A picture crystallises: wonderful produce, good, plain home cooking, indifferent restaurants.
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The crucial question is whether high confidence ever crystallises into a boom.
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The now-pure water then crystallises, with all the destructive consequences that follow.
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Because music heard in a car crystallises in your head like almost no other.
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Her music, which takes the rules of pop and crystallises them into subversive, pristine formations.
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The new tie up further crystallises Ola's intention to make it more feasible for drivers to own cars.
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It is sweet in its ordinariness, and crystallises the impetus behind the gay-rights movement: it was a quest to lead a normal life on the same terms as everyone else.
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If support for the financial system crystallises on the sovereign's balance sheet and sufficiently alters its financial profile to warrant rating action on the sovereign, it could result in similar rating action for bank IDRs.
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Making them pay cash upfront may push them over the edge; the very outcome the regulator wants to avoid since that crystallises the pension shortfall (stuffing the PPF with the bill) and throws the employees out of work.
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The row around the center, in the suburb of Hortaleza, crystallises worries over immigration and insecurity which helped the far-right Vox party double its result in last month's election to become the third-biggest bloc in parliament.
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"We believe this transaction represents a compelling proposition for our shareholders and crystallises the substantial value created in recent years through the various strategic developments and the strong operating performance of our Group," Fyffes Chairman David McCann said in a statement.
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This oxygenated alkaloid was isolated by Wertheim from C. maculatum. It crystallises in colourless leaflets, has a coniine-like odour, can be sublimed, and is strongly basic. It crystallises readily from ether. The salts are crystalline; the aurichloride small rhombs or prisms, mp.
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In the solid state, it crystallises in the UCl3 motif. The Eu centres are nine-coordinate. :Space-filling image of EuCl3.
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Macdonaldite crystallises in the orthorhombic system. Macdonaldite is anisotropic with low relief.Bloss, F.D. (1999) Optical Crystallography. Mineralogical Society of America, 5, 161-163.
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It is used for treating leprosy. It crystallises as pale yellow needles from diethyl ether, and as leaflets from dilute ethanol. It is slightly soluble in water.
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Gold crystallises in the cubic system, and perhaps the most common variety is the eight-sided octahedron,~ Gold ~ of which the Latrobe Nugget is a good example.
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Otwayite, Ni2CO3(OH)2, is a hydrated nickel carbonate mineral. Otwayite is green, with a hardness of 4, a specific gravity of 3.4, and crystallises in the orthorhombic system.
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Helmut Vogt, Jan Balej, John E. Bennett, Peter Wintzer, Saeed Akbar Sheikh, Patrizio Gallone "Chlorine Oxides and Chlorine Oxygen Acids" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2002, Wiley- VCH. AP crystallises as colorless rhombohedra.
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Propiolic acid is the organic compound with the formula HC2CO2H. It is the simplest acetylenic carboxylic acid. It is a colourless liquid that crystallises to give silky crystals. Near its boiling point, it decomposes.
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Oosterboschite is a rare selenide mineral with the formula (Pd,Cu)7Se5. It crystallises in the orthorhombic crystal system. It has a creamy yellow colour and a Moh's hardness of 5. It is often found as grains with no clear shape.
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From 4 to 45 GPa there is a face-centred cubic form with formula CoH. This can be decompressed at low temperatures to form a metastable compound at atmospheric pressure. Over 45 GPa a cobalt(II) hydride CoH2 also crystallises in a face-centred cubic form.
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Bis(pentafluorophenyl)xenon is a molecular substance. In the solid form it crystallises in the monoclinic system with space group P21/n. The unit cell has four molecules with a=13.635 Å b=8.248 Å c=11.511 Å, β =102.624°. Unit cell volume is 1263.18 Å3.
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Ammonium sulfate becomes ferroelectric at temperatures below -49.5 °C. At room temperature it crystallises in the orthorhombic system, with cell sizes of a = 7.729 Å, b = 10.560 Å, c = 5.951 Å. When chilled into the ferrorelectric state, the symmetry of the crystal changes to space group Pna21.
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Variants include homoatromentic acid. This pigment has been studied and elucidated by Wolfgang Steglich and colleagues over decades. When atromentin is oxidised with hydrogen peroxide a yellow product is produced. A sodium hydroxide solution is also yellow, but when this is neutralized with acid the red atromentic acid crystallises.
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Hellyerite, NiCO3·6(H2O), is an hydrated nickel carbonate mineral. It is light blue to bright green in colour, has a hardness of 2.5, a vitreous luster, a white streak and crystallises in the monoclinic system. The crystal habit is as platy and mammillary encrustations on its matrix.
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Nickel succinate is a transition metal carboxylic acid salt. It crystallises in several forms. Nickel coordinates in a far more diverse way than other transition elements enabling a variety of structures for the same constituents. Succinate is dibasic, so its two ends can connect onto two different nickel atoms.
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Potassium iodide is an ionic compound which is made of the following ions: K+I−. It crystallises in the sodium chloride structure. It is produced industrially by treating KOH with iodine. It is a white salt, which is the most commercially significant iodide compound, with approximately 37,000 tons produced in 1985.
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An example salt is caesium pentanitratoaluminate Cs2[Al(NO3)5]. caesium pentanitratoaluminate crystallises in the trigonal form with α = 11.16 Å, c = 10.02 Å, formula mass 602.85, with three molecules per unit cell. The unit cell volume is 1080 Å3, measured density 2.69 g/cm3. The space group is P3121.
