cyclorama will be able to have a "behind the scenes" view of how the whole production was put together and can spend more time on the platform, looking at every detail of the painting.
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"The fact that this painting has survived when so many others were left out to mold and rot and get burned up and whatever is nothing short of a miracle," said Gordon L. Jones, the senior military historian and curator at the Atlanta History Center, which reached a license agreement with the City of Atlanta to display the cyclorama.
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They erected scaffolds for the lighting and the basic contours of the main beach, boardwalk and dunes and installed a pinewood-and-vinyl lip around the stage to contain the water — enough to fill a 25-meter swimming pool — whose tide originated from a mechanical cylinder tucked behind the cyclorama, the circumference of which was 919 feet.
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But in making the cyclorama one of many formal elements in the work, treating it as a kind of medium interacting with the paper, rope, and paint that surround and obscure it, Bradford appears interested less in history as it really was and more in how historical events are mediated by later interpretations, entailing certain forms of complicity and partiality.
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Some of these updates will be guarded — "We're not going to turn Clark Gable out into the street," Jones said — others will be mended, like the return of seven feet of sky that were slowly trimmed off over the years, and a six-foot vertical strip that was removed when the 20183 Grant Park building, despite being built specifically for the cyclorama, was found to be slightly too small.
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The new building now displays the restored Gettysburg Cyclorama. The landmark 1962 Cyclorama Building by Neutra was destroyed in February 2013.
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A buck-eye cyclorama is a cyclorama painting of the same or roughly the same dimensions as an original, which is a very slavish copy. These were often created cheaply by painters of little skill and almost always with sub- standard materials. Several buck-eye cycloramas were exhibited in the United States during the time when cyclorama paintings were popular attractions, including several copies of the Gettysburg Cyclorama. Once an individual had seen a particular cyclorama, it was unlikely that they would purchase a ticket to revisit it.
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Cyclorama of Jerusalem The Cyclorama of Jerusalem is located in Sainte-Anne- de-Beaupré, Quebec, near the Basilica of Sainte-Anne-de-Beaupré. It is a cyclorama, a circular painting, of the Crucifixion of Jesus, showing what the city of Jerusalem might have looked like at the time of his death.
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Philippoteaux painting the Gettysburg Cyclorama Paul Dominique Philippoteaux (27 January 1846 - 28 June 1923) was a French artist. He is best known for a cyclorama illustrating the Battle of Gettysburg.
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The Atlanta Cyclorama and Civil War Museum was a Civil War museum located in Atlanta, Georgia, its most noted attraction being the Atlanta Cyclorama, a cylindrical panoramic painting of the Battle of Atlanta.
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28 November 1890 advertisement announcing the opening night of the Adelaide Cyclorama. National Library of Australia The original buildings were located at 89 Hindley Street, Adelaide, South Australia and opened to the public as a Cyclorama at 8:00pm on Friday 28 November 1890. The building was also referred to as the Trocadero even though it was more widely known as the Cyclorama.
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The Gettysburg Cyclorama is a huge art piece, 377 ft. long, 42 ft. high, and weighing 12.5 tons.The Gettysburg Cyclorama, for The National Park Service website: 2013 The cyclorama was originally painted with oil on canvas by Paul Philippoteaux to commemorate the Battle of Gettysburg, and it was opened to the public at Chicago in 1883 with critical and popular acclaim.
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The Boston Redevelopment Authority designated the Boston Center for the Arts as the developer for the Cyclorama and the surrounding buildings in 1970. The Cyclorama was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.
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The Battle of Gettysburg, also known as the Gettysburg Cyclorama, is a cyclorama painting by the French artist Paul Philippoteaux depicting Pickett's Charge, the climactic Confederate attack on the Union forces during the Battle of Gettysburg on July 3, 1863.
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After a careful restoration, the Battle of Atlanta Cyclorama opened to the public February 22, 2019.
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In 2005, the Gettysburg Cyclorama was removed for restoration (reopened in the Gettysburg Museum and Visitor Center in 2007), and the Cyclorama Building was closed to the public. After the building was not added to the National Register of Historic Places, in 2010, a U.S. District court judge ruled for the Recent Past Preservation Network (Plaintiff) that the NPS "had failed to comply with federal law requiring it to analyze the effect of the Cyclorama Center demolition and come up with alternatives to destroying it." The Neutra Cyclorama in 2011 In August 2012, the court-ordered NPS study concluded that "the best course of action would be to demolish the Cyclorama Building that has stood in the park for 50 years." In January 2013, the Park Service announced plans to demolish the building during the winter of 2013.
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In 1892 a cyclorama was made of the 1876 "Battle of Little Bighorn." Little Bighorn Cyclorama Battle of Gettysburg Cyclorama building st the Alaska Yukon Pacific Exhibition in 1909 Hundreds of cycloramas were produced; however, only about thirty survive. An extension of this concept into motion pictures was pioneered with the invention of the Cinéorama that debuted at the 1900 Paris Exposition. These evolved into such formats as IMAX and Circle-Vision 360° as can be seen Epcot's Reflections of China.
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One of the interesting visual effects in Fatty's Plucky Pup relied on the use of a treadmill in combination with the carousel-like "cyclorama" often used by cameramen at Keystone Studios' facilities in Edendale, California."Mack Sennett's Cyclorama on Glendale Blvd @ Effie", posted by ValleySpringLaneHC, YouTube; a film clip showing the cyclorama (around 1915) operating at Mack Sennett's Keystone Studios. Retrieved September 20, 2017. There are sequences in the short showing Luke in close-up and running at breakneck speed through the countryside.
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By the late 1960s and early 1970s, there was growing concern about the condition of the panoramic painting of the Battle of Atlanta (the Atlanta Cyclorama), which had suffered from storm damage as well as long periods of neglect. In 1972, the City of Atlanta developed plans to renovate the Cyclorama building, including a complete restoration of the painting as well as an enlarged display area for the Texas. However, the renovation did not begin until 1979, and was completed in 1982. Texas displayed in the Cyclorama.
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The first exhibit the Adelaide Cyclorama Company Ltd showed at the Cyclorama was a picture of Jerusalem called Jerusalem at the Time of the Crucifixion. This image of Jerusalem was the subject of an allegation of copyright infringement by Fishburn Bros. of South Shields England, assignees of a German firm. The action began on Wednesday 9 March 1892 when it was brought before the Fall Court of Judges, seeking an injunction that restrained the Adelaide Cyclorama Group from using the picture and in the alternative claim be awarded £10,000 in damages.
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The Classical Revival style Victorian building was commissioned by Charles F. Willoughby's Boston Cyclorama Company to house the Cyclorama of the Battle of Gettysburg, a 400-by-50 foot cyclorama painting of the Battle of Gettysburg. It was designed by Charles Amos Cummings and Willard T. Sears. The central space is a 127'-diameter steel-trussed dome which, when it was built, was the largest dome in the country after the United States Capitol building. Visitors entered through the crenelated archway, proceeded along a dark winding passage, and then ascended a winding staircase to an elevated viewing platform.
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The Cyclorama consisted of a street facing 2 storey Victorian terrace building with high Victorian dome, a long vestibule connecting the street facing tower to the main building, and the main building at the rear which housed the Cyclorama in a 'battle axe' style property. Tower Entrance – This was a 14-foot double storey Victorian terrace with high Victorian dome that faced Hindley Street. Patrons would enter the Cyclorama through the large wrought iron gate entry in the domed tower. The tower rose to the height of and the dome itself was 10 feet (just over 3 metres) in diameter.
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Paul Philippoteaux painting the Gettysburg Cyclorama circa 1883. From the archives of Gettysburg National Military Park Panoramas were invented by Irish painter Robert Barker, who wanted to find a way to capture the panoramic view from Calton Hill in central Edinburgh, Scotland. He subsequently opened his first cyclorama building in Edinburgh in 1787. Cycloramas were very popular in the late 19th century.
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Projection capability is possible either through front or rear projection onto a movie screen on batten 9, or onto the cyclorama using front projection.
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In 1884 Kurz and Allison published a single print of the battle of Gettysburg inspired by Paul Philippoteaux's popular cyclorama on the same subject, and probably intended to profit by the popularity of the cyclorama. (The cyclorama was first exhibited in Chicago in 1883, where Kurz then was living.) According to Neely and Holzer (2000) "The influence of the Gettysburg cyclorama on the Kurz and Alison print is readily recognizable. … The print openly copied vignettes from the painting and in at least one instance perpetuated a historical error ..." In June 1886 Louis Prang published a series of prints under the title Prang's War Pictures. (They may well have been available for purchase individually some months earlier.) Shortly thereafter Kurz and Allison reissued their print of the Battle of Gettysburg and designed and issued additional prints in the same format (28 by 22 inches).
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The Calderwood Pavilion Between 1899 and 1922, the Cyclorama building had many uses, including incarnations as a garage, a boxing ring, and an automobile workshop. The Boston Flower Exchange purchased the Cyclorama building in 1922 to use the space as its headquarters and venue for its flower shows. During the Flower Exchange’s tenure, the façade was renovated, the turrets removed and the arch demolished.
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The Cyclorama Building at Gettysburg was an historic modernist concrete and glass Mission 66 building dedicated November 19, 1962 by the National Park Service (NPS) to serve as a Gettysburg Battlefield visitor center, to exhibit the 1883 Paul Philippoteaux Battle of Gettysburg cyclorama and other artifacts, and to provide an observation deck (replacing the 1896 Zeigler's Grove observation tower). The building was demolished in 2013.
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When completed for display, the full work included not just the painting, but numerous artifacts and sculptures, including stone walls, trees, and fences. The effect of the painting has been likened to the nineteenth century equivalent of an IMAX theater. It was the largest painting on canvas until at least 1964.Gettysburg Cyclorama again for sale His Cyclorama of Jerusalem was completed in 1895.
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The interior ceiling of the dome, which reaches above the floor, includes a large painting by artist William Slater. The mural includes seagulls flying amongst clouds, and was chosen because the California gull is Utah's official state bird and represents the Miracle of the gulls from Utah's history. Also within the dome is a cyclorama, with eight scenes from Utah's history, including the driving of the Golden Spike and the naming of Ensign Peak; the characters in the scenes of the cyclorama stand approximately high. When the capitol was opened in 1916 the cyclorama was blank, and was not painted until the 1930s, as a Works Progress Administration (WPA) project.
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After a renovation, Estúdio Vertical has reopened and features a purpose-built 8mx6mx4m U-shaped seamless blank cyclorama for photography, video and multi- camera TV production.
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The claim was that the Jerusalem exhibition in the Adelaide Cyclorama was a copy of the panoramic painting by Bruno Piglhein depicting the crucifixion of Jesus Christ.
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In fact, the Park Service pathway stands between the two main thrusts of Longstreet's assault—Trimble's division advanced north of the current path, while Pickett's division moved from farther south.Harman, pp. 77, 116; Sears, map, p. 427. A cyclorama painting by the French artist Paul Philippoteaux entitled The Battle of Gettysburg, also known as the Gettysburg Cyclorama, depicts Pickett's Charge from the vantage point of the Union defenders on Cemetery Ridge.
