"It brings us one step closer to crystallisation of contingent liabilities on the government's balance sheet," he told Reuters.
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Her narrative climaxes with the annexation of Crimea, the moment that she identifies as the crystallisation of Russia's new totalitarianism.
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That's why they're a perfect crystallisation of why, when time and place coalesce, with an extra-special band, it becomes iconic.
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His entrance comes as less of an "arrival" and more of a crystallisation of everything he's been working on since—almost literally—day one.
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But since the precise atomic details of the crystallisation process in IBM's ersatz neurons differ from cycle to cycle, their behaviour is necessarily slightly unpredictable.
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Another source of vulnerability is the potential crystallisation of contingent liabilities, which at EUR40bn in 203 (19.3% of GDP) are amongst the highest in the European Union.
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However, the following factors, individually or collectively, could result in negative rating action: - An increase in general government debt to GDP, for example from loosening of Spain's fiscal policy stance, crystallisation of sizeable contingent liabilities or weaker GDP growth.
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However, future developments that could, individually or collectively, result in a downgrade include: - A marked increase in the general government debt/GDP ratio; - Crystallisation of contingent liabilities, for example further state support to the banking sector or to other eurozone countries.
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It said that in light of sterling's recent weakness it had entered into a hedging arrangement however movements overnight resulted in a crystallisation of that rate at 1.19, resulting in a negative impact of 15 million pounds to its 2016-17 core earnings forecast.
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RATING SENSITIVITIES Key rating triggers that could result in a downgrade include a fall in Prudential's Prism score to the low end of the 'very strong' category, triggered for example by rapid growth in the US VA business; Fitch-calculated financial leverage over 25% (end-2015: 17%); or material crystallisation of credit risk, longevity risk or adverse policyholder behaviour.
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RATING SENSITIVITIES Key rating triggers that could result in a downgrade include: a fall in Prudential's Prism score to low in the 'very strong' category or in its US operations' regulatory risk-based capital ratio to below 400%; Fitch-calculated financial leverage over 15493% (end-1H15: 18%); interest coverage below 5x (10.3x in 2014); or material crystallisation of credit risk, longevity risk or adverse policyholder behaviour.
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Crystallisation-type hand warmer with scale showing metal disc trigger Short clip showing the activation and crystallisation of a crystallisation-type reusable hand warmer.
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Meldrum was awarded an Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council Fellowship in 2010. Her fellowship considers confined crystallisation in biological systems. She studied the crystallisation of calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate and their behaviour in confined systems. She demonstrated that confinement slows crystallisation, stabilising metaphases.
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Sonication can also be used to initiate crystallisation processes and even control polymorphic crystallisations.Deora, N.S., Misra, N.N., et al. (2013) Ultrasound for improved crystallisation in food processing, Food Engineering Reviews, 5(1):36-44. It is used to intervene in anti-solvent precipitations (crystallisation) to aid mixing and isolate small crystals.
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Confined crystallisation can be used to control the polycrystalline structure of crystals. Supported by the Leverhulme Trust, Meldrum showed that even nanoscale confinement can template crystallisation. Meldrum looks to use biology to guide crystal growth, demonstrating precipitation with mould and via an amorphous precursor phase. She also looked how water-soluble block copolymers can influence the crystallisation of barium sulfate and calcium carbonate.
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Supercritical water heated between 350 and 750 °C under pressures around 200 bars can be used. A sealed platinum tube can withstand the heat and pressure. Crystallisation takes about a day. With subcritical water around 200 °C, crystallisation takes about 2 days.
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This oil treatment from Denmark creates virtually invisible protective crystallisation or resinification inside the wood.
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The resulting tungstic acid is dissolved in ammonia, and the ammonic tungstate purified by crystallisation.
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Crystallisation is usually difficult to monitor, as precipitation occurs very rapidly and is severely impacted by impurities. Microfluidic devices offer more control of the crystallisation rate, providing reproducible conditions for crystal growth and the potential to analyse the growth in situ. Meldrum developed a Crystal Hotel to study crystallisation in a variety of environments and equilibrium conditions. Meldrum has developed a range of experimental techniques; including Bragg coherent diffraction imaging, Brewster angle microscopy, liquid-cell Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and Infrared spectroscopy.
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This type of hand warmer can be recharged by immersing the hand-warmer in very hot water until the contents are uniform and then allowing it to cool. The release of heat is triggered by flexing a small metal disk in the hand warmer, which generates nucleation centers that initiate crystallisation. Heat is required to dissolve the salt in its own water of crystallisation and it is this heat that is released when crystallisation is initiated. The latent heat of fusion is about 264–289 kJ/kg.
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The brand of low-temperature coke used as a smokeless fuel Coalite obtains homocatechol from ammoniacal liquor by solvent extraction, distillation and crystallisation.
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Cerium (III) sulfate tetrahydrate is a white solid that releases its water of crystallisation at 220 °C. It has (like the white octahydrate) a monoclinic crystal structure with the space group P21/c (space group 14). The nonahydrate has a hexagonal crystal structure with the space group P63/m (space group 176). Hydrates of this compound are known with 12, 9, 8, 5, 4 and 2 parts of water of crystallisation.
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Miller joined the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology (UMIST) in 2002. She was made a full Professor in 2014. She continued to investigate the behaviour of molecules at different interfaces, including the air-liquid and liquid-liquid interface. Surfactants and polymers can be used to promote or inhibit the crystallisation of small molecules, for example the use of hydroxyl based polymers in the crystallisation of ice cream.
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Amongst several organic additives, Meldrum has incorporated amino acids into calcite. The choice of additive is guided by genetic algorithms, resulting in the production of crystals with desired properties. She has evaluated how the surface topography impacts ice crystallisation, showing acute geometries give rise to a confined crystalline, which is followed by the formation of a bulk phase. The Meldrum group develop microfluidic devices to monitor crystallisation processes.
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Among non-living things, snowflakes have striking sixfold symmetry: each flake is unique, its structure recording the varying conditions during its crystallisation similarly on each of its six arms.
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Her other research interests included the crystallisation of haemoglobin, and working with her husband, made studies of animal bones, especially bird bones, at archaeological sites mainly in Northern Ireland and Oxfordshire.
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Re Brightlife Ltd [1987] 1 Ch 200 is a UK insolvency law case, concerning the conversion of a floating charge into a fixed charge ("crystallisation"). It held that an automatic crystallisation clause was part of the parties’ freedom of contract. It could not be limited by court created public policy exceptions. The significance of the case was largely outpaced by the Insolvency Act 1986 section 251, which said a floating charge was one that was created as a floating charge.
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Granular Matter, 21(2), 26 . Both the face-centred cubic (fcc) and hexagonal close packed (hcp) crystal lattices have maximum densities equal to this upper limit, which can occur through the process of granular crystallisation.
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Accumulation occurs as crystals are formed by fractional crystallisation and, if they are dense enough, precipitate out from the magma. In large, hot magma chambers having vigorous convection and settling, pseudo-sedimentary structures such as flow banding, graded bedding, scour channels, and foreset beds, can be created. The Skaergaard intrusion in Greenland is a prime example of these quasi- sedimentary structures. Whilst the dominant process of layering is fractional crystallisation, layering can also result in a magma body through assimilation of the wall rocks.
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Complete hydrolysis of isomalt yields glucose (50%), sorbitol (25%), and mannitol (25%). It is an odorless, white, crystalline substance containing about 5% water of crystallisation. Isomalt has a minimal cooling effect (positive heat of solutionWohlfarth, Christian.
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Indeed, a S. cerevisiae-based growth assay laid the foundation for the isolation, crystallisation, and later structural determination of biotin. Most strains also require pantothenate for full growth. In general, S. cerevisiae is prototrophic for vitamins.
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He also gained access to the physics lab of Leonhard Sohncke (Direktor, Physikalisches Institut der Universität Jena, 1883–1886; Professor der Physik an der Technischen Hochschule München 1886 -1897), who was studying crystallisation during that period.
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It also said there was no place for automatic crystallisation of floating charges ‘in modern insolvency law’, on the basis that it would adversely affect other creditors and that the charge did not need to be registered.
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Dry Creek salt crystallisation pans, view to the southwest. The Dry Creek channel borders the pans along their northern edge (bottom of photo) and joins with Swan Alley creek (just visible on the right of the photo).
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The solubility of picric acid and styphnic acid in water is less than their corresponding mono- and di-nitro compounds, and far less than their non-nitrated percursor phenols, so they may be purified by fractional crystallisation.
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In a historic set of experiments, Alfred Werner obtained chiral resolution by fractional crystallisation of the diastereomeric D-(+)-bromocamphorsulfonate salt. This ion has a high specific rotation of 2640°. More efficient methods involve the bis(tartrato)diantimonate(III) salt.
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Fiona C. Meldrum is a British scientist who is a Professor of Inorganic Chemistry at the University of Leeds where she works on bio-inspired materials and crystallisation processes. She won the 2017 Royal Society of Chemistry Interdisciplinary Prize.
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It could be prejudicial to a third party, because it does not get registered. Counsel referred to the Canadian case R v Consolidated Churchill Copper Corp Ltd,[1978] 5 WWR 652 where Berger J rejected the concept of a "self generating crystallisation".
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Many other diols have been tested in place of bisphenol A, e.g. 1,1-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)cyclohexane and dihydroxybenzophenone. The cyclohexane is used as a comonomer to suppress crystallisation tendency of the BPA-derived product. Tetrabromobisphenol A is used to enhance fire resistance.
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The initial crystallisation of minerals from the magma ocean formed the primordial crust. A potential explanation of this process states the resultant solidification of the mantle edge took place approximately 4.43 Ga. This would subsequently produce continents composed of komatiite, an ultramafic rock rich in magnesium with a high melting point and low dynamic viscosity. Another line of research follows up on this, proposing that differences in the densities of newly formed crystals caused separation of crustal rocks; upper crust largely composed of fractionated gabbros and lower crust composed of anorthosites. The overall result of initial crystallisation formed a primordial crust roughly 60 km in depth.
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In these small volumes, the time until the first crystal appears is usually defined to be the nucleation time. In larger volumes many nucleation events will occur. A simple model for crystallisation in that case, that combines nucleation and growth is the KJMA or Avrami model.
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It occurs in evaporites, presumably from the oxidation of sulfide minerals in the presence of clays. It is very soluble in water, and so can only be found in dry regions: however, in can still effloresce (lose water of crystallisation) in extremely arid climates, altering to tamarugite (the hexahydrate).
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At Lehigh University she developed innovative ways to teach undergraduates how to interpret crystallography. She uses lysozyme to teach students about molecular modelling and crystallisation. She has campaigned for a Synchrotron light source in South Africa. She joined Vassar College in 2017 as an assistant professor in chemistry.