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But most magma crystallises at depth, within the lower oceanic crust. There, newly intruded magma can mix and react with pre-existing crystal mush and rocks.Lissenberg, C. J., MacLeod, C. J., Horward, K. A., and Godard, M. (2013). Pervasive reactive melt migration through fast-spreading lower oceanic crust (Hess Deep, equatorial Pacific Ocean).
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Individual ions have been separated by ion exchange chromatography. Anhydrous rhodium chloride crystallises in the YCl3 and AlCl3 motif (see image in upper right). The metal centres are octahedral, and the halides are doubly bridging. It is a dense brown solid that is insoluble in common solvents and of little value in the laboratory.
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Difluorophosphoric acid anhydride also known as phosphoryl difluoride oxide or diphosphoryl tetrafluoride (F2OPOPOF2 or P2O3F4) is an anhydride of difluorphosphoric acid. It crystallises in the orthorhombic system, with space group Pcca and Z = 4. originally in Inorg. Chem. 49 (2010) 6, 3002–3010 P2O3F4 can be made by refluxing difluorophosphoric acid with phosphorus pentoxide.
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Nickel sulfite can be formed by bubbling sulfur dioxide through nickel carbonate suspended in water. A solution is formed that slowly loses sulfur dioxide, and which crystallises nickel sulfite hexahydrate. Crystals are frequently in the shape of stars, caused by the two opposite triangular enantiomorphs growing base to base. nickel sulfite hexahydrate is highly piezoelectric.
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Botallackite, chemical formula Cu2(OH)3Cl is a secondary copper mineral, named for its type locality at the Botallack Mine, St Just in Penwith, Cornwall. It is polymorphous with atacamite, paratacamite and .Mindat information page for Botallackite Botallackite crystallises in the monoclinic crystal system. It is mountain-green to green in colour, with one distinct to good cleavage.
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Writing in Volume II of the exhibition catalogue, art historian Ian Jeffrey said, "Exhibit A crystallises a turning in the art world away from the egotistical celebrity mode towards impersonality ... its premises are anonymous, fluent, vertiginous, wary of values."Ian Jeffrey, "Exhibit A and the Everyday." In Henry Bond and Andrea Schlieker (ed.) Exhibit A, Vol.
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Because of its dark cover, Planxty is sometimes referred to as "the black album." Author Leagues O'Toole has written that the album "crystallises the 1972 set" performed live by the band during their first year of touring. The album features a variety of traditional and modern Irish folk songs and tunes. It was influential in popularising this genre.
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Plutonium atoms in crystalline PuCl3 are 9 coordinate, and the structure is tricapped trigonal prismatic.It crystallises as the trihydrate,and is highly soluble in water,forming lavender-blue solutions.John H. Burns, J. R. Peterson, J. N. Stevenson: "Crystallographic Studies of some Transuranic Trihalides: 239PuCl3, 244CmBr3, 249BkBr3 and 249CfBr3", Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry 1975, 37 (3), 743–749; .
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Sodium disulfite can be prepared by treating a solution of sodium hydroxide with sulfur dioxide. When conducted in warm water, Na2SO3 initially precipitates as a yellow solid. With more SO2, the solid dissolves to give the disulfite, which crystallises upon cooling. :SO2 \+ 2 NaOH → Na2SO3 \+ H2O :SO2 \+ Na2SO3 → Na2S2O5 which yields a residue of colourless solid Na2S2O5.
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Potassium heptafluorotantalate exists in at least two polymorphs. α-K2[TaF7] is the most common form and crystallises in the monoclinic P21/c space group. The structure is composed of [TaF7]2− units interconnected by potassium ions. [TaF7]2− polyhedra may be described as monocapped trigonal prisms with the capping atom located on one of the rectangular faces.
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Occasionally a bloodwood tree will shed a piece of bark, hence opening a "wound" through which a blood-like kino will flow. The sap flows until it crystallises, covering up the hole in the bark. Australian Aboriginals collect this substance as bush medicine. They apply the sticky gum directly to sores or cuts and it works as an antiseptic.
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Krut'aite (also spelled Krutaite) is a rare mineral with the formula CuSe2. It crystallises in the cubic crystal system. It is part of the pyrite group, being composed of Cu2+ ions and Se22− ions. The mineral is most often found as a dark grey aggregate consisting of tiny crystals no more than a millimeter in size.
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Nickel nitrate commonly crystallises with six water molecules, but can also be anhydrous, or with two, four or nine waters.Keith Lascelles, Lindsay G. Morgan, David Nicholls, Detmar Beyersmann, "Nickel Compounds" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2005. triphenylphosphine oxide nickel nitrate [(C6H6)3PO]2Ni(NO3)2 is non ionic, with nitrato as a ligand.
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Starting in 1897, Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff investigated how different salts were formed as sea water evaporated in different conditions. His purpose was to discover how salt deposits are formed. His research formed the basis for the studies of the conditions in which leonite is formed. Leonite can form when a water solution of potassium sulfate and magnesium sulfate is concentrated between the temperature range of . Above this temperature range, langbeinite (K2Mg2(SO4)3) is formed. Below , picromerite (K2Mg(SO4)2·6H2O) crystallises. For solutions with more than 90% proportion MgSO4, hexahydrite (MgSO4·6H2O) crystallises preferentially, and below 60%, arcanite (K2SO4) forms. In mixtures of potassium chloride, potassium sulfate, magnesium chloride and magnesium sulfate at 35 °C in water, leonite can crystallise out in a certain composition range.
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An old beam engine to dewater a lead mine at nearby Wanlockhead Leadhillite is a lead sulfate carbonate hydroxide mineral, often associated with anglesite. It has the formula Pb4SO4(CO3)2(OH)2. Leadhillite crystallises in the monoclinic system, but develops pseudo-hexagonal forms due to crystal twinning. It forms transparent to translucent variably coloured crystals with an adamantine lustre.