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One of the first Gettysburg museums displayed the J Albertus Danner collection of artifacts in 1881.J Albertus Danner collectionJ Albertus Danner collection in 1881 In 1894 the Gettysburg Cyclorama was displayed in a tent at The AngleGettysburg Cyclorama – 1894 Groundbreaking for a building on Cemetery Hill occurred in 1912. The 1888–1964 Round Top Museum, and the 1921–2008 Gettysburg National Museum were both acquired by the National Park Service after the 1963 battle anniversary. During the post-WWII increase of tourism, Mission 66 improvements for the NPS 50th anniversary included the construction of the modernist Cyclorama Building at Gettysburg, designed by Richard Neutra, as the first NPS visitor center for the battlefield.
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The Cyclorama Building is an 1884 building at 543-547 Tremont Street in the South End of Boston, Massachusetts that is operated by the Boston Center for the Arts.
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The 1956 Mission 66 plan for the 1966 NPS 50th anniversary included restoring battlefield houses, resurfacing of avenues, replacing the railway cut bridge, and restoring the 1884 Gettysburg Cyclorama.
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On Wednesday 1 June 1904, the prospectus for the acquisition of the Cyclorama building on 89 Hindley Street, Adelaide was issued. The remodeled Cyclorama building opened as the Glaciarium on the evening of Tuesday 6 September 1904. Skating and ice sports were played in the venue. An ice polo league called the Warehouseman's League was formed, a sport in which was often refererred to as 'hockey on the ice' but was not actually ice hockey.
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The Arrival of the Hungarians (; commonly known as Feszty Panorama or Feszty Cyclorama, ) is a large cyclorama – a circular panoramic painting – by Hungarian painter Árpád Feszty and his assistants, depicting the beginning of the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin in 895. It was completed in 1894 for the 1000th anniversary of the event. Since the 1100th anniversary of the event in 1995, the painting has been displayed in the Ópusztaszer National Heritage Park, Hungary.
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Since 1995 the cyclorama has been on permanent display, together with artificial terrain and hidden speakers playing sound effects. It is the main attraction of the Ópusztaszer national heritage park.
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Henk Gerrit Guth (c. 1921 – 20 July 2003) was a Dutch artist who had a career in Australia, remembered for "Panorama Guth" (1975–2005), a cyclorama in Alice Springs, Northern Territory.
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The Flower Exchange was founded in 1909 when the two organizations combined in order to find a building that could better meet their collective needs. They moved once more to Winthrop Square before settling on the Cyclorama Building on Tremont Street in 1923, which once housed the famous panoramic painting of the battle Gettysburg. Due to the increasingly haphazard parking situation and plans by the controversial Boston Redevelopment Authority to purchase the Cyclorama building, the original home to the Gettysburg Cyclorama, now the main building of the Boston Center for the Arts, the Board of Directors began looking for a new location in 1963. In 1941 the market became wholesale only with admission by badge at the petition of group of local florists.
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A cyclorama view of Cornell University from McGraw Hall embracing 360 degrees (1902) A cyclorama is a panoramic image on the inside of a cylindrical platform, designed to give viewers standing in the middle of the cylinder a 360° view, and also a building designed to show a panoramic image. The intended effect is to make viewers, surrounded by the panoramic image, feel as if they were standing in the midst of the place depicted in the image.
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The architects for the Cyclorama buildings were English & Soward, a business that started in 1880 consisting of Norwood, Adelaide born George Klewitz Soward and England born Australian migrant Thomas English. The cost of the project was £5000.
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To achieve the illusion of extra depth, often desirable if one is re-creating a sky, the cyclorama can be paired with a "sharkstooth scrim" backdrop. A dark or black scrim, by absorbing the extraneous light which is commonly reflected off the floor of the stage can further achieve deeper colors on the cyclorama. Cycloramas are also often illuminated during dance concerts to match the mood of a song. Occasionally, the cyc may be painted with a decorative or pictorial scene to fit a specific show; these are generally referred to as backdrops.
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An $11 million expansion, finished in 1996, added two new permanent exhibitions. The Kenan Research Center library was later expanded and the gardens reorganized, with a fourth permanent exhibition added, Down the Fairway with Bobby Jones. In 2014, the city of Atlanta announced its intentions to relocate the Battle of Atlanta Cyclorama and its artifacts to Atlanta History Center, including the antebellum Western & Atlantic locomotive, the Texas. The museum constructed an expansion to house the 360-degree panoramic painting, as well as the Texas locomotive, and other pieces in the Cyclorama collection.
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Funding requests to rehabilitate the Cyclorama Building were denied in 1993 and 1996, i.e., $2.7M in 1993 for roof removal/replacement, asbestos ceiling removal, patching cracks and treating masonry, and efficient redesign of interior. On September 24, 1998, the Keeper of the National Register of Historic Places determined the "Cyclorama Building was eligible for listing on the National Register of Historic Places", reversing conclusions by the National Park Service in December 1995 and the Pennsylvania State Historic Preservation Officer in May 1996. In 1999, the U.S. Commission of Fine Arts opposed its demolition.
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The Parker Building was a 12-story office and loft structure completed in 1900 at the southeast corner of Fourth Avenue and 19th Street, in Manhattan. The edifice occupied ground which was formerly the site of the Gettysburg Cyclorama structure.
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Smithson further suggested that the circular base of the pit rotate, invoking a 19th-century cyclorama, so that the visiting pilgrim would be able to observe a 360 degree view of the man-made spiraling canyon while standing in one position.
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Following instructing Constable Deacon to summon the fire brigade, Constable John Sweeny ran to Rosina Street and Solomon Street to wake people and alert them to the fire. He then headed back to the Cyclorama where he met Caretaker Mr. Hugentobler and Mrs. G. Gould at the gate entry as the partially dressed pair were exiting the Cyclorama building, unaware of the building being on fire and only coming out to see what the commotion was about – only being aroused by Constable John Sweeny's loud call of "Fire!". The fire finally burned out at 4:00am and the Trocodero was a smoldering ruin.
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The following day in an interview, H. Newman Reid discussed the dimensions of the building, internal layout, seating capacity and ice surface dimensions and how the present Cyclorama building is well adapted for the purposes of the proposed Glaciariam project. The building itself was and in height and the plan was an ice floor surface of was possible after an orchestra stand, platform and seating for 580 guests inside. The remodeled Cyclorama building opened as the Glaciarium on the evening of Tuesday 6 September 1904. A common newspaper to find regular advertisements for events was The Advertiser.
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A number of affiliated events are held in conjunction with Remembrance Day, including a costume ball the prior Friday evening, a "Remembrance Illumination" of Gettysburg National Cemetery graves, a fundraiser at the Gettysburg Cyclorama, a Citizenship Ceremony, and other events promote tourism to Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.
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Walter Wilcox Burridge (1857 – June 25, 1913) was a painter in the United States. He did theater set work and established his own studio. Burridge did work on a cyclorama of Kilauea at the Volcano House. He also did many scene paintings for theatrical productions.
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It was brought back to Budapest in 1909. The second exhibition of the painting opened on May 30, 1909. After that, restorations had to be done. In the siege of Budapest during World War II, the building and the canvas of the cyclorama suffered damages.
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An infinity cyclorama (found particularly in television and in film stills studios) is a cyc which curves smoothly at the bottom to meet the studio floor, so that with careful lighting and the corner-less joint, the illusion that the studio floor continues to infinity can be achieved. Cycloramas are often used to create the illusion of a sky onstage. By varying the equipment, intensity, color and patterns used, a lighting designer can achieve many varied looks. A cyclorama can be front lit or, if it is constructed of translucent and seamless material, backlit directly or indirectly with the addition of a white "bounce" drop.
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Cyc or strip lights. Strip lights, also known as cyclorama or cyc lights (thus named because they are effective for lighting the cyclorama, a curtain at the back of the stage), border lights, and codas (by the brand name), are long housings typically containing multiple lamps arranged along the length of the instrument and emitting light perpendicular to its length. Lamps are often covered with gels of multiple colors (often red, green, and blue, which, in theory, allow almost any color to be mixed) with each color controlled by a separate electrical dimmer circuit. Many striplights use round pieces of glass (called roundels) rather than plastic gels for color.
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In July 2014, Atlanta city officials announced plans to relocate the Cyclorama to the Atlanta History Center in Buckhead. The possibility of a move started soon after the 2008 restoration of the only other panoramic painting in the United States, the Gettysburg Cyclorama. In 2011, a panel of city leaders and historians was appointed to investigate options for restoring and possibly relocating the painting, which was estimated to cost at least $8 million to restore. Three options were considered: relocate to Centennial Olympic Park area, near the Georgia Aquarium and other new tourist attractions; relocate to Atlanta History Center; or, remain in current location.
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The house curtain and valance are blue velour; all other velour goods (1 mid-stage traveler, 2 black drops and 4 sets of legs) are black. Stage inventory also includes various mylar drops, an off-white 50 foot wide cyclorama and a 40 foot wide black scrim.
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Richard Neutra was awarded the design, and began work in 1958. Design requirements included a central park administration office, and space for the cyclorama painting previously held remotely at Baltimore Road. Orndorff Construction Company, Inc., won the construction contract with a bid of $687,349, in 1959.
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Rotunda in Ópusztaszer. The current location of the Feszty Panorama. Detail of the painting before its restoration In the 1970s, a decision was made to build a National Heritage Park in Ópusztaszer. Restoration of the painting and the construction of a new rotunda for the cyclorama began.
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The copper dome that sat atop the Cyclorama was replaced by a glass skylight. In 1967, the Boston Redevelopment Authority, spurred by Royal Cloyd, a South End resident and chairman of the Urban Renewal Committee, began planning the development of a new center for the arts in Boston. Cloyd, the founder and eventual first president on the BCA, realized the need for affordable space for artists to work during a visit to the Atlanta Arts Center. Under Cloyd's advice, the BRA designated the Cyclorama building, the National Theatre, the Pennock and Tremont Estates buildings as the site of the new arts center. The BCA has grown exponentially since its birth, becoming one of Boston’s premiere arts organizations and venues.
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The Cyclorama buildings were built on Town Acre 74 in Adelaide, South Australia. This town acre was originally purchased by English born John Barton Hack, who was an early settler in Adelaide, at the beginning of the first land sales in Adelaide in March 1837 as part of a 60-acre lot purchase. On the eastern half of the Town Acre 74 property the proprietor, Mr. William McLean, built the Grand Coffee Palace in 1890. Immediately to the west of the Grand Coffee Palace, he erected the Cyclorama Entrance tower and vestibule on the western half of Town Acre 74 in the same year and the tower entrance and vestibule wall adjoined the Grand Coffee Palace walls.
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ERRATA: The Big Round Top tower was dismantled in 1968 -- it was the Zeigler's Grove/Bryan House tower that was razed in 1961 (~3 weeks after the nearby observation deck on Richard Neutra's Cyclorama Building had been built during Mission 66 for the 1963 anniversary of the Battle of Gettysburg).
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Neutra's 1960 Fine Arts Building at California State University, Northridge was demolished in 1997, three years after suffering severe damage in the 1994 Northridge earthquake. The 1962 Maslon House in Rancho Mirage, California, was demolished in 2002. Neutra's Cyclorama Building at Gettysburg was demolished by the National Park Service between March 8–9, 2013.
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This club, with the help of the senior class and the radio fund, has presented the school with the red velvet curtain and the gray cyclorama that adorn the stage. The purpose of the Speech Club, which was organized in 1980, is to promote the work of the school in the State Literary contests.