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Calcium chloride then reacts with calcium hydroxide (portlandite) present in cement hydration products and forms a deleterious expanding phase also named CAOXY (abbreviation for calcium oxychloride) by concrete technologists. The stress induced into concrete by crystallisation pressure and CAOXY salt expansion can considerably reduce the strength of concrete.
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PB-1 is compatible with a wide range of tackifier resins. It offers high cohesive and adhesive strength and helps tailoring the "open time" of the adhesive (up to 30 minutes) because of its slow crystallisation kinetics. It improves the thermal stability and the viscosity of the adhesive.
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Dark layers of chromite-rich cumulate rock alternating with light layers of plagioclase-rich rock in the Bushveld Igneous Complex, South Africa Oxide mineral cumulates form in layered intrusions when fractional crystallisation has progressed enough to allow the crystallisation of oxide minerals which are invariably a form of spinel. This can happen due to fractional enrichment of the melt in iron, titanium or chromium. These conditions are created by the high- temperature fractionation of highly magnesian olivine or pyroxene, which causes a relative iron-enrichment in the residual melt. When the iron content of the melt is sufficiently high, magnetite or ilmenite crystallise and, due to their high density, form cumulate rocks.
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Purely pyroxene-bearing volcanic rocks are rare, restricted to spinifex-textured sills, lava tubes and thick flows in the Archaean greenstone belts. Here, the pyroxenite lavas are created by in-situ crystallisation and accumulation of pyroxene at the base of a lava flow, creating the distinctive spinifex texture, but also occasionally mesocumulate and orthocumulate segregations. This is in essence similar to the formation of olivine spinifex textures in komatiite lava flows, the chemistry of the magma differing only to favor crystallisation of pyroxene. A type locality is the Gullewa Greenstone Belt, in the Murchison region of Western Australia, and the Duketon Belt near Laverton, where pyroxene spinifex lavas are closely associated with gold deposits.
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Sheikh Muszaphar performed experiments on board the International Space Station relating to the characteristics and growth of liver cancer and leukaemia cells, the crystallisation of various proteins and microbes in space. The experiments relating to liver cancer, leukaemia cells and microbes will benefit general science and medical research, while the experiments relating to the crystallisation of proteins, lipases in this case, will directly benefit local industries. Lipase are a type of protein enzymes used in the manufacturing of a diverse range of products from textiles to cosmetics, and the opportunity to grow these in space will mean a possibility for Malaysian scientists to take a crack at an industry worth some US$2.2bil (MYR7.7bil) worldwide by producing these locally.
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Schematic diagrams showing the principles behind fractional crystallisation in a magma. While cooling, the magma evolves in composition because different minerals crystallize from the melt. 1: olivine crystallizes; 2: olivine and pyroxene crystallize; 3: pyroxene and plagioclase crystallize; 4: plagioclase crystallizes. At the bottom of the magma reservoir, a cumulate rock forms.
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A high-strength glass-ceramic cooktop with negligible thermal expansion. Glass- ceramic materials contain both non-crystalline glass and crystalline ceramic phases. They are formed by controlled nucleation and partial crystallisation of a base glass by heat treatment. Crystalline grains are often embedded within a non-crystalline intergranular phase of grain boundaries.
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Adamellite intruded, named Mount Pearson Pluton and feeding the St Marys Porphyrite at . A second stage of adamellite came at and alkali-feldspar granite derived by fractional crystallisation followed at . Similar ages and sequences of types apply to the other batholiths. In the batholiths there are quartz-feldspar porphyry and dolerite dykes.
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In 1986 his first collection of short stories, Song for Simone, was published and was described as "one of the most powerful crystallisation of Caribbean childhood since George Lamming's In the Castle of My Skin."Gayle Sojourn, "Simone" , 2000. The Jacob Ross Website. Song of Simone has been translated into several languages.
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Schematic diagrams showing the principles behind fractional crystallisation in a magma. While cooling, the magma evolves in composition because different minerals crystallize from the melt. 1: olivine crystallizes; 2: olivine and pyroxene crystallize; 3: pyroxene and plagioclase crystallize; 4: plagioclase crystallizes. At the bottom of the magma reservoir, a cumulate rock forms.
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Schematic diagrams showing the principles behind fractional crystallisation in a magma. While cooling, the magma evolves in composition because different minerals crystallize from the melt. 1: olivine crystallizes; 2: olivine and pyroxene crystallize; 3: pyroxene and plagioclase crystallize; 4: plagioclase crystallizes. At the bottom of the magma reservoir, a cumulate rock forms.
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Iodine monochloride and iodine monobromide may be prepared simply by reacting iodine with chlorine or bromine at room temperature and purified by fractional crystallisation. Both are quite reactive and attack even platinum and gold, though not boron, carbon, cadmium, lead, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, and tungsten. Their reaction with organic compounds depends on conditions.
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Flow and turbulence, high temperatures and chemical reactions, sculpted and potholed the surface of the floor in a process similar to the erosion caused by running water. With the end of the outpouring, when emplacement ceased, cooling of the magma started, leaving the potholes filled, and creating a fault surface at the interface of the pothole and the filling magma. The final phase was when crystallisation of chromitite was followed by that of pyroxene and plagioclase, while the contents of the potholes, also consisting of UG2 or Merensky Reef, but having followed a different cooling profile, showed little or no crystallisation of chromitite. The problems posed by potholes to mining operations are rooted in the fracturing and fragmentation of the material in potholes and their surroundings.
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The Dürr system hygiene for disinfection and cleaning in surgeries and laboratories was introduced in 1986. From 1987, amalgam separators were produced. In 1989, the first X-ray film developer with dip tank technology was brought onto the market. Crystallisation of the chemicals on the rollers is prevented, thus ensuring lasting optimal image quality.
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The fusion of proteins with MBP usually enhances their solubility and facilitates their proper folding so that the fusion proteins are most often bifunctional. In addition, such fusions can facilitate the crystallisation of difficult proteins, e.g. membrane proteins. The crystallized protein can often have their structures resolved using molecular replacement on a known MBP structure.
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He became a naturalised citizen of the UK in 1953. In 1955, he moved to the University of Bristol Physics Department as Research Assistant heading a team financed by the Ministry of Supply (later Ministry of Aviation). At Bristol, he began to further develop his ideas on crystallisation, and obtained his PhD there in 1958.
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Arsenic acid is prepared by treating arsenic trioxide with concentrated nitric acid. Dinitrogen trioxide is produced as a by-product. :As2O3 \+ 2 HNO3 \+ 2 H2O → 2 H3AsO4 \+ N2O3 The resulting solution is cooled to give colourless crystals of the hemihydrate H3AsO4·H2O, although the dihydrate H3AsO4·2H2O is produced when crystallisation occurs at lower temperatures.
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29 Because phenocrysts represent the earlier part of crystallisation, and a melt may have evolved somewhat in between stages of cooling, they cannot be used to accurately describe the rock's true mineralogy or chemistry, but do provide an approximate estimation. As a result of this potential for error, phenotypes are identified using the prefix pheno-.
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He used a multi- technique approach and applied novel analytical and spectroscopic methods to solve these mineralogical problems. These results have been used to provide indication of the conditions prevailing during the progressive crystallisation of magmas. Hawthorne's work on the energetic content of the chemical bonds in mineral structures has advanced solid-state chemistry and crystallography.
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Mafic magmas are more liable to flow, and are therefore more likely to undergo periodic replenishment of a magma chamber. Because they are more fluid, crystal precipitation occurs much more rapidly, resulting in greater changes by fractional crystallisation. Higher temperatures also allow mafic magmas to assimilate wall rocks more readily and therefore contamination is more common and better developed.
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Today the largest producers of caesium, for example the Tanco Mine in Manitoba, Canada, produce rubidium as by-product from pollucite. Today, a common method for separating rubidium from potassium and caesium is the fractional crystallisation of a rubidium and caesium alum (Cs, Rb)Al(SO4)2·12H2O, which yields pure rubidium alum after approximately 30 recrystallisations.
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Investigating composition and age variation of these rims help to constrain the timing and rate of crystallisation as well as the composition of the melt, especially for rocks where zircon is not present.Miller, B. V., Fetter, A. H., & Stewart, K. G. (2006). Plutonism in three orogenic pulses, eastern Blue Ridge Province, southern Appalachians. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 118(1–2), 171–184.
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Lactose composes about 2–8% of milk by weight. Several million tons are produced annually as a by-product of the dairy industry. Whey or milk plasma is the liquid remaining after milk is curdled and strained, for example in the production of cheese. Whey is made up of 6.5% solids, of which 4.8% is lactose, which is purified by crystallisation.
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Glauber's salt, the decahydrate, is used as a laxative. It is effective for the removal of certain drugs such as paracetamol (acetaminophen) from the body, for example, after an overdose. In 1953, sodium sulfate was proposed for heat storage in passive solar heating systems. This takes advantage of its unusual solubility properties, and the high heat of crystallisation (78.2 kJ/mol).
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Rupke, Nicolaas, 2008. Alexander von Humboldt: A Metabiography (corrected edition). Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press; Rupke shows how from the middle of the nineteenth century to the present day Humboldt has served as a nucleus of crystallisation for a variety of successive socio-political ideologies in Germany. James Moore and Ralph Colp have applied the metabiographical approach to Charles Darwin.
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Copper is found in association with many other metals and deposit styles. Commonly, copper is either formed within sedimentary rocks, or associated with igneous rocks. The world's major copper deposits are formed within the granitic porphyry copper style. Copper is enriched by processes during crystallisation of the granite and forms as chalcopyrite -- a sulfide mineral, which is carried up with the granite.
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After the formation of lead-tin oxide, the melting of PbSiO3, PbO and PbSnO3 occurs at the temperature in the range of 700℃ to 750℃, resulting in the dissolution of PbSnO3 to SnO2. The degree of the crystallisation of SnO2 increases with the increasing of temperature. During either heating or cooling, the recrystallisation is taken place until the supply of tin is exhausted.
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Ammine complexes like hexaamminenickel chloride also exist. Nickel bromide NiBr2 is yellow, also crystallising in the cadmium chloride structure. It can form a hexahydrate, NiBr2·6H2O. Crystallisation above 29° forms a trihydrate NiBr2·3H2O, and a dihydrate NiBr2·2H2O.Nicholls p1126-1127 Nonahydrate, NiBr2·9H2O can crystallise from water below 2 °C. Nickelous hexammine bromide Ni(NH3)6Br2is violet or blue.
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Copper(I) thiocyanate forms one double salt with the group 1 elements, CsCu (SCN)2. The double salt only forms from concentrated solutions of CsSCN, into which CuSCN dissolves. From less concentrated solutions, solid CuSCN separates reflecting its low solubility. When brought together with potassium, sodium or barium thiocyanate, and brought to crystallisation by concentrating the solution, mixed salts will crystallise out.