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Tin (IV) oxide fibers (optical microscope) Tin(IV) oxide crystallises with the rutile structure. As such the tin atoms are six coordinate and the oxygen atoms three coordinate. SnO2 is usually regarded as an oxygen-deficient n-type semiconductor.Solid State Chemistry: An Introduction Lesley Smart, Elaine A. Moore (2005) CRC Press Hydrous forms of SnO2 have been described as stannic acid.
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"BBC Faces Obscenity Row Over 'Shocking' New Lesbian Drama", The Daily Mail (London), p. 40. Waters especially appreciated the way Davies interpreted Kitty's ambivalence about being in love with Nan. He wrote the line for her, "I hate the way you make me feel", which according to Waters crystallises Kitty's complicated emotions well. The music in the adaptation was written for the film.
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Magnesium chloride is very soluble in water. The filtrate is concentrated by evaporation, where more leonite crystallises, which is then recycled to the start of the process, adding more langbeinite or picromerite. Leonite may have been used in an alchemical formula to make "potable gold" around 300 AD in China. This was likely to be a liquid colloid of gold.
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Violet phosphorus can also be prepared by dissolving white phosphorus in molten lead in a sealed tube at 500 °C for 18 hours. Upon slow cooling, Hittorf's allotrope crystallises out. The crystals can be revealed by dissolving the lead in dilute nitric acid followed by boiling in concentrated hydrochloric acid. In addition, a fibrous form exists with similar phosphorus cages.
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The mineral crystallises in the monoclinic crystal system. Most sources put it in the prismatic class 2/m, with space group P21/m, but Webmin puts it in the sphenoidal class 2 with space group P21. The structure is similar to that of dolomite, but with two crystallographically different CO3 groups. The cation layers are stacked in an ABCABC... stacking pattern, repeating every 3 layers.
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Some geologists have proposed alternative explanations for the evidence of weathering in the Sphinx enclosure. One of the alternative erosion mechanisms proposed is called haloclasty. Moisture on limestone will dissolve salts, which are then carried by percolating moisture into the spaces inside the porous limestone. When the moisture dries the salt crystallises, and the expanding crystals cause a fine layer of surface limestone to flake off.
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A sodium acetate heating pad. When the sodium acetate solution crystallises, it becomes warm. A video showing a "heating pad" in action A phase change material (PCM) is a substance which releases/absorbs sufficient energy at phase transition to provide useful heat/cooling. Generally the transition will be from one of the first two fundamental states of matter - solid and liquid - to the other.
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The main physical Weathering process on beaches is salt-crystal growth. Wind carries salt spray onto rocks, where it is absorbed into small pores and cracks within the rocks. There the water evaporates and the salt crystallises, creating pressure and often breaking down the rock. In some beaches calcium carbonate is able to bind together other sediments to form beachrock and in warmer areas dunerock.
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From cold solutions, salt crystallises as the dihydrate NaCl·2H2O. Solutions of sodium chloride have very different properties from those of pure water; the freezing point is −21.12 °C (−6.02 °F) for 23.31 wt% of salt, and the boiling point of saturated salt solution is around 108.7 °C (227.7 °F).Elvers, B. et al. (ed.) (1991) Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 5th ed. Vol.
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Moganite is an oxide mineral with the chemical formula SiO2 (silicon dioxide) that was discovered in 1984. It crystallises in the monoclinic crystal system. Moganite is considered a polymorph of quartz: it has the same chemical composition as quartz, but a different crystal structure. In 1994, the International Mineralogical Association (IMA) had disapproved it as being a separate mineral because it was not clearly distinguishable from quartz.
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Strontianite is an uncommon low-temperature hydrothermal mineral formed in veins in limestone, marl, and chalk, and in geodes and concretions. It occurs rarely in hydrothermal metallic veins but is common in carbonatites. It most likely crystallises at or near 100 °C. Its occurrence in open vugs and veins suggests crystallisation at very low pressures, probably at most equal to the hydrostatic pressure of the ground water.
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Potassium tert-butoxide crystallises from tetrahydrofuran/pentane at −20 °C as [tBuOK·tBuOH]∞, which consists of infinite one-dimensional chains linked by hydrogen bonding. Sublimation of [tBuOK·tBuOH]∞ affords the tetramer [tBuOK]4, which adopts a cubane-like structure. Mild Lewis basic solvents such as THF and diethyl ether do not break up the tetrameric structure, which persists in the solid, in solution and even in the gas phase.
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Chromium(II) oxide (CrO) is an inorganic compound composed of chromium and oxygen. It is a black powder that crystallises in the rock salt structure.Egon Wiberg, Arnold Frederick Holleman (2001) Inorganic Chemistry, Elsevier Hypophosphites may reduce chromium(III) oxide to chromium(II) oxide: :H3PO2 \+ 2 Cr2O3 → 4 CrO + H3PO4 It is readily oxidized by the atmosphere. CrO is basic, while is acidic, and is amphoteric.
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ScCl3 crystallises in the layered BiI3 motif, which features octahedral scandium centres.Crystal Structure of ScCl3 Refined from Powder Neutron Diffraction Data, Fjellvåg, H., Karen, P., Acta Chemica Scandinavica, 48, 294-297, Monomeric ScCl3 is the predominant species in the vapour phase at 900 K, the dimer Sc2Cl6 accounts for approximately 8%.Haaland A., Martinsen K-G, Shorokhov D.J, Girichev G.V., Sokolov V.I, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans.