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Beyer's style was formed at the Dusseldorf Academy with its tradition of Classicism and Romanticism and critics hold a favorable view of Breyer's artistic endeavors.Holle Schneider-Ricks, and George A. McLean. Edward Beyer's Travels through America: an artist's view, including Edward Beyer's Cyclorama. Roanoke, VA: Historical Society of Western Virginia; Lynchburg, VA: Blackwell Press, 2011.
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The Dark Side of Genius: The Life of Alfred Hitchcock. p. 306. The cyclorama in the background was the largest backing ever used on a sound stage. It included models of the Empire State and Chrysler buildings. Numerous chimneys smoke, lights come on in buildings, neon signs light up, and the sunset slowly unfolds as the movie progresses.
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For a time he lived on site. The residence had been built by the Colonial Architect, Henry Ginn, who had originally established the gardens as part of his up-river retreat in the mid-1840s. Entertainment provided included a Cyclorama, bowling alley, menagerie, dancers and nightly fireworks. Coppin continued the presentation of the annual panoramas introduced by Ellis.
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Thou Twin of Slumber is a performance cycle in eight parts. It has been produced and presented through the year 2013 at Cyclorama – Boston Centre for the Arts, Boston;). Allison Vanouse (2013-05-14) HowlRound. "Exist Stronger" Kasteliotissa, Nicosia; Grace Exhibition Space, New York City; Defibrillator Gallery, Chicago; VIVO Media Arts Centre, Vancouver; Museo Universitario del Chopo, Mexico City;).
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The town is home of the Cyclorama of Jerusalem, a circular painting depicting the city of Jerusalem at the time of death of Jesus. Canyon Sainte-Anne, lying 6 km east of the town, is a steep walled gorge. A waterfall lies within the canyon. The canyon is accessible to visitors via footpaths and foot bridges.
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The dog in reality was running on a treadmill positioned between a stationary camera and the cyclorama's rotating platform with background scenery hand-painted on a huge central cylinder or hub. The cyclorama, which can be seen in operation at Keystone in a surviving period film clip, creates an effective but cartoonish simulation of Luke dashing across the landscape.
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Viagas & Asch (2006): p. 225 To add to the power of the performance, the actor portraying Simba appears alone in front of a cyclorama emphasized by a "bold lighting change". The song's opening lines are sung from a crouched position. Constructed as a lament and a monologue, the song shows Simba grieving the death of his father Mufasa.
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Because these types of lamps cannot be electrically dimmed, dimming is done by mechanical dousers or shutters that physically block portions of the lamp to decrease output. Some specially-designed fittings now use light-emitting diodes (LEDs) as a light source. LEDs are ideal where an intense but unfocused light source is required, such as for lighting a cyclorama.
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Interiors were shot at Paramount Studios. Qarlo's "War Zone" was shot on the Paramount Sunset stage, a gigantic stage the size of three stages put together. A sky cyclorama ran all the way round it and a horizon line of mountains was placed in front of that in diminished perspective. A fog machine provided the landscape with a smokey haziness.
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Béla Spányi (date unknown) Béla Spányi (19 March 1852, Pest – 12 June 1914, Budapest) was a Hungarian painter who specialized in landscapes. He studied in Vienna, Munich and Paris and spent much of his time in Szolnok, a popular gathering place for artists. He was one of the assistants who worked with Árpád Feszty to produce his monumental cyclorama Arrival of the Hungarians.
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Iowa Hall covers 500 million years of Iowa's geological, cultural, and ecological history. Mammal Hall exhibits the adaptation and diversity of nearly every mammalian order, from the aardvark to the zebra. The Hageboeck Hall of Birds displays more than 1,000 specimens, including the historic Laysan Island Cyclorama. The Diversity of Life exhibits describe major plant and animal groups, and the art of taxidermy.
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The original music video for the song was inspired by Norman McLaren's short film called Neighbours. The band was sued, but the controversy was quickly settled out of court. They later released a new version of the video, consisting only of the performance montage of the band on a white cyclorama which was displayed on the television set in the original video.
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East Cemetery Hill became part of the Gettysburg National Military Park in 1895 and in 1875, on East Cemetery Hill were excavated for iron. The Gettysburg Water Company established a well on the hill's "Crosta Lot" in 1882, groundbreaking for the Gettysburg Cyclorama building for the 1913 Gettysburg reunion was in 1912, and the Howard equestrian statue was erected in 1932.
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Paved pathways through the historic gardens connect to Swan House and Smith Farm, but most paths are unpaved. Swan House has an elevator, allowing all visitors access to the second floor. Atlanta History Museum is ADA compliant, including the cyclorama viewing platform. Large-print books are available for a few exhibitions in the Atlanta History Museum and videos have subtitles.
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The theatre was designed to be as adaptable as possible to allow for the staging of every kind of performance. There is no proscenium arch allowing the full width of the stage to be utilised if wanted. The stage itself is from wing to wing and deep. it has a fly tower and a permanent curved cyclorama that is wide.
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1905 – Skaters in fancy dress at the Glaciarium. State Library of South Australia B 62204 Taken at the Carnival 2 August 1905. National Library of Australia Skaters on the ice during a carnival in the Glaciarium, May 1906. National Library of Australia On Wednesday 1 June 1904 the prospectus for the acquisition of the Cyclorama building on 89 Hindley Street, Adelaide was issued.
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Jókai with his young wife, Bella Nagy. The most important house in the Epreskert artists' colony was the small palace of the Feszty-Jókai family. Árpád Feszty, creator of the famous Feszty Cyclorama acquired the parcel on the corner of Bajza and Kmety Streets in 1890. He built a small palace in Venetian Gothic style according to his own plans.
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The BCA began operation in 1970 when the Boston Redevelopment Authority, in an effort to revitalize the South End area, designated one city block for the development of a new arts center. The city of Boston purchased the old Cyclorama Building and neighboring brownstone buildings for the project and agreed to lease the property to the newly formed BCA for a nominal yearly fee. The BCA is fully responsible for the management of its historic campus. The Cyclorama, a large rotunda, was built in 1884 by Charles Amos Cummings and Willard T. Sears to house the Battle of Gettysburg, a panoramic painting by the French artist Paul Philippoteaux.Battle of Gettysburg The building’s original façade included a number of turrets and towers, and a stately arch at the entrance, giving it the appropriate appearance of a fortress.
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The seven chieftains of the Hungarians, a detail of the cyclorama Feszty and his assistants at work Feszty's Panorama was displayed at the Greater Britain Exhibition (World's Fair) of 1899 The first sketch by Feszty, from 1891 A Hungarian táltos on the painting, a figure from Hungarian mythology In 1891, Árpád Feszty saw a panoramic painting by Detaille and Neuville in Paris. At first, his idea was to paint the biblical flood in a similar manner, but on advice of his father-in-law, the famous Hungarian writer Mór Jókai, he changed his mind and painted the Arrival of the Hungarians instead. In order to create an authentic representation of the landscape, Feszty visited the Verecke Pass of the Carpathians near Munkács, where the Hungarians entered the Basin in 895. The approximate location of the viewpoint of the cyclorama is .
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Many theaters use scoop lights for worklights, rehearsals, non-performance times, and certain performance times. Scoops can be used to mimic the effect of a striplight to illuminate a cyclorama. They are easy to set up and take down, are relatively inexpensive, typically have long lamp life. When used as worklights, scoop lights frequently don't require the use of the light board to operate.
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Numerous battles and other dramatic events in his life are depicted in 42 scenes, and the original narration written in ink survives. The Arrival of the Hungarians, a vast cyclorama by Árpád Feszty et al., completed in 1894, is displayed at the Ópusztaszer National Heritage Park in Hungary. It was made to commemorate the 1000th anniversary of the 895 conquest of the Carpathian Basin by the Hungarians.
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Relatively small for a Cyclorama, it measured long and high. The Biological museum (Stockholm), founded by hunter and taxidermist Gustaf Kolthoff, opened its dioramas to the public in November 1893 and is still an active museum with about 15000 visitors yearly. The museum has panorama paintings by Bruno Liljefors (assisted by Gustaf Fjæstad), Kjell Kolthoff and several hundred preserved animals in their natural habitats.
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The name pleorama was coined from Greek elements. Like other 19th century novelties ending in -orama - diorama and cyclorama, for instance - the second half of the word has the sense of 'something seen'. The pleo- part here is understood to come from a Greek word meaning 'float' which applies to Langhans' boat in water idea. Pleorama is also the 21st century name of an innovative "floating house".
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On Saturday 11 March 1899 at approximately 2:40am the Adelaide Cyclorama was found to be on fire by Police Constable John Sweeny who was on duty patrolling Currie Street East and noticed a fire coming from the Cyclorama building. He ran down to Hindley Street where he saw that the fire had taken good hold of the building and immediately told another on duty officer Constable Deacon to get the fire brigade to the building, who received this call at 2:44am. Passing by on his bicycle was Detective Jones, who rode to the fire alarm located on Hindley Streetand smashed the glass to sound it. The fire reportedly had a strong hold on the building though the account was made that it was remarkable that the flames did not reach greater height considering the interior was inflammable, likely due to the lack of wind that morning.
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He stayed with them for a number of seasons, then travelled to the USA where he worked with Barnum and Bailey's Circus, and Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show. He married Agnes in 1898. Gavin returned to Australia and organised his own Wild West Show which was successful at the Melbourne Cyclorama, although he experienced a number of legal troubles. Gavin eventually had a company of 150 before moving into filmmaking.
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First building of the cyclorama The day of the opening was May 13, 1894. Huge crowds wanted to see the painting, the biggest attraction of the millennial exhibition in Hungary, commemorating the 1000th anniversary of the conquest. Today, most historians accept 895 as the year of the conquest; however, the millennial celebrations were held in 1896. The canvas was later transported to London for the 1899 Greater Britain Exhibition.
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Optics of an Altman 1000Q followspot. From left to right: Lamp, Ellipsoidal Reflector, Shutter/Iris Assembly, Fixed Lens, Variable Lens. The opening is the gap in the housing from where the beam of light is intended to come. Many fixtures use a lens to help control the beam of light, though some, such as border or cyclorama lights, do not have any lenses or optics other than the reflector.
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The Manager of the Adelaide branch of the Commercial Bank, Edward Jones, said the Cyclorama building was insured for £2,000, the engine and electric light plant was insured for £125. The panoramas inside the building were the picture of Waterloo that was insured for £500 and the picture of the Crimea War which was insured for £300. Both panoramas were lost to the fire that completely destroyed the building.
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Peel, p. 23. These scenes were ultimately filmed using a variation of a technique first used on Supercar: mounting a model ocean floor against a cyclorama and "flying" the puppets and miniature models across the set on wires from an overhead gantry, while shooting the action through a thin aquarium to distort the lighting.La Rivière, p. 99. Vegetable dye was added to the aquarium to make the water more noticeable.
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A popular story concerning the diorama involves actor Clark Gable. During the celebrations surrounding the opening of the film Gone with the Wind, the film's actors visited the Atlanta Cyclorama. Gable allegedly claimed that the only way the painting could be any more magnificent was if he were in it, prompting the management to add Gable's features to one of the sculptures in the diorama, that of a dying soldier.
