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77 Sentences With "crossed the Rubicon"

How to use crossed the Rubicon in a sentence? Find typical usage patterns (collocations)/phrases/context for "crossed the Rubicon" and check conjugation/comparative form for "crossed the Rubicon". Mastering all the usages of "crossed the Rubicon" from sentence examples published by news publications.

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"I really believe we've crossed the Rubicon on this problem," he said.
"We very well may have crossed the Rubicon here," Schiff later added.
November midterms will show the Democratic establishment has crossed the Rubicon with liberals.
With that decision, said Mr. Stern, the law professor, Mr. Mandelblit "crossed the Rubicon."
PAYNE: You know, and just to add to that, Neil, I think we have crossed the Rubicon.
And then there are those who have already crossed the Rubicon to Never Trump Land, including Sens.
But we have almost certainly crossed the Rubicon in terms of quick-moving, globally disruptive ransomware attacks.
Let's face it, and let's say what needs to be said, President Trump has rhetorically crossed the Rubicon.
But policymakers have already crossed the rubicon of public opinion and are relishing talking up having a go.
Right, and obviously this isn't Germany circa 1937, so it's not as though we've crossed the Rubicon just yet.
"We crossed the Rubicon with that decision, there is no going back," he told Reuters in a telephone interview.
Perhaps Ms. Drucker has some female relatives or friends who have crossed the Rubicon of 40 — or is it 30 now?
Drake and 40's decision to use "Too Much" on Nothing Was the Same was the moment his career crossed the rubicon.
" A senior congressional official told the paper, "We have crossed the Rubicon, this is lethal weapons and I predict more will be coming.
"We've crossed the Rubicon in terms of recognition," Mr. Spencer said at the conference, which was sponsored by his organization, the National Policy Institute.
It crossed the rubicon of being more than 2628 percent of our GDP — generally accepted as the stepping-off point for a nation headed toward insolvency.
Once we've crossed the rubicon then we are all in it and nobody turns around afterwards and says, 'I told you this was a problem with that company'.
"The PBOC crossed the Rubicon when they intervened in the offshore market last year," said Adarsh Sinha, an FX strategist at Bank of America Merrill Lynch in Hong Kong.
Pete Wilson's (R) self-immolating attempt to humiliate undocumented immigrants, resulting in the political rise of Latinos in the state, we may have crossed the Rubicon of American Latino political participation.
However, one Sao Paulo-based portfolio manager, who asked not to be identified because of the sensitivity of the debate, said the announcement was significant and that the central bank had crossed the Rubicon.
"It is a move to a world where central bank independence is de facto dead and where we have crossed the Rubicon," said Javier Corominas, head of economic research at $53 billion currency fund Record in London.
In 19143 BCE, Julius Caesar followed Sulla's example when he crossed the Rubicon to take his army into Italy, sparking a twenty-year period of almost constant civil wars that led to the end of the Republic.
If Democrats in 2020 scrap their progressive 2016 party platform for a clearly defined socialist agenda — as radical as their rhetoric — then they will have crossed the Rubicon as to defining who they are and what they seek if elected.
It's fair to say that we have crossed the Rubicon in this regard, leaving us to look back fondly on a simpler time – a time when powerful football executives conceived a bloated tournament with strange qualification criteria based on maximising revenues.
Now House Intelligence Committee Chairman, Adam Schiff, normally reticent about impeachment, says that if a whistleblower complaint that was revealed last week shows Trump tying military aid to Ukraine to Ukraine probing the Bidens, "we may very well have crossed the Rubicon" on impeachment.
Adam Schiff (D-CA), an influential Democrat who heads the House Intelligence Committee and has so far resisted calls for impeachment, said Sunday on CNN that the House may have "crossed the Rubicon" with Trump's admission and his continuing refusal to release the transcripts.
The point is that Conway's accusation that Dana somehow "crossed the Rubicon" with a question about George Conway misses the fact that the Rubicon on spouses was passed a very long time ago -- and by the very person she now works for in the White House.
RELATED: House Democrats near 'tipping point' on impeachment as Pelosi faces crucial week Their comments came after House Intelligence Committee Chairman Adam Schiff told CNN's Jake Tapper over the weekend that Trump may have "crossed the Rubicon" and impeachment could be "the only remedy" equal to the offense.
Virgil was a schoolchild when the orator and statesman Cicero foiled a plot by the corrupt aristocrat Catiline to overthrow the Republic; by the time the poet was twenty, Julius Caesar, defying the Senate's orders, had crossed the Rubicon with his army and set in motion yet another civil war.