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Instead, the cooled and solidified igneous mass crystallises within the crust to form an igneous intrusion. As magma cools the chemicals in the crystals formed are effectively removed from the main mix of the magma (by a process known as fractional crystallization), so the chemical content of the remaining magma evolves as it solidifies slowly. Fresh unevolved magma injections can remobilise more evolved magmas, allowing eruptions from more viscous magmas.
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However, the effectiveness of that Act was limited by the fact that a floating charge crystallises into a fixed charge prior to enforcement, and so it was not until the Insolvency Act 1986 modified the provision to state that a floating charge include any charge which was created as a floating charge (i.e. irrespective of subsequent crystallisation) that priority of the preferred creditors was promoted ahead of the floating chargeholders.
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Sturmanite is a rare sulfate mineral with the chemical formula Ca6Fe3+2(SO4)2.5(B(OH)4)(OH)12 · 25 H2O. It crystallises in the tetragonal system and it has a Moh's hardness of 2.5. Sturmanite has a bright yellow to amber colour and falls in the ettringite group. It was named after Bozidar Darko Sturman (born 1937), Croatian-Canadian mineralogist and Curator Emeritus of Mineralogy, Royal Ontario Museum.
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Every second layer is positioned the same. At temperatures above 900 °C MoTe2 crystallises in the monoclinic 1T form (β–MoTe2), with space group P21/m with unit cell sizes of a=6.33 Å b=3.469 Å and c=13.86 Å with the angle β=93°55′. The high-temperature form has rod shaped crystals. The measured density of this polymorph is 7.5 g·cm−3, but in theory it should be 7.67 g·cm−3.
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It crystallises in the hexagonal crystal system in the space group R with the lattice parameters a = 753 pm and c = 2084.5 pm with six formula units per unit cell. Its crystal structure is isotypic with that of bismuth(III) iodide.R. G. Haire, ORNL Report 5485, 1978.J. R. Peterson: "Chemical Properties of Einsteinium: Part II", in: G. T. Seaborg (ed.): Proceedings of the 'Symposium Commemorating the 25th Anniversary of Elements 99 and 100', 23.
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Haxonite is an iron nickel carbide mineral found in iron meteorites and carbonaceous chondrites. It has a chemical formula of (Fe,Ni)23C6, crystallises in the cubic crystal system and has a Mohs hardness of - 6. It was first described in 1971, and named after Howard J. Axon (1924–1992), metallurgist at the University of Manchester, Manchester, England. Co-type localities are the Toluca meteorite, Xiquipilco, Mexico and the Canyon Diablo meteorite, Meteor Crater, Coconino County, Arizona, US.Mindat.
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Calcium metal melts at 842 °C and boils at 1494 °C; these values are higher than those for magnesium and strontium, the neighbouring group 2 metals. It crystallises in the face-centered cubic arrangement like strontium; above 450 °C, it changes to an anisotropic hexagonal close-packed arrangement like magnesium. Its density of 1.55 g/cm3 is the lowest in its group. Calcium is harder than lead but can be cut with a knife with effort.
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One may also speak of solid solution, but rarely of solution in a gas (see vapor–liquid equilibrium instead). Under certain conditions, the equilibrium solubility can be exceeded to give a so-called supersaturated solution, which is metastable. Metastability of crystals can also lead to apparent differences in the amount of a chemical that dissolves depending on its crystalline form or particle size. A supersaturated solution generally crystallises when 'seed' crystals are introduced and rapid equilibration occurs.
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It also forms upon evaporation of solutions of cerium(IV) in nitric acid. When this meets ammonia in water solution it reacts to form ceric ammonium nitrate and ceric hydroxide. Basic dicerium nitrate has the formula Ce2O(NO3)6(H2O)6·2H2O. Again it crystallizes from solutions of cerium(IV) in nitric acid. It crystallises as monoclinic crystals with space group P21lc with unit cell dimensions a=8.723 Å b=8.940 Å c=13.981 Å, β = 94.91°.
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Lead(IV) sulfide is a chemical compound with the formula PbS2. This material is generated by the reaction of the more common lead(II) sulfide, PbS, with sulfur at >600 °C and at high pressures. PbS2, like the related tin(IV) sulfide SnS2, crystallises in the cadmium iodide motif, which indicates that Pb should be assigned the formal oxidation state of 4+. Lead(IV) sulfide is a p-type semiconductor, and is also a thermoelectric material.
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There is also an anhydrous form, a dihydrate and a tetrahydrate, the last two crystallised from sulfuric acid. The hexahydrate has two forms, a blue tetragonal form, and a green monoclinic form, with a transition temperature around 53 °C.Mellor pp462-465 The heptahydrate crystallises from water below 31.5 above this blue hexhydrate forms, and above 53.3 the green form.Mellor p 466-467 Heating nickel sulfate dehydrates it, and then 700° it loses sulfur trioxide, sulfur dioxide and oxygen.