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Medjuck also hired John DeCuir as production designer. The script did not specify where Gozer would appear, and DeCuir painted the top of Dana's building with large, crystal doors that opened as written in the script. The fictional rooftop of 55 Central Park West was constructed at Stage 12 on the Burbank Studios lot. It was one of the largest constructed sets in film history and was surrounded by a 360-degree cyclorama painting.
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In 2009, Ferren collaborated with Laurie Anderson on the exhibition "The Third Mind" at the Guggenheim Museum in New York. In 2004, he helped to develop a gigapixel image system and 360 degree cyclorama with artist/photographer Clifford Ross. He worked with Patrice Regnier and Carter Burwell on his film project TESLA. He had creative meetings with Jim Henson in 1988 about a Muppets theme park prior to Henson selling his company to Disney.
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Traditionally it is hung at 0% fullness (flat). When possible, it is stretched on the sides and weighted on the bottom to create a flat and even surface. As seams tend to interrupt the smooth surface of the cyclorama, it is usually constructed from extra-wide material. In photography, cycloramas or cycs also refer to curving backdrops which are white to create the illusion of no background, or green for chroma keying.
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Rotunda in Ópusztaszer; the location of the Feszty Panorama In the 1970s, a decision was made to build a heritage park in Csongrád County. Restoration of the Arrival of the Hungarians painting and the construction of a new rotunda for the famous cyclorama began. Construction stopped in 1979 and parts of the canvas were again rolled up, and stored away. In 1991, a group of Polish art conservationists won the contract for a new restoration.
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Exhibits included a mineral exhibition from Victoria colony, a 120m cyclorama of the Arrival of the Hungarians known as the Feszty Panorama, a model gold mine, and a twice-daily equestrian show called Savage South Africa directed by Frank E. Fillis which inspired the 1899 silent film Major Wilson's Last Stand. The final scene from Savage South Africa One of the gold medals awarded by the exhibition was won by Hans Irvine.
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In July 2005 CycloMedia introduced another new production system, DCR 3, and a portable system making it possible to make recordings at locations that a car cannot reach. In 2006 the company again started to build a photo database of the Netherlands. Further developments were put in hand in the fields of camera technology (DCR 7, to make recordings while driving) and 3D imaging. In 2009 CycloMedia began automated traffic sign detection using Cyclorama.
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The interior of the Sydney Glaciarium, May 1940. State Library of New South Wales A proposal for the construction of an ice skating rink, on the site of a former Cyclorama located on George Street, Sydney near the railway, was published 20 November 1906. The rink would feature large refrigeration works and cooling chambers for commercial use in the basement of the building. The architects appointed for the construction were Coxon and Cuthbert.
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Dudley Do-Right is the theme of a log flume attraction at the Islands of Adventure theme park titled "Dudley Do-Right's Ripsaw Falls". Guests enter a queue themed to resemble a theater, with Dudley, Nell, Snidely, and Horse presented as actors. Riders board cartoon logs and journey "into" the story, where Snidely has cruelly captured Nell Fenwick. Horse and Dudley make their first appearance in front of a cyclorama backdrop, theatrically "charging" to the rescue.
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The most popular traveled from city to city to provide local entertainment — much like a modern movie. As the viewers stood in the center of the painting, there would often be music and a narrator telling the story of the event depicted. Sometimes dioramas were constructed in the foreground to provide additional realism to the cyclorama. Circular and hexagonal-shaped buildings were constructed in almost every major US and European city to provide a viewing space for the cycloramas.
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Viking Adventure set under stage lighting, center stage portion The Viking Adventure Stunt Show is also located inside the Spanish Castle, occupying four floors, from the basement to the third level, the same level as the dark ride portion of the High Dive. The theatre space is an indoor amphitheater, featuring curved, steeply raked seating. Immediately opposite is a 110 foot wide curved plaster cyclorama approximately three stories high. The stage and set sits between the two.
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The site at Ziegler's Grove was intended to tie the painting closely to the battle location it depicted. However, by the end of the 20th-century attitudes towards battlefield presentation had changed, and the National Park Service sought to remove many modern structures from key sites. In 1998, the Keeper of the National Register of Historic Places noted that the building possessed "exceptional historic and architectural significance.""Cyclorama Richard Neutra's 1961 Lincoln Memorial at Gettysburg." reCyclorama June 7, 2007.
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As of July 16, 2011, he began writing a blog dedicated to the preservation of the Kronish House in Beverly Hills, California, currently under threat of demolition. Other projects Dion has championed include the Cyclorama Building at Gettysburg on the Gettysburg battlefield, Pennsylvania, and the Mariners Medical Arts Building in Newport Beach, California. He was also concerned about the future of the Los Angeles County Hall of Records since the Records Department has been relocated to Norwalk, California.
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Thus, Burtnik took over playing the bass guitar and Styx started playing songs from Edge Of The Century live again. He went on to record Cyclorama with Styx in 2003 leading on 2 songs. Burtnik's song "Kiss Your Ass Goodbye" was made and recorded before Cyclorama, but they rerecorded it and put it on the album. Burtnik also lead on the song "Killing The Thing That You Love", and shared vocals with Shaw on "Yes I Can". Burtnik left 1 year later in 2004 being replaced with Styx' current bassist Ricky Phillips. He was a member of LaBamba and The Hubcaps led by New Jersey shore favorite Richie 'LaBamba' Rosenberg before leaving to start his solo career in 1986. One of the Hubcaps' popular songs was the Burtnik-written "Here Comes Sally" which later appeared on Burtnik's 1987 solo LP Heroes & Zeros. While solo success has been relatively elusive, he did score a minor hit in 1987 with "Follow You," a track off his Heroes & Zeros album, which peaked at #65 on the Billboard Hot 100.
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The Boston Center for the Arts (BCA) is a 501(c) nonprofit visual and performing arts complex in the South End neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts. The BCA houses several performance and rehearsal spaces, restaurants, a gallery, the headquarters of the Boston Ballet, the Community Music Center of Boston and several other arts organizations. The BCA also serves as home to four Resident Theater Companies and a number of artists. The BCA's main building, the Cyclorama, is on the National Register of Historic Places.
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The Collins Center has 102 Source Four ellipsoidal fixtures of varying degrees, 60 PARs and PARNels, and 4 Altman cyclorama lights. Two additional 750 watt, 19 degree Source Fours are used for follow spots and are fixed on the front-of-house catwalk. These fixtures are conventional stage lighting, therefore manual focusing is necessary and color modification requires the use of gels. Stage lighting is controlled using the AMX protocol, however DMX may be used via an in-house converter.
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The main action centerpiece of the 1899 play Ben-Hur was the use of a live chariot race using real horses and real chariots set against a cyclorama. The Era's drama critic detailed how it was achieved by "four great cradles, 20ft in length and 14ft wide, which are movable back and front on railways". The horses galloped full- pelt towards the audience, secured by invisible steel cable traces and running on treadmills. Electric rubber rollers spun the chariot wheels.
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The Gettysburg National Museum was a Gettysburg Battlefield visitor attraction on the south border of the Gettysburg borough. Established by George D. Rosensteel after working at his uncle's 1888 Round Top Museum, the facility had an interpretive Battle of Gettysburg map using incandescent lights and was acquired by the National Park Service for use as the 1974–2008 Gettysburg National Military Park museum and visitor center after the Cyclorama Building at Gettysburg and before the Gettysburg Museum and Visitor Center.
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Each internal circuit consists of several lamps evenly spaced within the unit. Often, a lighting designer will use roundels (colored glass lenses) or gels to make these lights different colors. The unit can then be wired into several different circuits, allowing each bank of colored lights to be controlled by a separate dimmer on the lighting board. Striplights are often used to color a cyclorama, or can alternately be positioned behind the proscenium arch to provide a general overhead color wash.
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The Cyclorama of Early Melbourne, by artist John Hennings in 1892, still survives albeit having suffered water damage during a fire. Painted from a panoramic sketch of Early Melbourne in 1842 by Samuel Jackson. It places the viewer on top of the partially constructed Scott's Church on Collins Street in the Melbourne CBD. Commissioned to celebrate 50 years of the city of Melbourne, it was displayed in the Melbourne Exhibition Building for nearly 30 years before being taken into storage.
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She was also nominated for Outstanding Musical Performance at the 2011 Elliot Norton Awards, which recognize excellence in Greater Boston Theater. Although she did not win the individual award, The Blue Flower took home the Best Musical award plus five others during IRNE award ceremonies held on April 25, 2011 at the Boston for the Arts Cyclorama. The show also took home Outstanding Local Musical Production and Outstanding Design (Large Theater) at the Elliot Norton Awards held last May 23, 2011.
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Darlow was a member of the Format Women's Photography co-operative from the mid 1980s, after she graduated from the West Surrey College of Art & Design. Her images of women's lives were published primarily by left-leaning journals in the United Kingdom (including New Internationalist, The Times Literary Supplement and The Economist) and in India. Her images of cycling by New Cyclist, Encyclopaedia and Cyclorama amongst others. Her last major project was to document the Parsi subculture of western India.
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The rear stage wall may be obscured by a traveler, if a cyclorama or projection screen is not in place. Tabs, also known as up-and-downers (UK) or Germans, are drapes hung perpendicular to the proscenium and at the sides, used to more completely mask the wings than legs. Unlike most stage drapery, these run up to downstage (hence "up-and-downer"). Note that the name tabs can be short for tableau curtains or even sometimes refer to the aforementioned legs.
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The Seven chieftains of the Magyar tribes in the Chronicon Pictum The chieftains. Detail from Árpád Feszty's cyclorama titled the Arrival of the Hungarians. The Seven chieftains of the Magyars (or Hungarians) were the leaders of the seven tribes of the Hungarians at the time of their arrival in the Carpathian Basin in AD 895. Constantine VII, emperor of the Byzantine Empire names the seven tribes in his De Administrando Imperio, a list that can be verified with names of Hungarian settlements.
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1936 – An interior view of the West's Olympia Theatre. State Library of South Australia B 64017 After being purchased by T.J. West, the Olympia was opened as Adelaide's first permanent picture theatre on Saturday 5 December 1908. It retained the original buildings from the Cyclorama but underwent renovations where seating accommodation was increased. The first films on opening night included scenic films of Lake Como and the Georges of Tarn as well as a dramatic piece including the Nick Carter detective series.
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In addition to appearing in videos, Black and Gass sang backup vocals on the 2003 Styx album Cyclorama, on the song "Kiss Your Ass Goodbye". Tenacious D lent backing vocals to The Vandals album Look What I Almost Stepped In..., on the song "Fourteen". Tenacious D appeared on KROQ-FM's twelfth full-length Christmas compilation, Swallow My Eggnog, with Sum 41, on a song entitled "Things I Want". Gass appeared in the Good Charlotte music video for the song "Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous".
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Monday, September 29, 2014, by Spencer Peterson Bonner has been the featured storyteller for the Atlanta History Center, the Atlanta Cyclorama, Underground Atlanta and Stone Mountain Park. In 199 he wrote a tour for Underground Atlanta titled, “Civil War to Civil Rights”. His work with Stone Mountain Park began as a featured storyteller for their Antebellum Jubilee and Progressed through developing their “Hands on History” school program, the first Black History Display in Memorial Hall and writing the narrative for their re-dedication of the Memorial Lawn.
