338 Sentences With "culms" | Random Sentence Generator

It is tall, small-culmed bamboo with greenish young culms and straw-colored old culms. It grows in clumps composed of many well-spaced culms. It has a dense appearance due to its branching habit.

This form has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. The form aureocaulis has all-yellow culms and the cultivar 'Lama Temple' has culms of a brighter yellow that taper more rapidly to a shorter overall height. 'Harbin' has green culms with multiple vertical ridges and irregular streaks of yellow. Culms of 'Harbin Inversa' appear yellow with many thin green streaks, while lacking the ridges characteristic of 'Harbin.

Festuca occidentalis is a tufted fescue that lacks rhizomes. The smooth and shiny culms are tall. Culms have two exposed nodes and have glabrous internodes. The shoots are intravaginal.

Bromus pacificus lacks rhizomes and grows tall. The smooth culms are wide at their base and have five to nine nodes. The brownish culms are relatively pubescent, with hairs up to long, though culms are occasionally glabrous with hairs only adjacent to nodes. The leaf sheaths remain closed for most of their length, being open for only .

Bambusa lako grows to in height, with culms reaching a maximum of in diameter. The culms are initially green before maturing to a shiny black, sometimes with scattered green stripes; they grow vertically, though may droop at the top. The culms are initially covered with culm-sheaths which have dark brown-black hairs. Shoots grow rapidly in warmer weather.

In the production of malted grains, the culms refer to the rootlets of the germinated grains. The culms are normally removed in a process known as "deculming" after kilning when producing barley malt, but form an important part of the product when making sorghum or millet malt. These culms are very nutritious and are sold off as animal feed.

The primary coils are probably made from culms of deergrass.

Rhynchospora inexpansa is a tufted perennial, with flexuous stems that droop at the tip. The cespitose plant reaches in height. The arching and drooping culms are slender and ribbed. The leaves exceed the culms.

Culms are greenish when young, but becomes straw-colored when mature or brownish green when drying. Young culms are covered with stiff, silver hairs. A white bloom occurs just below the nodes. Young shoots are yellowish brown.

Culms are green covered with white blooms, which become dull green when mature and turn brown on drying. Young shoots are brown in color covered with white blooms. Culms are straight. Branching occurs from the base to midculm.

Festuca grasses are perennial and bisexual plants that are densely to loosely cespitose. The some grasses are rhizomatous and some lack rhizomes, and rarely species are stoloniferous. The culms of the grasses are typically glabrous and smooth, though some species have scabrous culms or culms that are pubescent below the inflorescences. The leaf sheaths range from open to the base to closed to the top.

The culms are used for furniture making, but are not suited to construction.

Young culms are green, which become greyish green when mature and brown when drying. Young shoots are yellowish green in color with a powdery top. Culms are covered with white blooms. A band of white hairs occurs above the nodes.

The species is perennial loosely tufted with short rhizomes. The culms are as tall as and are wide. Sometimes, the culms can be as long as , with the species themselves being caespitose and clumped. Both the leaf-sheaths and plant stem is scabrous.

Carex capillacea is densely tufted. The culms (up to 30 cm long by 0.5 mm) are erect and slender. The leaves are usually shorter than culms, and the sheath is green to pale brown. The inflorescence is erect and has one spike.

Phyllostachys atrovaginata is a running bamboo with strongly tapered, stiff, upright culms. It may reveal a fragrant scent during warm weather or when vigorously rubbed. The common name of "incense bamboo" comes from the unique aroma. Its culms grow large in diameter relative to height.

It is a strong, tussocky perennial sedge with stout, smooth culms, growing to 1–2 m in height. The leaves are as long as the culms and about 1 cm wide at the base. It has a drooping, paniculate inflorescence, 30–40 cm in length.

This bamboo can be propagated from culms (stems) growing up from the rhizome or from seed.

The plants have clustered, drooping culms that grow high, and leaves measuring 1–2.3 mm wide.

Cyperus nutans is a sedge of the family Cyperaceae that is native to Australia. The rhizomatous perennial sedge typically grows to a height of . The culms are three sided with sharp edges and concave sides. The culms are typically up in length and have a diameter of .

Culms are the hollow stem of the flowering grass plant. These high culms are the main identifying feature of the Austroderia richardii as they have great arching, dense, silvery plumes at the top of the culms which makes them very elegant and stand out from other Austroderia (Kimberley, 2011). The flower head is usually one-sided and drooping. The flower head has many fine hanging branches which contain numerous small clusters of flowers encased in soft, hairy scales.

Bromus squarrosus is an annual grass, with culms growing high. The culms are hollow and bear four to five leaves with sheaths shorter than the blades. The leaf sheaths are pubescent and the leaf blades are typically pubescent but occasionally glabrous. The leaf blades are long and wide.

The robust grass-like sedge is rhizomatous and perennial, it typically grows to a height of and a width of . It blooms between August and March producing brown flowers. It has rigid, terete and biconvex culms that are smooth and glabrous. The culms are in length and in diameter.

The rhizomatous perennial herb grass-like sedge typically grows to a height of and has a tufted habit. It blooms between November and February producing green-brown flowers. The culms are rigid with a terete arrangement. The culms grow to around in height and have a diameter of about .

Sesleria insularis is a species of perennial grass in the family Poaceae, with culms 30–65 cm long.

The flowering culms are very short and "hidden" amongst the leaves, giving this species its specific epithet (clandestinum).

The plants have densely clustered culms that grow high, and leaves measuring long by 2–3.5 mm wide.

Bamboo used for construction purposes must be harvested when the culms reach their greatest strength and when sugar levels in the sap are at their lowest, as high sugar content increases the ease and rate of pest infestation. Harvesting of bamboo is typically undertaken according to the following cycles: ;Life cycle of the culm :As each individual culm goes through a 5-7 year life cycle, culms are ideally allowed to reach this level of maturity prior to full capacity harvesting. The clearing out or thinning of culms, particularly older decaying culms, helps to ensure adequate light and resources for new growth. Well-maintained clumps may have a productivity 3-4× that of an unharvested wild clump.

Bromus kalmii is a perennial grass, with solitary or slightly tufted culms that grow tall. The culms are pubescent just below the nodes. The grass typically has three to five and occasionally six leaf blades. The firm and scabrous leaf blades are either pubescent or glabrous and are long and wide.

The rootlets of the malt (also known as culms) are removed from the malt soon after transfer from the kiln. The removed culms are sold or processed as animal feed. The cleaned malt is stored in silos to be blended with similar malt pieces to produce larger homogenous batches of malt.

Festuca saximontana is a bluish-grey to green densely tufted grass that lacks rhizomes. The grass has smooth, glabrous, occasionally scabrous culms growing tall. The culms sometimes become puberulent below the inflorescence. The glabrous and smooth or scabrous leaf sheaths are closed for half of their length and occasionally become shredded.

Phyllostachys parvifolia is a running bamboo with thick culms that grow tall for a bamboo that endures cold weather.

Plain bolted connections can show brittle behavior due to longitudinal splitting of bamboo culms. Providing confinement to bamboo culms at the connection zones increases resistance to this failure mode and brings significant improvement to strength and ductility. More importantly, bolted connections display predictable yielding. This is vital for performing a rational engineered design.

It is a tufted Perennial plant, with filiform culms, growing to 15–50 cm in height. The grasslike leaves are 5–10 cm longer than the culms and 0.5–1 mm wide. The slender inflorescence is 4–7 cm long, with the lowermost 20–30 flowers female, and the uppermost 5–10 male.

Carex brevior forms dense tufts with short-prolonged rhizomes, the clumps sometimes appearing elongated. The flowering culms are tall with 3 to 5 leaves per culm. Few vegetative culms are produced and unlike some other sedges, they are not strikingly 3-ranked. The leaf sheaths are white and papery and the ligule is long.

Miscanthus sacchariflorus, the Amur silvergrass, is a grass native to temperate Northeast Asia. Culms are erect, - in height and - in diameter.

Glyceria melicaria grows erect culms from a creeping base, with the solitary or few culms growing tall. Its leaf sheaths are smooth and its ligules are translucent. Its lax, elongate leaves are long and wide, and are smooth on their bottom side but scabrous on the top. Its linear-cylindrical panicle is long and nods down towards its end.

A Bamboo flooring is typically made by slicing mature bamboo poles or culms into strips. These culms are crosscut to length and then sliced into strips depending on the width desired. The outer skin and nodes are removed.Selected physical properties of commercial bamboo flooring Andy W C Lee; Yihai Liu Forest Products Journal; Jun 2003; 53, 6; AGRICOLA pg.

The rhizomatous perennial sedge typically grows to a height of and has a robust tufted habit. The triquetrous and smooth culms usually grow to a height of and have a diameter of around . The strongly septate-nodulose deep-green leaves are often longer than culms and have a width of . The plant flowers in spring, between August and November.

Phyllostachys edulis spreads using both asexual and sexual reproduction. The most common and well known mode for this plant is asexual reproduction. This occurs when the plant sends up new culms from underground rhizomes. The culms grow quickly and reach a height of 90 ft or more (depending on the age and health of the plant).

Arundinaria appalachiana is the smallest member of its genus with the culms (i.e. the above-ground stems) usually attaining heights of 0.5 to 1 metre, though they are sometimes up to 1.8 metres tall. They are also quite thin at 0.2 to 0.6 cm in diameter. As with all bamboos, the culms emerge from subterranean rhizomes.

The culms are tall. The panicles are up to long. The typically glabrous lemmas are long. The awns are straight and erect.

Phyllostachys virella is a hardy running bamboo with culms that grow thick relative to its height with a subtle scent suggestive of sandalwood.

Lepidosperma canescens is a clump- forming perennial with short rhizomes. It has terete, rigid, erect, and smooth culms which are 25–100 cm by 0.8–2.0 mm. The leaf-blades are similar to the culms but usually shorter and from 0.7–2 mm in diameter. The sheaths are yellow-brown to dark grey-brown, and are sometimes a dark reddish near the apex.

The culms are terete, smooth, cream or light green in colour but almost completely enclosed by light cream brown to red-brown sheaths. The leaves are longer than the culms, up to in length and about in width. The leaves are channelled, rigid, curved and taper to a fine point t the end. The seeds are oval shaped nuts and are in length.

The perennial rhizomatous sedge typically grows to a height of and has a tufted habit. The trigonous or terete culms are smooth with a height of and a diameter of . It has septate to nodulose leaves of about the same length as the culms with a width of about . It blooms between May and July producing green-yellow-brown flowers.

Cyperus rigidellus is a sedge of the family Cyperaceae that is native to Australia. The short-lived perennial or annual herb or grass-like sedge typically grows to a height of . The terete culms are three sided with sharp edges and concave sides and are often rough higher up. The culms are typically in length and have a diameter of .

The spreading to prostrate annual herb sedge typically grows to a height of . It has reddish coloured roots and smooth, triquetrous culms that are in height and with a diameter of . The leaves are most often no longer than the culms. It blooms between July and August in warmer climates but later into summer around January in cooler climates producing green-brown flowers.

This species is grown mainly for edible shoots, while the culms have general purpose uses. Harvested moderately early, the shoots are of excellent flavor.

Festuca armoricana, the Breton fescue, is a species of grass endemic to Europe. It is a densely-clumped perennial with culms 9–36 cm long.

Festuca paniculata (east Alpine violet fescue) is a grass with culms 60–120 cm long, endemic to central, southwestern, and southeastern Europe and northern Africa.

The annual or perennial sedge has a slender tufted habit. It has smooth trigonous or triquetrous shaped culms that are typically in height with a diameter of diameter. The septate to nodulose leaves are shorter than the culms and have a width of about . The sedge flowers in spring and summer producing simple inflorescences with one to five branches that have a length of around .

It is a creeping, bright green, leafy, rhizomatous sedge which forms large patches of turf. The culms (10.0–80.0 by about 0.5 mm) are a bright green above, but red-brown towards the base. There are up to 6 leaves per culm, and the leaves are usually longer than the culms. The sheaths are often streaked with red, and sometimes entirely a dark red-purple.