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Organic base double sulfates of indium include the guanidinium salt [C(NH2)3][In(H2O)2(SO4)2], which crystallises in a monoclinic system with space group P21/c a = 4.769 Å, b = 20.416 Å, c = 10.445 Å, β = 93.39°, cell volume 1015.3 Å3, 4 formulas per cell and density 2.637. [H2(4,4'-bi-py)][In2(H2O)6(SO4)4]·2H2O crystallises in the triclinic system with a = 7.143 Å, b = 7.798 Å, c = 12.580 Å, α = 107.61°, β = 98.79°, γ = 93.89°, cell volume 655.2 Å3, one formula per cell and density 2.322. [H(2,2'-bipy)][In(H2O)(SO4)2]·2H2O, the hexamethylenediamine salt [H3N(CH2)6NH3][In(H2O)2(SO4)2]2·2H2O and [H2(Py(CH2)3Py)][In(H2O)2(SO4)2]2·2H2O also exist. Yet other organic derivatives include those of triethylenetetramine, and amylammonium. Tri-μ- sulfato-κ6O:O'-bis[aqua(1,10-phenanthroline-κ2N,N')indium(III)] dihydrate, [In2(SO4)3(C12H8N2)2(H2O)2]·2H2O, has a 1,10-phenanthroline molecule linked to each indium ion.
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He wrote the line for her, "I hate the way you make me feel", which according to Waters crystallises Kitty's complicated emotions well. The music in the adaptation was written for the film. Waters wrote song titles but not lyrics in the music references in the novel. For one song, during Kitty and Nan's first performance in the adaptation, Davies wrote a composition that had Kitty show Nan—dressed and performing as brothers—how to pick up girls in the park.
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The eight artists whose work was showcased were selected by curator Henry Bond for their ongoing interest in the exhibition's key theme: art exploring perceptions of evidential fact particularly in the context of the crime scene.Andrea Schlieker, "Preface." In Bond and Schlieker (ed.) Exhibit A (London, Serpentine Gallery, 1992), p. 8. The art historian Ian Jeffrey wrote, > It is the opposite, Exhibit A, to a sensational exhibition, and crystallises > a turning in the art world away from the egotistical mode towards > impersonality.
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They are the chaotic forces that are unleashed when one of the Sephirot is not in balance with the others. Therefore, although Keter is concerned with unity, implicit in its existence is the concept of duality. It is the first emanation from the Ein Sof, the point of consciousness that crystallises out of the vast emptiness. Without the forces of the other sephiroth to balance it, specifically Malkuth below, it would exist as something apart from the Ein Sof, God in his totality.
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The novel tells the story of a physician trying to make his way deep into the jungle to a secluded leprosy treatment facility. While trying to make it to his destination, his chaotic path leads him to try to come to terms with an apocalyptic phenomenon in the jungle that crystallises everything it touches. Ballard previously used the theme of apocalyptic crystallisation in the 1964 short story "The Illuminated Man" (included in The Terminal Beach), which is also set in the same locations.
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2,4-Dinitroanisole crystallises in the monoclinic form. The unit cell has these sizes and angles: a=8.772 Å b=12.645 Å c=15.429 Å 81.89°, cell volume is V=1694 Å3, There are eight molecules in each unit cell, with four positions symmetric. The two asymmetric positions have the molecule bent in different ways. The methyl group can be rotated either at 5° or 13° out of the plane of the benzene ring. The ortho nitro group is rotated at 3° or 35°.
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The excretion and reabsorption of bile acids forms the basis of the enterohepatic circulation, which is essential for the digestion and absorption of dietary fats. Under certain circumstances, when more concentrated, as in the gallbladder, cholesterol crystallises and is the major constituent of most gallstones (lecithin and bilirubin gallstones also occur, but less frequently). Every day, up to 1 g of cholesterol enters the colon. This cholesterol originates from the diet, bile, and desquamated intestinal cells, and can be metabolized by the colonic bacteria.
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Greenwood and Earnshaw, pp. 804–09 The colour fades at low temperatures, so that solid chlorine at −195 °C is almost colourless. Like solid bromine and iodine, solid chlorine crystallises in the orthorhombic crystal system, in a layered lattice of Cl2 molecules. The Cl–Cl distance is 198 pm (close to the gaseous Cl–Cl distance of 199 pm) and the Cl···Cl distance between molecules is 332 pm within a layer and 382 pm between layers (compare the van der Waals radius of chlorine, 180 pm).
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The benzidine rearrangement, which proceeds intramolecularly, is a classic mechanistic puzzle in organic chemistry. :400px The conversion is described as a [5,5]sigmatropic reaction.. :Benzidine rearrangement mechanism In terms of its physical properties, 4,4'-benzidine is poorly soluble in cold water but can be recrystallized from hot water, where it crystallises as the monohydrate. It is dibasic, the deprotonated species has Ka values of 9.3 × 10−10 and 5.6 × 10−11. Its solutions react with oxidizing agents to give deeply coloured quinone-related derivatives.
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An acid sulfate, indium hydrogensulfate tetrahydrate with the formula HIn(SO4)2·4H2O crystallises in the orthorhombic system with unit cell dimensions a = 9.997 Å, b = 5.477 Å, c = 18.44 Å, with four of the formula per cell. The density is 2.50 cm−3. In the acid sulfate, two water molecules are linked to the indium atom and a hydronium ion H5O2 takes care of the proton. This is part of an acid sulfate family that includes Al, Ga, In, Tl(III), Fe(III) and Ti(III).
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Compacted fine sediments will form a smooth beach surface that resists wind and water erosion. During hot calm seasons, a crust may form on the surface of ocean beaches as the heat of the sun evaporates the water leaving the salt which crystallises around the sand particles. This crust forms an additional protective layer that resists wind erosion unless disturbed by animals or dissolved by the advancing tide. Cusps and horns form where incoming waves divide, depositing sand as horns and scouring out sand to form cusps.
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At room temperature, polonium dioxide has a face-centered cubic (fluorite) crystal structure; upon heating to high temperatures, it crystallises in the tetragonal crystal system. The cubic form is pale yellow, while the tetragonal form is red. Polonium dioxide darkens upon heating, and is chocolate brown at its sublimation point, 885 °C. The ionic radius of the ion is 1.02 or 1.04 Å; thus, the ratio of the ionic radii / is about 0.73, the lower limit of stability for the cubic crystal system, allowing polonium dioxide to have two modifications.