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The cyclorama would eventually gain its own dedicated building in the park in 1921. Near the zoo is the Erskine Memorial Fountain, Atlanta's first public fountain, which was built in 1896 and moved to Grant Park in 1912. In 1948, another park landmark, the Thomas W. Talbot Monument, was dedicated by members of the International Association of Machinists, honoring their founder, Thomas W. Talbot. In 1996, after years of neglect and abuse, the City of Atlanta Parks Bureau commissioned a new master plan for the park.
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For La belle au bois dormant Ciceri created a quasi-cinematic motion effect onstage utilizing a treadmill for the actors in front of a moving cyclorama. He also designed the sets for a ballet version of Jocko ou le Singe du Brésil ("Jocko or the Monkey of Brazil") by Frédéric-Auguste Blache, with music by Louis Alexandre Piccinni. The ballet was first performed at the Théâtre de la Porte Saint-Martin in Paris on 16 March 1825. He was awarded a Chevalier of the Légion d'honneur.
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Amusements included a water chute on Victoria Lake, a dragon train, a toboggan course, a helter-skelter and a gondola. The Pike featured penny in the slot machines, a maze, and Professor Renno and his Palace of Illusions. Visitors were also able to view a 360 degree panoramic painting of the Battle of Gettysburg, accompanied by a history of the battle, at the Cyclorama. The exhibition closed on 15 April 1907 and the remaining buildings had been removed by the end of August 1907.
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However, despite the Texas's donation, the locomotive remained in the W&A; yard. In 1910, Atlanta artist and historian, Wilbur G. Kurtz, began writing articles in the Atlanta Constitution advocating preservation of the Texas. The following year, the engine was moved to Grant Park, though it remained exposed to the elements and funds for its restoration were still lacking. In 1927, the Texas was placed in the basement of the newly constructed Cyclorama, but remained unrestored or altered from its retirement appearance in 1907.
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In the evenings, another panorama of London, from the same point of view of was placed in front of E.T. Parris's version. Painted by Danson and Telbin, light effects projected by William Bradwell were intended to provide a realistic vision of the city at night. A nocturnal panorama of Paris was shown from 1848, and a panorama of the lake of Thun, in Switzerland in 1850. A lavishly decorated theatre was added in 1848, which showed a ten scene cyclorama of the 1755 Lisbon earthquake.
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There was a mobile video monitor used not only for lighting reference, but also to provide a location for the studio countdown clock. Audio foldback and talkback monitors were overhead above the lighting grid. There were caption stands for each camera to hold title captions, photographic images for news and simple commercial designed images. The cyclorama did not have an 'infinity curve' until the mid-1970s and was painted a basic pale blue, which equated to a mid to light tone grey for the monochrome cameras.
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This meant that the low-quality copies could be exhibited with a very low risk that a ticket holder would request a refund, as they would likely never have seen the original. Tickets could be sold at the same price as the admission to see an original and the exhibitor of a buck-eye could visit the original themselves, obtain copies of all of the pamphlets and promotional materials, and have them cheaply copied for sale alongside the attraction. In fact, copy houses were formed in order to meet the demand for such paintings, one being the Milwaukee Panorama Painters. In 1885 the Milwaukee Panorama Painters were commissioned by Mr. Myron Herrick (at that time a banker, who later twice served as the U.S. Ambassador to France) to create a copy of the Gettysburg Cyclorama, which was later purchased by E. W. McConnell (the "Cyclorama King") and exhibited by McConnell at: the Cotton States Exposition, Atlanta, Georgia in 1895; the Tennessee Centennial Exposition, Nashville, Tennessee in 1897; before moving to Louisville, Kentucky; and finally, to Nashville, Tennessee in 1898 before it was placed in storage in that city.
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Her other full-evening works involved large interactive sets designed by Dutch designer, Pieter Smit. In Foreign Fling, she climbed a mountain of defunct TV's and electronics. In One False Move, she and Smit "built" a roller coaster of a path to a height of 12' above the stage, singing, speaking several languages, and moving all the while. In After Ever, the dancers climbed, rolled, and flung themselves onto and through a hand-knotted rope net (18'x22') which dropped into the Cyclorama, bisecting the circular performance space.
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Works such as Rest Area, Intervals of Heavy Rain, Cameo, the videodance "My Place/or Yours?" and "What We Here Possess" looked at love relationships in various forms and stages. Many of Kramer's large scale works in the late 80's and 90's were presented by Dance Umbrella, in particular Pipe Dream and After Ever which were designed specifically for the huge round Cyclorama building at the Boston Center for the Arts. Choreography such as Raw Stuff (1985), Reach (1993), and Shout! (2000) explored pure movement, each in a distinct way.
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The Gettysburg Museum and Visitor Center is a Gettysburg National Military Park facility, with a museum about the American Civil War, the 1884 Gettysburg Cyclorama, and the tour center for licensed Battlefield Guides and for buses to see the Gettysburg Battlefield and Eisenhower National Historic Site. The museum displays artifacts including cannon, firearms, and uniforms, and includes an exhibit gallery and theater.(22-minute A New Birth of Freedom about the American Civil War) Additional facilities are a "computer resource room", a bookstore with gifts, and a restaurant.
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A vast cyclorama backdrop revolved in the opposite direction to create an illusion of massive speed, and fans created clouds of dust. The critic for The Illustrated London News described it as "a marvel of stage-illusion" that was "memorable beyond all else". The Sketch's critic called it "thrilling and realistic ... enough to make the fortune of any play" and noted that "the stage, which has to bear 30 tons' weight of chariots and horses, besides huge crowds, has had to be expressly strengthened and shored up".Guardian article: Ben-Hur, London, 1902.
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Just down the block from the Cyclorama building, the firm designed the Tremont Livery Stable at 439 Tremont Street. In 1872 the firm designed a large Stick Style residence at 121 Commonwealth Avenue in Boston's Back Bay, and the smaller but significant Pratt House in Forest Hills, also in the Stick Style. Following Boston's Great Fire of 1872, the firm was enlisted in the reconstruction of many downtown buildings. A significant part of Cummings and Sears practice focused on ecclesiastical architecture, building churches throughout Massachusetts and northern New England.
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In 1882, he became a Professor of Landscape Painting at the Prussian Academy of Arts. In 1885, he painted the Battle of Chattanooga for the "Philadelphia Panorama Company", a cyclorama which was installed in Philadelphia and Kansas City. Bracht was supported by Anton von Werner, the conservative director of the Berlin Academy, but cut ties with him during the affair of the closure of Edvard Munch's Berlin exhibition in 1892. Sothebys: The Orientalist Sale 2012 Despite the hostility, when von Werner died, Bracht finished the late painter's panorama of the Battle of Sedan.
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In 1884 they opened in the new Y.M.C.A. building at Gawler Place, and by 1885 Cawthorne & Co. was acting as a booking agent for concerts. They retained the Franklin Street shop as a branch office until the Cyclorama Building (later West's picture theatre, 91 Hindley Street) opened, and the second shop moved there. Later the Gawler place premises were enlarged considerably and the Hindley street business closed. In 1911 Cawthorne's moved to 17 Rundle Street, but in 1924 those premises were demolished and an up-to-date music warehouse was built.
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Electrical line sets, commonly called electrics, are used to suspend and control lighting instruments and, in many cases, microphones and special effects equipment as well. Electrics may be temporarily "wired" with drop boxes (electrical boxes with outlets) or multicable fanouts dropped from the grid or draped from a fly gallery, or permanently wired with connector strips (specialized electrical raceways). There are normally at least three electrical line sets provided above the stage, with one just upstage of the proscenium wall, one mid-stage, and one just downstage of the cyclorama. Additional electrics are typically desirable.
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In theater and film, a cyclorama (abbreviated cyc in the United States) is a large curtain or wall, often concave, positioned at the back of the apse. It often encircles or partially encloses the stage to form a background. It was popularized in the German theater of the 19th century and continues in common usage today in theaters throughout the world. It can be made of unbleached canvas (larger versions) or muslin (smaller versions), filled scrim (popularized on Broadway in the 20th century), or seamless translucent plastic (often referred to as "Opera Plastic").
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A panorama of the Battle of Stalingrad is on display at Mamayev Kurgan. Among Franz Roubaud's great panoramas, those depicting the Siege of Sevastopol (1905) and Battle of Borodino (1911) survive, although the former was damaged during the Siege of Sevastopol (1942) and the latter was transferred to Poklonnaya Gora. The Pleven Panorama in Pleven, Bulgaria, depicts the events of the Siege of Plevna in 1877 on a 115×15-metre canvas with a 12-meter foreground. Five large panoramas survive in North America: the Cyclorama of Jerusalem (a.k.a.
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Philippoteaux painting the Gettysburg Cyclorama. The officer depicted on the far right, holding a sword in front of the tree, is an image of the artist, included in the painting as a hidden "signature". Philippoteaux became interested in cycloramas and, in collaboration with his father, created The Defence of the Fort d'Issy in 1871. Other successful works included Taking of Plevna (Turko-Russian War), the Passage of the Balkans, The Belgian Revolution of 1830, Attack in the Park, The Battle of Kars, The Battle of Tel-el-Kebir, and the Derniere Sortie.
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In the two monochrome seasons, Reeves was occasionally filmed in front of aerial footage on a back-projection screen or against a neutral background which would provide a matte which would be optically combined with a swish-pan or aerial shot. That footage was matted onto various backgrounds depending on the needs of the episode: clouds, buildings, the ocean, mountain forests, etc., by which he would appear to fly. For the color episodes, the simpler and cheaper technique of a neutral cyclorama backing was used, usually sky-blue, or black for night shots.
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The Mission is the sixteenth studio album by the band Styx, released on June 16, 2017 through UMe. It is the band's first studio album since 2005's Big Bang Theory and their first release of original material since 2003's Cyclorama. The album reached #45 on the Billboard 200, propelled by pre-sales prior to its official release date, but fell off the chart after 2 weeks. In an era with limited album sales, total U.S. Sales were approximately 15,000 copies, a far cry from the band's triple platinum past.
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The Sydney Glaciarium was built on the site of the old Cyclorama, which was demolished. The ice floor was 51.82 meters (170 feet) long and 23.16 meters (76 feet) wide and the apex of the steel roof was 18.59 meters (61 feet) high when measured from the floor. The ice floor itself had a sheet of ice that was approximately 10.16 cm (4 inches) thick and was transparent so that the estimated 11-13Km (7-8 miles) of piping was visible. The building was illuminated with electric lighting.
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Another stuntman was injured by a hydraulic puller during a shot in which Neo was slammed into a booth. The office building in which Smith interrogated Morpheus was a large set, and the outside view from inside the building was a large, three story high cyclorama. The helicopter was a full- scale light-weight mock-up suspended by a wire rope operated a tilting mechanism mounted to the studio roofbeams. The helicopter had a real minigun side-mounted to it, which was set to cycle at half its regular (3000 rounds per min) firing rate.
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Section of The Battle of Gettysburg depicting Pickett's Charge up Cemetery Ridge Philippoteaux was commissioned by a group of Chicago investors in 1879 to create the Gettysburg Cyclorama. He spent several weeks in April 1882 at the site of the Gettysburg Battlefield to sketch and photograph the scene, and he extensively researched the battle and its events over several months. Local photographer William H. Tipton created a series of panoramic photographs shot from a wooden tower erected along present-day Hancock Avenue. The photos, pasted together, formed the basis of the composition.