Dendrocalamus strictus is a bamboo species belonging to the Dendrocalamus genus. The culms (stems) are often solid. Common names include male bamboo, solid bamboo, and Calcutta bamboo.

Chusquea delicatula is a South American bamboo found in the Andean mountains of Peru including the areas around Machu Picchu. It's a highly arching bamboo, so much so that its culms are thin and viney, and its tips often touch the ground. The branching from the nodes of its culms shoot out in all directions in a star-like formation. Mature height for the bamboo is around 3 meters length.

Festuca brachyphylla is a bright green perennial grass that is tufted or loosely cespitose and erect, growing without rhizomes. The grass has slender, low growing culms measuring tall that can reach when the grass is cultivated. The culms are glabrous and somewhat scabrous, becoming more puberulent towards the inflorescence, and are occasionally tinged purple at their base. The smooth or scabrous leaf sheaths are closed for half of their length.

It grows as an annual or short-lived perennial tuft up to 40 centimetres high with erect, spreading culms. Flowers are green and purple, and occur in panicles.

Bambusa oldhamii grows to in height, with green culms reaching a maximum of in diameter. Shoots grow rapidly in warmer months. The branches are short and leaves long.

The species is perennial and caespitose with culms being long. The leaf-sheaths are tubular. Leaf-blades are stiff and are long and wide. They also have scabrous surface.

Carex magellanica grows loosely tufted from a short to long rhizome. Its culms grow upward of , and are leafy in their lower part. These leaves are shorter than the culms, and wide, distinguishing the plant from the similar Carex limosa, or "muck sedge", which has leaves greater than in width. Its terminal spikelet is contains only the stamen, with one to four other spikelets that are ovoid and pistillate, arranged on drooping, slender peduncles.

Bamboo has a wide range of hardiness depending on species and locale. Small or young specimens of an individual species produce small culms initially. As the clump and its rhizome system mature, taller and larger culms are produced each year until the plant approaches its particular species limits of height and diameter. Many tropical bamboo species die at or near freezing temperatures, while some of the hardier temperate bamboos can survive temperatures as low as .

B aleutensis is a perennial grass that is loosely cespitose. The decumbent culms are tall and thick. The striate and pilose leaf sheaths have dense hairs. Auricles are rarely present.

The culms of C. chordorrhiza are long, and are initially erect. As they mature, the stems become prostrate and can reach a length of . The inflorescences are long and wide.

Ochlandra stridula is a short, small, pale green shrubby bamboo with about 2-6m of height. Clumps are crowded and are composed of a large number of closely growing culms.

It is a tall, dull green colored bamboo species with greyish green when mature. It is composed of few closely growing culms. It reaches a height of 6–23 m.

Culm is pale green in color, which is becoming brown on drying. Surface is rough. Culms straight. Internodes are about 20–25 cm in length and 0.6–2 cm in diameter.

Uncinia debilior is a flowering plant in the sedge family. The specific epithet derives from the Latin ' ("weak" or "feeble"), with reference to the species having weaker culms than Uncinia compacta.

The plants have culms that grow high, and deep-green to yellowish-green leaves measuring 2–5 mm wide. The inflorescence is typically a single terminal spike lacking a spike bract.

Beginning early in the 21st century, fonio was under development in biotechnology to enhance African food security by improving its grain size, culms, yield, and resistance to insect pests and diseases.

Technical studies of bamboo's mechanical properties ("vegetable steel") have increased interest in its use. Although bamboo culms used for building can be harvested in natural forests, over-exploitation leads to the depletion of natural resources. For large-scale use of Guadua angustifolia, the management of sustainable bamboo forests and groves, as well as the establishment of new nurseries and plantations, is a priority. Tropical bamboo can be propagated with cuttings or by covering complete culms with soil.

This bamboo grows with an expected height to 9 m (30 ft) with a culm diameter to 5 cm (2 in). New culms are green, paling with age, with all green internodes that later develop white powdery rings at maturity. Culm sheath colors appear grey-green with burgundy or purple margins with larger sheaths sparsely strewn with small spots. Similar to Phyllostachys atrovaginata, rubbing the culms of this bamboo may release an aroma reminiscent of sandalwood.

Valiha is a bamboo genus in the tribe Bambuseae found in Madagascar. The genus is named after a musical instrument, the valiha, which was formerly constructed from the culms of this plant.

Puccinellia laurentiana has solitary or somewhat tufted culms growing high. Its leaves are cauline with involute blades long. Basal leaf sheaths can be somewhat white. Its ligules are long and somewhat acute.

It is a tall, grayish green colored bamboo species, which grows in thickets consisting of a large number of heavily branched, closely growing culms. It reaches a height of 10–30 m.

The species is perennial with elongated rhizomes. Its culms are long. Culm-internodes scaberulous with leaf-sheaths are tubular with one of their length being closed. They are also erect and connate.

Festuca mairei, the Atlas fescue, is a densely-clumped species of grass. The bunchgrass is endemic to north Africa. It has culms 50–100 cm long. It is cultivated as an ornamental grass.

Stipa turkestanica is a species of grass that grows in India and Russian central and western Asia. Its culms are 30–70 cm long, and panicles 8–14 cm long, bearing few spikelets.

The culms are long. The panicles are long and often consist of a single spikelet. The pubescent or glabrous lemmas are long, with bluntly angled margins. The awns can become divaricate when mature.

It is a tall, dull long green- colored bamboo species, which grows in thickets consisting of a large number of heavily branched, closely growing culms. It reaches a height of 6–18 m.

A very tall, large- culmed, grayish-green bamboo, it grows in clumps consisting of a large number of closely growing culms, and typically reaches a height of 30 meters (98 feet), but one clump in Arunachal Pradesh, India reached a height of 42 meters. Under favorable conditions, it can grow up to 40 cm per day. Culms are straight and grayish green with a powdery appearance, becoming brownish green on drying, with a smooth surface. Young shoots are blackish purple.

P. atrovaginata has formerly been called Phyllostachys congesta. Edible shoots can be harvested in spring from this cultivated species, while the culms can be used split or unsplit for weaving or crafting bamboo articles.

The plant is perennial and is caespitose as well. The culms are long while the leaf-sheaths scaberulous and tubular. Eciliate membrane is long. Leaf-blades are either flat or involute and are wide.

The species is perennial with short rhizomes. Its culms are erect and are long. Culm-internodes scaberulous with leaf-sheaths are tubular with one of their length being closed. They are also erect and connate.

The species is perennial and caespitose with culms long. The internodes are scaberulous. The leaf-sheaths are tubular and scabrous, closed for part of their length. The ligule is a papery membrane which lacks hairs.

Fimbristylis velata is a small densely tufted annual. Its leaves are shorter than its culms. There is no ligule. The compound inflorescence has many solitary spikelets on branches which are up to 5 cm long.

The species is perennial and have elongated rhizomes. It culms are long. The species leaf-sheaths are tubular and smooth with one of their length being closed. It eciliate membrane is long and is truncate.

Massarina carolinensis is a species of fungus in the Lophiostomataceae family. The species is found exclusively on the lower parts of the culms of the saltmarsh Juncus roemerianus on the Atlantic Coast of North Carolina.

Culms are green with white blooms when young, which become greyish-green when dry. Young shoots are yellowish-green in color with shiny black hairs. Culm is straight. Branches spread out from the midculm to top.

The culms are straight; branching occurs from the base, and branches are many, short, loose, and open. Internode length is 25–50 cm, and diameter is 1.5–15 cm. Culm walls are thin. Nodes are prominent.

Bromus japonicus is an annual or biennial tufted grass growing high. The culms are erect or ascending. The sheaths of the grass are pubescent, though upper sheaths are occasionally glabrous. The pubescent, obtuse ligules are long.

Bromus erectus is a perennial, tufted grass with basal tufts of cespitose leaves that is nonrhizomatous. The culms grow between in height. The internodes are typically glabrous. The flattened cauline leaves have pubescent or glabrous sheaths.

This subspecies can be used for erosion control. Bromus hordeaceus subsp. hordeaceus, the soft brome or soft chess, is an annual or biennial occurring in Europe, western North America, and northeastern North America. The culms are tall.

The species is bisexual, cespitose, perennial and is rhizomatous. The culms are long and about thick. They are also erect, decumbent, and scabrous at the same time. Leaf-sheaths are closed and are both glabrous and scabrous.

It is perennial and caespitose with culms that are long. The leaf sheaths are tubular and have closed at one end. The leaf blades are erect, flat and long by wide with smooth surfaces. The membraneis eciliate.

The plant is perennial and caespitose with long culms. The ligule is long and is going around the eciliate membrane. Leaf-blades are filiform and are long and wide. The panicle is contracted, linear, inflorescenced and long.

The flowering culms are tall. The inflorescence is an open panicle with solitary spikelets on narrow pedicels. Each spikelet has between two and six florets. The glumes have pointed tips and are narrower than the fertile lemma.

The species in the genus are rhizomatous perennials. The leaves are mainly basal, with a few cauline, laterally compressed, distichous and equitant at base. The culms are tufted and pithy. The inflorescence consists of several partial panicles.

Bromus catharticus is a coarse winter annual or biennial grass, growing in height. The culms of the grass are glabrous and thick. The sheaths are densely hairy. The grass lacks auricles and the glabrous ligule is long.

Carex dallii is an uncommon species of sedge native to the South Island (North West Nelson, Westland and Otago) of New Zealand. Its culms are approximately 500×0.5 mm when mature, and rhizomes are about 1 mm diameter.

Festuca altaica is a densely tufted perennial grass. The tufts are connected by short rhizomes. The flowering stems (culms) are usually tall, but may reach . The upper (adaxial) surface of the leaves is densely covered with short hairs.

Stipa zalesskii is a grass found in Europe and Asia. It is an important grass in Eurasian steppe. Its culms are 30–75 cm long and the leaf-blades 20–35 cm long by 0.6–1 mm wide.

The species is perennial and caespitose with elongated rhizomes. Its culms are long. Culm-internodes scaberulous with leaf-sheaths are scabrous and tubular with one of their length being closed. It eciliate membrane is long and is lacerate.

The species is perennial and tufted, with creeping rhizomes. It culms are long and wide while it leaf-sheaths are smooth and glabrous. Leaf-blades are flat and are long by wide. Branches are erect and are long.

Paraphaeosphaeria pilleata is a species of fungus in the Lophiostomataceae family. The species fruits exclusively in the lower parts of the culms of the black needlerush (Juncus roemerianus). It is found on the Atlantic Coast of North Carolina.

Long-beaked sedge has flowering stems (culms) long. The leaves are wide and shorter than the flowering stems. Each flowering stem has 1 to 4 spikes of flowers. While flowering, they are crowded at the tip of the stem.

Culms are green, covered with whitish brown hair, and become brownish green when drying. Young shoots are greenish brown in color. Branching occurs from the mid-culm to the top. Aerial roots reach up to few nodes above ground.

Its habit is a perennial grass. Culms are erect; 38–63.25–100 cm long. Culm-nodes are constricted or swollen. Leaves are differentiated into sheath and blade, or with blades commonly suppressed, transferring photosynthetic function to sheath and culm.

The species is perennial and caespitose with short rhizomes. They are also clumped, while culms are erect and are long. The plant stem is scabrous and glabrous. The leaf-sheaths are pubescent, tubular, and are closed on one end.

Walls are made from panels of plaited bamboo, or woven coconut leaf. Whole bamboo culms constitute the floor. The roof is made of a dense thatch of alang-alang grass, tied with coconut leaf to battens made from saplings.

Keissleriella rara is a rare species of fungus in the family Lophiostomataceae. The species fruits exclusively on dead or dying standing culms of the saltmarsh plant Juncus roemerianus. It is known only from the Atlantic Coast of North Carolina.