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Palladium(II) bromide is an inorganic compound of palladium and bromine with the chemical formula PdBr2. It is a commercially available, though less common than palladium(II) chloride, the usual entry point to palladium chemistry. Unlike the chloride, palladium(II) bromide is insoluble in water, but dissolves when heated in acetonitrile to give monomeric acetonitrile adducts: : PdBr2 \+ 2 MeCN -> PdBr2(MeCN)2 The structure of PdBr2 has been determined by X-ray crystallography. It crystallises in the P21/c space group and the structure consists of wavy ribbons of edge-sharing PdBr4 coordination squares.
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Drawing from the insights of Max Weber and Georg Simmel and Marx's magnum opus Capital, as well as Hegel's concept of appearance, Lukács argues that commodity fetishism is the central structural problem of capitalist society. The essence of the commodity structure is that a relation between people takes on the character of a thing. Society subordinates production entirely to the increase of exchange-value and crystallises relations between human beings in to object-values. The commodity's fundamental nature is concealed: it appears to have autonomy and acquires a phantom objectivity.
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Radium chloride crystallises from solution as the dihydrate. It may be dehydrated by heating to 100 °C in air for one hour followed by hours at 520 °C under argon. If the presence of other anions is suspected, the dehydration may be effectuated by fusion under hydrogen chloride. Radium chloride can also be prepared by heating radium bromide in a flow of dry hydrogen chloride gas, or can be isolated from uranium and thorium ores by treating radium sulfate with sodium carbonate,leaving radium carbonate and then reacting the radium carbonate in hydrochloric acid.
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Rhodium hexafluoride is prepared by reaction of rhodium metal with an excess of elemental fluorine: :Rh + 3 F2 → RhF6 The RhF6 molecule has octahedral molecular geometry. Consistent with its d3 configuration, the six Rh–F bond lengths are equivalent, being 1.824 Å. It crystallises in an orthorhombic space group Pnma with lattice parameters of a = 9.323 Å, b = 8.474 Å, and c = 4.910 Å. Like some other metal fluorides, RhF6 is highly oxidizing. It attacks even glass even in the absence of water. It can even react with elemental oxygen.
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The study of contextuality has developed into a major topic of interest in quantum foundations as the phenomenon crystallises certain non-classical and counter- intuitive aspects of quantum theory. A number of powerful mathematical frameworks have been developed to study and better understand contextuality, from the perspective of sheaf theory, graph theory, hypergraphs, algebraic topology, and probabilistic couplings. Nonlocality, in the sense of Bell's theorem, may be viewed as a special case of the more general phenomenon of contextuality, in which measurement contexts contain measurements that are distributed over spacelike separated regions. This follows from the Fine–Abramsky–Brandenburger theorem.
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Carnwath J approved the "floating trust" analogy, first proposed by Dixon J in Birmingham v Renfrew [1937] CLR, which holds that the law will give effect to the intention (to create a mutually binding will) by imposing a floating trust which becomes irrevocable after the death of the first testator and crystallises after the death of the survivor. In the Court of Appeal decision in Goodchild Legatt LJ approved the dicta of Carnwath J and added that "for the doctrine to apply there must be a contract". This approach raises problems as will be seen below.
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Sodium metaperiodate (NaIO4) forms tetragonal crystals (space group I41/a) consisting of slightly distorted ions with average I–O bond distances of 1.775 Å; the Na+ ions are surrounded by 8 oxygen atoms at distances of 2.54 and 2.60 Å. Sodium hydrogen periodate (Na2H3IO6) forms orthorhombic crystals (space group Pnnm). Iodine and sodium atoms are both surrounded by an octahedral arrangement of 6 oxygen atoms; however the NaO6 octahedron is strongly distorted. IO6 and NaO6 groups are linked via common vertices and edges. Powder diffraction indicates that Na5IO6 crystallises in the monoclinic system (space group C2/m).
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Crystal structure of hexagonal (α or 2H) MoTe2 Crystal structure of orthorhombic (β', 1T' or Td) and monoclinic (β or 1T, shadow) MoTe2 Electron micrograph of monoclinic 1T' MoTe2 taken along the [100] crystal axis MoTe2 commonly exists in three crystalline forms with rather similar layered structures: hexagonal α (2H-MoTe2), monoclinic β (1T'-MoTe2) and orthorhombic β'. At room temperature it crystallises in the hexagonal system similar to molybdenum disulfide. Crystals are platy or flat. MoTe2 has unit cell sizes of a=3.519 Å c=13.964 Å and a specific gravity of 7.78 g·cm−3.
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The salt is washed to completely eliminate chloride, heated to 1000 °C in order to produce a free-flowing granular powder of the required composition, and is then ground and sieved to ensure all particles are between 0.2–0.5 micrometres in size. The feed powder falls through the oxyhydrogen flame, melts, and lands on a rotating and slowly descending pedestal below. The height of the pedestal is constantly adjusted to keep its top at the optimal position below the flame, and over a number of hours the molten powder cools and crystallises to form a single pedunculated pear or boule crystal.
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This crystallises trisodium phosphate decahydrate when cooled below 60 °C; uranium impurities in this product increase with the amount of silicon dioxide in the reaction mixture, necessitating recrystallisation before commercial use. The hydroxides are dissolved at 80 °C in 37% hydrochloric acid. Filtration of the remaining precipitates followed by addition of 47% sodium hydroxide results in the precipitation of thorium and uranium at about pH 5.8. Complete drying of the precipitate must be avoided, as air may oxidise cerium from the +3 to the +4 oxidation state, and the cerium(IV) formed can liberate free chlorine from the hydrochloric acid.