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In 1870, he was part of the committee to lure Oglethorpe University to Atlanta from Midway. In 1873, he organized the Bank of the State of Georgia. Throughout the 1870s he represented the Third Ward in council and served on the Atlanta Board of Education and in the 1880s he served as water commissioner [Correction: His son John A, served as water commissioner ]. In 1882 he donated roughly in Land Lot 43 for Grant Park, current home of the Cyclorama and ZooAtlanta, later named in his honor, and the deed was issued May 17, 1883.
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Fifty years later, as many Mission 66 facilities themselves aged and required repairs and modernization, controversy erupted over their suitability for the Park Service mission and their impact on historic and natural sites. Modernism had fallen from favor with the general public, and some facilities were considered intrusive. Two of the most notable examples were the now-demolished Cyclorama Building at Gettysburg National Military Park by Richard Neutra and the Henry M. Jackson Visitor Center by Whimberley, Whisenand, Allison & Tong at Mount Rainier National Park. The following list highlights some of the most significant facilities.
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The room under the dome was used for patrons as a viewing gallery where a camera obscura displayed a reflection of the surrounding country on the inside wall. The room on top of the terrace was an octagonal construction. Vestibule – This long entrance hallway was a long and wide passage that connected the tower entrance building on Hindley Street and ran south to the large Cyclorama building at the rear of the property. It contained 2 arched recesses on the wall adjoining the Grand Coffee Palace which was a 'party wall'.
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The Amish and Mennonite Heritage Center is located at 5798 County Road 77 in Berlin, Ohio and was opened in 1981 first as the Mennonite Information Center. By 1989 center moved to the current structure which was finished to include the Behalt Cyclorama as well as a bookstore. The center was renamed in 2002 to reflect its mission as a cultural center. The center captures the rich heritage of Amish Country with the goal of accurately informing guests about the faith, culture and traditional ways of the Amish, Mennonite, and Hutterite people and their descendants.
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After the History Center building was completed, the painting and diorama were to be moved to the new facility where restoration continued, at times in view of History Center visitors. The building in Grant Park will be given to Zoo Atlanta, which will use it as office and event space, including a new private viewing area for a proposed expansion of the zoo's African elephant habitat. The cost of relocation, $35.78 million, was raised, a figure that includes a $10 million endowment. The restored cyclorama reopened in April 2019.
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The area is where approximately 1,500 Confederate Virginians broke through the July 3, 1863, Union line on Cemetery Ridge, (of July 1887). and in 1922, the Marine Expeditionary Force of Camp Harding used The Angle in their reenactment of Pickett's Charge. The proper noun "Bloody Angle" became common during the battlefield's commemorative era after being used as early as 1893. A copy of the Gettysburg Cyclorama was displayed in an 1894 tent at The Angle, and during reunions in 1887, 1913 (50th battle anniversary), and 1938 (75th); battle veterans shook hands over the rock wall at The Angle.
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He was also a volcano enthusiast, starting in his childhood exploring Haleakalā on Maui. He would act as an informal tour guide for visitors to the summit, and used oral history to estimate the time of its last eruption. In 1891, he bought and expanded the Volcano House hotel at the rim of the active Kīlauea volcano on the island of Hawaii. Thurston commissioned a cyclorama of Kīlauea which he displayed in his travels to the mainland, including the Chicago World's Columbian Exposition of 1893 and the California Midwinter International Exposition of 1894 in San Francisco.
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Cummings traveled extensively in Europe, primarily Italy. Travel, and writing about Italian architecture informed his own work, and while a part of the larger Gothic Revival style, Cummings and his partner Sears were not rigorous academic revivalists. Two early projects of the firm, Brechin Hall built in 1861, and Stone Chapel built in 1867 both at Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts brought positive notice, and increased commissions to the firm. The office designed the massive brick Boston Cyclorama built to exhibit a large cyclical mural The Battle of Gettysburg, today it houses the Boston Center for the Arts.
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The following year, he was one of the painters who worked with Jan Styka to create the Transylvania Panorama. His cyclorama, "The History of the Hussars", was a popular attraction at the Exposition Universelle (1900) and was taken on an international tour. He also provided illustrations for a twenty-one volume set of books called The Austro-Hungarian Monarchy in Word and Picture (commonly known in German as the "Kronprinzenwerk", after its sponsor, Rudolf, Crown Prince of Austria). Later, he created frescoes in several churches in his hometown and, together with László Pataky, decorated the Ludovica Military Academy.
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Panoramic View of the Palace and Gardens of Versailles (1818-19), Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City. The Rotunda opened in 1818 to display Vanderlyn's Panoramic View of the Palace and Gardens of Versailles, a cyclorama now on display in a purpose-built, circular room in the American Wing of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, in New York City. In the painting, to the right of the Latona Fountain, Vanderlyn painted himself pointing towards Czar Alexander I of Russia and King Frederick William III of Prussia. In time its use changed to housing government agencies, and the building was altered accordingly.
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Come Sail Away – The Styx Anthology is a musical album by Styx, released on May 4, 2004. It is a compilation consisting of two compact discs and contains a thorough history of the band. The album encompasses many of the band's most popular and significant songs, ranging from the band's first single from their self-titled album, "Best Thing", through the song "One with Everything", a track included on Styx's most recent album at the time of release, Cyclorama. The most notable omission from the compilation is "Don't Let It End", Dennis DeYoung's top-10 single from their 1983 album, Kilroy Was Here.
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Hungarian Grand Prince Árpád The Ópusztaszer National Heritage Park is an open-air museum of Hungarian history in Ópusztaszer, Hungary. It was established in 1982 and is most famous for being the location of the Feszty Panorama, a cyclorama by Árpád Feszty and his assistants, depicting the beginning of the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin in 895. The painting was completed in 1894 for the 1000th anniversary of the event. The park is also home to various indoor and outdoor exhibits, focusing on the archaeological and ethnographic history of ancient and early-modern Hungary in an immersive and engaging manner.
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He was commissioned by a group of Chicago investors in 1879 to create the Gettysburg Cyclorama. He spent several weeks in April 1882 at the site of the Gettysburg Battlefield to sketch and photograph the scene, and extensively researched the battle and its events over several months. He erected a wooden platform along present-day Hancock Avenue and drew a circle around it, eighty feet in diameter, driving stakes into the ground to divide it into ten sections. Local photographer William H. Tipton took three photographs of each section, focusing in turn on the foreground, the land behind it, and the horizon.
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Separate buildings are > maintained for the general offices, scenario and publicity departments and > for other activities allied with the manufacture of motion pictures. The > studios comprise a city within a city, giving employment to more than 1,000 > people.from an article written by G. P. von Harleman, originally appeared in > the March 10, 1917, issue of The Moving Picture World online text Another feature of the Keystone Studios was the "cyclorama", where a background scene was painted onto a huge rotating cylinder that rotated while actors ran in place, creating the illusion of moving across the landscape.
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A small portion of the Gettysburg Cyclorama The site of Pickett's Charge is one of the best-maintained portions of the Gettysburg Battlefield. Despite millions of annual visitors to Gettysburg National Military Park, very few have walked in the footsteps of Pickett's division. The National Park Service maintains a neat, mowed path alongside a fence that leads from the Virginia Monument on West Confederate Avenue (Seminary Ridge) due east to the Emmitsburg Road in the direction of the Copse of Trees. Pickett's division, however, started considerably south of that point, near the Spangler farm, and wheeled to the north after crossing the road.
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Panorama 1453 History Museum The Panorama 1453 Historical Museum is a historical museum in Istanbul that opened on 31 January 2009. This museum shows the conquering of the city of Constantinople, capital of the Byzantine Empire, by the troops of the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror on 29 May 1453. The museum is located close to the point where the Ottomans breached the walls. Its main exhibit is a 360° "panorama" painting, (also known as a Cyclorama) of the battlefield at the time the walls were breached, giving the visitor the impression they are standing in the middle of the battle.
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Scheveningen village, a small section of the Panorama Mesdag, with fake terrain in the foreground. Panorama Mesdag is a panorama by Hendrik Willem Mesdag. Housed in a purpose-built museum in The Hague, the panorama is a cylindrical painting (also known as a Cyclorama) more than 14 metres high and about 40 metres in diameter (120 metres in circumference). From an observation gallery in the centre of the room the cylindrical perspective creates the illusion that the viewer is on a high sand dune overlooking the sea, beaches and village of Scheveningen in the late 19th century.
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Similar flags have been flown at rebellions since including a flag similar to the Eureka flag which was flown above the Barcaldine strike camp in the 1891 Australian shearers' strike. In 1889, Melbourne businessmen employed renowned American cyclorama artist Thaddeus Welch, who teamed up with local artist Izett Watson to paint of canvas of the Eureka Stockade, wrapped around a wooden structure. When it opened in Melbourne, the exhibition was an instant hit. The Age reported in 1891 that "it afforded a very good opportunity for people to see what it might have been like at Eureka".
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The seven chieftains of the Hungarians, a detail of the Feszty Panorama The most famous perpetuation of the events is the Arrival of the Hungarians or Feszty Panorama which is a large cyclorama (a circular panoramic painting) by Hungarian painter Árpád Feszty and his assistants. It was completed in 1894 for the 1000th anniversary of the event. Since the 1100th anniversary of the event in 1995, the painting has been displayed in the Ópusztaszer National Heritage Park, Hungary. Mihály Munkácsy also depicted the event under the name of Conquest for the Hungarian Parliament Building in 1893.
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Downtown Recorders is a recording studio in Boston, Massachusetts. Located in the city's Cyclorama building in the South End, it has been a focal point of the Boston music scene since the studio's inception in 1979 by two local musicians, Mitch Benoff and Benny Kay. Bands such as Georgee, the Pixies, Human Sexual Response and The Real Kids have recorded at the studio. The studio differs from many in that the control booth was installed at an angle to the main recording booth, and that there is no drum booth installed -- the drummer performs with the rest of the band.
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During a Q&A; for Grantland Diane Martel explained that her desire was "to make videos that sell records" and "not to make videos that express my own obsessions, but to make videos that move units." Martel at first turned down the offer to direct the video after being told there could be no nudity but agreed to direct when it was decided to shoot two versions. The video was shot as a white cyclorama. Martel favorably referred to the large hashtags that flash throughout the video as "awkward" and noted she enjoyed their obstructive quality.
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Light #1 is wired with lights #5 & 9 & 13, etc. (+4); Light #2 is wired with lights #6 & 10 & 14, etc. (+4); Light #3 is wired with lights #7 & 11 & 15, etc. (+4); Light #4 is wired with lights #8 & 12 & 16, etc. (+4). Marquees with 12 lights grouped into 2, 3 and 4 channels (click for SMIL animation) Floodlights with a chase effect, traditionally known as cyclorama lights The most common 4 channel chase which is seen in a theater Marquee perimeter lighting and other lighting animation applications consists of 4 channel wired light bulbs and an electronic chaser.
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The stage is the actual performance area of a theatre. Including the apron, the Grimsby Auditorium stage measures a total depth of 11m, with a measurement of 8.5 metres from the line of the house curtain to the cyclorama or back wall. The width of the stage depends on the size of the production being staged as the curtains which form the proscenium and wings are flexible, meaning the stage can be made to appear wider or narrower. The steel grid holding the lighting rig is suspended above the stage at a height of 8.1 metres.