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The poetry of Juarroz is spare and sometimes cryptic, with lines such as "busco las espaldas de Dios" ("I seek the back of God"). Octavio Paz wrote: "Each poem of Roberto Juarroz is a surprising verbal crystallisation: language reduced to a bead of light. A major poet of absolute moments."In Duodécima Poesía Vertical, Ediciones Carlos Lohlé, Buenos Aires, 1991.
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Her undergraduate efforts were recognised by the Austrian Chemical Society, who presented her with their prize for her diploma thesis. She earned her doctoral degree at ETH Zurich. She was appointed as a group leader there in 2007, where she studied crystallisation kinetics in solid state ionic conductors and solid-oxide fuel cells. She was awarded the ETH Zurich medal for PhD excellence.
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Povey joined the School of Food Science at the University of Leeds as a postdoctoral researcher in the 1970s. There she started studying the physics of food, specialising in the application of ultrasound in both characterisation and food manufacture. She has studied the crystallisation and growth of fat. Her research combines computational and mathematical modelling to develop both food and equipment.
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Hydromagnesite thermally decomposes in three stages releasing water and carbon dioxide. The first stage starting at about 220 °C, is the release of the four molecules of water of crystallisation. This is followed at about 330 °C by the decomposition of the hydroxide ion to a further molecule of water. Finally, at about 350 °C carbon dioxide begins to be released.
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Bimodal deposition followed with lavas, minor intrusions, ash-flows and volcaniclastic rocks with some ash-flows exhibiting Ediacaran body fossils.J. C. W. Cope, An Ediacara type fauna from South Wales 1977, Nature, London 264,624 The geochemistry notes that fractional crystallisation process within the magma chamber links the lavas with the tuffs and gives intra-plate as well as subduction geochemical signatures.
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But after crystallisation, assets received by the company can be caught by the charge.N W Robbie & Co Ltd v Witney Warehouse Co Ltd [1963] 1 WLR 1324 One way for companies to gain priority with floating charges originally was to stipulate in the charge agreement that the charge would convert from "floating" to "fixed" automatically on some event before the date of insolvency. According to the default rules at common law, floating charges impliedly crystallise when a receiver is appointed, if a business ceases or is sold, if a company is would up, or if under the terms of the debenture provision is made for crystallisation on reasonable notice from the charge holder.See Re Panama, New Zealand and Australian Royal Mail Co (1870) 5 Ch App 318, Re Woodroffes (Musical Instruments) Ltd [1986] Ch 366, Re Real Meat Co Ltd [1996] BCLC 254.
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Other organic materials such as leather, skin and textiles were treated similarly, by keeping them moist in tanks or sealed plastic containers. Bone and ivory was desalinated to prevent damage from salt crystallisation, as were glass, ceramic and stone. Iron, copper and copper alloy objects were kept moist in a sodium sesquicarbonate solution to prevent oxidisation and reaction with the chlorides that had penetrated the surface.
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Dry Creek salt crystallisation pans, view to the southwest, towards Port Adelaide. The buildings of the Dry Creek explosives depot are just visible on the left of the photo, at the point where the lines of alignment of the salt pans appear to converge. The narrow gauge railway line to Broad Creek (visible in the middle distance) was covered by later development of the salt pans.
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The rocks that make up the feature consist of hornblende-biotite monzogranite gneiss that are medium to coarse-grained and moderately foliated containing minerals such as perthite, quartz, hornblende with accessory biotite, opaques, apatite, and zircon. The original rock that underwent medium metamorphism was granite. The estimated age of crystallisation is 702 ± 7 million years. The Cape to Cape Track passes near the lookout over the rocks.
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In 1991 Howard moved to become Professor of Crystallography at Durham University. She has co- authored over 1,500 scientific publications, resulting in a H-index of 73. Howard's research is in x-ray crystallography. Her interests include in-situ crystallisation of liquids, ultra-low temperature crystallography, high pressure crystallography, experimental charge density analysis, solid-state reactions the study of non-linear optical materials and magnetically interesting materials.
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A meteorite was recovered here on July 10, 1977. The meteorite was discovered in alluvium approximately 200,000 years old.Weathering-Induced Re-crystallisation of Kamacite, Grokhovsky, V.A. 60th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting It weighed and was classified by the Natural History Museum as a medium Octahedrite,Natural History Museum Catlogue containing (mineral composition determined by X-ray spectral microanalysis): 9.25% nickel, 0.42% cobalt, and 0.30% phosphorus.
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Strontianite is an uncommon low-temperature hydrothermal mineral formed in veins in limestone, marl, and chalk, and in geodes and concretions. It occurs rarely in hydrothermal metallic veins but is common in carbonatites. It most likely crystallises at or near 100 °C. Its occurrence in open vugs and veins suggests crystallisation at very low pressures, probably at most equal to the hydrostatic pressure of the ground water.
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In 1929 Berkhoff started his career as a research chemist at DSM (Dutch State Mines). During the nineteen thirties, he supervised the development of fertilizers for the Nitrogen Fixation Plant (Stikstofbindings Bedrijf (SBB)). His publications on the crystallisation of ammonium nitrate date from this period. His visionary and social talents led to the changing from incremental research (responding to the competition) to innovative research (taking the initiative).
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Mimi Secue started to make music in the spring of 1999. The crystallisation point of the early musical work was the Cselley Mill, a long time point of culture and music in the east of Austria. Mimi Secue see themselves as a classically rock-orchestrated band with guitars, bass guitar, drums and voice, extended by strings, vibraphone, glockenspiel and metallophone bound to the slowed-down guitar music.
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Aside from the volcanic rocks, deposits of salts, sulfur and travertine produced by hot springs are found on the southern flank. The volcanic rocks define a calc-alkaline potassium-rich suite which resembles that of Chilean and Peruvian volcanoes such as Tutupaca. They contain large amounts of rubidium, strontium and barium. Complicated processes of crystallisation and interaction with Earth's crust appear to have produced the magma.
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Meldrum was appointed a postdoctoral research fellow at Syracuse University, where she worked on nanoparticle assembly with Janos Fendler. Whilst there, she contributed to the book Biomimetic Materials Chemistry. Meldrum was a Humboldt Research Fellow at the Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, working on crystallisation using surface plasmon spectroscopy with Wolfgang Knoll. She explored chemical deposition of PbS on gold using self- assembled monolayers.
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Understanding the igneous petrology of monazite is important to be able to date the crystallisation age of igneous rocks. Monazite is commonly present as an accessory mineral in low-CaO peraluminous granitoids, from diorites, micaceous granites to pegmatites. The reason for the low CaO content is probably that melts with high CaO content promote the formation of apatite and allanite but not monazite.Watt, G. R., & Harley, S. L. (1993).
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Although the fractional crystallisation of basaltic melts can yield small amounts of granites, such granites must occur together with large amounts of basaltic rocks. A-type granites were defined as to occur in anorogenic setting, have alkaline and anhydrous compositions. They show a peculiar mineralogy and geochemistry, with particularly high silicon and potassium at the expense of calcium and magnesium.Winter, J.D. (2010) Principles of Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology.
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Blundy subsequently collaborated with Katharine Cashman at the University of Oregon on Mount St. Helens volcano in the Cascade Range of northwestern USA. Blundy and Cashman demonstrated the importance of degassing in driving the crystallisation of volatile-bearing magmas, a process that can occur without any attendant cooling. In fact, because of the release of latent heat of fusion, magmas that crystallise by decompression can actually get hotter in the process.
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However, the effectiveness of that Act was limited by the fact that a floating charge crystallises into a fixed charge prior to enforcement, and so it was not until the Insolvency Act 1986 modified the provision to state that a floating charge include any charge which was created as a floating charge (i.e. irrespective of subsequent crystallisation) that priority of the preferred creditors was promoted ahead of the floating chargeholders.
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Talmessite is a moderately hard mineral, with Mohs hardness 5, harder than fluorite but not as hard as quartz. The specific gravity calculated from the formula and the cell dimensions is 3.49, but the measured value is less for ordinary talmessite, at 3.42 and more for the cobaltoan variety, at 3.57. The mineral displays polysynthetic twinning. It is not radioactive and it loses water of crystallisation at 450o.
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They rely on auditory feedback for both song learning and practice as juveniles and song maintenance as adults. Adult birds maintain their songs by correcting any deviations from their target song template. During adulthood, by around 90 days, the bird's song goes through a crystallisation phase where their song template is stable and it no longer changes. Male zebra finches begin to sing at puberty, while females lack a singing ability.
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Antimony freely substitutes also leading to ullmannite, NiSbS. It has a Mohs hardness of 5.5 and a specific gravity of 5.9 to 6.33. Gersdorffite has three crystallisation forms: Gersdorffite-P213 (NiAsS), Gersdorffite-Pa3 (Ni(As,S)2) and Gersdorffite-Pca21 (NiAsS).Bayliss P (1982) A further crystal structure refinement of gersdorffite, American Mineralogist 67, 1058-1064 Gersdorffite occurs as a hydrothermal vein mineral along with other nickel sulfides.
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The most famous one is continental growth model which is similar to the modern tectonic dynamics. Relatively low crystallisation temperature and some are enriched in heavy oxygen, contain inclusion similar to modern crustal processes and show evidence of silicate differentiation at ~4.5 Ga. Early terrestrial hydrosphere, early felsic crust in which granitoids were produced and later weathered under high water activity conditions and even the possible existence of plate boundary interactions.
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Her main research areas are the microfabrication and selective patterning of organic electronic materials and inorganic-organic frameworks. She developed a model that describes the relationship between charge transport, disorder and aggregation in conjugated molecular systems. High molecular weight polymers demonstrate a charge transport that is limited by lattice disorder. She also demonstrated that crystallisation of fullerene molecules in polymer/fullerene blends is the driver of charge separation.
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Hartmut later worked on the crystallisation of membrane proteins - essential for their structure elucidation by X-ray crystallography. He received the Nobel Prize jointly with Johann Deisenhofer and Robert Huber in 1988. Together with Michel and Huber, Deisenhofer determined the three- dimensional structure of a protein complex found in certain photosynthetic bacteria. This membrane protein complex, called a photosynthetic reaction center, was known to play a crucial role in initiating a simple type of photosynthesis.
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Although structural changes following phosphorylation are uncertain, crystallisation of parkin revealed a cationic pocket in RING0 formed by lysine and arginine residues Lys161, Arg163 and Lys211 that forms a putative phosphate binding site. Considering that RING0 is unique to parkin and that its hydrophobic interface with RING1 buries Cys431 in inactive parkin, targeting of phosphorylated Ub and/or Ubl towards this binding niche might be critical in dismantling autoinhibitory complexes during parkin activation.