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An Appendix was the first of his printed works to be printed in his own hand; he soon followed this with the first of his opulent lithographic books, The Sun Spirit. Throughout the nineteen-thirties, Chubb's books became more elaborate and appealing. Water Cherubs crystallises Chubb's aesthetic of the youthful male form, and The Secret Country unfolds like an illuminated manuscript, recounting stories of Chubb's family and his journeys among the Romani of the New Forest in Hampshire. Chubb's printing press was interrupted by the war, but in 1948 he entered into the third period of career with two massive volumes: The Child Of Dawn and Flames of Sunrise.
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As is customary in planetary science, this mixture is referred to as icy even though it is a hot, dense fluid. This fluid, which has a high electrical conductivity, is sometimes called a water–ammonia ocean. The mantle may consist of a layer of ionic water in which the water molecules break down into a soup of hydrogen and oxygen ions, and deeper down superionic water in which the oxygen crystallises but the hydrogen ions float around freely within the oxygen lattice. At a depth of 7,000 km, the conditions may be such that methane decomposes into diamond crystals that rain downwards like hailstones.
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This edited volume crystallises the ideas generated during the inaugural conference of the five-year conference cluster Rethinking Religion in India (New Delhi, 2008): Esther Bloch, Marianne Keppens and Rajaram Hegde (eds.), 978-0-415-54890-8 Rethinking Religion in India: the colonial construction of Hinduism (London: Routledge, 2010). The book critically engages with recent debates about the construction of Hinduism. Contributors are S.N. Balagangadhara, Sarah Claerhout, Jakob De Roover, Timothy Fitzgerald, Richard King, David N. Lorenzen, Geoffrey A. Oddie, Laurie L. Patton, Sharada Sugirtharajah, and John Zavos.Esther Bloch, Marianne Keppens and Rajaram Hegde (eds.), Rethinking Religion in India: the colonial construction of Hinduism (London: Routledge, 2010).
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Kambaldaite, NaNi4(CO3)3(OH)3·3H2O, is an extremely rare hydrated sodium nickel carbonate mineral described from gossanous material associated with Kambalda type komatiitic nickel ore deposits at Kambalda, Western Australia, and Widgie Townsite nickel gossan, Widgiemooltha, Western Australia. Kambaldaite crystallises in the hexagonal system, is light green to blue and forms drusy to mammillated encrustations on the matrix. Kambaldaite was first described in 1985 from the gossan of the Otter Shoot nickel orebody, Kambalda, during mining of the gossanous material. Kambaldaite, though in lesser and rarer amount, is also found in the Widgiemooltha nickel gossans, probably discovered there in the early to mid 1990s.
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One structure called MIL-73, with formula [Ni7(C4H2O4)4(OH)6·3H2O]·7H2O, crystallises in the monoclinic system with a=7.8597 b=18.8154 c=23.4377 β=92.029° unit cell volume V=3463.9 Å3. The structure consists of alternating layers of nickel hydroxide chains running in the b direction stacked side by side in the a direction, and succinate aligned in the c direction. Thermal decomposition resulted in stages of water loss at 45°, 60°, 110° (reversibly losing the .7H2O. More water is lost at 225° and total decomposition occurs at 280°C. Under 20K MIL-73 is ferrimagnetic. Another structure has formula [Ni7(C4H2O4)6(OH)2·2H2O]·2H2O.
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Very-high-pressure experiments at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory suggest that the base of the mantle may comprise an ocean of liquid diamond, with floating solid 'diamond-bergs'. Scientists also believe that rainfalls of solid diamonds occur on Uranus, as well as on Jupiter, Saturn, and Neptune. The bulk compositions of Uranus and Neptune are different from those of Jupiter and Saturn, with ice dominating over gases, hence justifying their separate classification as ice giants. There may be a layer of ionic water where the water molecules break down into a soup of hydrogen and oxygen ions, and deeper down superionic water in which the oxygen crystallises but the hydrogen ions move freely within the oxygen lattice.
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Pyrithione is the common name of an organosulfur compound with molecular formula , chosen as an abbreviation of pyridinethione, and found in the Persian shallot. It exists as a pair of tautomers, the major form being the thione 1-hydroxy-2(1H)-pyridinethione and the minor form being the thiol 2-mercaptopyridine N-oxide; it crystallises in the thione form. It is usually prepared from either 2-bromopyridine, 2-chloropyridine, or 2-chloropyridine N-oxide, and is commercially available as both the neutral compound and its sodium salt. It is used to prepare zinc pyrithione, which is used primarily to treat dandruff and seborrhoeic dermatitis in medicated shampoos, though is also an anti-fouling agent in paints.
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Like solid chlorine and iodine, solid bromine crystallises in the orthorhombic crystal system, in a layered lattice of Br2 molecules. The Br–Br distance is 227 pm (close to the gaseous Br–Br distance of 228 pm) and the Br···Br distance between molecules is 331 pm within a layer and 399 pm between layers (compare the van der Waals radius of bromine, 195 pm). This structure means that bromine is a very poor conductor of electricity, with a conductivity of around 5 × 10−13 Ω−1 cm−1 just below the melting point, although this is better than the essentially undetectable conductivity of chlorine. At a pressure of 55 GPa (roughly 540,000 times atmospheric pressure) bromine undergoes an insulator-to-metal transition.