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He didn't run for re-election in 1922, and when he did run in 1924, he lost. In 1930, Key was elected to a third Term in the wake of the Atlanta graft ring scandal and early in that term he made public statements against Prohibition and the blue law bans of Sunday baseball games and Sunday movies. This precipitated a recall vote in 1932 that he would have lost if not for support from the black community. He was instrumental in getting Harry Hopkins and his WPA program to update the city sewer system and nearly a million dollars to remodel the Atlanta Municipal Auditorium and Cyclorama building.
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At this point the opera company did not have a home theatre. The fifty-year-old Boston Opera House had been in disuse for a long time and was torn down just months before Caldwell founded her company. Caldwell eventually settled on renting the Donnelly Theater for the company's performance of La Boheme, and that theatre became the company's performance venue until it was torn down ten years later in 1968. After 1968 the company spent the next 7 years looking for a stable performing venue and lived a nomadic existence, performing at various venues including the Shubert Theatre, MIT's Kresge Auditorium, the Cyclorama, and the Tufts University Field House.
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The duo also became a highly sought after songwriting team for such artists as Aerosmith, Ozzy Osbourne, Vince Neil and Cher. Shaw currently leads Styx along with James "JY" Young, the only remaining members from Styx's heyday (although original bassist Chuck Panozzo appears as a guest musician for most of their concerts). Upon their reformation in 1996, Styx released the live album Return to Paradise. They went on to record the studio albums Brave New World (which became the last release with co-founder Dennis DeYoung), Cyclorama (with new keyboardist Lawrence Gowan), and Big Bang Theory (an album of cover songs of 1960s and 1970s rock classics).
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In the United States of America is the Atlanta Cyclorama, depicting the Civil War Battle of Atlanta. It was first displayed in 1887, and is 42 feet high by 358 feet circumference (13 x 109 metres).Marty Olmstead (2002), Hidden Georgia, Ulysses Press, page 204 Also on a gigantic scale, and still extant, is the Racławice Panorama (1893) located in Wrocław, Poland, which measures 15 x 120 metres.Jan Stanisław Kopczewski (1976), Kosciuszko and Pulaski, Interpress, page 220 In addition to these historical examples, there have been panoramas painted and installed in modern times; prominent among these is the Velaslavasay Panorama in Los Angeles, California (2004).
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The initial plan was for the series to be the inaugural production in the BBC's newly built BBC Television Centre in London, but when the studios opened, the series was not ready, and was instead broadcast from the Riverside Studios in Hammersmith. Peter Dews described the set as "a large permanent structure; platforms, steps, corridors, pillars, and gardens, which will house nearly all the plays' action and which will, despite its outward realism, be not very far from Shakespeare's "unworthy scaffold"."Quoted in The entire production was shot with four cameras running at any given time. For battle scenes, a cyclorama was used as a backdrop, obscured with smoke.
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The Australasian wrote "that many persons familiar with the incidents depicted, were able to testify to the fidelity of the painted scene". The people of Melbourne flocked to the cyclorama, paid up and had their picture taken before it. It was eventually dismantled and disappeared from sight. Memorials to soldiers and miners are located in the Ballaarat Old Cemetery and the Eureka Stockade Memorial is located within the Eureka Stockade Gardens and is listed on the Australian National Heritage List. In 1954, the centenary of the event was officially celebrated; according to Geoffrey Blainey, who was in attendance, no one, apart from a small group of communists, was there.
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After the Civil War, Theodore Davis spent a short time illustrating Reconstruction activities in the South and traveled with Generals George Armstrong Custer, and Winfield Scott Hancock during their campaigns against the Indians in the West. When the Atlanta Cyclorama in Atlanta, Georgia was being painted, Davis was asked for ideas stemming from his travels with Sherman's army; he was added to the painting. He worked with panoramic painters such as Friedrich Wilhelm Heine and August Lohr on larger projects.Theodore Russell Davis (1840–1894), Museum of Wisconsin Art Davis was chosen to create china dinnerware for First Lady Lucy Hayes, wife of president Rutherford B. Hayes.
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The painting at one time was the largest oil painting in the world, and if unrolled would measure high by long. It held this record until 1894, when it was surpassed in size by The Racławice Panorama (15 × 114 meter, 49 ft × 374 ft) a cycloramic painting depicting the Battle of Racławice. The Cyclorama was narrated at one time by volunteers, some of whom were veterans or widows of veterans of the Civil War. In 1960, Atlanta Mayor William B. Hartsfield accepted the donation of a recorded narration written by Junius Andrew Park, Jr., in honor of his father, Junius Andrew Park, Sr., who was born and raised in Atlanta.
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Silvester was ennobled by the emperor on 21 April 1887, and the family thereafter took the name Martosi Feszty (or, in German: Feszty von Martos).Démy-Gerő family archive, Brisbane, Australia; Feszty mostly painted scenes from Hungarian history and religion. A detail of the Arrival of the Hungarians, Árpád Feszty's and his assistants' vast (1800 m2) cyclorama, painted to celebrate the 1000th anniversary of the Magyar conquest of Hungary, now displayed at the Ópusztaszer National Heritage Park in Hungary He studied in Munich from 1874, and later (1880–81) in Vienna. After returning home to Hungary, he was made famous by his two works entitled Golgota ("Calvary") and Bányaszerencsétlenség ("Accident in a Quarry").
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He painted his well-known monumental picture, the Arrival of the Hungarians, depicting the Magyar conquest of Hungary in 896, for the 1000th anniversary of the Conquest, with the help of many others, including Jenő Barcsay, Dániel Mihalik and László Mednyánszky. It was seriously damaged during World War II (the painting, a cyclorama with a circumference of almost 120 metres and 15 metres tall, and thus some 1800 m2 in area, was cut up into 8-metre-long pieces, which were rolled up and stored in various museum warehouses). It wasn't until 1995 that it was restored and exhibited at the Ópusztaszer National Heritage Park in Hungary. He lived in Florence from 1899 to 1902.
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Moses, p. 34 Act II, "The Prairie," "included a buffalo hunt by the Indians," the passage of a train through "hostile land," a prairie fire, and a stampede, followed by cowboy "riding, roping, and 'bronc busting.'" "The Attack on the Mining Camp," Act or Epoch III, starred Cody defending a cabin against "gunfire and screaming Indians," followed by Cody's and Annie Oakley's shooting. The last epoch, "Mining Camp," featured the Pony Express, an attack on a Deadwood stagecoach, and a cyclone. Ultimately, a 5th epoch was added, "Custer's Last Stand," at the end of which Cody entered and circled the arena on a horse, while "Too Late!" was projected onto the cyclorama.
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Champion returned to America and incorporated the Albert Champion Company in June 1905 in Boston's South End, in the landmark Cyclorama Building, to import French electrical parts, including Nieuport components. Champion presided as president of the Albert Champion Company with partners Frank D. Stranahan as treasurer and younger brother Spencer Stranahan as clerk. By 1907 The Albert Champion Company was manufacturing porcelain spark plugs with the name Champion stamped on the side, Robert Stranahan, the youngest of the Stranahan brothers, finished his classes at Harvard, ahead of his class of 1908, and went to work in the stockroom. Late in the summer of 1908, Champion met William Durant at Durant's Boston Buick dealership.
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She also incorporates ominous, sharp fragments of the South's landscape; such as Spanish moss trees and a giant moon obscured by dramatic clouds. These images surround the viewer and create a circular, claustrophobic space. This circular format paid homage to another art form, the 360-degree historical painting known as the cyclorama. Some of her images are grotesque, for example, in The Battle of Atlanta,Sikkema Jenkins & Co.—Kara Walker a white man, presumably a Southern soldier, is raping a black girl while her brother watches in shock, a white child is about to insert his sword into a nearly-lynched black woman's vagina, and a male black slave rains tears all over an adolescent white boy.
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He began his career in theatre, at the Royal Shakespeare Company and Royal National Theatre, working with acclaimed directors including Trevor Nunn and Sir Peter Hall. Later, he began his screen career assisting on numerous important film score orchestrations including Cape Fear, directed by Martin Scorsese, and landmark re-orchestrations of classic film scores including Taxi Driver, performed by the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra. Goldstein’s debut classical album, Cyclorama, was released worldwide to critical acclaim on the Brilliant Classics label and performed by The Balanescu Quartet and ensemble. In 2013, Goldstein’s Christmas hit, Magical Moments, reached No.1 in the Official UK Classical Charts where it stayed for three weeks over Christmas, ahead of J. S. Bach.
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In 2012, Goldstein's debut classical album, Cyclorama, was released worldwide by Brilliant Classics. The music was performed by the Balanescu Quartet, founded by the violinist Alexander Bălănescu, and an ensemble of soloists including James Pearson, a soloist with the Hallé, Philharmonia and BBC Concert Orchestras, and Artistic Director of jazz club, Ronnie Scott’s, London,"James Pearson/Ronnie Scott's All Stars" , Quote: "Supremely talented Oscar Petersonish pianist, best known for his sterling work as Ronnie Scott's resident pianoman, here leads the talented RSAS band through an energised take on the music of quirky jazz piano great Erroll Garner." Time Out (London) 8 July 2010. Retrieved 14 April 2011 whose collaborations include Paul McCartney and Wynton Marsalis.
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The GlobeSpotter® web based viewer (SaaS) was launched in 2010. The following year the company brought out its 9th generation digital recording system (DCR9), including additional picture-in-picture cameras for capturing high resolution Cycloramas. CycloMedia also upgraded its 3D processing technology based on point cloud and textured mesh processing methods. Cyclorama came into use in the Nordic countries,"Cyclomedia’s 360 degree street level imagery now available from Blom", Blom ASA, 4 July 2012 Germany and other parts of Europe, and the US."CycloMedia Launches Street Smart Application for ArcGIS on Esri's ArcGIS Marketplace", Esri, 6 March 2015 In 2013 the company added nationwide oblique imagery (NederlandObliek) with full functional integration in GlobeSpotter®.
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In 2001, DeYoung sued his former bandmates, seeking the rights to use the group's name in support of his solo career, with the group being allowed to keep the name "Styx" and DeYoung able to use the name in descriptive phrases such as "the music of Styx" or "formerly of Styx" (but not "the voice of Styx"). Financial terms that Young and Shaw had to pay DeYoung for ownership of the name were not disclosed. Styx's new lineup released several live albums and released the studio album Cyclorama in February 2003, which reached No. 127 on the Billboard 200 album charts. A single "Waiting for Our Time" hit No. 37 on the Billboard mainstream rock chart for 1 week.
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Together as Cummings and Sears, they designed many significant buildings, primarily ecclesiastical and academic, in and around Boston, including Brechin Hall and the Stone Chapel at Phillips Academy in Andover, the Old South Church on Copley Square (1875), and the Cyclorama (1884). The firm of Sears and Cummings was also capable of designing utilitarian projects and did the design of a number of aqueducts and railroad bridges. They formed a development company which intended to construct an elevated railway in Brooklyn, New York Kings County Elevated Railway but being out of towners were not able to get political co-operation and sold off the design and rights. The executive in charge was Judge Hiram Bond.