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Nevertheless, the composition of anatectic melts may change toward the magmatic melts through high-degree fractional crystallization. Fractional crystallisation serves to reduce a melt in iron, magnesium, titanium, calcium and sodium, and enrich the melt in potassium and silicon – alkali feldspar (rich in potassium) and quartz (SiO2), are two of the defining constituents of granite. This process operates regardless of the origin of parental magmas to granites, and regardless of their chemistry.
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The production of chocolate aims to crystallise the chocolate so that the cocoa butter is predominantly in form V, which is the most stable form that can be obtained from melted cocoa butter. (Form VI either develops in solid cocoa butter after long storage, or is obtained by crystallisation from solvents). A uniform form V crystal structure will result in smooth texture, sheen, and snap. This structure is obtained by chocolate tempering.
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Diammonium dicadmium sulfate can be made by evaporating a solution of ammonium sulfate and cadmium sulfate. Dithallium dicadmium sulfate can be made by evaporating a water solution at 85 °C. Other substances may be formed during crystallisation from water such as Tutton's salts or competing compounds like Rb2Cd3(SO4)4·5H2O. Potassium and ammonium nickel langbeinite can be made from nickel sulfate and the other sulfates by evaporating a water solution at 85 °C.
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The provisions were re-enacted in the Companies (Consolidation) Act 1908, the Companies Act 1929 and the Companies Act 1948. Unfortunately its provisions were largely ineffective as a floating charge would invariably crystallise into a fixed charge prior to enforcement. It was not until the Insolvency Act 1986 that the definition of floating charge was expanded to include any charge which was created as a fixed charge (ie. irrespective of subsequent crystallisation).
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Like vanadium(III) fluoride, MnF3 features octahedral metal centers with the same average M-F bond distances. In the Mn compound, however, is distorted (and hence a monoclinic unit cell vs. a higher symmetry one) due to the Jahn-Teller effect, with pairs of Mn-F distances of 1.79, 1.91, 2.09 Å.Wells, A.F. (1984) Structural Inorganic Chemistry, Oxford: Clarendon Press. . The hydrate MnF3.3H2O is obtained by crystallisation of MnF3 from hydrofluoric acid.
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Sulfide phases only form in ultramafic magmas when the magma reaches sulfur saturation. This is generally thought to be nearly impossible by pure fractional crystallisation, so other processes are usually required in ore genesis models to explain sulfur saturation. These include contamination of the magma with crustal material, especially sulfur-rich wall-rocks or sediments; magma mixing; volatile gain or loss. Often platinum is associated with nickel, copper, chromium, and cobalt deposits.
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Sugar beets Beet sugar producers slice the washed beets, then extract the sugar with hot water in a "diffuser". An alkaline solution ("milk of lime" and carbon dioxide from the lime kiln) then serves to precipitate impurities (see carbonatation). After filtration, evaporation concentrates the juice to a content of about 70% solids, and controlled crystallisation extracts the sugar. A centrifuge removes the sugar crystals from the liquid, which gets recycled in the crystalliser stages.
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Conventionally, they are displayed as isosurfaces with positive density—electron density where there's nothing in the model, usually corresponding to some constituent of the crystal that hasn't been modelled, for example a ligand or a crystallisation adjutant -- in green, and negative density—parts of the model not backed up by electron density, indicating either that an atom has been disordered by radiation damage or that it is modelled in the wrong place—in red.
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Flooded Dry Creek explosives depot Dry Creek is a mostly industrial suburb north of Adelaide, containing significant wetlands and a substantial area formerly devoted to salt crystallisation pans, managed by Ridley Corporation, which planned to redevelop the site for housing. This plan, first put forward in 2008, was revived in 2013, for a proposed 10,000 homes.Plan to build 10,000 homes on Dry Creek salt pans News Review Messenger, 15 March 2013. Retrieved 14 June 2020.
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Planning for a third runway (called Startbahn 18 West) began in 1973. This project spawned massive protests by residents and environmentalists. The main points of conflict were increasing noise and pollution and the cutting down of protected trees in the Frankfurt City Forest. While the protests and related lawsuits were unsuccessful in preventing construction, the Startbahn West protests were one of the major crystallisation points for the German environmental movement of the 1980s.
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Many methods, have been devised for synthetically producing ACC since its discovery at 1989, however, only few syntheses successfully stabilized ACC for more than several weeks. The best effective method to stabilize ACC lifetime is by forming it in the presence of magnesium and/or phosphorus. Also, ACC crystallisation pathways have been observed to depend on its Mg/Ca ratio, transforming to aragonite, Mg-calcite, monohydrocalcite or dolomite with increasing Mg content. Huang et al.
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The crystallisation of sugar from molasses was difficult and therefore the sugar had to be separated from the molasses. In 1863 Scheibler invented the elution method. During his research on molasses he discovered several compounds in molasses, for example betaine, asparaginic acid, glutamic acid, arabinose, arabinic acid, dextran, phosphoglyceride and cholesterol. He improved the strontia saccharate process, in which strontium hydroxide is mixed with the molasses and strontium di-saccharate precipitates and can be separated from the molasses.
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The usefulness of Sm–Nd dating stems from the fact that these two elements are rare earth elements and are thus, theoretically, not particularly susceptible to partitioning during sedimentation and diagenesis. Fractional crystallisation of felsic minerals changes the Sm/Nd ratio of the resultant materials. This, in turn, influences the rate at which the 143Nd/144Nd ratio increases due to production of radiogenic 143Nd. In many cases, Sm–Nd and Rb–Sr isotope data are used together.
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The core of the augen is a porphyroblast or porphyroclast of a hard, resilient mineral such as garnet. The augen grows by crystallisation of a mantle of new mineral around the porphyroblast. The mantle is formed contiguous with the foliation which is imparted upon the rock, and forms a blanket which tapers off from either side of the porphyroblast within the strain shadows. During shearing, the porphyroblast may rotate, to form a characteristic augen texture of asymmetric shearing.
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Vibration of a random loose packing can result in the arrangement of spherical particles into regular packings, a process known as granular crystallisation. Such processes depend on the geometry of the container holding the spherical grains. When spheres are randomly added to a container and then compressed, they will generally form what is known as an "irregular" or "jammed" packing configuration when they can be compressed no more. This irregular packing will generally have a density of about 64%.
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Stéphane Leduc Stéphane Leduc (1 November 1853 – 8 March 1939) was a French biologist who sought to contribute to understanding of the chemical and physical mechanisms of life. He was a scientist in the fledgling field of synthetic biology, particularly in relation to diffusion and osmosis. He was a professor at the École de Médecine de Nantes and worked on osmotic crystallisation and the physiological effects of electric current. He was an Officier de la Légion d'honneur.
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Brass-yellow chalcopyrite crystals below large striated pyrite cubes Chalcopyrite is present with many ore-bearing environments via a variety of ore forming processes. Chalcopyrite is present in volcanogenic massive sulfide ore deposits and sedimentary exhalative deposits, formed by deposition of copper during hydrothermal circulation. Chalcopyrite is concentrated in this environment via fluid transport. Porphyry copper ore deposits are formed by concentration of copper within a granite stock during the ascent and crystallisation of a magma.
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A crystal structure of the LBD-only SHP, generated by co-crystallisation with EID1, has been obtained. Instead binding to the usual AF-2 site, EID1 fills in the place of what is usually helix α1 of an LBD and makes SHP more soluble. The overall structure resembles the apo (ligandless) form of other LBDs. Some synthetic retinoid ligands can bind to SHP's LBD and promote its interaction with LXXLL- containing corepressors using the AF-2 site.
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However an automatic crystallisation clause would mean that at the time of insolvency - when preferential creditors' claims are determined - there would be no floating charge above which preferential creditors could be elevated. The courts held that it was legitimate for security agreements to have this effect. In Re Brightlife Ltd[1987] 1 Ch 200 Brightlife Ltd had contracted with its bank, Norandex, to allow a floating charge to be converted to a fixed charge on notice, and this was done one week before a voluntary winding up resolution. Against the argument that public policy should restrict the events allowing for crystallisation, Hoffmann J held that in his view it was not "open to the courts to restrict the contractual freedom of parties to a floating charge on such grounds." Parliament, however, intervened to state in the Insolvency Act 1986 section 251 that if a charge was created as a floating charge, it would deem to remain a floating charge at the point of insolvency, regardless of whether it had crystallised.
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Howe and Snook's partnership helped take the company to unprecedented heights. Their partnership, as detailed in Sven-Goran Ericsson's book 'Leadership the Sven-Goran Eriksson way', was highly successful and was compared to that of Bill Gates and Paul Allen, Brian Clough and Peter taylor. In October 1999, Orange UK was bought for £21bn by Düsseldorf-based Mannesmann AG, then run by Klaus Esser. Howe and Snook reportedly earn't £29m and £45m respectively from the crystallisation of share options post acquisition.
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Hoffmann J held that in reality, the charge on book debts was a floating charge, but had crystallised a week before, and so took priority over other debts. Following Re Manurewa Transport Ltd[1971] NZLR 909 crystallisation clauses were a necessary incident of parties’ freedom to contract and policy objections should be dealt with by Parliament. He noted various statutory already, including priority to preferential debts. And certainly he at first instance was not going to add to the list.
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Inside the chamber at depths between , the exsolution of a high-pressure fluid magma formed during cooling and crystallisation of the magma. An over-pressurization of the chamber of about was generated, with the temperature ranging from . In 1812, the volcano began to rumble and generated a dark cloud. On 5 April 1815, a very large eruption occurred, followed by thunderous detonation sounds heard in Makassar on Sulawesi away, Batavia (now Jakarta) on Java away, and Ternate on the Molucca Islands away.
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In keeping with the naming of the other alkaline earths, he changed the name to strontium. While several elements have been discovered there, strontium is the only element named after a place in the United Kingdom. The first large-scale application of strontium was in the production of sugar from sugar beet. Although a crystallisation process using strontium hydroxide was patented by Augustin-Pierre Dubrunfaut in 1849 the large-scale introduction came with the improvement of the process in the early 1870s.
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Crystallization or crystallisation is the (natural or artificial) process by which a solid forms, where the atoms or molecules are highly organized into a structure known as a crystal. Some of the ways by which crystals form are precipitating from a solution, freezing, or more rarely deposition directly from a gas. Attributes of the resulting crystal depend largely on factors such as temperature, air pressure, and in the case of liquid crystals, time of fluid evaporation. Crystallization occurs in two major steps.
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In the root zone, mantle-derived magma underwent fractional crystallisation which was followed by mingling between the residual liquids and melts generated by anatexis of the surrounding gneissic basement. It is divided into eastern Dharwar Craton and western Dharwar Craton owing to their differences in lithologies and ages. The term Dharwar Supergroup is now used as synonymous with metamorphosed Precambrian sediments and including all the schistose series below the Eparchaean Unconformity. The Dharwarian rocks are mostly unfossiliferous except for the stromatolitic limestones.