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The concentration of Sm and Nd in silicate minerals increase with the order in which they crystallise from a magma according to Bowen's reaction series. Samarium is accommodated more easily into mafic minerals, so a mafic rock which crystallises mafic minerals will concentrate neodymium in the melt phase relative to samarium. Thus, as a melt undergoes fractional crystallization from a mafic to a more felsic composition, the abundance of Sm and Nd changes, as does the ratio between Sm and Nd. Thus, ultramafic rocks have high Sm and low Nd and therefore high Sm/Nd ratios. Felsic rocks have low concentrations of Sm and high Nd and therefore low Sm/Nd ratios (for example komatiite has 1.14 parts per million (ppm) Sm and 3.59 ppm Nd versus 4.65 ppm Sm and 21.6 ppm Nd in rhyolite).
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For example, thorium perchlorate is very water- soluble and crystallises from acidic solutions as the tetrahydrate , while thorium nitrate forms tetra- and pentahydrates, is soluble in water and alcohols, and is an important intermediate in the purification of thorium and its compounds. Thorium halides can often coordinate with lewis-acid solvents such as tetrahydrofuran and pyridine as follows: ThX4 \+ THF → ThX4(THF)3 Due to its great tendency towards hydrolysis, thorium does not form simple carbonates, but rather carbonato complexes such as , similarly to uranium(IV) and plutonium(IV). Thorium forms a stable tetranitrate, , a property shared only by plutonium(IV) among the actinides: it is the most common thorium salt and was the first known example of an 11-coordinated compound. Another example of the high coordination characteristic of thorium is , a 10-coordinated complex with distorted bicapped antiprismatic molecular geometry.
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Hypophosphoric acid can be prepared by the reaction of red phosphorus with sodium chlorite at room temperature.Phosphorus: Chemistry, Biochemistry and Technology, Sixth Edition, 2013, D.E.C. Corbridge, CRC Pres, Taylor Francis Group, :2 P + 2 NaClO2 \+ 2 H2O → Na2H2P2O6 \+ 2 HCl A mixture of hypophosphoric acid, phosphorous acid (H3PO3) and phosphoric acid (H3PO4) is produced when white phosphorus oxidises in air when partially immersed in water. The tetrasodium salt Na4P2O6·10H2O crystallises at pH 10 and the disodium salt, Na2H2PO6·6H2O at pH 5.2. The disodium salt can be passed through an ion exchange column to form the acid dihydrate, H4P2O6·2H2O. The anhydrous acid can be formed by vacuum dehydration over P4O10 or by the reaction of H2S on lead hypophosphate, Pb2P2O6. Hypophosphoric acid is tetraprotic with dissociation constants pKa1 = 2.2, pKa2 = 2.8, pKa3 = 7.3 and pKa4 = 10.0.
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The debtor is divested of his estate, and may not burden it with any further debts. A creditor's right to recover his claim in full by judicial proceedings is replaced by his right, on proving a claim against the insolvent estate, to share with all other proved creditors in the proceeds of the estate assets. Apart from what is permitted in the Act, nothing may be done which would have the effect of diminishing the estate assets or prejudicing the rights of creditors. “The object of the Act,” held the court in Walker v Syfret NO, “is to ensure a due distribution of assets among creditors in the order of their preference [...]. The sequestration order crystallises the insolvent’s position; the hand of the law is laid upon the estate, and at once the rights of the general body of creditors have to be taken into consideration.
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In The Mystical Qabalah Dion Fortune describes Keter as pure consciousness, beyond all categories, timeless, a point that crystallises out of the Ein Soph, and commences the process of emanation that ends in Malkuth. The name of God given to it is Eheieh, the archangel that presides over it is Metatron, the order of angels that resides in it are the Holy Living Creatures (the Chaioth ha Qadesh, Hebrew: חיות הקדש), and its mundane chakra is said to be the First Swirlings of the cosmos (Primum Mobile, Rashith ha Gilgalin). A.E. Waite made mention that Rabbi Azariel ben Menachem, a student of Isaac the Blind, in his Commentary on the Sephiroth granted a particular colour to each Sephira, yet these do not agree with the colours given in the Zohar, where Kether (which, according to him, is also correlated to Yechidah) is called colourless, Tiphareth purple, and Malkuth sapphire- blue.A.E. Waite, The Holy Kabbalah As pure formless consciousness, it is often compared with the Sahasrara chakra, which resides above the crown of the head, in Indian Shakta Tantra.
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Though the recipe of tin glazes may differ in different sites and periods, the process of the production of tin glazes is similar. Generally speaking, the first step of the production of tin glazes is to mix tin and lead in order to form oxides, which was then added to a glaze matrix (alkali-silicate glaze, for example) and heated.Canby, S. R. 1997 After the mixture cooled, the tin oxide crystallises as what has been mentioned above, therefore generates the so-called white tin-opacified glazes. Besides, the body of tin-opacified wares is generally calcareous clays containing 15-25% CaO, of which the thermal expansion coefficient is close to that of tin glazes, thus avoid crazing during the firing process.Tite, M. S. 1991Ravaglioli, A., A. Keajewski, M. S. Tite, R. R. Burn, P. A. Simpson, and G. C. Bojani. 1996 On the other hand, the calcareous clay fired in an oxidising atmosphere results in a buff colour, thus lower the concentration of tin oxide used Tite, M. S., Freestone, I. and Manson, R.B., "Lead glazes in antiquity - methods of production and reasons for use", archaeometry, 1998, 40:241-260 The white opaque surface makes tin glaze a good base for painted decoration.
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