The Gauls and other Celtic peoples regarded the crwthNot to be confused with the Welsh instrument of the same name (see Crwth). The Welsh crwth (including the later addition of a bow) goes back to the Mediaeval lyre, which itself was based on the late- ancient Germanic derivative of the ancient Celtic crwth (see also below). as a symbol of their independent musical culture,Ammianus Marcellinus 15.9.8; cp.
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The crwth, crowd, crouth did not undergo this third transition even when the bow was used to set the strings in vibration.
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One example of an early bowed fiddle was the Byzantine lyra; an example of a bowed lyre that survived until modern times is the crwth.
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Cruth watercolour Dafydd ap Hywel Grythor was a 16th century Welsh crwth player. He is known to have attended and performed at Caerwys Eisteddfod in May 1568.
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Cornish musicians have used a variety of traditional instruments. Documentary sources and Cornish iconography (as at Altarnun church on Bodmin Moor and St. Mary's, Launceston) suggest a late- medieval line-up might include a crwth (or crowd, similar to a violin), bombarde (horn-pipe), bagpipes and harp. The crowdy crawn (a drum) with a crwth or fiddle were popular by the 19th century. In the 1920s there was a serious school of banjo playing in Cornwall.
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The Welsh Crwth also features two drone strings. Melody to "Yankee Doodle" without and with drone notes as played on the banjoErbsen, Wayne (2004). Bluegrass Banjo for the Complete Ignoramus, p.13. . and .
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A collection of more than 480 musical instruments includes "workable examples of every member of the violin family, as well as didgeridoos, a zuffolo, harpsichords, a crwth, harps, tablas, a sáhn, horns, trumpets, clarinets, [and] a hurdy-gurdy".
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Those who differ with that opinion counter by calling the lute, violin, guitar, banjo, and other such instruments "independent fingerboard lyres," as opposed to simply "fingerboard lyres" such as the Welsh crwth, which have both fingerboards and frameworks above their resonators.
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Traditional instruments of Wales include telyn deires (triple harp), fiddle, crwth (bowed lyre), pibgorn (hornpipe) and other instruments.Davies (2008) pp. 179, 281, 353, 677 Male voice choirs emerged in the 19th century, formed as the tenor and bass sections of chapel choirs, and embraced the popular secular hymns of the day.Davies (2008), p. 532.
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Rhoscrowther () was a village, ecclesiastical parish and civil parish in Pembrokeshire, Wales on the south shore of the Milford Haven Waterway. The placename is Welsh and perhaps means "crwth-player's moor".Charles, B. G., The Placenames of Pembrokeshire, National Library of Wales, Aberystwyth, 1992, , p 712 It is part of the community of Hundleton.
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Medieval musicians had a wide variety of instruments available to them. These included the shawm, fiddles, rebec, crwth, portative organ, trumpet, timbrel, lute and bagpipe.E. Lee, Music of the People: A Study of Popular Music in Great Britain (London: Barrie & Jenkins, 1970), p. 10. In Anglo-Saxon England, the professional poet was known as a scop ("shaper" or "maker").
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In the 16th century, Newborough was the county town of Anglesey. It was home to a thriving marram grass industry, used for producing matting, nets and rope. From 1541 to 1553 the constituency of Newborough returned a member to the English Parliament. John Morgan, a blind musician living around 1740, played the crwth in the village.
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29–35 The Welsh crwth is the most developed of this family to survive, with six strings, a fingerboard, and a complex playing style. Extinct or obscure variants include the Shetland gue and the English crowd. Other instruments are perhaps less closely related, including the bowed zithers such as the Finnish harppu, Icelandic fiðla, and the North American Inuit tautirut.
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The pipes in Wales, of which the pibgorn is a class, are mentioned in the laws of Hywel Dda (died 949–50). The earliest transcription of these dates from 1250Music in Welsh Culture before 1650: A study of the principal sources by Sally Harper and specify that "the King should recognise the status of a Pencerdd (the second in importance of the three court musicians, namely; Bardd Teulu, Pencerdd and Cerddor) in his service by giving him an appropriate instrument – either Harp, Crwth or Pipes."Music in Welsh Culture before 1650: A study of the principal sources by Sally Harper In modern Welsh orthography these three instruments are called telyn, crwth and pibau. Peniarth 20 (Brut y Tywysogion) c 1330, states that there are three types of wind instrument: "Organ, a Phibeu a Cherd y got", "organ, and pipes and bag music".
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Bragod is a duo giving historically informed performances of mediaeval Welsh music.North Atlantic Fiddle Convention page about Bragod The members are Robert Evans and Mary-Anne Roberts. Their music ranges over a very wide timescale, from verses from the early medieval poem Y Gododdin to 19th century songs. Robert Evans plays the crwth and the six-stringed lyre, while Mary-Anne Roberts sings with a distinctive rather buzzing style.