Acta Hort. (ISHS) 288: 127-132 . Tropical carpenter bees choose dead wood, pithy stems and bamboo culms for nesting. Preferred wood species for the tropical carpenter bee include, Syzygium cumini, Cassia siamea, Dyera costulata (jelutong), Agathis alba (damar minyak), Alstonia spp.

Culms are not straight, but are armed with stout, curved spines. They are bright green, becoming brownish green when drying, and the young shoots are deep purple. Branches spread out from the base. Aerial roots reach up to few nodes above.

The stems (culms) are stout, 1–3 m high and c. 2–10 mm in diameter, often sprawling for 1–2 m from their base. It is widespread throughout Tasmania. Flowers may be drooping, with spikes 50–100 cm long.

The younger parts of the rhizome are covered by red-brown, papery, triangular scales, which also cover the base of the culms. Botanically, these represent reduced leaves, so strictly it is not quite correct to call this plant fully "leafless".

Culms are dark green when young, and become yellowish-green when mature and brownish-green when dry. Young shoots are also green. Internode length is 60–80 cm and diameter is about 2.5 to 5.0 cm. Culm walls are very thin.

The species is perennial with elongated rhizomes and pilose butt sheaths. Its culms are erect and are long. Leaf-sheaths are tubular with one of their length being closed. Its eciliate membrane is long with leaf- blades being long and wide.

The species is perennial and caespitose with caulined leaves. Its culms are long while its culm-internodes are smooth. The species leaf-sheaths are tubular with one of their length being closed. Its eciliate membrane is long and is truncate.

The species is perennial and caespitose with long culms. The leaf-sheaths are tubular and are closed on one end with its surface being glabrous. The leaf-blades are long and wide. The surface is scabrous and have glabrous margins.

The species is perennial and caespitose with short rhizomes. It culms are long and are growing together. Leaf-sheaths are closed, scabrous, glabrous and are split. It ligules are long with ligular part being densely pubescent and is not persistent.

The species is perennial and caespitose with elongated rhizomes. It culms are long with tubular leaf- sheaths which are closed on one of their lengths. Eciliate membrane of the ligule is long. Leaf-blades are convolute and are long by wide.

The monoecious and rhizomatous perennial sedge has a dense tufted habit. It typically grows to a height of . The plant blooms between October and December producing purple flowers. The culms are unitubulose and around in length with a diameter of .

Young shoot of Phyllostachys aureosulcata cv. 'Lama Temple' Several forms and cultivars of this species exist in a variety of culm color patterns. P. aureosulcata f. spectabilis reverses the colors of the typical form with yellow culms and a green sulcus.

The species is perennial and is caespitose as well. It culms are long and wide. The leaf-sheaths are smooth, tubular and have one closed end. The leaf-blades are long and wide while the membrane is eciliated and is long.

Slender grama is a perennial grass that appears similar to Bouteloua chondrosioides. Leaves grow to tall. Its flowers are borne in inflorescences at the tip of culms in groups of four to twelve. The central lobe has an extended awn.

The species is perennial and have elongated rhizomes. It culms are erect and are long. The species leaf-sheaths are tubular and scabrous with one of their length being closed. It eciliate membrane is long and have a glabrous surface.

Triplasis purpurea up grows to in height. Its wiry, tufted culms are either widely spreading or ascending, with pubescent nodes. The leaf sheathes and small, rigid leaves of the grass are scabrous. The ligule is a ring of short hairs.

The plant is perennial and caespitose with culms. The ligule is going around the eciliate membrane. Leaf- blades are flat and are broad, while their venation have 13 vascular bundles. The panicle is open, ovate, inflorescenced and is with pilose branches.

The plant is perennial and caespitose with long culms that grow in a clump. The ligule is long and is going around the eciliate membrane. Leaf-blades are broad with scabrous margins. The panicle is elliptic, open, inflorescenced and is long.

Over the next 2–5 years (depending on species), fungus begins to form on the outside of the culm, which eventually penetrates and overcomes the culm. Around 5–8 years later (species- and climate-dependent), the fungal growths cause the culm to collapse and decay. This brief life means culms are ready for harvest and suitable for use in construction within about three to seven years. Individual bamboo culms do not get any taller or larger in diameter in subsequent years than they do in their first year, and they do not replace any growth lost from pruning or natural breakage.

Glyceria acutiflora is a coarse grass with flattened, slender culms growing high from decumbent bases. Its leaf sheaths overlap each other, with the highest overlapping the base of the panicle. Its ligules are long. Its scabrous leaf blades are long and wide.

It is a tall, bright-green colored spiny bamboo species, which grows in thickets consisting of a large number of heavily branched, closely growing culms. It reaches a height of 10–35 m and grows naturally in the forests of the dry zones.

Agrostis magellanica is a tufted perennial grass, varying in height from 50–450 mm and forming short grassland communities. The culms have purple nodes. The leaves are wiry. The panicles are 20–120 mm long, with many shiny, greenish-purple, distinctly awned spikelets.

Plant remains at R12 mostly consist of grass inflorescence in the form of white powdery deposits. These grasses are typically phytolith morphotypes of Panicoideae grasses. There are also trace amounts of an admixture of culms and leaves. The first samples of Hordeum sp.

The species is cespitose and perennial with the culms being long. Leaf-sheaths are closed, tubular and scabrous with eciliate membrane being long. The leaf-blades are pilose and rough. They are also hairy and have scabrous margins and surface with acuminate apex.

The species' culms are prostrate and are long. The leaf-blades are ovate and are long and wide. It has an obscure cross veins venation. The species also has 3–4 unilateral racemes which are located along the central axis, and are long.

The species have elongated rhizomes and erect culms which are long. The leaf-blades are long and wide while their bottom is rough and scabrous. Their apex is acute and their margins are ciliated. It also has lacerated membrane which is long.

The species rhizomes are elongated. The culms are long with leaf-blades being of in length and wide. The leaf-blade bottom is pubescent, rough and scaberulous. It has an open panicle which is both effuse and elliptic and is long and wide.

The species is perennial and is caespitose as well. It culms are long with butt sheaths being herbaceous and pilose. The leaf-sheaths are smooth, tubular and have one closed end. They are also have a glabrous surface that have reflexed hairs.

The species is perennial and caespitose with elongated rhizomes. It culms are erect long. The leaf-sheaths are smooth, tubular and have one closed end. The leaf-blades are flat and are long by wide while the membrane is eciliatd and is long.

Culms are long while leaves are long and wide. The fruits are long and wide. There is one cultivar named Monstera adansonii 'Archipelago' which has variegated leaves, much like M. deliciosa 'Variegata'. Rare but reasonably common to find in the USA and Asia.

Emesopsis streiti is a species of Emesinae described from Malaysia. Emesopsis streiti was found of decaying bamboo culms of Gigantochloa scortechinii. The species preyed upon a wide variety of insect and arthropod groups. E. streiti is apparently preyed upon by theridiid spiders.

The species is perennial and caespitose with long by wide culms. The leaf-sheaths are scabrous, smooth, tubular, and are closed on one end. The leaf-blades are convolute and are long by wide. The membrane is eciliated, long, and have a ligule.

The species is perennial and caespitose with short rhizomes and long erect culms. The leaf-sheaths are smooth, tubular and are closed on one end. The leaf- blades are flat and are long by wide. They also have a rough and scabrous surface.

Agrostis vinealis seeds The plant is tall, wide and is both perennial and caespitose with elongated rhizomes. The culms are long and erect. It eciliate membrane have a ligule which is long and is obtuse. Leaf- blades are flat, scabrous, and are by .

The species is perennial and have short rhizomes. It culms are erected and are long. It eciliate membrane is long and is also lacerated. The leaf-blades are tubular, flat and are long by wide with its surface and margins being scabrous.

The species is perennial with short rhizomes. It culms are erect and are long. The plant stem is smooth while the leaf-sheaths are scabrous, tubular, and are closed on one end. It eciliate membrane is long and is pubescent on the surface.

Aristida basiramea is an annual grass and freely branches from the base, reaching in height. The wiry culms are sparingly branched. The narrow leaves of the grass are flat and become involute towards their tip. The panicles are borne in the basal sheathes.

The grass has slender creeping rhizomes. The culms are tall. It inflorescence is comprised out of 5–15 fertile spikelets, which are both oblong and compressed, with the length of . They are comprise out of 2-3 fertile florets that are diminished at the apex.

Cymbopogon refractus is a tufted perennial bunchgrass, without stolons or rhizomes. The culms, or stems of the grass are to in height and branching at the nodes. The nodes are purplish and hairless. The leaves of the plant are basal and on the stems.

The species is perennial and caespitose with short rhizomes and long culms. It ligule have an eciliate membrane which is long and is also lacerate. The leaf-blades are wide with the bottom being scabrous and pilose. The panicle is open, inflorescenced, and linear.

The species is perennial and caespitose, which is clumped as well. It culms are long while it interlodes are scabrous. The species leaf-sheaths are tubular and scabrous with one of their length being closed. It eciliate membrane is long and have a glabrous surface.

The species is perennial with short rhizomes. The culms are decumbent and are long with smooth interlodes. The leaf-sheaths are scabrous, tubular, are closed on one end. The leaf-blades are flat, long by wide and have an acute apex and ciliated margin.

The species is perennial with short rhizomes. It culms are erected and long while the plant stem is smooth. The leaf-sheaths are scabrous, tubular, closed on one end and are glabrous on surface. The leaf-blades are flat, stiff, and are long by wide.

Bambusa aurinuda is a Perennial and caespitose plant with rather short rhizomes. Its culms are erect, and allows it to grow up to a height of 800–1100 cm long. Its stem grows up to 40–100 mm in diameter. Its stem is woody.

Aulonemia haenkei has 3 lodicules, 3 stamen, and 2 stigmas. It is perennial and caespitose with short Rhizomes, making it a pachymorph. Its culms erect, allowing the plant to grow up to heights of 150–200 cm long, due to its woody s tem.

Bromus rigidus is an annual grass growing tall. The culms, leaves, and panicle branches are all pubescent or harsh. The erect or ascending panicle has short branches that terminate in four to nine flowered spikelets. The reddish spikelets are long, including the awns measuring long.

The species is perennial and caespitose, with elongated rhizomes. Its culms are long with scabrous leaf-sheaths. It eciliate membrane is long and is also lacerated and obtuse. The leaf-blades are involute and are long by wide with its surface being pubescent and hairy.

The plant is perennial and caespitose with long culms. The ligule is long and is going around the eciliate membrane. Leaf-sheaths are ribbed long and have a hairy surface. The leaf-sheaths auricle is identical in size to the membrane but is erect.

Aquamarina speciosa grows on the culms (stems) of the saltmarsh Juncus roemerianus, typically in an area between above the rhizome. The culms are about long, and in age will start dying back from the tip of the plant. The lower part of the culm is covered with sediment, algae, and fungi which are exposed to salt-water twice in a 24-hour period owing to the action of tides; any species growing on this area are considered obligate marine. A. speciosa is found on the Atlantic Coast of North America, and is one of over 100 species of fungi that grow on J. roemerianus.

Paspalum conjugatum has a creeping stoloniferous habit. The culms are branching and slightly compressed dorsoventrally, they are usually reddish to purplish in color. The leaf sheaths are strongly flattened, usually long and hairy around the nodes. The leaves are smooth, around in length, and in width.

The species is perennial and is caespitose as well. The culms are either ascended or rambled, are long and in diameter. The leaf-sheaths are tubular, retrorsely scabrous, and are either glabrous or pilose on the bottom. The leaf-blades are aromatic, are long and wide.

The species is perennial with elongated rhizomes and erect culms which are long. The leaf-sheaths are tubular and are closed on one end with its surface being glabrous or pilose. The leaf-blades are flat with scaberulous surface and acuminate apex. They are long by wide.

The species is perennial, caespitose and densely clumped with long culms. The leaf-sheaths are tubular and are closed on one end with its surface being glabrous. The leaf-blades are long and wide with an acute apex. The surface is pubescent and is hairy as well.