But it, too, remained bound by general laws, so that when any historical actors did this or that (crossed the Rubicon, repealed the Edict of Nantes, etc.), they did so not so much as individuals, but as vessels of a historical process that would be unfolding even if they had never existed.
Elsewhere, Dutch midfielder Marten de Roon cost £12m from Italian side Atalanta (an aside: £12m is now the cost of an uncapped player; we've crossed the rubicon, lads) and there was existing quality at the Riverside: Adam Clayton, Daniel Ayala and Gaston Ramirez all shone on the way to second spot in the Championship last term.
This new era began with the Tribunate of Gaius Gracchus, and ended when Julius Caesar crossed the Rubicon river.
5 the tribunes Mark Antony and Cassius fled with Caesar's envoy, the younger Curio, from Rome to meet Caesar at Ravenna. On the 10th, Caesar famously crossed the Rubicon, starting the Civil War.
Broughton, p. 256; Anthon & Smith, p. 903. On 10 January 49 Caesar crossed the Rubicon river, the boundary of Italy, and ignited Caesar's Civil War. He marched rapidly on Rome and captured it.
The final phase began when Julius Caesar crossed the Rubicon river, and ended with the complete overthrow of the republic. This final revolution triggered a wholesale reorganization of the constitution, and with it, the emergence of the Roman Empire.
It was first officially decreed prior to the fall of Gaius Gracchus in 121 BC and again several other times, including during Marcus Aemilius Lepidus's march on Rome in 77 BC, the Catilinarian conspiracy in 63 BC, and before Julius Caesar crossed the Rubicon in 49 BC.
In 49 BC, Caesar crossed the Rubicon with his army, thus declaring war, beginning the Great Roman Civil War. Both Cato and Bibulus allied with Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus against Caesar. Though both Boni hated Pompey, he did not pose the threat to their faction that Caesar did. Bibulus commanded Pompey's navy in the Adriatic Sea.
Antony fled Rome, fearing for his life, and returned to Caesar's camp on the banks of the Rubicon River. On his flight Anthony was accompanied by Marcus Caelius and Curio.Tom Holland, Rubicon, p. 305. On the tenth of January the Civil War between Caesar and his opponents started when Caesar crossed the Rubicon and invaded Italy proper.
The Senate had forbidden Caesar to stand for a second consulship in absentia. Without the consulship, Caesar would be without legal immunity and without the power of his army. Left with no other options, on January 10, 49 BC, Caesar crossed the Rubicon (the frontier boundary of Italy) with only one legion and ignited civil war. The Senate and Pompey fled to Greece.
Caesar, B.C. i.5 With all hopes of finding a peaceful solution gone after Antony's expulsion, Caesar used Antony as a pretext for marching on Rome. As tribune, Antony's person was sacrosanct, so it was unlawful to harm him or to refuse to recognize his veto. Three days later, on 10 January, Caesar crossed the Rubicon, initiating the Civil War.
Leach, John. Pompey the Great, pp 170–172. On January 10, 49 BC, commanding the Legio XIII, Caesar crossed the Rubicon River, the boundary between the province of Cisalpine Gaul to the north and Italy proper to the south. As crossing the Rubicon with an army was prohibited, lest a returning general attempt a coup d'etat, that triggered the ensuing civil war between Caesar and Pompey.
From there, he reformed the worst points of the Roman constitution, while keeping the majority of it. Cicero's proposed constitution in Book Three must be seen as a renovation of the existing order, not a call to shatter the order and build anew. However, less than a decade after the accepted date for his beginning the manuscript, Julius Caesar crossed the Rubicon, launching the civil war that would end the Republic.
Cassius returned to Rome in 50 BC, when civil war was about to break out between Julius Caesar and Pompey. Cassius was elected tribune of the Plebs for 49 BC, and threw in his lot with the Optimates, although his brother Lucius Cassius supported Caesar. Cassius left Italy shortly after Caesar crossed the Rubicon. He met Pompey in Greece, and was appointed to command part of his fleet.
After being victorious in the Gallic Wars and earning respect and praise from the legions, Caesar was a clear menace to Pompey, that tried to legally remove Caesar's legions. To avoid this, Caesar crossed the Rubicon River and invaded Rome in 49 BCE, rapidly defeating Pompey. With his sole preeminence over Rome, Caesar gradually accumulated many offices, eventually being granted a dictatorship for perpetuity. He was murdered in 44 BCE, in the Ides of March by the Liberatores.