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The Chorus album appeared in 2007 on the Peru-based Automatic Entertainment label; a reworked version, CRWTH (Chorus Redux), was issued by the Line label in 2010. In 2010, Projekt issued the Girl. Echo. Suns. Veils. box set, which included a bonus second disc titled Avianium (Microphona Magnetica); the latter was also issued separately as Aviatrix. Lovesliescrushing released two albums in 2012, Shiny Tiny Stars (Handmade Birds) and Glinter (Thisquietarmy Records).
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Talharpa, by Charlie Bynum, Silver Spoon Music, Alkmaar NL, 2014 The talharpa, also known as a tagelharpa (tail-hair harp) or the stråkharpa (bowed harp), is a four-stringed bowed lyre from northern Europe. It was formerly widespread in Scandinavia, but is today played mainly in Estonia, particularly among that nation's Swedish community. It is similar to the Finnish jouhikko and the Welsh crwth. The instrument is still known in Finland.
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The current line-up is Julie Murphy, voice; Ceri Rhys Matthews, guitar and flute; Tomos Williams, trumpet; Christine Cooper, fiddle and voice. The original line-up, alongside Murphy and Matthews, included Andy Cutting, accordions, 1996–2002; and Jonathan Shorland, flute and bagpipes, 1996 - 1999. Cass Meurig, crwth and fiddle, played with the band between 2000 - 2004. Cutting and Shorland appeared on the first two albums, Ca’ nôs and Llatai.
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Traditional instruments of Wales include telyn deires (triple harp), fiddle, crwth, pibgorn (hornpipe) and other instruments. The Cerdd Dant Society promotes its specific singing art primarily through an annual one-day festival. The BBC National Orchestra of Wales performs in Wales and internationally. The Welsh National Opera is based at the Wales Millennium Centre in Cardiff Bay, while the National Youth Orchestra of Wales was the first of its type in the world.
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Maedoc book-cover, Ireland, circa 1100: the earliest unambiguous depiction of an Irish harp 1805 Irish penny depicting an Irish harp, long used as a national symbol. The early history of the triangular frame harp in Europe is contested. The first instrument associated with the harping tradition in the Gaelic world was known as a cruit. This word may originally have described a different stringed instrument, being etymologically related to the Welsh crwth.
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Another distinctive instrument is the crwth, also a stringed instrument of a type once widespread in northern Europe, it was played in Wales from the Middle Ages, which, superseded by the fiddle (Welsh Ffidil), lingered on later in Wales than elsewhere but died out by the nineteenth century at the latest.Davies (2008), pg 179. The fiddle is an integral part of Welsh folk music. Other traditional instruments from Wales include the Welsh Bagpipes and Pibgorn.
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It also organises informal sessions and lobbies the media to include traditional music in its programming. Clera is a registered charity and is supported by the Arts Council of Wales and the Welsh Amateur Music Federation. The instruments covered by the definition of traditional instruments of Wales are not exclusively Welsh. They include the fiddle, the flute, the crwth, the pibgorn (hornpipe), the harp (including the triple harp), and the Welsh pipes.
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The Cardiff Arms Park male voice choir Medieval crwth instrument Wales is often referred to as "the land of song", and is notable for its harpists, male choirs, and solo artists. The principal Welsh festival of music and poetry is the annual National Eisteddfod. The Llangollen International Eisteddfod echoes the National Eisteddfod but provides an opportunity for the singers and musicians of the world to perform. Traditional music and dance in Wales is supported by many societies.
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The Minstrels' Gallery The minstrels' gallery in the nave dates to around 1360 and is unique in English cathedrals. Its front is decorated with 12 carved and painted angels playing medieval musical instruments, including the cittern, bagpipe, hautboy, crwth, harp, trumpet, organ, guitar, tambourine and cymbals, with two others which are uncertain.Addleshaw (1921) p. 36 Since the above list was compiled in 1921, research among musicologists has revised how some of the instruments are called in modern times.
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The ensemble did a tour throughout France and in other countries where they interpreted Treatise by Cornelius Cardew. Since 1998 (date of the creation of « Regard en Abyme » for harp and electronics), she has a duo with Wilfried Wendling with whom she develops staged shows with electronics, text and video. In 2003, she contributed to the creation of the show « Le Grand Crwth » by François Sarhan and d'Anja Hempel. In 2005 she composed the music for the show « Ariane(s) » with the circus artist Cécile Mont-Reynaud.
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There came to be two broad classes of bowed European yoke lyres: those with fingerboards dividing the open space within the yoke longitudinally, and those without fingerboards. The last surviving examples of instruments within the latter class were the Scandinavian talharpa and the Finnish jouhikko. Different tones could be obtained from a single bowed string by pressing the fingernails of the player's left hand against various points along the string to fret the string. The last of the bowed yoke lyres with fingerboard was the "modern" () Welsh crwth.
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John later worked at the home of Maesyneuadd, near Talsarnau, another estate of the Wynn family. Near the end of his life, in "recognition for his service", Ellis Wynn gave Ystumllyn the house of "Y Nhyra Isa" or "Nanhyran", a small thatched cottage surrounded by a large, ancient garden. Ystumllyn died of unknown causes and was buried in St Cynhaearn's Church on 2 July 1786. Jones recounts that, on his deathbed, Ystumllyn told a neighbour "his main regret was that he played the crwth on Sundays at Ystumllyn and Masyneuoedd".