Capillipedium spicigerum is a tufted perennial bunchgrass, without stolons or rhizomes. The culms, or stems of the grass grow to in height and have hairy nodes. The lower leaf sheaths of the plant are silky hairy. The leaf blades are long and wide at the base.

Carex bebbii, Bebb's sedge, is a species of sedge native to the northern United States and Canada. Carex bebbii grows in a variety of wetland habitats such as lakeshores, streambanks, ditches, meadows, swamps, and seeps. It forms dense tufts with culms up to 90 centimeters tall.

The plants are slender-tufted perennials or annuals with short, slender leaf blades. Their short and open purplish panicles have few flowers and terminate the culms. Axils of the leaves can bear narrow and cleistogamous panicles. Species of the genus have few-flowered spikelets and remote florets.

Paraphaeosphaeria pilleata grows on the dead or dying culms of the rush Juncus roemerianus. The fungus is considered halotolerant because it is usually found above the rhizome, and is thus regularly exposed to salt spray. It is found on the Atlantic Coast of the United States.

The plant is perennial and caespitose with long culms. The ligule is going around the eciliate membrane. Leaf sheaths are open and smooth with hairy surface while the leaf-blades are conduplicate, elliptic, filiform, and are by . They are mid-green in colour and are pruinose.

The flower panicles are to long and about wide. They are also bristly. It can be distinguished from the rather similar common wolfstail (Lycurus phleoides) by the erect culms, longer ligules and differently shaped tips to the upper leaves.Lycurus setosus (Nutt.) C. Reeder Grass Manual on the Web.

The species is perennial and caespitose with erect and slender culms that are long. It have a ligule that goes around the ciliolate membrane and is long. Leaf-blades are flat and are long and wide. The panicle is capitated, oblong, ovate and inflorescenced with a diameter being by .

The species is perennial with short rhizomes and long culms. It has smooth leaf- sheaths with an eciliate membrane that is long and goes around the ligule. It is also lacerate, truncate and obtuse with the leaf blades being wide. The panicle is open, inflorescenced, lanceolate, and is long.

The species is perennial with short rhizomes and erect culms that are long. The leaf-sheaths are scabrous, tubular and closed on one end while the leaf-blades are conduplicate and are wide. They also have ciliate margins and rough, scabrous surface. The membrane is eciliated and is long.

The species is perennial, caespitose and clumped while culms are decumbent and are long. The leaf-sheaths are scabrous, tubular, are closed on one end and are glabrous on surface. The leaf-blades are convolute, filiform, and are long by wide. They also have scabrous margins and pubescent surface.

The species is perennial and caespitose with elongated rhizomes and long by wide culms. The leaves themselves are cauline while leaf- sheath butt is purple coloured. The leaf-sheaths are tubular and are closed on one end. The eciliate membrane have a ligule that is long and is lacerate.

Hopia obtusa is a perennial grass with stems up to tall. It has long, creeping rhizomes or shallow rhizomes with swollen, villous nodes. The culms are usually in small, compressed, glaucous clumps that are either erect or decumbent. Nodes are hairy lower on the plant but glabrous higher up.

Culms of sugarcane Use for building roofs in Ethiopia A culm is the aerial (above-ground) stem of a grass or sedge. It is derived from Latin 'stalk', and it originally referred to the stem of any type of plant.MacGillavray, William A Manual of Botany London 1840. p. 36.

The species is perennial and caespitose with short rhizomes. It culms are erect and are long. The species' leaf-sheaths are scabrous, tubular, keeled and are closed on one end with its ligule having eciliate membrane. Panicle is inflorescent, is contracted, oblong, have a secund branches and is long.

The species is perennial and have elongated rhizomes. The plant stem is smooth with the culms being long. The species leaf-sheaths are tubular with one of their length being closed. It eciliate membrane is truncate with its leaf-blades being long and wide and have acuminated apex.

The species is perennial and have culms that are long and woody. The species' lateral branches are sparse with leaf-sheaths being scabrous, tubular and closed. It leaf-blades are wide. It panicle is contracted, linear, and is long with filiform pedicels that are located on fertile spikelet.

The perennial sedge typically grows to a height of and has a tufted habit. It blooms between July and March produces brown flowers. The sedge has a short rhizome connecting plants together. The culms are smooth and triangular in cross section, they are a pink-red toward the base.

The species is perennial and is caespitose as well. It culms are long with tubular The leaf-sheaths which are closed on one side. The leaf-blades are convolute, erect, and are long and wide. The surface of a leaf-blade is scabrous while the membrane is eciliated.

The rhizomatous perennial grass-like sedge typically grows to a height of and has a tufted habit. It blooms between July and March producing brown flowers. It normally has a short thick rhizome with smooth, trigonous and terete culms. The leaves are reduced to sheaths, except for juvenile plants.

The leaves are usually shorter than the culms and have a width of around . It blooms between February and July and produces brown flowers. Each compound inflorescence has six to ten primary branches up to a length of . The narrow-cylindrical spikes have a length of with a diameter.

Chimonobambusa tumidissinoda (筇竹, walking stick bamboo) is a bamboo species, endemic to southwest Sichuan and northeast Yunnan, China, that has been used for walking sticks since the Han Dynasty. Its culms are 2.5–6 meters in height and 1–3 cm in diameter, with large disk-like nodes.

The fungus grows on the senescent culms of Juncus roemerianus. Because the fruit bodies are found on the middle and upper parts of the culm, typically between above the rhizome, it is considered a terrestrial organism. M. carolinensis is found on the Atlantic Coast of the United States.

The plant is perennial and caespitose with long culms that are erect. The ligule is long and is going around the eciliate membrane. Leaf- blades are filiform, conduplicate, and are long and broad with hairy surface. The panicle is ovate, open, inflorescenced and is long with scabrous axis.

The plant is perennial and caespitose with erect culms that are long and wide. The ligule is long and is going around the eciliate membrane. Leaf-blades are filiform, erect and are long and broad. They also have scaberulous, hairy, and smooth surface which is ribbed a swell.

The species is perennial and caespitose with elongated rhizomes. Its culms are long. Leaf-sheaths are tubular and scaberulous while its eciliate membrane is long. The species also have conduplicated or flat leaf-blades which are wide and have scaberulous or smooth bottom which is also either glabrous or puberulous.

The species have culms which are erect and are both tall and wide. It spikelets are long and are yellowish green in colour. The panicle is long and open, while the ligule is long and is truncate. Plants' lemma is long and is pilose, with hairs being long near the awn.

The species is perennial and caespitose, which is clumped and have absent rhizomes. Its culms are erect and are long and in diameter. The species leaf-sheaths are scabrous, tubular, keeled and are closed on one end. Its eciliate membrane is long and is pubescent and truncate on the surface.

The plant is perennial and caespitose with culms being long and wide. It eciliate membrane have a ligule which is long with leaf-blades being erect, filiform, conduplicate, by and having ribbed surface as well. The panicle is long and wide. It is also inflorescenced, linear, and spiciform as well.

The species is perennial and caespitose with culms that are long. The leaves are cauline with leaf- blades being long and wide. The membrane is ciliated and is long, with the panicle being contracted, linear and long. The main panicle branches are indistinct, almost racemose and carry a few spikelets.

The species is perennial and caespitose with short rhizomes and erect culms which are long. It ligule have an eciliate membrane which is long and is also lacerate, and obtuse. The leaf- blades are by with the bottom being glabrous. The panicle is open, linear, is long and have scabrous branches.

Aristida rufescens is a grass species native to Madagascar and to Mayotte in the Comoros archipelago. It was described by German agrostologist Ernst Gottlieb von Steudel in 1854. The species is a perennial bunch grass with short rhizomes. Its culms are erect and long, with swollen nodes and hairy leaf sheaths.

The species is perennial with short rhizomes and long culms. The leaf-sheaths are tubular and are closed on one end with its surface being glabrous. The leaf-blades surface is scaberulous and rough with its size being are long by wide. Eciliated membrane have a ligule which is truncate.

The species is perennial and caespitose, which is clumped as well. It have short rhizomes with slender culms that are long. The species' leaf-sheaths are tubular, scaberulous and smooth with one of their length being closed. It eciliate membrane is long and have a glabrous surface that is also pubescent.

The rhizomatous glaucous perennial sedge typically grows to a height of and has a tufted habit. The plant blooms between January and August producing brown flowers. The culms are obtusely trigonous and densely papillose. The leaves are long and flat on top while folded at the base and around in width.

Prairie dropseed is a perennial bunchgrass whose mound of leaves is typically from high and across. Its flowering stems (culms) grow from tall, extending above the leaves. The flower cluster is an airy panicle long with many branches. They terminate in small spikelets, which each contain a single fertile floret.

The plant is perennial and caespitose with long culms that are clumped. The ligule is going around the eciliate membrane while the leaf- sheaths are smooth and have a hairy surface. Leaf-blades are filiform and are by with hairy surface. The panicle is linear, contracted, inflorescenced and is long.

The plant is perennial and caespitose with erect culms that are long. They are also clumped and have light brown coloured butt sheaths. The ligule is going around the eciliate membrane with the leaf sheaths being open and hairy. Leaf-blades are filiform, conduplicate, light green in colour, and are broad.

The next year, new plants will sprout. Or, Guadua can be propagated more rapidly by the chusquin method. Under this method, culms are cut at ground level when harvesting causing many small shoots and new plants to grow around the original plant. This method is suitable for large-scale forests or farm cooperatives.

Habitus The culms of Carex pilulifera grow to a length of , and are often noticeably curved. The leaves are long and wide, and are fairly flat. The rhizomes of C. pilulifera are very short, giving the plant a caespitose (densely tufted) appearance. The tussock grows outwards through the production of annual side-shoots.

Carex pilulifera has a wide distribution in Europe, extending from Macaronesia and the Balkan Peninsula to Scandinavia. It grows on acidic substrates including heathland, grassland and woodland. It typically inhabits soils with a pH of 4.5–6.0. As the seeds of C. pilulifera ripen, the culms bend, and can eventually touch the ground.

The flowering stems (culms) are long. At the top are one to four, usually two, comb-like spikes, which extend out at a sharp angle from the flowering stem. Each spike has 20 to 90 spikelets. Each spikelet is long, and has one fertile floret and one or two reduced sterile ones.

The plant is pubescent entirely and lacks rhizomes. It can grow high, sometimes in tufts, sometimes singly. The smooth, yellowish brown culms measure wide at their base, and are minutely to densely pubescent, with hairs measuring up to long. The moderately to densely pilose leaf sheaths are mostly closed, with hairs long.

Lecomtella is a genus of grasses with the sole species Lecomtella madagascariensis, native to Madagascar. It is the only genus in the tribe Lecomtelleae. The species and genus were described by Aimée Antoinette Camus in 1925. L. madagascariensis is perennial, has culms long, and resembles bamboo, to which it is however unrelated.

The species is perennial and caespitose with thick butt sheaths which are forming a bulb. Its culms are long and in diameter. The species leaf-sheaths are tubular and pilose with one of their length being closed. Its eciliate membrane is long while its leaf-blades are long and wide with pilose surface.

The species is perennial and caespitose, which is clumped and have absent rhizomes. Its culms are long and in diameter. The species leaf- sheaths are tubular and subequal with one of their length being closed and have a glabrous surface. Its eciliate membrane is long while its leaf-blades are long and wide.

The plant perennial and caespitose while it culms are long. The eciliate membrane have a long ligule which is also both erose and truncate. It have filiformed and flat leaf-blades which are long and wide. The panicle is inflorescenced and is by and is linear with the main branches being appressed.

The species is perennial with short rhizomes and erect culms which are long. The leaf-sheaths are tubular and are closed on one end with its surface being glabrous or puberulous. The leaf-blades are glabrous and stiff with scaberulous surface and acuminate apex. They are long by wide and have acuminated apex.

The species is perennial and caespitose with long culms. The leaf-sheaths are tubular and are closed on one end with its surface being glabrous. The leaf-blades surface is the same but they are long and wide. The panicle is open, linear, long with smooth axis and have 2 fertile spikelets.