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Generally, there are two types of skarns that form, exoskarns and endoskarns. Exoskarns are more common and form on the outside of an intrusive body that comes into contact with a carbonate unit. They are formed when fluids left over from the crystallisation of the intrusion are ejected from the mass at the waning stages of emplacement. When these fluids come into contact with reactive rocks, usually carbonates such as limestone or dolomite, the fluids react with them, producing alteration (infiltration metasomatism).
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The novel tells the story of a physician trying to make his way deep into the jungle to a secluded leprosy treatment facility. While trying to make it to his destination, his chaotic path leads him to try to come to terms with an apocalyptic phenomenon in the jungle that crystallises everything it touches. Ballard previously used the theme of apocalyptic crystallisation in the 1964 short story "The Illuminated Man" (included in The Terminal Beach), which is also set in the same locations.
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During that time, he led the Chemical Department at King's College, and carried out many studies on crystallisation and supersaturated solutions. His other contributions were on the composition and properties of ancient glasses, the chemistry of pigments, putrefaction and antisepsis, the chemistry of building materials, and the composition and optical properties of double salts of nickel and cobalt. He co-edited several editions of Bloxam’s Chemistry, Inorganic and Organic. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1880.
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Occasionally, enrichment in the unusual trace elements will result in crystallisation of equally unusual and rare minerals such as beryl, tourmaline, columbite, tantalite, zinnwaldite and so forth. In most cases, there is no particular genetic significance to the presence of rare mineralogy within a pegmatite, however it is possible to see some causative and genetic links between, say, tourmaline-bearing granite dikes and tourmaline-bearing pegmatites within the area of influence of a composite granite intrusion (Mount Isa Inlier, Queensland, Australia).
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Zuma Rock, Nigeria, a massive, nearly uniform, intrusion of gabbro and granodiorite. Gabbro can be formed as a massive, uniform intrusion via in-situ crystallisation of pyroxene and plagioclase, or as part of a layered intrusion as a cumulate formed by settling of pyroxene and plagioclase. Cumulate gabbros are more properly termed pyroxene-plagioclase adcumulate. Gabbro is an essential part of the oceanic crust, and can be found in many ophiolite complexes as parts of zones III and IV (sheeted dyke zone to massive gabbro zone).
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Keith immigrated to the United States in 1956 after accepting a position at the American Viscose Corporation in Marcus Hook, Pennsylvania, where he began researching the complex structures and morphologies of macromolecules. There, he met his lifelong collaborator, Frank J. Padden Jr. Together, they began to examine the optical properties of spherulites from both theoretical and experimental approaches (see Spherulite). Keith and Padden joined Bell Telephone Laboratories in Murray Hill, NJ in 1960. Not long after they arrived, they published a seminal paper on spherulitic crystallisation.
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The present day continental crust is an example of a tertiary crust. Tertiary crust is the most differentiated type of crust and so has a composition vastly different to that of the bulk Earth. The tertiary crust contains over 20% of the abundance of incompatible elements, which are elements with a size or charge that prevent them from being included in mineral structure. This a result of its generation from the subduction and partial melting of secondary crust where it undergoes further fractional crystallisation.
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The basalts are typical of intraplate volcanism and their geochemistry shows evidence that fractional crystallisation and mixing between different magmas were involved in their genesis. The component minerals have often been completely altered to calcite, clays, gypsum, hematite, quartz and other, unidentified minerals, either when exposed above sea level or through hydrothermal fluids when the sills formed. The formation of the sills led to the hardening and hydrothermal alteration of the surrounding sediments. Clays are found both within the limestones and in layers between the carbonates.
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By slowly releasing the solvent, they prevent some of the swelling damage that free solvents cause to paint layers. During the 1960s, it became popular to use synthetic polymers to consolidate and stabilise frescoes – plaster-based wall paintings. They seemed like the perfect replacement for the wax coatings previously used, but over time it became clear that this was not the case. Their presence drastically changed the paintings’ surface properties, causing mechanical stresses and crystallisation of salts beneath the painting leading to accelerated disintegration.
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Iodosulfate of Quinine Crystals—The beautiful crystallisation for the polariscope may be prepared (Microscop) as follows. Mix 3 drams of pure acetic acid with 1 dram of alcohol; add to these 6 drops of diluted (1:9) sulfuric acid. One drop of this fluid is to be placed on a glass slide and the merest atom of quinine added. time given for solution to take place; then upon the a very fine glass rod a very minute drop of tincture of iodin(sic) is to be added.
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The simplest monazite zonation showing successive crystallisation of melts is concentric zonation, in which new monazite layers are crystallized rim-by-rim around the pre-existing core. The rims often show compositional variations due to the preferential incorporation of certain elements in the crystal lattice. For example, considering a closed system, Th is preferentially incorporated into the monazite mineral structure, leaving a Th-depleted melt. Therefore, older monazite near the core of a grain is rich in Th while younger monazite contains less, resulting in a rimward decrease of Th in a concentric zoning pattern.
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An inactive AnFdc1 enzyme (with prFMNradical bound) co-crystallised with the phenylpropiolic acid revealed binding in a similar manner to the α-fluorocinnamic acid AnFdc1 and cinnamic acid AnFdc1 with FMN bound (Inhib). An active AnFdc1 enzyme co-crystallised with phenylpropiolic acid revealed clear density for a 3-pyrroline cycloadduct (Int3’) between the alkyne and prFMNiminium. Int3’ represents a structure post decarboxylation, so it was assumed that over the time it took for crystallisation (~24h) the decarboxylation had occurred. Using a rapid soaking procedure, a different cycloadduct was observed that retained the carboxyl moiety (Int1’).
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Hot water from the magma which was rich in silica, iron, aluminium, and magnesium mixed and dissolved shales and metabasalts, and converted them into exoskarns in a process called metasomatism, where the chemical composition of rocks is changed by hot water or other fluids. Typical minerals formed at this time include garnet, pyroxene, epidote, chlorine-rich amphiboles, malayaite, vesuvianite, siderite and axinite. The skarns may contain economic amounts of tin, copper, iron and arsenic. These minerals were formed at about the same time as the crystallisation of the pluton they are associated with.
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Brightlife Ltd had a charge over book debts in favour of Norandex, its bank. The charge said it was a "first specific charge" and did not allow Brightlife to sell, factor or discount debts without written consent. A debenture holder gave the company a notice converting the floating charge into a fixed charge a week before a voluntary winding up resolution was passed. Counsel argued public policy required restriction on crystallising events, one reason being that an automatic crystallisation clause could take effect without knowledge of company or debenture holder.
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Rare feldspathoid-rich mafic rocks, akin to alkali basalts, may have Na2O + K2O contents of 12% or more. The abundances of the lanthanide or rare-earth elements (REE) can be a useful diagnostic tool to help explain the history of mineral crystallisation as the melt cooled. In particular, the relative abundance of europium compared to the other REE is often markedly higher or lower, and called the europium anomaly. It arises because Eu2+ can substitute for Ca2+ in plagioclase feldspar, unlike any of the other lanthanides, which tend to only form 3+ cations.
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When doped with potassium hexfluoromangante(IV) (K2[MnF6]), a narrow band red phosphor is produced, emitting at around 630 nm. This substance has application improving the white light quality of white LEDs that use a blue emitting LED in combination with the yellow cerium doped yttrium aluminium garnet phoshor (YAG), Y3Al5O12:Ce3+. Synthesis routes to the phoshpor include co-crystallisation and co-precipitation. For example, K2[MnF6 in (40%) hydrofluoric acid with potassium fluoride can be mixed with SiO2 dissolved in (40%) hydrofluoric acid to co-precipitate the phosphor.
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After docking with Salyut 6, Tamayo and Romanenko conducted experiments in an attempt to find what caused space adaptation syndrome (SAS), and perhaps even find a cure, and on the crystallisation of sucrose in microgravity, for the benefit of Cuba's sugar industry. The SAS experiment involved wearing special adjustable shoes that placed a load on the arch of the foot for six hours a day. After 124 orbits of the Earth (lasting 7 days, 20 hours and 43 minutes), Tamayo and Romanenko landed from Dzhezkazgan. The landing was risky, as it was at night.
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The fabric of a rock describes the spatial and geometric configuration of all the elements that make it up. In sedimentary rocks the main visible fabric is normally bedding and the scale and degree of development of the bedding is normally recorded as part of the description. Metamorphic rocks (apart from those created by contact metamorphism), are characterised by well-developed planar and linear fabrics. Igneous rocks may also have fabrics due either to flow or to the settling out of particular mineral phases during crystallisation, forming cumulates.
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The development of enantioselective synthesis was initially slow, largely due to the limited range of techniques available for their separation and analysis. Diastereomers possess different physical properties, allowing separation by conventional means, however at the time enantiomers could only be separated by spontaneous resolution (where enantiomers separate upon crystallisation) or kinetic resolution (where one enantiomer is selectively destroyed). The only tool for analysing enantiomers was optical activity using a polarimeter, a method which provides no structural data. It was not until the 1950s that major progress really began.
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Incompatible elements are concentrated in the last residues of magma during fractional crystallization and in the first melts produced during partial melting: either process can form the magma that crystallizes to pegmatite, a rock type commonly enriched in incompatible elements. Bowen's reaction series is important for understanding the idealised sequence of fractional crystallisation of a magma. Magma composition can be determined by processes other than partial melting and fractional crystallization. For instance, magmas commonly interact with rocks they intrude, both by melting those rocks and by reacting with them.
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The Great Dyke of Zimbabwe-I: tectonic setting, stratigraphy, petrology, structure, emplacement and crystallisation. In: Prendergast, M.D., Jones, M.J. (Eds.), Magmatic sulphides-the Zimbabwe volume. Institution Mining Metallurgy, London, 1–20. Stratigraphically each sub-chamber is divided into a lower Ultramafic Sequence of dunites, harzburgites, olivine bronzitites and pyroxenites together with narrow layers of chromitite that constitute the bases of cyclic units and that are extensively mined along the Great Dyke, and an upper Mafic Sequence mainly consisting of a variety of plagioclase-rich rocks, such as norites, gabbronorites and olivine gabbros.
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St Kilda is a seaside suburb in Adelaide, South Australia. St Kilda has a small number of houses and a 2006 population of 246. There is a single connecting road to the rest of Adelaide which, where the road enters the suburb's residential area, is surrounded by salt crystallisation lagoons used in the manufacture of soda ash. The inhabited section of the suburb occupies less than 100 hectares along the seafront, with the remainder used for salt lagoons and also settlement ponds of nearby Bolivar sewage treatment works.
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On Meitner's instructions, Hahn and Strassmann began to redo the experiments, even as Fermi was collecting his Nobel Prize in Stockholm. Assisted by Clara Lieber and Irmgard Bohne, they isolated the three radium isotopes (verified by their half-lives) and used fractional crystallisation to separate them from the barium carrier by adding barium bromide crystals in four steps. Since radium precipitates preferentially in a solution of barium bromide, at each step the fraction drawn off would contain less radium than the one before. However, they found no difference between each of the fractions.