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An engraver's impression of Antonio Stradivari examining an instrument Contemporary luthier varnishing a violin Bowed instruments include: cello, crwth, double bass, erhu, fiddle, hudok, morin khuur, nyckelharpa, hurdy- gurdy, rabab, rebec, sarangi, viol (viola da gamba), viola, viola da braccio, viola d'amore, and violin. The purported "inventor" of the violin is Andrea Amati. Amati was originally a lute maker, but turned to the new instrument form of violin in the mid-16th century. He was the progenitor of the famous Amati family of luthiers active in Cremona, Italy until the 18th century.
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It has been suggested that the chorus is an early form of bagpipe, but John Bannerman suggested that this was the Crwth or Crowd, a stringed instrument similar to a lyre and played with a bow, which is mentioned in later Scots poetry and English minstrel lists. Giraldus Cambrensis also notes that these instruments used steel strings, rather than cat gut, but exactly to which instruments he refers is unclear.A. Budgey, "Commeationis et affinitatis gratia: Medieval musical relations between Scotland and Ireland" in R. A. McDonald, History, Literature, and Music in Scotland, 700–1560 (University of Toronto Press, 2002), , pp. 208–9. Stone carvings indicate the instruments known in Scotland, including the harpists on the early Medieval Monifeith Pictish stone and the Dupplin Cross.
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The word consonant is also used to refer to a letter of an alphabet that denotes a consonant sound. The 21 consonant letters in the English alphabet are B, C, D, F, G, H, J, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W, X, Z, and usually Y. The letter Y stands for the consonant in yoke, the vowel in myth, the vowel in funny, the diphthong in my, the r-colored vowel in myrrh, the last part of many diphthongs and/or digraphs (e.g. gu"y", sa"y", bo"y", ke"y", etc.) and numerous other phonemes. W always represents a consonant except in combination with a vowel letter, as in growth, raw, and how, and in a few loanwords from Welsh, where it stands for , like crwth or cwm.
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Another researcher, archaeomusicologist Richard J. Dumbrill, suggests that rud came from the Sanskrit rudrī (रुद्री, meaning "string instrument") and transferred to Arabic and European languages by way of a Semitic language.. "'rud' comes from the Sanskrit 'rudrī' which means 'stringed instrument' [...] The word spreads on the one hand via the Indo-European medium into the Spanish 'rota'; French 'rotte'; Welsh 'crwth', etc, and on the other, via the Semitic medium, into Arabic 'ud; Ugaritic 'd; Spanish 'laúd'; German 'Laute'; French 'luth'" However, another theory according to Semitic language scholars, is that the Arabic ʿoud is derived from Syriac ʿoud-a, meaning "wooden stick" and "burning wood"—cognate to Biblical Hebrew 'ūḏ, referring to a stick used to stir logs in a fire. Henry George Farmer notes the similarity between and al-ʿawda ("the return" – of bliss).
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After a hiatus of fifty years, the pibgorn, alongside instruments such as the crwth, bagpipes, and the triple harp, has witnessed a resurgence in popularity as part of a general revival of interest in Welsh folk music. Some modern instruments play a tempered scale to accommodate fixed pitch instruments such as guitar or keyboard, and are commonly pitched in D. Historical instruments play in a variety of just scales and pitch. Jonathan Shorland, after measuring and playing the instruments in co-operation with the then-keeper of instruments, D. Roy Saer, at the Museum of Folk Life in Wales, concluded that the instrument made of bone was no longer playable due to splitting. Of the two elder pipes, The shorter instrument gave a six-finger key note near to F and played a scale close to the Locrian mode.
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Eisteddfod These are the words widely used by the Welsh English speakers, with little or no Welsh, and are used with original spelling (largely used in Wales but less often by others when referring to Wales): ; afon : river ;awdl ;bach : literally "small", a term of affection ;cromlech : defined at esoteric/specialist terms section above ;cwm : a valley ;crwth : originally meaning "swelling" or "pregnant" ;cwrw : Welsh ale or beer ;cwtch : hug, cuddle, small cupboard, dog's kennel/bed ;cynghanedd ; eisteddfod : broad cultural festival, "session/sitting" from eistedd "to sit" (from sedd "seat," cognate with L. sedere; see sedentary) + bod "to be" (cognate with O.E. beon; see be).Online Etymology Dictionary ;;Urdd Eisteddfod (in Welsh "Eisteddfod Yr Urdd"), the youth Eisteddfod ;englyn ;gorsedd ; hiraeth : homesickness tinged with grief or sadness over the lost or departed. It is a mix of longing, yearning, nostalgia, wistfulness, or an earnest desire. ;hwyl ;iechyd da : cheers, or literally "good health" ;mochyn : pig ;nant : stream ;sglod, sglods : latter contrasts to Welsh plural which is sglodion.
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