Engleromyces sinensis is known only from China, including its type location in Yunnan, China, in Yulong County. The fungus has also been collected from Mêdog County (Tibet), where it was found growing in a coniferous forest. It has been collected at elevations between . Fruit bodies grow on and partially envelop bamboo culms.

The species is perennial and have elongated rhizomes with slender culms that are long. The leaf-sheaths have glabrous surface, are tubular, and are closed on one end. The leaf-blades are long and wide with the same type of surface and are hairy. The membrane is eciliated, long, and have a ligule.

The leaves are generally rough and glabrous. The culms are wrapped in broad sheaths. Leaves are generally about 4–13 cm in length, rolled and taper to point. The flowers of this grass are dense and pointed. They are approximately 3–12 cm in length and reach a width of 1.5–3 cm.

The annual grass like sedge typically grows to a height of . It blooms between May and April producing green flowers. The leaves are wide, and are often reduced to sheaths and much shorter than the culms. The simple head-like inflorescences have between three and seven branches and are around in length.

The rhizomatous perennial herb to grass-like sedge typically grows to a height of . It blooms between September and December producing brown flowers. It has fine upright cylinder-shaped deep-green foliage that tapers to a fine point. It has tufted and terete culms that are in length with a diameter of .

In mature individuals, the culms in young plants grow taller and wider in diameter as the general plant reaches maturity, but once the individual culm stops growing it will not grow again. P. edulis also flowers and produces seed, and it does so every half century or so, but it has a sporadic flowering nature rather than the synchronous blooming seen in some other bamboo species. The seeds fall from the mature culms in the hundreds of thousands and are quick to germinate. Mice, field rats and other rodents take notice of the bounty of seed, this results in the loss of many of the seeds, but within a few weeks the surviving few seeds would have germinated (see Predator satiation).

Festuca contracta is an erect, stiff-tufted, dense, blue-green grass that grows to 80–400 mm in height. It has ridged culms and a contracted panicle 30–120 mm in length. The spikelets are about 12 mm long, including the awns. The glumes have a strong mid-nerve, and are scabrous near the tip.

The species is perennial and caespitose with elongated rhizomes and long culms which are also erect. The leaf-sheaths are keelless and have a glabrous surface. It leaf-blades are by and are flat and stiff. The leaf-blade also have a ribbed and pubescent surface with scaberulous margins the apex of which is filiformed.

New stalks emerge in late spring and grow at a rate of up to 1m a day; one specimen produced culms growing a remarkable 120 cm in 24 hours.Robert Austin and Koichiro Ueda, BAMBOO (New York: Walker/Weatherhill, 1970) p. 193. The flowering interval of this species is very long, lasting roughly 120 years.

Aquamarina is a fungal genus in the class Dothideomycetes. It is a monotypic genus, containing the single marine species Aquamarina speciosa, originally found in North Carolina, and distributed in the Atlantic Coast of the United States. The bluish-green species fruits exclusively in the lower parts of dying culms of the saltmarsh plant Juncus roemerianus.

The species is perennial and caespitose with culms that are long. The leaf-sheaths are tubular and are closed on one end while the leaf-blades are long and wide. The membrane is eciliated, long, and is pubescent on the surface. The panicle is open, linear, is long and carry 4–6 fertile spikelets.

The species is perennial and have long culms. Both the leaf-sheaths and the leaf- blades have glabrous surface. The other features are different though; Leaf- sheaths are tubular and are closed on one end while leaf-blades are wide and are hairy as well. The eciliated margin have a ligule that is long.

The species is perennial and with short rhizomes and long erect culms. The leaf-sheaths are tubular, have one closed end, and are glabrous on surface. The leaf-blades are long by wide with its surface being rough and scaberulous. The membrane is eciliated and is long with the panicle being open, linear and long.

It is a tufted perennial sedge, with erect, biconvex culms, growing to 1–2 m in height. The smooth leaves are mostly basal, 1–1.8 m long and 2–3 cm wide. The inflorescence is much branched and 10–20 cm in length. The fruits are narrowly ellipsoidal-trigonous brown nuts, 2 mm long.

Reddish subspecies rubens habit Bromus madritensis is an winter annual grass, growing solitary or tufted, with erect or ascending culms growing high. The leaf sheaths are downy or slightly hairy. The grass lacks auricles and the glabrous ligules are long. Its flat leaf blades are either glabrous or slightly hairy, and measure long and wide.

Bromus nottowayanus is a perennial grass, lacking rhizomes, with solitary or tufted culms growing up to in height. The six to eight cauline leaves have reversed sheaths that are covered with soft hairs. The sheaths nearly cover the nodes and the ligule is hidden. The nodes are either pubescent or glabrous and internodes are glabrous.

Black bamboo is a short, small-culmed, green bamboo species 5–7 m high. It forms impenetrable thickets with densely clustered clumps with a large number of closely growing culms. It is native to the Philippines, Sulawesi, Maluku, New Guinea, Bismarck Archipelago, and Queensland. It is an exotic species in Indian subcontinent countries, such as India and Sri Lanka.

It is similar in appearance to C. corymbosus but with terete culms with 5–20 mm long intersepta and is transversely septate. Its leaf blades are completely absent and it has scale-like bracts measuring less than 15 mm long. The anthers are 1.0-1.5 mm long and the floral glumes are 2.25 to 3.5 mm in length.

The species is perennial and tufted with short rhizomes and erect culms that are long. Each leaf has a truncate ligule which is long, and obtuse. The leaf-blades are by , hairless and have both a scabrous surface and an attenuate apex. The panicle has a scaberulous peduncle and is lanceolate, open, continuous, and is long by wide.

The species is perennial and tufted, with wiry culms that are long and in diameter. Its lemma is elliptic and oblong, lowest one of which is long. Low glume is ovate and is long while the upper glume is lanceolate and is long. The species spikelets are ovate to oblong, are purple in colour and are .

Eragrostis australasica, commonly known as swamp canegrass, is a tussock grass, in the subfamily Chloridoideae of the family Poaceae, that is endemic to Australia. It is a tufted perennial with strongly branched, cane-like culms, that grows up to 2.4 m in height. It is typically found on periodically flooded land in arid and semi-arid regions.

The species is perennial with elongated rhizomes and erect culms which are long. The leaf- sheaths are tubular and are closed on one end with the surface being glabrous. The leaf-blades are flat, stiff, and are long by wide. They are also scabrous, with the same goes for margins and surface while the apex is attenuate.

The Mexican weeping bamboo, Otatea acuminata, is a clumping bamboo native to central and southern Mexico and Central America. The plant produces thick stands of culms with long narrow leaves. The weight of the leaves cause the long thin clums to bend, or weep. The clump's vegetation can reach or more in height and width in its native habitat..

Bambusa basihirsutoides has 6 anthers growing to 7 mm in length and 2 to 3 stigmas. It is perennial and caespitose with rhizomes. Its culms are erect, allowing it to grow up to a height of 700–1200 cm long; This is enabled by a woody stem without nodal roots that grow to 60–90 millimeters in diameter.

In cultivation at the Berlin Botanical Garden Diarrhena americana is a bunchgrass that grows in tall clumps. It has bright green leaf blades, that can grow up to in width. These perennial plants can grow flowers that grow above the foliage, with 3 inch tall floral spikes, during the early to mid-summer. The culms range from high.

The foliage is a medium green and is perennial with lengthy rhizomes. The culms are erect and are long while the leaf-blades are long and (in some cases even ) wide. Its ligule is long and is acute and lacerate. The species also have an erect panicle which is long and is also oblong and almost lanceolate.

The grass-like sedge is rhizomatous and perennial. It typically grows to a height of and colonises easily. The woody and shortly creeping rhizome has a diameter of and is covered in light brown papery, loose, imbricate bracts. The terete, rigid, erect, smoth, glaucous culms arise as crowded tufts along rhizome and have one to two distant nodes.

The culms bear 2–3 lateral female spikes, each long, and on half-ensheathed peduncles up to twice the length of the spike. There are 2–3 male spikes at the end of the culm, each long. The hairy utricles, male glumes and leaves make it hard to confuse Carex hirta with any other Carex species.

Cymbopogon bombycinus is a tufted perennial bunchgrass, without stolons or rhizomes. The culms, or stems of the grass, range from in height and are smooth, though the nodes may be hairy. The leaves of the plant are in length and are wide, and smooth on both faces. The crushed leaf gives off a strong citrus-like scent.

The leaves are usually longer than the culms and often curly at the apex and have a width of around . It blooms between April to November producing brown-red flowers. The head-like or simple inflorescence has one to four branches that in length. Each inflorescence is loosely or densely clustered with a globose shape and around in diameter.

The pendulous spikes in bloom. The spike in the center has three spikelets visible, and the lowest spikelet is blooming, with orange stamens hanging below and feathery stigmas protruding horizontally. Sideoats grama is a warm-season grass. The culms (flowering stems) are tall, and have alternate leaves that are concentrated at the bottom of the culm.

The annual or short-lived perennial grass has a tufted habit and typically grows to a height of . The culms are erect or geniculately ascending and have two to four nodes. The internodes mid-culm are glabrous and have branched lateral branches. It can have smooth or scaberulous leaf-sheaths with a glabrous or hairy surface.

Bromus briziformis is an annual grass, with erect or ascending culms growing tall. The leaf sheaths are shaggy and ligules, measuring long, are densely hairy. The leaf blades are long and wide, and are lightly hairy to glabrous on both sides. The lax and secund panicles have long spreading or drooping branches that bear solitary terminal spikelets.

There are two basic types of bamboo; clumping (non-invasive) and running. Individual bamboo canes are called culms or stems. The clump type, in which category Fargesia murielae falls, grows in large clumps and is relatively slow in spreading. The root system of a single clump can be rather extensive and quite competitive with surrounding plants.

The plant is perennial and has caespitose with long culms and wide. The ligule is long and is going around the eciliate membrane. Leaf sheaths are smooth and have a hairy surface while the leaf-blades are straight but curved and are broad. The panicle is contracted, linear, inflorescenced and long with branches being as hairy as leaf-sheaths.

Carex texensis, the Texas sedge, is a species of flowering plant in the sedge family, Cyperaceae. It is endemic to the eastern, central, and southern United States. Its culms are 10–30 cm in height, and 0.5–1 mm wide basally to 0.4–0.5 mm wide distally. The leaves are green with the widest leaf blades 1–1.7 mm wide.

The grass flowers from May to July. Previously included in Puccinellia distans, P. fasciculata differs in its stouter and stiffer culms, being ascending or erect rather than decumbent as in P. distans. Its panicles are smaller and more narrow, its floral branches are floriferous nearly to their base, and its spikelets are more crowded and more coriaceous than in P. distans.

Clumping bamboos, such as the B. chungii, are noninvasive bamboos (sympodial or pachymorph). They have short roots and form discrete clumps. Some types of clumping bamboos clump more tightly than others – meaning, the culms (canes) grow closely together, omitting light from being seen through the other side of a mature species. Each new culm that shoots up is larger than the last.

The sandhill sword-sedge is a tufted perennial with a short vertical rhizome and rigid, erect, sharp-edged culms. It grows to 20–60 cm in height and 3–7 mm in width. The inflorescence is ovate to oblong, 3–15 cm long and 2–4 cm in diameter, with a shorter involucral bract. The numerous spikelets are 5–8 mm long.

Bambusa barpatharica is a perennial, caespitose species with short rhizomes. It is considered a pachymorph. Its culms allow it to grow up to 1500–2000 cm in height with much credit due to its 80–100 mm diameter woody stem. Its culm-internodes are terete; often they are hollow and grow 30–50 cm long, displaying a dark green distally pruinose sheen.

Bamboo charcoal is made of bamboo by means of a pyrolysis process. According to the types of raw material, bamboo charcoal can be classified as raw bamboo charcoal and bamboo briquette charcoal. Raw bamboo charcoal is made of bamboo plant parts such as culms, branches, and roots. Bamboo briquette charcoal is made of bamboo residue, for example, bamboo dust, saw powder etc.