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After dissolution, the barium and radium were reprecipitated as sulfates; this was then repeated to further purify the mixed sulfate. Some impurities that form insoluble sulfides were removed by treating the chloride solution with hydrogen sulfide, followed by filtering. When the mixed sulfates were pure enough, they were once more converted to mixed chlorides; barium and radium thereafter were separated by fractional crystallisation while monitoring the progress using a spectroscope (radium gives characteristic red lines in contrast to the green barium lines), and the electroscope."Lateral Science" . lateralscience.blogspot.se.
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In many cases, liquids and solutions can be cooled down or concentrated up to conditions where the liquid or solution is significantly less thermodynamically stable than the crystal, but where no crystals will form for minutes, hours, weeks or longer. Nucleation of the crystal is then being prevented by a substantial barrier. This has consequences, for example cold high altitude clouds may contain large numbers of small liquid water droplets that are far below 0°C. In small volumes, such as in small droplets, only one nucleation event may be needed for crystallisation.
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With his work on the Brownian motions of strongly interacting particles, Pusey was one of the first to apply microscopic approaches to colloidal suspensions. His research exploited analogies and differences between concentrated suspensions of hard-sphere colloids and atomic materials, to investigate such fundamental phenomena as crystallisation, the glass transition and the formation of ordered binary superlattices. With Eric Jakeman, Pusey also introduced K-distributions; these have proved powerful in describing the statistical properties of, for example, microwaves scattered by the sea surface and laser light propagating through the atmosphere.
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He was supported by similar direct analysis of failed axles by Joseph Glynn, where the axles failed by slow growth of a brittle crack in a process now known as metal fatigue. It was likely that the front axle of one of the locomotives involved in the Versailles train crash failed in a similar way. Rankine presented his conclusions in a paper delivered to the Institution of Civil Engineers. His work was ignored however, by many engineers who persisted in believing that stress could cause "re- crystallisation" of the metal, a myth which has persisted even to recent times.
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Carbohydrates include the common sugar, sucrose (table sugar), a disaccharide, and such simple sugars as glucose (made by enzymatic splitting of sucrose) and fructose (from fruit), and starches from sources such as cereal flour, rice, arrowroot and potato. The interaction of heat and carbohydrate is complex. Long-chain sugars such as starch tend to break down into simpler sugars when cooked, while simple sugars can form syrups. If sugars are heated so that all water of crystallisation is driven off, then caramelization starts, with the sugar undergoing thermal decomposition with the formation of carbon, and other breakdown products producing caramel.
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Nikolai Nikolayevich Kolesnikov (; born 1959) is a Russian scientist who works in the fields of semiconductor and superconductor crystal growth, semiconductor and carbon nanotechnologies. Kolesnikov graduated from Phys.-Chem. Department of the Moscow Chemico-Technological Institute in 1982 From 1982 to 1993 he worked in the Institute of Solid State Physics and since 1993 has been head of the Laboratory of Physical-Chemical Basis of Crystallisation of the ISSP.LPCBC website He is the inventor of the High- Pressure Vertical Zone Melting method and Nanopowder Technology of CdTe and CdZnTe and also discovered one of the superconducting phases in Tl-Ba-Cu-O system.
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Rosenhain was a man of strong personality, clear in exposition and an inspiring team leader. He did remarkable work with light alloys, on the mechanism of crystallisation, the mechanical deformation of metals, and the improvement of technical practice. His many papers were published in the Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, the Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute, and other technical journals. With P. A. Tucker he published in 1908 a volume on The Alloys of Lead and Tin, and in 1911, with S. L. Archbutt, one on The Constitution of the Alloys of Aluminium and Zinc.
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However, in each case, galactose is essential for binding. Crystallisation experiments of galectins in complex with N-acetyllactosamine show that binding arises due to hydrogen bonding interactions from the carbon-4 and carbon-6 hydroxyl groups of galactose and carbon-3 of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) to the side chains of amino acids in the protein. They cannot bind to other sugars such as mannose because this sugar will not fit inside the carbohydrate recognition domain without steric hindrance. Due to the nature of the binding pocket, galectins can bind terminal sugars or internal sugars within a glycan.
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Subsequently, a crystal structure of "Z-DNA" was published which turned out to be the first single-crystal X-ray structure of a DNA fragment (a self- complementary DNA hexamer d(CG)3). It was resolved as a left-handed double helix with two antiparallel chains that were held together by Watson–Crick base pairs (see X-ray crystallography). It was solved by Andrew H. J. Wang, Alexander Rich, and coworkers in 1979 at MIT. The crystallisation of a B- to Z-DNA junction in 2005 provided a better understanding of the potential role Z-DNA plays in cells.
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Gramanya is a crystallisation of conflicts between two castes of individuals belonging to the same caste, and the same group, about observance of certain religious practices vis-a-vis, other members of the society or of the particular caste group. There are two types of Gramanyas inter-caste, and intra-caste. Records mention that Gramanyas took place in Maharashtra in late 18th and 19th century and various castes were involved in many disputes. There are also recorded instances of Gramanyas between Saraswats and the Chitpawans, CKPs and Chitpawans, Pathare Prabhus and the Chitpawans and the Shukla Yujurvedi Deshastha Brahmins and the Chitpawans.
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Dorothy Garrod The term Creswellian appeared for the first time in 1926 in Dorothy Garrod's The Upper Palaeolithic Age in Britain. This was the first academic publication Kathryn Price « One vision, one faith, one woman: Dorothy Garrod and the Crystallisation of Prehistory », in Great Prehistorians: 150 Years of Palaeolithic Research, 1859-2009, London, Lythic Studies Society, 2009, p. 141-142. by the woman who became in 1939 the first woman ever elected as a professor at Cambridge. Pamela Jane Smith, « From ‘small, dark and alive’ to ‘cripplingly shy’: Dorothy Garrod as the first woman Professor at Cambridge » , University of Cambridge, 2005.
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Paul Simpson of AllMusic gave the album 4 out of 5 stars, writing, "Transports seven tracks are hypnotic, expansive, and unforced, with both artists seeming very comfortable in the studio." Maria Perevedentseva of The Quietus wrote, "Transport does not represent a paradigm shift nor an experimental frenzy, but what it does offer is a studied and disarmingly beautiful crystallisation of more than two decades of techno, produced by two people who have been at its cutting edge since the very beginning." Rolling Stone placed it at number 19 on the "20 Best EDM and Electronic Albums of 2016" list.
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These intrusions are thought to predate the nearby Vredefort impact to the south, by some 30 million years. The effects of these injections of molten rock over time, combined with the crystallisation of different minerals at different temperatures, resulted in the formation of a structure rather like a layered cake consisting of distinct rock strata, including three PGM-bearing layers, referred to as reefs. Large portions of the central area are covered by younger rocks. The extrusions were emplaced over an early diabasic sill, outcrops of which are visible on the southeastern side of the Complex.
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In petrology, metamorphic phases can be distinguished by analysis of minerals and microstructures (petrography) in metamorphic rocks. By analysing the sequence in which the minerals and structures were formed, more than one phase can be found in most metamorphic rocks (this is called polymetamorphism). By radiometric dating the absolute age of the different phases of mineral growth can be determined, showing when the rock was under certain pressure- temperature conditions. The obtained age is not necessarily the age of a tectonic phase, but can show when the tectonic phase ended and crystallisation of new minerals occurred.
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The most fascinating feature of the Caves of Castellana are the concretions. This term is used to indicate the mineral deposits that covered the naked walls of a cave by crystallisation of the calcite carried in solution by infiltrating rain water, that had penetrated all the overhanging layers of the rock by a very slow seepage. When the water drips through the roof of an empty cavern, the calcite dissolved in it deposits on the roof and going downwards takes the shape of a stalactite. When the drop of water falls on the floor, the calcite takes the shape of a stalagmite.
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In 1992, anthropologists Geoffrey Raymond Fisk and Gabriele Macho interpreted the left ankle bone Stw 363 as bearing evidence of a healed calcaneal fracture on the heel bone (which was not preserved), which they believed resulted from a fall from a tree. If correct, then the individual was able to survive for a long time despite losing a great deal of function in the left leg. However, they also noted that similar damage could potentially have also been inflicted by calcite deposition and crystallisation during the fossilisation process. Calcaneal fractures have been recorded in humans, and present quite often in arboreal primates.
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The time until the appearance of the first crystal is also called primary nucleation time, to distinguish it from secondary nucleation times. Primary here refers to the first nucleus to form, while secondary nuclei are crystal nuclei produced from a preexisting crystal. Primary nucleation describes the transition to a new phase that does not rely on the new phase already being present, either because it is the very first nucleus of that phase to form, or because the nucleus forms far from any pre- existing piece of the new phase. Particularly in the study of crystallisation, secondary nucleation can be important.
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U-Pb dating in the U-Pb zircon system has long been viewed as the crustal geochronometer because zircon is chemically resistant and enriched in U and Th compared to the daughter product Pb.Meinhold, G., Morton, A., Fanning, C., & Whitham, A. (2011). U–Pb SHRIMP ages of detrital granulite-facies rutiles: Further constraints on provenance of Jurassic sandstones on the Norwegian margin. Geological Magazine, 148(3), 473-480. Trace element and isotopic composition of zircon is important to determine the crystallisation environment. Results from detrital zircons from the Erawondoo Hill discovery site conglomerateCrowley, Bowring, Shen, Wang, Cao, & Jin. (2006).
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The Malvern Hills represent another depositional environment for Late Neoproterozoic sedimentation with the Warren House Formation being in thrust contact with the Malvern Complex. The Warren House Formation is composed of pillow basalts, intermediate lavas, altered rhyolites and welded and non-welded acid tuffs with evidence to suggest that they are linked via fractional crystallisation. U-Pb zircon dating gives an age of 566 Ma+/-2 Ma. The geochemical signature from this sequence is contrasting to that of the rest of the Wrekin Terrane being of a volcanic arc formed on oceanic or on thin, immature continental crust.
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Liane G. Benning is a biogeochemist studying mineral-fluid-microbe interface processes. She is a Professor of Interface Geochemistry at the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam, Germany. Her team studies various processes that shape the Earth Surface with a special focus on two aspects: the nucleation, growth and crystallisation of mineral phases from solution and the role, effects and interplay between microbes and minerals in extreme environments. She is also interested in the characterisation of these systems, developing in situ and time resolved high resolution imaging and spectroscopic techniques to follow microbe-mineral reactions as they occur.