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Richard Corliss of Time praised Cuarón for playing "daringly and dexterously with point-of-view: at one moment you're inside Ryan's helmet as she surveys the bleak silence, then in a subtle shift you're outside to gauge her reaction. The 3-D effects, added in post-production, provide their own extraterrestrial startle: a hailstorm of debris hurtles at you, as do a space traveler's thoughts at the realization of being truly alone in the universe." Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian gave the film five out of five stars, writing "a brilliant and inspired movie-cyclorama ... a glorious imaginary creation that engulfs you utterly." Robbie Collin of The Daily Telegraph also awarded the film five out of five stars.
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The uniform of a Confederate general The museum displayed pictures and artifacts from the Civil War, including the Texas, a steam locomotive that pursued the captured train the General in the Great Locomotive Chase during the war. This raid was depicted in the 1927 Buster Keaton film The General and the 1956 Disney film The Great Locomotive Chase. A movie theater inside the museum showed a short film about the Atlanta Campaign, narrated by James Earl Jones, to visitors before they view the painting. The cyclorama painting itself is augmented by a three-dimensional diorama in front of the painting and a narration of the events of the battle and the history of the painting.
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After the dispute was settled, the engine was formally presented to the state of Georgia in 1971. The engine currently resides at the Southern Museum of Civil War and Locomotive History in Kennesaw, Georgia, while the Texas is currently at the North Carolina Transportation Museum in Spencer, North Carolina undergoing restoration for inclusion into an addition to house it and the cyclorama painting of the battle of Atlanta. The Texas should return to Georgia in late 2016. The Kentucky Railway Museum consists of many pieces of L&N; equipment, as well as a portion of the Lebanon Branch. The museum owns the following L&N; equipment: K2A Light Pacific 4-6-2 No. 152, a steam locomotive; heavyweight coaches Nos.
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Following his early career in painting and sculpture, Ross began his photographic work in 1995. A major milestone in his work is the Hurricane series, begun in 1996. The black and white images in the series depict large-scale ocean waves shot by Ross while in the tumultuous surf, often up to his chest, and tethered to an assistant on land. In 2002, in order to photograph Mount Sopris in Colorado, Ross invented the R1 camera, with which he made some of the highest resolution large-scale landscape photographs in the world. In 2005, he designed and built the R2 360 degree video camera and the i3 Digital Cyclorama with Bran Ferren and other imaging scientists at Applied Minds, Inc.
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A cyclorama, or cyc for short, is a large curtain, often concave, at the back of the stage that can be lit to represent the sky or other backgrounds. Traditionally white or natural colored cloth, cycloramas now come in various colors of white, grey, light blue and the green or blue curtains used in Chroma key (greenscreen) work may also be called cycloramas. With projected scenery, cycs and scrims may be used as drops, by employing either front or rear projection. This was done in a general sense in the 1910s and 1920s by means of painted glass plates in front of lighting instruments, which made sculptured shadows on the cyc to indicate such images as a cityscape or a scary dungeon.
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The center offers visitors Behalt, a 10-foot tall by 265 foot cyclorama, also known as a mural-in-the-round, illustrating the heritage of the Amish and Mennonite people from their origin in Switzerland (circa 1525) to present day. Behalt was painted by artist Heinz Gaugel, a German born immigrant who came to Holmes County, Ohio in 1962. Inspiration for the painting came in 1978 when an Amish blacksmith said to Heinz, "I wish there was some place in the area that people could go and find out why we live the way we do." Also on the grounds of the museum are a pioneer barn house with a restored Conestoga wagon, buggies, farm equipment and an 1857 one-room schoolhouse.
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Skylights lit the scene by day, and it was illuminated by a system of 25 arc lamps by night. In 1889, a new cyclorama painting Custer's Last Fight, was installed, but by 1890, the fashion for cycloramas had ended, and the new owner of the building, John Gardner (father- in-law of Isabella Stewart Gardner), converted it to a venue for popular entertainment, including a carousel, roller skating, boxing tournaments (including an 1894 fight of John L. Sullivan), horseback riding, bicycling, and so on. By 1899, it had become an industrial space, used by the New England Electric Vehicle Company, the Tremont Garage, the Buick Automobile Agency, and Albert Champion Company. Albert Champion is said to have invented the spark plug here before he moved to Flint, Michigan.
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Beginning in the 1935/36 season the Guild soon reached 2,000 members in its first year of operations, and was able to make its first gift to the Metropolitan Opera: a new cyclorama. Throughout the 1930s membership continued to grow and they were able to underwrite the fund needed for larger projects like a new production of Wagner's Ring Cycle and then to provide one third of the cost paid by the Metropolitan Opera Association to the house owned by the Metropolitan Opera and Real Estate Company. The Guild furthered educational access on the art and artists of opera to opera lovers from across the country, many of whom only knew the Met from their weekly radio broadcasts. They share their knowledge with adults seeking to learn more, and through school programs reaching the next generation of opera lovers.
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The building has been called "a piece of L.A. history since most of (Neutra's) L.A. buildings were probably dreamed up in this very office." Jay Platt of the Los Angeles Conservancy has said of the building's significance, "The real importance of the office is that it provided the creative environment in which Neutra produced all of his now famous homes." In fact, his early works pre-date the building, but it was in this building that Neutra designed many of his landmark buildings, including the U.S. Embassy in Karachi, Pakistan, the Los Angeles Hall of Records, the Gettysburg Cyclorama Building, the Orange County Courthouse, and the Huntington Beach Public Library. The building remained the site of the Neutra architectural practice even after Neutra's death in 1970; Dion Neutra continued the practice at the site until the 1990s.
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The recording also featured the soprano, Grace Davidson, who has performed with the Early Music groups The Sixteen, and Tenebrae, as well as on soundtracks such as Hans Zimmer's Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides. The album, which consists of a mix of contemporary classical idioms which gradually present an unfolding story, like a cyclorama (the panoramic backdrop used in film and theatre), was recorded at the Church of Saint Jude-on-the-Hill, Hampstead Garden Suburb, London, noted for its haunting acoustics. The church has been the chosen venue for many important recordings of film and concert music including the Chandos Records re- recordings of William Walton’s scores for Laurence Olivier's Shakespeare films, performed by The Orchestra and Chorus of The Academy of St Martin in the Fields and conducted by Neville Marriner, on which Goldstein worked as an assistant orchestrator.
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While the Overture was still playing, the stage became fully exposed and MidAmeriCon's George Barr illustrated logo was projected onto the large cyclorama backdrop: "MidAmeriCon Presents (slide dissolve) The 22nd Annual Science Fiction Achievement Awards (slide dissolve) The Hugos", the last slide appearing just as the rousing Steiner composition ended. From offstage, from the auditorium's speakers, a voice-over by Kansas City actor David Wilson, intoned King Kong dialog, "He was a King and a God in the world he knew (slight pause), but we've since tamed and brought him here for you tonight' (slight pause). Ladies and gentlemen, please welcome the 8th Wonder of the Science Fiction World, Mr. Bob Tucker". As Bob appeared from stage left, a brass-and-glass Art Deco podium slowly rose from a recess in the center front stage floor.
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The High Water Mark of the Rebellion Monument is a Gettysburg Battlefield memorial which identifies the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia units of the infantry attack on the Battle of Gettysburg, third day, with a large bronze tablet, as well as the Union Army of the Potomac's "respective troops who met or assisted to repulse Longstreet's Assault." The memorial is named for the line of dead and wounded of Pickett's Charge which marked the deepest penetration into the Union line at The Angle when "4,500 men threw down their arms and came in as prisoners". The line is now generally marked with unit monuments which are also historic district contributing structures. The High Water Mark monument is accessible via Hancock Avenue which has parking spaces alongside, and a path leads to the site from a parking lot at the former Cyclorama Building at Gettysburg, which served for fifty years as a Gettysburg Battlefield visitor center by the National Park Service until it was demolished in 2013.
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He was born in Paris, France, studied art at the studio of Léon Cogniet, and first exhibited his work at the Paris Salon of 1833. One of his best-known works was a depiction of the Siege of Paris during the Franco-Prussian War,Panorama of the Siege of Paris (by Philippoteaux) exhibited in Los Angeles painted in the form of a cyclorama, a type of large panoramic painting on the inside of a cylindrical platform designed to provide a viewer standing in the middle of the cylinder with a 360° view of the painting. Viewers surrounded by the panoramic image are meant to feel as if they are standing in the midst of a historic event or famous place. Philippoteaux also produced a large number of works chronicling the rise and successes of Napoleon Bonaparte, including a portrait of Napoleon in his regimental uniform and a group of paintings of French victories in the Napoleonic Wars.
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He also painted scenery for movies such as The Shoes of the Fisherman for which he recreated the panel about the life of Moses, and parts of the Last Judgment by Michelangelo, for the interior of the Sistine Chapel (MGM Studios). He created the city of Jerusalem for The Robe (which won the 1953 Academy Award for Best Art Direction–Set Decoration, Color), after which he created a fantastic 600 foot cyclorama that backed the safari camp set of The Snows of Kilimanjaro. Other films he created dioramic scenes for included Billy Wilder's Some Like It Hot (nominated for the 1959 Best Art Direction-Set Decoration, Black-and-White Oscar), The King and I, Niagara, Alfred Hitchcock's North by Northwest (the Mount Rushmore scene) and many others. During his term at 20th Century Fox, he also worked on many of the Marilyn Monroe pictures, and even one of the Elvis Presley movies.
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Mörsel Nathan has had multiple solo exhibitions including I First Saw the World Through a Mosquito Net… [2] at the BBLA Gallery, Bohemian National Hall, in New York City (2014) and Memory of a time I did not know… [3] at the Ann Loeb Bronfman Gallery in Washington, D.C. (2010). She has been in numerous group shows in galleries including DC Arts Center (DCAC) in Washington, DC and Betty Mae Kramer Gallery, in Maryland. Her commissioned work was exhibited for the concert performance of the opera Lost Childhood [4] at the Music Center at Strathmore, North Bethesda, Maryland (2013). Mörsel Nathan’s work was the cover image for Into the Cyclorama, the collection of poems by Annie Kim, winner of the 2015 Michael Waters Poetry Prize. Her work was the cover art for the Conductor’s score for the opera Lost Childhood. Her poetry and essays have appeared in such publications as Gargoyle, Hampden-Sydney Poetry Review, Sojourner: The Women’s Forum; Arts & Letters: Journal of Contemporary Culture, The Bitter Oleander, Poet Lore and Daughters of Absence (Capital Books, 2000).
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On June 27, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court upheld the 1911 Sproul Roads Act, by which the Commonwealth acquired private toll roads and made them free for the public. By February 1, 1913, water wells were being drilled for the July encampment, (Gettysburg Times, Feb 1) and by June 26 hotels in Hanover, Chambersburg, Hagerstown, and "the Blue Ridge section [were] filling rapidly". For entertainment, a Gettysburg facility was started in 1912 to display the Boston version of the Gettysburg Cyclorama, and The Battle of Gettysburg black & white film of 1913 was first run at Walter's Theatre on June 26 (This film has since been lost). Local planning for the reunion included expanding the Gettysburg hackman's tax to apply to automobiles (upheld by the Pennsylvania Supreme Court in 1914), a 50 cent maximum for taxi fares in the borough, and an obscure request from a few Missouri veterans regarding the availability near Gettysburg of "a few good widows or old maids … good housekeepers and not too young" to go west after the reunion.
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