Leaves are usually longer than the culms and are strongly septate to nodulose and around wide. The compound to decompound inflorescence has three to eight primary branches up to in length in dense clusters. Following flowering it will form a trigonous pale red-brown to dark brown nut. The nut is narrow- ellipsoid in shape with a length of and a diameter of .

The species is perennial and have culms that are tall by wide. Leaves are cauline; leaf sheaths are purple in colour and are longer than the stem while leaf-blades are × and are stiff with adaxial bottom that is also scaberulous. Its ligule is cylindrical and is long. The species' panicle is open and is long with whorled and distant branches.

A colony of Pennsylvania sedge in the Morton Arboretum Pennsylvania sedge produces leaves up to long and wide that become arching at maturity. It has culms (stems) long. Pennsylvania sedge blooms early in the spring, from April to June. Each flower cluster contains one slender staminate (male) spike long above one to three shorter pistillate (female) spikes each with 4 to 12 florets.

In A. Güner, S. Aslan, T. Ekim, M. Vural & M. T. Babaç (eds.) Türkiye Bitkileri Listesi. Nezahat Gökyiğit Botanik Bahçesi ve Flora Araştırmaları Derneği Yayını, Istanbul Its culms are erect and in height; its leaf blades are long and wide. The genus formerly included a second species, Scolochloa arundinacea, which is now placed in the genus Arundo as Arundo donax.

The grass-like or herbaceous perennial plant has a compact or loosely tufted habit and typically grows to a height of . It is strongly branched and has wiry culms. The leaves have smooth or scaberulous sheaths with a ligule that is approximately in length. The blade is convolute or conduplicate or sometimes but in some cases is flat with a width of around .

The species grows on the dead or dying culms of Juncus roemerianus. The fungus fruits between above the level of the rhizoid, and it is consequently considered a halotolerant species, because it is occasionally exposed to sea spray. Found on the Atlantic Coast of North Carolina, K. rara is rare, having been collected only three times at the time of its publication.

The plant is perennial and caespitose with long culms and smooth internodes. The ligule is going around the eciliate membrane. Leaf sheaths have an erect and obtuse auricle and are open with hairy surface while the leaf-blades are conduplicate, elliptic, glaucous, filiform, pruinose and are broad. The panicle is open, inflorescenced, and long with smooth main branches which are spreading.

The plant is perennial and caespitose with long culms that are clumped. The ligule is going around the eciliate membrane while the leaf-sheaths are tubular, smooth, and have a hairy surface. Leaf-blades are filiform, broad, and carry 5–7 vascular bundles which have the same amount of inner ridges. The panicle is open, inflorescenced and is long with hairy branches.

Bamboo shoots or bamboo sprouts are the edible shoots (new bamboo culms that come out of the ground) of many bamboo species including Bambusa vulgaris and Phyllostachys edulis. They are used as vegetables in numerous Asian dishes and broths. They are sold in various processed shapes, and are available in fresh, dried, and canned versions. Raw bamboo shoots contain cyanogenic glycosides, natural toxins also contained in cassava.

It is a densely tufted sedge growing from 250 to 350 mm tall, and may be buff-coloured, an almost bleached white, or green or red. The culms are smooth and 50-200 mm by 0.5 mm, often having a deep groove. The leaves are numerous and the basal sheaths are dark brown to purple-red. The terminal spike is male with the other spikes being female.

Eragrostis infecunda , commonly known as southern canegrass, is a species of grass, in the subfamily Chloridoideae of the family Poaceae, that is endemic to Australia. It has erect, wiry culms growing to 70 cm in height It is typically found on cracking clay or alluvial sandy loam soils, on floodplains, watercourses and depressions subject to periodic inundation, as well as the margins of marshes and on levees.

The species is bisexual with closed leaf-sheaths and have short rhizomes with culms that are tall. It panicle is long and is linear. Its rachis and branches are scabrous while the ligule is long and is membranous. The glumes are lanceolate, papery and membranous on borders, with difference in size; Lower glume is long by wide while the upper one is long by wide.

X. virginica build their nests in wood, bamboo culms, agave stalks, and other comparable materials, but they prefer to nest in milled pine or cedar lumber. The nests are built by scraping wood shavings off of the wall. These shavings are then used to create partitions between nesting cells. The entrance cuts into the wood perpendicular to the grain, but they are built parallel beyond the entrance.

Culms are erect and long, with grey-green leaf-blades filiform and involute, ranging from long by wide, i.e. bristle like. The ligules of basal leaves are long and blunt, while those of culm leaves are longer, up to , and more pointed. The roots and shoots are very closely packed together at the base of the plant producing a white, tough, highly reflective feature.

Bromus interruptus is an annual or biennial herb. Its slender to somewhat stout culms measure 20 to 100 cm and occur as either loosely tufted or solitary. They are erect, very lightly pubescent, unbranched and contain 2 to 4 nodes. The green leaves measure 6 to 20 cm long by 2 to 6 mm wide and are long-linear in shape with a pointed apex.

The monoecious and rhizomatous perennial grass-like sedge has a tufted habit and typically grows to a height of . It blooms in summer usually between November and February in Australia producing brown flowers. The foliage is deep blue-green with coarse tufts, arising from a long creeping rhizome with a diameter of about . The culms are usually buried in sand and are in length.

Melica is a genus of perennial grasses known generally as melic or melic grass. They are found in most temperate regions of the world.Herbarium.usu.edu: Genus Melica treatment Melica uniflora spikelet Corm of Melica spectabilis, purple oniongrass Melica altissima 'Atropurpurea' cultivar Melica picta in situ Melic grasses are clumping to short-rhizomatous grasses. They have flowering culms up to tall bearing spikelets of papery flowers.

Cyperus victoriensis, also known as channel nut grass is a sedge of the family Cyperaceae that is native to Australia. The rhizomatous perennial herb to grass-like sedge typically grows to a height of . It has slender rhizomes that form ovoid to ellipsoid shaped woody tubers that are in diameter. The mostly terete culms are smooth and trigonous with a length of and a diameter of .

C. lacustris is found in shallow marshes, marsh edges, shrub-carrs, alder thickets, wet and open thickets, open swamps, wooded swamps, sedge meadows, ditches, and borders of lakes, ponds, bogs, fens, and streams. It forms scattered clones or beds, and sometimes extensive stands are seen without fertile culms It is abundant and often a dominant plant of calcareous, north-temperate wetlands. The species typically fruits from May to July.

Phyllostachys heteroclada, the fishscale bamboo, also known as "water bamboo", is a running bamboo. The water bamboo name comes from the air canals in the rhizomes and roots that allow this bamboo to grow in more saturated conditions as compared to similar species. This species can also have abrupt kinks at the base of the culms. Maximum height can reach 35 ft with a diameter of 2 in.

Agropyron cristatum is a densely tufted grass, with culms ranging from 30–50 cm high at maturity. Its sheaths are scabrous or the lowest ones pubescent. Its blades are up to 8 mm wide and scabrous to pubescent above. Its spikes are flat and range from 2–7 cm long, with spikelets ranging from 8–15 mm long, being 3–5-flowered, densely crowded, and spreading to ascending.

Culms (30–300 cm long × 7–13mm in diameter) are upright or abruptly bent, smooth or lightly frosted with powdery granules, but softly hairy to bearded at the nodes, with few lateral branches. Roots are not nodal, but may be partially above the soil level, somewhat propping the plant up. Leaf sheaths are either hairless or minutely pubescent, sometimes lacking oral hairs, or bearded. Ligule (1.3–3.5mm long) lacks cilia.

C. bulbosus is perennial and rhizomatous, with fine grassy foliage and triangular culms. The inflorescence is rarely branched and consists of a cluster of spikes of reddish-brown bracts, eventually producing small, three-sided seeds. The small tubers which form on short stolons are a traditional bush tucker food for Australian Aboriginal peoples. They are dug up on creek banks when the grass of the onion has dried out.

It grows up to tall, forming loose clumps, with leaves up to long and about across. The underside of the leaves are typically slightly hairy, but may be glabrous (hairless), especially further west. The base of the culms and basal leaf sheathes are dark red when young, becoming brown as they age. Each flowering stem has between two and five spikelets that droop at maturity from peduncles up to long.

Mexican Weeping Bamboo is easy to propagate by dividing the root ball with a sharp spade. A particularly delicate look can be achieved by thinning the culms so that they are spaced or more apart. This allows dappled light to pass through the Mexican Weeping Bamboo, and the plant will sway gracefully in a gentle breeze. Otatea acuminata is a fast-growing clumping bamboo which can spread in each direction yearly.

Bambusa lako, known as Timor black bamboo, is a large species of bamboo originating from the island of Timor; its black culms may reach in height. A 2000 molecular study places it as closely related to the similar Indonesian species Gigantochloa atroviolacea , from which it was separated in 1997; it may soon be placed in that genus. Bambusa lako can only be grown in climates that are mostly frost free.

Engleromyces sinensis is a species of fungus in the family Xylariaceae. It was described as new to science in 2010, based on specimens collected in 1958 and incorrectly identified as Engleromyces goetzii. The fungus is known only from China, where it grows on bamboo culms. It forms fruit bodies in the shape of two roughly circular buff-colored lobes measuring up to in diameter that envelop the bamboo.

It is an emergent plant growing in ponds, marshes, stream banks, etc., including in brackish water along the coast.Flora of North America, Schoenoplectus etuberculatusBONAP (Biota of North America Project) 2014 county distribution map, Schoenoplectus etuberculatus Schoenoplectus etuberculatus is a mat-forming perennial herb spreading by means of underground rhizomes. Culms are up to 2 m (80 inches) tall, triagonal in cross-section. Leaves are up to 20 cm (8 inches) long.

Austroderia richardii are large sized grasses that can grow to around 1.5 to 3 m tall. Its leaves are sharp edged from 1 m long and around 2 to 5 cm wide. Because of its fine, sharp teeth along the edges of the leaves it is often referred to as "cutty grass". Its leaves are coarse, green, flat and narrow with upright flowering culms 2.5 m tall (Kimberley, 2011).

The spikelets are clustered into inflorescences, which usually develop in early- to mid-summer on long culms ( = stems). Many species of Calamagrostis are morphologically similar, but they generally occur in distinct habitats, and they have unique geographical distributions. Given the subtle distinctions between many closely related taxa, there are several species complexes that could benefit from additional systematic study. Even the generic boundaries of the genus are controversial.

Chordifex abortivus, commonly known as Manypeaks rush, is a species of rush in the genus Chordifex. It is an erect, slightly spreading perennial herb typically growing to a height of . The culms are hollow jointed with a diameter of and olive green in color. The culm sheaths are flared with no lamina present, they have numerous branches, with each branch divided again into branchlets and terminating in spikelets.

Grasses generally comprise at least 80 percent of the hartebeest's diet, but they account for over 95 percent of their food in the wet season, October to May. Jasminum kerstingii is part of the hartebeest's diet at the start of the rainy season. Between seasons, they mainly feed on the culms of grasses. A study found that the hartebeest is able to digest a higher proportion of food than the topi and the wildebeest.

The annual grass-like or herb sedge typically grows to a height of and has a tufted habit. In Australia it blooms between February and August and produces green-brown flowers. It has slender culms slender with a length of that are four or five-angled and quite flattened. The leaves are up to a length of and are wide with stiff and threadlike basal leaves that are about half the length of the culm.

Elytrophorus spicatus is a tufted, annual or perennial plant with bristly culms. The leaves are loosely sheathed, and the blades are rolled in bud. The inflorescence spike (length of up to 26 cm by 5–9 mm wide) consists of globular clusters of spikelets, which are 4 mm long, with bisexual florets. The glumes are shortly awned, about 2 to 3 mm long, and have translucent margins translucent which are sparingly fringed with hairs.