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Experiments and computer simulations have shown that the most compact way to pack hard perfect spheres randomly gives a maximum volume fraction of about 64%, i.e., approximately 64% of the volume of a container is occupied by the spheres. It seems as if because it is not possible to precisely define 'random' in this sense it is not possible to give an exact value. The random close packing value is significantly below the maximum possible close-packing of (equal sized) hard spheres into a regular crystalline arrangements, which is 74.04% Modes of wall induced granular crystallisation in vibrational packing.
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The ferrioxalate ion with three oxalate ligands (shown at right) displays helical chirality with its two non-superposable geometries labelled Λ (lambda) for the left- handed screw axis and Δ (delta) for the right-handed screw axis, in line with IUPAC conventions. Potassium ferrioxalate is used in chemical actinometry and along with its sodium salt undergoes photoreduction applied in old-style photographic processes. The dihydrate of iron(II) oxalate has a polymeric structure with co-planar oxalate ions bridging between iron centres with the water of crystallisation located forming the caps of each octahedron, as illustrated below.
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During the next five years in Graz and the following six years in Freiberg Wilhelm Haidinger remained a devoted assistant and admirer of professor Friedrich Mohs. During these years Haidinger became more and more involved in scientific work. In 1821 Wilhelm Haidinger published his first scientific paper: "On the crystallisation of copper-pyrites" in the Memoirs of the Wernerian Natural History Society (Edinburgh), volume 4, pp. 1–18. This paper formed the start of a grand total of some 350 scientific publications, all of which are listed in volume 3 of the Catalogue of Scientific Papers (1800–1863) and volume 10 of the same catalogue for the years 1864–1883.
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This so-called "enantiomer pair", ICI code number PP321, could be used after a process for its economic production and purification was developed using crystallisation with recycling of the unwanted enantiomer pair. The new product was first launched in nine countries in 1985 using the trademark Karate. At that time, γ-cyhalothrin, ICI code number PP345, was not a feasible alternative product owing to the difficulty of manufacturing that isomer alone, especially if this involved recycling the "wrong" isomer of the Z-cis acid. In 2000, the agrochemical business of ICI merged with that of Novartis to form Syngenta, which still manufactures and supplies λ-cyhalothrin.
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This was touted for many years as the table and experimental apparatus with which Otto Hahn discovered nuclear fission in 1938. The table and instruments are representative of the ones used, but not necessarily the originals, and would not have been together on the one table in the same room. Pressure from historians, scientists and feminists caused the museum to alter the display in 1988 to acknowledge the role of Meitner, Frisch and Strassmann. Hahn and Strassmann isolated the three radium isotopes (verified by their half-lives) and used fractional crystallisation to separate it from its barium carrier by adding barium bromide crystals in four steps.
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Phlogopite is an important and relatively common end-member composition of biotite. Phlogopite micas are found primarily in igneous rocks, although it is also common in contact metamorphic aureoles of intrusive igneous rocks with magnesian country rocks and in marble formed from impure dolomite (dolomite with some siliclastic sediment). The occurrence of phlogopite mica within igneous rocks is difficult to constrain precisely because the primary control is rock composition as expected, but phlogopite is also controlled by conditions of crystallisation such as temperature, pressure, and vapor content of the igneous rock. Several igneous associations are noted: high-alumina basalts, ultrapotassic igneous rocks, and ultramafic rocks.
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Restite is an important constituent in fractional crystallisation and igneous differentiation processes. Restite acts as a form of buffer within magma, acting as a reservoir primarily of water and water-adsorbent minerals, which may prevent or retard a granitic magma from attaining water saturation. This is analogous to the behaviour of a chemical buffer solution or mineral redox buffer except in this case it is a mineral-water exchange. This process occurs by hydration of ferromagnesian minerals, particularly hornblende, which may adsorb up to 5% H2O, and by conversion of pyroxene to hornblende during melting or fractionation at temperatures below the pyroxene stability field.
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Creation of priority is possible if the second floating charge only covers part, Re Automatic Bottle Makers Ltd [1926] Ch 412. or that other creditors could set-off claims against property subject to the (uncrystallised) floating charge.Biggerstaff v Rowatt’s Wharf Ltd [1896] 2 Ch 93 Furthermore, other security interests (such as a contractual lien) will take priority to a crystallised floating charge if it arises before in time.George Barker Ltd v Eynon [1974] 1 WLR 462, where possession of meat goods subject to a (possessory) lien took place after the crystallisation of a charge, but still took priority because the contract was first in time.
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Aerial view of the town's site with salt crystallisation ponds Useless Loop is a town located on the Heirisson Prong on Denham Sound in the Southern Region of UNESCO World Heritage Site Shark Bay, Western Australia. The town of Denham is on the opposite shore of the sound and the more famous Monkey Mia near Denham. Useless Loop is a closed company town, with 70 employees and their families servicing the Solar Salt Operation Shark Bay which was established in 1962 by Shark Bay Resources Ltd. A joint venture was formed in 1973 with Mitsui & Co. Ltd which acquired full ownership in 2005, incorporated as Shark Bay Salt Pty Ltd.
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The transformation of one phase from another by the growth of nuclei forming randomly in the parent phase The Avrami equation describes how solids transform from one phase to another at constant temperature. It can specifically describe the kinetics of crystallisation, can be applied generally to other changes of phase in materials, like chemical reaction rates, and can even be meaningful in analyses of ecological systems. The equation is also known as the Johnson–Mehl–Avrami–Kolmogorov (JMAK) equation. The equation was first derived by Kolmogorov in 1937 and popularized by Melvin Avrami in a series of articles published in the Journal of Chemical Physics from 1939 to 1941.
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De Luce explores the nature of matter and the cosmos. Four centuries before Isaac Newton proposed gravity and seven centuries before the Big Bang theory, Grosseteste described the birth of the Universe in an explosion and the crystallisation of matter to form stars and planets in a set of nested spheres around Earth. De Luce is the first attempt to describe the heavens and Earth using a single set of physical laws. The 'Ordered Universe' collaboration of scientists and historians at Durham University studying medieval science regard him as a key figure in showing that pre-Renaissance science was far more advanced than previously thought.
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Early geologists had interpreted angular unconformities in terms of Neptunism (holding that rocks had formed from the crystallisation of minerals from ocean waters after the Great Flood) but Hutton wanted to examine such formations himself in support for his theory of Plutonism, in which rocks are formed from volcanic action. Hutton Unconformity at Inchbonny, Jedburgh. A photograph shows the current scene (2003), below Clerk of Eldin's illustration of 1787. On a trip to the Isle of Arran in 1787 he found his first example of an unconformity to the north of Newton Point near Lochranza, but the limited view did not give the information he needed.
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His review described the band as a "runaway train ... so powerful, they're the first new group to come along who can really scare the Sex Pistols shitless". On 29 August, the Clash and Manchester's Buzzcocks opened for the Sex Pistols at The Screen on the Green, the Clash's first public performance since 4 July. The triple bill is seen as pivotal to the British punk scene's crystallisation into a movement, though NME reviewer Charles Shaar Murray wrote, "The Clash are the sort of garage band that should be speedily returned to the garage, preferably with the motor still running". Strummer later credited Murray's comments with inspiring the band's composition "Garageland".
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This part of the pavement dries out more at low tide than the portion abutting the seashore, allowing salt crystals to develop further; the surface of the "pans" therefore erodes more quickly than the joints, resulting in increasing concavity. The loaf formations occur on the parts of the pavement closer to the seashore, which are immersed in water for longer periods of time. These parts of the pavement do not dry out so much, reducing the level of salt crystallisation. Water, carrying abrasive sand, is typically channelled through the joints, causing them to erode faster than the rest of the pavement, leaving loaf-like structures protruding.
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Heat transfer is not the sole design criteria however, as the most appropriate evaporator also depends on properties of the feed and products. Crystallisation, salting and scaling, product quality and its heat sensitivity, foaming potential of the solution, viscosity of feed (which increases with evaporation) and its nature (slurry or concentrate) all need to be considered. For Single Effect Evaporators that are used in small scale processes with low throughput of material, material and energy balances can be used to design and optimise the process. In designing multiple effect evaporators, trial and error methods with many iterations are usually the fastest and most efficient.
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Chalcophile elements are those that remain on or close to the surface because they combine readily with chalcogens other than oxygen, forming compounds which do not sink into the core. Chalcophile ("chalcogen-loving") elements in this context are those metals and heavier nonmetals that have a low affinity for oxygen and prefer to bond with the heavier chalcogen sulfur as sulfides. Because sulfide minerals are much denser than the silicate minerals formed by lithophile elements, chalcophile elements separated below the lithophiles at the time of the first crystallisation of the Earth's crust. This has led to their depletion in the Earth's crust relative to their solar abundances, though this depletion has not reached the levels found with siderophile elements.
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Magma mixing is the process by which two magmas meet, comingle, and form a magma of a composition somewhere between the two end-member magmas. Magma mixing is a common process in volcanic magma chambers, which are open-system chambers where magmas enter the chamber, undergo some form of assimilation, fractional crystallisation and partial melt extraction (via eruption of lava), and are replenished. Magma mixing also tends to occur at deeper levels in the crust and is considered one of the primary mechanisms for forming intermediate rocks such as monzonite and andesite. Here, due to heat transfer and increased volatile flux from subduction, the silicic crust melts to form a felsic magma (essentially granitic in composition).
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In addition to the Technology and Innovation Centre, a Industry Engagement Building, which will be located adjacent to the TIC building, will accommodate around an extra 500 occupants to the already huge workforce at the TIC. Both buildings have been designed by BDP. The research that will be carried out in the Technology and Innovation Centre, by around 850 researchers from the University, is in the fields of: Advanced Engineering and Manufacturing, Advanced Science and Technology, Bioanotechnology, Business Engagement, Continuous Manufacturing and Crystallisation (CMAC), Energy, Health Technologies at Strathclyde, Human and Social Aspects of Technology, Photonics and Sensors, and Asset Management. The company which is undertaking the construction of the Technology and Innovation Centre are the Lend Lease Group.
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The PPS can be crystallised, or vested, that is used to provide benefits, from age 55 (up from 50 prior to 6 April 2010). A PPS must be crystallised by the age of 75, minimising problems from the mortality drag of deferring the purchase of income benefits. On crystallisation, a pension commencement lump sum (PCLS), also known as tax- free cash, of up to 25% of the fund can be taken. The remainder can be used to provide a taxable income either directly from the fund (called unsecured pension (USP), and has previously been called income drawdown or pension fund withdrawal), or by exchanging the fund for a secured pension income through the purchase of an annuity.
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The central section or upper sections of many large ultramafic intrusions are poorly layered, massive gabbro. This is because as the magma differentiates it reaches a composition favouring crystallisation of only two or three minerals; the magma may also have cooled by this stage sufficiently for the increasing viscosity of the magma to halt effective convection, or convection may stop or break up into inefficient small cells because the revervoir becomes too thin and flat. Crystals accumulation and layering can expel interstitial melt that migrates through the cumulate pile, reacting with it.Irvine TN (1980) "Magmatic infiltration metasomatism, double-diffusive fractional crystallization, and adcumulus growth in the Muskox intrusion and other layered intrusions", pp.