Lepidosperma filiforme, also known as the common rapier-sedge, is a sedge that occurs in coastal regions of south-eastern Australia and New Zealand.Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families Plants grow to between 0.3 and 1 metre high. The culms are smooth, rigid, terete and between 0.7 and 2 mm in diameter. The leaves are also terete and about 1 mm in diameter, with sheaths that are straw coloured or reddish.

The bamboo grove of this species often spreads to 3 m when mature, sometimes spreading to 5 m, often growing in company of trees in a humid, half-sunlight environment. Culms which can grow to a maximum height of 20 m or less are covered in naturally occurring white powder, which are used to waterproof the plant.Green Thumbs Palms. Labelle, Florida The two main types of bamboos are clumpers and running bamboos.

E. goetzii fruit bodies can grow quite large–"to the size of a football"– and weigh up to . They only grow on the African alpine bamboo (Yushania alpina). The Siamese jelly ball fungus, Gelatinomyces siamensis, produces fruit bodies that are superficially similar to those of E. sinensis. However, the former are smaller, have a gelatinous texture, and are only found in Thailand, where they grow on bamboo culms and branches at elevations ranging from .

He was nominated to the Royal Society of London by Henry Cavendish and was made a fellow on 26 April 1787. Smithson socialised and worked with scientists Joseph Priestley, Sir Joseph Banks, Antoine Lavoisier, and Richard Kirwan. His first paper was presented at the Royal Society on 7 July 1791, "An Account of Some Chemical Experiments on Tabasheer". Tabasheer is a substance used in traditional Indian medicine and derived from material collected inside bamboo culms.

' A sport of spectabilis called 'Argus' shares the same robust growth qualities and color as spectabilis but with additional green vertical stripes scattered around the whole circumference of each culm. The all green form 'Alata' lacks any yellow culm coloring. In spring, yellow portions of new aureosulcata culms that receive direct sunlight during the early cool hours of the day can develop a red tint or magenta blush that lasts for a couple months.

Cyperus alterniflorus, commonly known as umbrella flat-sedge, is a sedge of the family Cyperaceae that is native to Australia. The perennial and rhizomatous sedge has a robust tufted or tussock-like habit and typically grows to a height of . The plant blooms between June and October producing yellow-green-brown flowers. The plant has a short thick rhizome with triquetrous, smooth to scabrous culms that are long with a diameter of .

The first culm from a seedling will not get much taller than a few inches at most, and may be as thin as 2mm, but with every new season of culms sent up from developing rhizomes, the grove of plants will grow in height and cane diameter. Polyporus phyllostachydis (Sotome, T. Hatt. & Kakish.), is a fungus species known from Japan, that grows on the ground on the living or dead roots of the bamboo.

A potential giant even in cooler areas, this bamboo grows with an average height of reaching up to or more with a maximum culm diameter of . New culms are dark green, paling with age, with a white ring appearing under each node. Branches are short and leaves are small for a bamboo of the genus Phyllostachys. Culm sheath colors of purple-red or brown fade or stripe into light colors of tan or yellow-white further up.

Baloskion longipes, common name dense cordrush, is a dioecious perennial herb in the Restionaceae family, found in southeastern New South Wales. It has cauline sheaths which usually have a few very short hairs on the margins. The culms are erect and about 90–150 cm high and 2–2.5 mm in diameter. The spikelets on the lower part of the flower head are not crowded, but borne on fine branches, which may be several centimetres long.

It is a dwarf perennial which forms cushions and has well-developed rhizomes and stolons. The culms are erect, smooth, and 0.5–5 cm high, both slightly shorter and slightly exceeding the leaves in length. The leaves are borne on the more or less elongated aerial portion of a stem, with the older leaves persisting and turning yellow-brown. The inflorescence is a 1–5-flowered cluster, which expands to about 3–7 mm in diameter when in fruit.

Ischaemum rugosum is a resilient annual that inhabits marshes and other wet habitats, growing in loose clumps to heights of 10–100 cm. The species is primarily recognized by the wrinkled texture of the sessile spikelet’s lower glume, with 4–7 distinct horizontal ribs. The plant produces brown, ovoid grains 2 mm long. The culms are wrapped by a papery, loose leaf sheath up to 16 cm long, with bulbous-based hairs at the node base and sheath margin.

This bamboo grows to an expected height of 9 meters (35 feet) with a culm diameter of 4 cm (2.25 inches). In areas where the average winter minimum temperature is above -15°C (5°F), it may grow to a maximum height of 14 meters (46 feet) with a diameter of 6.5 cm (2.6 inches). The typical form of this species has dark green culms with a yellow groove. Culm sheath colors appear purple-green usually striped with yellow.

Barbed goatgrass grows to be about 8 to 16 inches tall with few to many rigid, loosely erect aerial stems (culms). In late spring the plant produces rigid flower spikes consisting of three to six spikelets bearing long, stiff awns which assist in seed distribution. When the grass matures, the spikelets fall off in their entirety to germinate on the ground, and the long awns which give the plant its name assist in dispersal by animals, wind or water.

These seeds give rise to a new generation of plants that may be identical in appearance to those that preceded the flowering, or they may produce new cultivars with different characteristics, such as the presence or absence of striping or other changes in coloration of the culms. Several bamboo species are never known to set seed even when sporadically flowering has been reported. Bambusa vulgaris, Bambusa balcooa, and Dendrocalamus stocksii are common examples of such bamboo.

Chinese light machine gun position In the early morning of 29 October, residents of Shanghai found a 4-metre-wide (13 ft) flag of the Republic of China flying atop Sihang warehouse. Yang Huimin only brought the flag, and the defenders did not have a flag pole in the warehouse. Therefore, the flag was hoisted on a makeshift pole made of two bamboo culms tied together. In the warehouse, only a small group of soldiers attended the flag- raising ceremony.

It is a small, tufted, dark red-purple or orange-red sedge. Its smooth culms (circular in cross-section) are 15-30 mm long are flattened above, and almost enclosed by light brown sheaths. The linear, almost flat leaves are 30-60 mm by 1-2.5-3 mm, with distinct nerves, and blunt apices. The terminal spike is male (on a peduncle) with the remaining sessile (or almost sessile) spikes being female, and crowded around the base of the male spike.

Phyllostachys bambusoides is a "running" (monopodial type) evergreen bamboo which can reach a height of roughly 20m and a diameter of 10 cm. The culms are dark green, with a thin wall that thickens with maturity, and very straight, with long internodes and two distinctive rings at the node. The species is thin-skinned, easily split lengthwise, has long fibres, and is strong and highly flexible, even when split finely. Leaves are dark green, and the sheaths are strong and hairless.

Orcuttia californica spikelet Orcuttia species are annual plants with fibrous roots, and, in maturity, they produce leaves that are sticky and aromatic (similar to lemon). The odour may deter predation by insects and rodents, and the sticky coating may reduce desiccation. Elongated juvenile leaves are produced before the culm (stems). The culms have a pithy interior, and stand erect to ascending (rising upwards) to decumbent (lying along the ground with the tip ascending), and occasionally become prostrate (lying trailing along the ground).

Grasses may be annual or perennial herbs, generally with the following characteristics (the image gallery can be used for reference): The stems of grasses, called culms, are usually cylindrical (more rarely flattened, but not 3-angled) and are hollow, plugged at the nodes, where the leaves are attached. Grass leaves are nearly always alternate and distichous (in one plane), and have parallel veins. Each leaf is differentiated into a lower sheath hugging the stem and a blade with entire (i.e., smooth) margins.

The leaf sheath has no pink, red, or purple tinting and the leaf blade can either be, smooth and hairless, or rough and sandpapery. The leaves are all produced from the base of the plant, and the one-seeded fruit, usually ranging from 1.6-2.2 millimeters, has no folds or dimples. The spikelets found in the plant are widely spread rather than clustered together, and the culms consist of about 4-8 spikelets. Spikelets are green because of the presence of 7-14 spreading perigynia.

Carex rosea is the type of the Carex rosea species group. While some characters seem to be unreliable for the separation of each species, other characters, like the width of the broadest leaves, the shape of the perigynium base, and the fertile culms, are reliable. Different analysis of the mixed populations have concluded that hybridization between the species does not occur. According to results from a complete ITS sequence based phylogeny, Carex rosea is sister to Carex radiata, Carex retroflexa, Carex texensis, and Carex socialis.

The leaves feature little or no differentiation into sheath and blade; as the grass dries, the blade portion either remains flat or rolls inward. The plants grow in tufts, with culms reaching a height of up to , in the case of O. pilosa. The inflorescence is spike-like, exserted (projecting beyond) at maturity, and the spikelets are distichous, meaning they are arranged in two opposite rows. The spikelets comprise several flowers and are laterally flattened, with glumes that have between 2 and 5 irregular teeth.

The culms are erect, biconvex, glabrous, smooth with a width of between and , they are also quite sharp on the edges. The leaves are yellow to red at the base and have a dark and pointed tip Flowering occurs between the months of May to October. The inflorescences of L longitudinale are brown in color and occur at the top of the stems. Each stem is topped with spikelets that are 5 to 7 mm in length and each contain 2-3 small flowers.

Caustis recurvata, commonly known as curly sedge or pubic hair sedge, is a sedge of the family Cyperaceae that is native to Australia. The perennial rhizomous sedge has a spreading tufted habit and typically grows to a height and width of around . The erect, smooth culms are scaberulous or hispid with a length of and a diameter of . The species was first formally described by the botanist Kurt Polycarp Joachim Sprengel in 1827 as part of the work Curae Posteriores as published in Systema Vegetabilium.

Hendua (also Hendua chutchuta) is an Indian cuisine of Western Odisha that is normally consumed as pickle or seasoning, garnishing as a liquor when fermented and eaten with roasted or fried tomatoes. Hendua is hard-sundried or pickled (allowing fermentation) bamboo shoot (locally known as "") that is eaten alone and also by adding with other dishes, both fresh and stored as pickle. New sprouts of bamboo culms that are procured from bamboo-forests by locals are sliced and pickled. They are fried to prepare the dish.

Later, when grasses are higher than , they uproot entire clumps, dust them skilfully and consume the fresh leave tops, but discard the roots. When grasses are mature in autumn, they clean and consume the succulent basal portions with the roots, and discard the fibrous blades. From the bamboos, they eat seedlings, culms and lateral shoots. During the dry season from January to April, they mainly browse on both leaves and twigs preferring the fresh foliage, and consume thorn bearing shoots of acacia species without any obvious discomfort.

Cyperus dubius is a perennial herb, clustered, crowded; with culms 8–40 cm tall, bluntly to sharply triangular, bases bulbous. It has many linear leaves, 1–5 mm wide, which are scabrid on the margins and veins. The flowers are borne in green, greenish-white or white tinged green, hemispherical to ovoid clusters. It is native to Bangladesh; Burundi; Côte d'Ivoire; Equatorial Guinea; Ethiopia; India (Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu); Indonesia; Kenya; Madagascar; Malaysia; Philippines; South Africa; Sri Lanka; Sudan; Tanzania; Thailand; and Uganda.

Inflorescence Agrostis canina is a perennial plant, with stolons but no rhizomes, and culms which grow to a height of up to . It is frequently confused with Agrostis vinealis (formerly treated as a subspecies or variety of A. canina), which grows in more upland habitats and has rhizomes rather than stolons. The leaf blades are long and wide, with an acute or acuminate ligule up to long. The plant flowers from May to July, and the inflorescence is a panicle long and up to wide, with rough branches.

Mibora is a genus of very small to small annual grasses with erect or sometimes quickly ascending stems (often called culms) between 2 and 13 cm long, growing in tufts. As in all grasses the leaves consist at its base of a sheath closely enveloping the culm, a free standing blade at its tip and a ligule at the inside/upside where sheath and blade meet. The sheaths are tender, shallowly grooved rounded at their back, 0.2–1 mm long. The ligule is membranaceus and lacks fine hairs (or cilia).

Archaeological evidence of a Rottboellia cochinchinensis caryopsis from an Early Iron Age site on the Lulonga River in the Democratic Republic of Congo was found in the early 2010s, possibly suggesting the species native distribution covers the Old World Tropics.Kahlheber, S., & Eggert, M. K. H. (2014). Pearl Millet and Other Plant Remains from the Early Iron Age Site of Boso-Njafo (Inner Congo Basin , Democratic Republic of the Congo ) The African Archaeological Review 31(3), 479–512. African communities have been known to use leaves and culms to produce mats.

The aim of germination is to grow the barley grains. This allows the development of malt enzymes, and these enzymes modify the structure of the barley endosperm by breaking down the cell walls and the protein matrix. Germination produces a large amount of heat; if safety precautions are not taken the malt will burn. A sample of green malt on about day three - the malt culms are clearly visible The enzymes produced during germination are needed to break down the starch for the brewer or distiller during the mashing process.

Jointed goatgrass and winter wheat are genetically linked through a D genome which allows them to live in cold, continental climates and means they are capable of cross-breeding. They are both C3 plants, have similar phenology and growth rates and even germinate at the same time. Jointed goatgrass has glabrous to scabrous glumes with upright culms and the ability to produce 50 erect flowering stalks for each isolated plant. Both wheat and jointed goatgrass have spikes that are sessile and alternately arranged spikelets on opposite sides of the rachis.

Closeup of bamboo stalk Bamboo Canopy The two general patterns for the growth of bamboo are "clumping", and "running", with short and long underground rhizomes, respectively. Clumping bamboo species tend to spread slowly, as the growth pattern of the rhizomes is to simply expand the root mass gradually, similar to ornamental grasses. "Running" bamboos, though, need to be controlled during cultivation because of their potential for aggressive behavior. They spread mainly through their rhizomes, which can spread widely underground and send up new culms to break through the surface.

Unprocessed bamboo shoots in a Japanese market Korean bamboo tea Although the shoots (newly emerged culms) of bamboo contain a toxin taxiphyllin (a cyanogenic glycoside) that produces cyanide in the gut, proper processing renders them edible. They are used in numerous Asian dishes and broths, and are available in supermarkets in various sliced forms, in both fresh and canned versions. The golden bamboo lemur ingests many times the quantity of the taxiphyllin-containing bamboo that would kill a human. The bamboo shoot in its fermented state forms an important ingredient in cuisines across the Himalayas.

Cenchrus biflorus is an annual grass of the family Poaceae with culms between 4–90 cm high and spikelets that are 1-3 per bur and 3.6 to 6 mm long. Seeds dispersal is through the attachment of burs to passing cars, animals and human clothes. The burs of the plant can be harmful to animals because it adheres to animal skin and may cause ulcers in mouths of animals.Shimane W. Makhabu and Balisana Marotsi, “Changes in Herbaceous Species Composition in the Absence of Disturbance in a Cenchrus biflorus Roxb. Invaded Area in Central Kalahari Game Reserve, Botswana,” International Journal of Ecology, vol.

Nests of Xylocopa nasalis are strictly unbranched and the provisioned cells are separated by distinct partitions made from bamboo shreds excavated by the founding female. Usually, the nest entrances are located mainly at the end of the bamboo culms, but there can be excavation from the underside for an entrance. The average total nest length is 38.35 cm and the average nest length (from the nest entrance to the end of the innermost partitioned cell) is about 25.40 cm. The number of cells partitioned per nest is between zero and eight cells, with an average of about three per nest.

Grasses are used as raw material for a multitude of purposes, including construction and in the composition of building materials such as cob, for insulation, in the manufacture of paper and board such as Oriented structural straw board. Grass fiber can be used for making paper, and for biofuel production.Bamboo scaffolding is able to withstand typhoon-force winds that would break steel scaffolding. Larger bamboos and Arundo donax have stout culms that can be used in a manner similar to timber, Arundo is used to make reeds for woodwind instruments, and bamboo is used for innumerable implements.

The Las Piñas Bamboo Organ in the Philippines has pipes made of bamboo culms. The modern amplified string instrument, the Chapman stick, is also constructed using bamboo. The khene (also spelled khaen, kaen and khen; Lao: ແຄນ, Thai: แคน) is a mouth organ of Lao origin whose pipes, which are usually made of bamboo, are connected with a small, hollowed-out hardwood reservoir into which air is blown, creating a sound similar to that of the cello. In the Indian Ocean island of Madagascar, the valiha, a long tube zither made of a single bamboo stalk, is considered the national instrument.

This is a very common statement, and is derived from two sources: # Since bamboo has a strength-to-weight ratio similar to mild steel, some people conflate this with actual strength. # A few laboratory tests have shown some parts of some species of some culms to have ultimate strengths in tension approaching mild steel (250N/mm2). In reality though, even if some fibres of some species show relatively high strengths, following international practice, the design strength that can be safely used is closer to 5-10% of this value, to account for the variability of the strengths.

Carpha alpina grows as a short rhizomatous tufted perennial sedge. It has rigid, striated culms that are glabrous and can grow between 2-10 cm tall and 0.7-1.5 mm wide. The numerous grey-green or red-green leaf- blades are stiff and flattened, with a yellow-brown sheath and a width ranging from 0.5-2 mm. The inflorescence is made up of 1-3 loose clusters ranging from 1-10 cm long with singular or paired bracts slightly longer than the inflorescence. The spikelets are between 8-10 mm long and arranged in clusters of 2-10.

Trunks of the coconut palm, a monocot, in Java. From this perspective these look not much different from trunks of a dicot or conifer Structural material that resembles ordinary, "dicot" or conifer timber in its gross handling characteristics is produced by a number of monocot plants, and these also are colloquially called wood. Of these, bamboo, botanically a member of the grass family, has considerable economic importance, larger culms being widely used as a building and construction material and in the manufacture of engineered flooring, panels and veneer. Another major plant group that produces material that often is called wood are the palms.

Juncus pallidus, commonly known as the great soft-rush pale rush, giant rush, or leafless rush is a species of rush that is native to southern Australia, New Zealand, Norfolk Island, and Lord Howe Island. It is a vigorous, tufted, tussock-forming, rhizomatous perennial herb with culms growing to 70–135 cm in height. The inflorescence, which is 25–185 mm long, contains many straw coloured flowers, each with six floral segments. It is usually found in moist, nutrient-poor soils subject to periodic flooding, such as fresh and brackish waterways, including swamps, creek banks, lake edges and sand seeps.

In the case of hill cane, these are leptomorph, meaning they spread horizontally, but they typically do not reach very far before turning up to form a new culm. The rhizomes vary somewhat morphologically in that they sometimes have hollow centres and air canals The culms have internodes that are terete (i.e. smooth and cylindrical, but slightly tapering), while the culm sheaths are usually persistent (meaning they are not shed), but they may fall late in winter. These sheaths are 5.5 to 11 cm in length with oral setae (i.e. bristles where the sheath meets the blade) that are very short at 1 to 4.6 mm.

A typical height range that would cover many of the common bamboos grown in the United States is , depending on species. Anji County of China, known as the "Town of Bamboo", provides the optimal climate and soil conditions to grow, harvest, and process some of the most valued bamboo poles available worldwide. Unlike all trees, individual bamboo culms emerge from the ground at their full diameter and grow to their full height in a single growing season of three to four months. During this time, each new shoot grows vertically into a culm with no branching out until the majority of the mature height is reached.

These rats can also carry dangerous diseases, such as typhus, typhoid, and bubonic plague, which can reach epidemic proportions as the rodents increase in number. The relationship between rat populations and bamboo flowering was examined in a 2009 Nova documentary "Rat Attack". In any case, flowering produces masses of seeds, typically suspended from the ends of the branches. These seeds give rise to a new generation of plants that may be identical in appearance to those that preceded the flowering, or they may produce new cultivars with different characteristics, such as the presence or absence of striping or other changes in coloration of the culms.

The crest above the shield was a bee, symbolic of industry in general, between two cotton flowers.C Wilfrid Scott-Giles, Civic Heraldry of England and Wales, 2nd edition, London, 1953 The Latin motto chosen was Vincit Omnia Industria or "work conquers all". The blazon of the arms was as follows: Quarterly argent and azure, a cross party and fretty counterchanged between an anvil sable in the first quarter, a fleece Or in the second, two shuttles in saltire threads pendent proper in the third, and three culms of the papyrus plant issuing from a mount vert also proper in the fourth. And for a Crest: On a wreath of the colours, Upon a mount a bee volant between two flowers of the cotton-tree slipped all proper.

It was named for the Bluegrass region of Kentucky, characterized by grass having bluish-green culms, which is known as the "heart" of the thoroughbred racing industry. First run at the Kentucky Association track in Lexington in 1911, the Blue Grass has, from its inception, served as an important prep for the Kentucky Derby.Daily Racing Form March 19, 1919 article titled "Lexingtons Interesting New Race: Blue Grass Stakes to Serve as a Trial for the Kentucky Derby Candidates" Retrieved August 12, 2018 At the Lexington Association track, the Blue Grass was staged from 1911 through 1914 and from 1919 through 1926.Daily Racing Form, 1945-06-02, Lexington Association's Blue Grass Stakes history The race was revived at Keeneland in the spring of 1937.

This process gives a material that is very durable. Another means of extracting fibre from bamboo, and probably the only purely mechanical process of extraction anywhere in the world, is practiced in the days preceding the annual festival of the Kottiyur Temple of Kerala, India. The handcrafted bamboo artifact, known locally as "odapoovu" is in the form of a tuft of white fibres of up to a foot in length. The article is made out of newly emerging bamboo culms of the reed bamboo endemic to the region (Ochlandra travancorica), which go through a process of alternating pounding with stones and retting in water lasting several days, followed by a combing to remove the pith, leaving the cream white fibres and a stub of the bamboo.

In its natural form, bamboo as a construction material is traditionally associated with the cultures of South Asia, East Asia, the South Pacific, Central and South America. In China and India, bamboo was used to hold up simple suspension bridges, either by making cables of split bamboo or twisting whole culms of sufficiently pliable bamboo together. One such bridge in the area of Qian-Xian is referenced in writings dating back to 960 AD and may have stood since as far back as the third century BC, due largely to continuous maintenance. Bamboo has also long been used as scaffolding; the practice has been banned in China for buildings over six stories, but is still in continuous use for skyscrapers in Hong Kong.

By having a flowering cycle longer than the lifespan of the rodent predators, bamboos can regulate animal populations by causing starvation during the period between flowering events. Thus, the death of the adult clone is due to resource exhaustion, as it would be more effective for parent plants to devote all resources to creating a large seed crop than to hold back energy for their own regeneration. Another hypothesis, called the fire cycle hypothesis, argues that periodic flowering followed by death of the adult plants has evolved as a mechanism to create disturbance in the habitat, thus providing the seedlings with a gap in which to grow. This argues that the dead culms create a large fuel load, and also a large target for lightning strikes, increasing the likelihood of wildfire.

Thus, the death of the adult clone is due to resource exhaustion, as it would be more effective for parent plants to devote all resources to creating a large seed crop than to hold back energy for their own regeneration. Another, the fire cycle hypothesis, states that periodic flowering followed by death of the adult plants has evolved as a mechanism to create disturbance in the habitat, thus providing the seedlings with a gap in which to grow. This argues that the dead culms create a large fuel load, and also a large target for lightning strikes, increasing the likelihood of wildfire. Because bamboos can be aggressive as early successional plants, the seedlings would be able to outstrip other plants and take over the space left by their parents.

Bamboo has long been used as an assembly material in Hong Kong because of its versatility Bamboo, like true wood, is a natural building material with a high strength-to-weight ratio useful for structures. In its natural form, bamboo as a construction material is traditionally associated with the cultures of South Asia, East Asia, and the South Pacific, to some extent in Central and South America, and by extension in the aesthetic of Tiki culture. In China and India, bamboo was used to hold up simple suspension bridges, either by making cables of split bamboo or twisting whole culms of sufficiently pliable bamboo together. One such bridge in the area of Qian-Xian is referenced in writings dating back to 960 AD and may have stood since as far back as the third century BC, due largely to continuous maintenance.