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Part of the evidence that komatiites are not magnesium-rich simply because of cumulate olivine is textural: some contain spinifex texture, a texture attributable to rapid crystallization of the olivine in a thermal gradient in the upper part of a lava flow. "Spinifex" texture is named after the common name for the Australian grass Triodia, which grows in clumps with similar shapes. Another line of evidence is that the MgO content of olivines formed in komatiites is toward the nearly pure MgO forsterite composition, which can only be achieved in bulk by crystallisation of olivine from a highly magnesian melt. The rarely preserved flow top breccia and pillow margin zones in some komatiite flows are essentially volcanic glass, quenched in contact with overlying water or air.
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This caused the Muslim population to be backward and rank among the poorest in their own country. The resettlement programme was not entirely peaceful as some settlers managed to obtain land from the native Muslims through harassment and other violent efforts which drove the Muslims out of their own lands. The Muslims were alienated by the Philippines government and felt threatened by Christian economic and political domination in their own homeland. This resorted in some Muslim groups to turn to extortion and violence to protect their own land and refrain from being displaced. Such efforts of “integration” had led to the crystallisation of the Moro identity as the Muslims’ identity with the Filipino nation declined rapidly due to the threat in economic and social Muslim life.
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Alexander Thomas Cameron was born in 1882 in London, England, to Scottish parents.White, F.D. & Collip J.B. (1948) "Obituary Notice: Alexander Thomas Cameron, 1882-1947," Biochemical Journal, 43(1): 1–2 His early education took place in Swindon. Cameron graduated from the University of Edinburgh with a Master of Arts in 1904, and a Bachelor of Science in 1906. His first published paper appeared in Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1905, and concerned the crystallisation of potassium hydrogen succinate. In 1907 he was awarded the Gunning Victoria Jubilee Prize in Chemistry Handwritten essay available at the Edinburgh Research Archive. Cameron was awarded an 1851 Exhibition Scholarship in 1906,B.M. (1947) "Alexander Thomas Cameron," The British Medical Journal, Vol. 2, No. 4529 (Oct.
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That, from the modern perspective an unusual idea, was a sign of the late national crystallisation on the Croatian side (in less parts Serbs and Slovenes - not to mention Macedonians and Montenegrins), as well as the territorial bubbles of Serbs and Croats, together with the fact Croatian and Serbian traditional languages have been exquisitely similar and inter - understandable on the conversational level. Practically, this has meant the creation of the Croato- Serb coalition, a creation by which the Serbs are recognised, de facto, as political people inside of Croatia, for the first time in history. A much stronger change has been signified by the negotiations between the coalition and Supilo with the Hungarian and Italian politicians from Austro-Hungarian monarchy. Post fester, that move can be considered as brave, innovative and - completely missed.
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In 1842, he came back to Britain and started a career in the chemical industry. Madder was an important dye and imports into the UK were valued at £1.25 million per year in the 1860s. Schunck started his extensive investigations into the colouring materials in madder in 1846. The main colorant of madder was discovered by Robiquet and Colin in 1827 and called alizarin. Their analysis gave a formula C37H48O10. When purified by Schunck using sublimation and crystallisation, he obtained a result which suggested C14H8O4, but taking into account the analyses of metal derivatives as well, he chose C14H10O4 as the best result. The modern formula is C14H8O4. He found that oxidation of alizarin with nitric acid gave alizaric acid (phthalic acid) which on heating gave pyroalizaric acid (phthalic anhydride).
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The Huffington Post suggested that the videos were a form of procrastination, with most being watched while at work or ostensibly studying, while IU Bloomington commented "[it] does more than simply entertain; it boosts viewers' energy and positive emotions and decreases negative feelings". BusinessInsider argues "This falls in line with a body of research regarding the effects that animals have on people." A 2015 study by Jessica Gall Myrick found that people were more than twice as likely to post a picture or video of a cat to the internet than they were to post a selfie. Maria Bustillos considers cat videos to be "the crystallisation of all that human beings love about cats", with their "natural beauty and majesty" being "just one tiny slip away from total humiliation", which Bustillos sees as a mirror of the human condition.
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Oriri (1940) is a long poem by the birth control pioneer Marie C. Stopes, published by Heinemann as a short book. Its subject is love between a "He" and a "She", and it is written in semi-dramatic form, with other members of the cast including "Spirits of Air", "Spirits of Earth" and other "Elementals". Stopes writes in the "Argument" that prefaces the poem: "Interwoven in the tale is a crystallisation of most of what matters fundamentally in the sciences of geology and physiology, in the art of love, and in religion." Marie C. Stopes, Oriri The poem brings together Stopes' scientific knowledge (she held a doctorate in paleobotany) with her theory of "erogamic love" (lifelong erotic pair-bonding), the latter of which was an important component of the theories that underlay her most influential and controversial publication, the sex manual Married Love (1918).
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Businesses, and the banks who had previously enjoyed uncompromised priority for their security, increasingly looked for ways to circumvent the effect of the insolvency legislation's scheme of priorities. A floating charge, in order for its value to be ascertained, must have "crystallised" into a fixed charge on some particular date, usually set by agreement.Evans v British Granite Quarries Ltd [1910] 2 KB 979, per Buckley LJ Before the date of crystallisation (given the charge merely "floats" over no particular property) there is the possibility that a company could both charge out property to creditors with priority,Re Castell and Brown Ltd [1898] 1 Ch 315. By contrast in Re Benjamin Cope & Sons Ltd [1914] 1 Ch 800 it was held that a floating charge cannot be created over all the same property in priority, because the first in time prevails when equities are equal.
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Especially as automatic crystallisation ceased to make floating charges an effective form of priority, the next step by businesses was to contract for fixed charges over every available specific asset, and then take a floating charge over the remainder. It attempted to do this as well over book debts that a company would collect and trade with. In two early cases the courts approved this practice. In Siebe Gorman & Co Ltd v Barclays Bank Ltd[1979] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 142 it was said to be done with a stipulation that the charge was "fixed" and the requirement that proceeds be paid into an account held with the lending bank. In Re New Bullas Trading Ltd[1994] 1 BCLC 485 the Court of Appeal said that a charge could purport to be fixed over uncollected debts, but floating over the proceeds that were collected from the bank's designated account.
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In the years 1935–1937 he worked as a researcher at the Stefan Batory University in Vilnius, then until the outbreak of World War II at the Jan Kazimierz University in Lviv. On April 20, 1939, he obtained his habilitation at the Faculty of Law of the Jagiellonian University in Kraków. In 1939, simultaneously with Max Perutz, he conducted the crystallisation of proteins and planned their X-ray examinations, which were not performed due to the outbreak of World War II. During the Soviet occupation, he headed the department of physiological chemistry at the Medical Institute of Lviv, and during the German occupation, the Staatliche Medizinische und Naturwissenschaftliche Fachkurse. After the liberation of Poland, he moved to Wrocław, and in 1947 he isolated and described the enzyme phosphoglycerol dehydrogenase, known then as the Baranowski enzyme, and now known as glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH).
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Since 1985, he follows the technical development of scientific payloads and was directly involved in 30 microgravity experiments carried out during space missions as Experiment Coordinator and Responsible of ground operations for experiments: # in fluid physics with the Advanced Fluid Physics Module (AFPM) on Spacelab D2 - STS-55 mission of April 1993, and the Bubble, Drop and Particle Unit (BDPU) on Spacelab LMS – STS-78 mission of June 1996. # in protein crystallization with the Advanced Protein Crystallization Facility (APCF) on Spacehab-STS-95 mission of October 1998, and the Protein Crystallisation Diagnostics Facility (PCDF) that flew aboard the ISS Columbus module (STS-122) from February 2008 to July 2009 (STS-119/STS-127). # on zeolites with the instruments Zeogrid in the ISS Russian Zvezda module in October 1992 and Nanoslab in the ISS Destiny module in October 1992 and October 1993. # on symbiotic processes between fishes and algae with the instrument AquaHab aboard the Russian satellite Foton M3 in September 2007.
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1976 – Water Filled & Water Lined Shaped Charge The use of guns using blank cartridges to eject water from the barrel at high velocity was well known as a means of disrupting relatively small and thin- skinned targets with a relatively low probability of causing detonation or ignition. They were, however, easily defeated by the use of more robust cases, such as those made from structural steel tubes. The replacement of the copper liner of conventional shaped charges first by gelled water, then by low melting point salts with high proportions of water of crystallisation and finally with thin-walled plastic containers of water, provided a simple means of generating jets of water of much higher velocity and with correspondingly enhanced penetrating power and disruptive capability than was possible using gun barrel technology. Concomitant experiments demonstrated that, in contrast to metal-lined charges, shaped charges projecting liquids still functioned with their cavities filled rather than just lined with water.
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Caijing also reported the melamine in the tainted milk may have come from scrap melamine costing ¥700 per tonne—less than one-tenth of the price of 99% pure industrial grade melamine. The melamine production process produces pure melamine by crystallisation; the melamine remaining in the mother liquor is impure (70%) and unusable for plastics, so it is scrapped. It said Sanlu's baby formula melamine content was a result of tampering by adding low-cost vegetable protein (such as low-grade soya powder), and large amounts of scrap melamine as filler."按照目前的三聚氰胺价格，在饲料甚至原料奶中添加这种物质，从经济上而言并不合算。如果奶粉或者液态奶中出现的三聚氰胺是由于添加三聚氰胺废料引起，那么值得担心的不仅仅是这种物质" Scrap melamine contains impurities such as cyanuric acid that form more insoluble crystals (melamine cyanurate) than melamine alone, aggravating the problem.
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The mill house of a cane sugar mill There are a number of steps in producing raw sugar from cane: # Cane receiving and unloading (receive the cane at the factory and unload it from the transport vehicles) # Cane preparation (cutting and shredding cane to prepare it for juice extraction) # Juice extraction (two technologies are in common use; milling or diffusion) # Juice clarification (remove suspended solids from the juice, typically mud, waxes, fibres) # Juice evaporation (to concentrate the juice to a thick syrup of about 65°brix) # Syrup clarification (remove suspended solids from the syrup, typically colloid size of mud, waxes, fibres, etc.) # Crystallisation # Centrifugation (Separation of the sugar crystals from the mother liquor, done by centrifugal machines) # Sugar drying # Packaging and delivery These processing steps will produce a brown or raw sugar. Mill white sugar also known as plantation white sugar can be produced by introducing some form of colour removal process (often sulphitation) between the juice clarification and the juice evaporation stages mentioned above. The raw sugar produced is often refined to produce white sugar. This sugar refining can be done either at a completely separate factory or at a back-end refinery which is attached to the raw sugar factory.
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