Syme, pg. 228 It is assumed Libo reached the office of praetor by 50 BC.Broughton, pg. 247 In 50 BC the Senate, led by Pompey, ordered populist politician and general Julius Caesar to disband his army and return to Rome because his term as governor had ended.Suetonius, Julius 28 Caesar thought he would be prosecuted if he entered Rome without the immunity enjoyed by a magistrate. On 10 January 49 BC Caesar crossed the Rubicon river, and ignited Caesar's Civil War.
Appian, II.33 On 10 January, Caesar famously crossed the Rubicon,Suetonius, Div.Jul 31 , 32; Plutarch Pompeius 60.2 starting the Civil War. Initially Marcellus remained in Rome, with the consuls opposing any accommodation with Caesar,Appian, II.37 maintaining an anti-Caesarian hysteria, and pressuring Pompeius to cross Italy and raise troops.Appian, II.36 On 17 January both Marcellus and his colleague followed Pompeius in leaving Rome ahead of Caesar's advancing forces,Appian, II.37; Caesar, B.C. I.14; Dio Cassius, XLI.
Piso bitingly replied: Feeling threatened by populist politician and general Julius Caesar, the optimates enlisted Pompey into their ranks in 53. In 50 the Senate, led by Pompey, ordered Caesar to disband his army and return to Rome because his term as a governor had ended.Suetonius, Julius 28 Caesar thought he would be prosecuted if he entered Rome without the immunity enjoyed by a magistrate. On 10 January 49 he crossed the Rubicon river, the boundary of Italy, and ignited the Great Roman Civil War.
Only the Arverni kept their independence thanks to their victory against Caesar at the Battle of Gergovia. For Caesar, Alesia was an enormous personal success, both militarily and politically. The senate declared 20 days of thanksgiving for this victory but, due to political reasons, refused Caesar the honour of celebrating a triumphal parade, the peak of any general's career. Political tension increased, and two years later, in 49 BC, Caesar crossed the Rubicon, precipitating the Roman Civil War of 49–45 BC, which he won.
Cappadocia became an important player during the Roman Republican civil wars. When Julius Caesar crossed the Rubicon River in 49 BC and started his civil war, many members of the Roman Senate under the leadership of Pompey fled to the East. Cappadocian King Ariobarzanes III initially supported Pompey against Caesar, thankful for Pompey's support of his father years earlier. However, following Caesar's victory over Pompey at the Battle of Pharsulus and Pompey's subsequent assassination in 48 BC, Ariobarzanes III declared his loyalty to Caesar.
Jesse Walker, Milius was also quoted as saying that "it might not have been bad for this country" if Gen. Douglas MacArthur had "crossed the Mississippi like Caesar crossed the Rubicon and proclaimed himself Emperor Douglas the First." For years Milius was a member of the Board of Directors of the National Rifle Association, where he was a leader (with Charlton Heston) in resisting a takeover attempt by advocates of the so-called Militia Movement. "I'd like to be Jack Hawkins in Bridge on the River Kwai", said Milius.
Column of Julius Caesar, where he addressed his army to march on Rome and start the Civil War, Rimini, Italy Within a week of passing the consultum ultimum (declaring a state of emergency and outlawing Caesar) news reached Rome that Caesar had crossed the Rubicon (10 January) and had taken the Italian town of Ariminum (12 January).Leach, John. Pompey the Great, p. 174. By January 17 Caesar had taken the next three towns along the Flaminian Way, and that Marcus Anthonius (Mark Anthony) had taken Arretium and controlled the Cassian Way.
207 After the suppression of the rebellion, he remained a legate through until 49 BC. Lucius Caesar was then caught up in the events of the civil war, as the Senate, under the influence of Marcus Porcius Cato, demanded that his cousin Gaius give up his armies and his Imperium when his proconsular command came to an end. Gaius refused and, taking his cousin Lucius with him, crossed the Rubicon. In the civil war which followed, Lucius supported Gaius in his fight against the senatorial faction known as the optimates.
In English law, an attempt is defined as 'doing an act which is more than merely preparatory to the commission of the offence' according to the Criminal Attempts Act 1981.Herring, Criminal Law "The test of proximity was that the defendant must have ... crossed the rubicon, burnt his boats, or reached a point of no return".DPP v Stonehouse [1977] 2 All ER 909 per Lord Diplock. So the defendant has reached that part of the series of acts, which if not interrupted, frustrated, or abandoned, would inevitably result in the commission of the intended offence.
In 49 BC, when Julius Caesar crossed the Rubicon and ignited civil war, Sulla chose to support him, unlike his cousin Faustus Sulla who joined the Senatorial Faction. Given a command in the Caesarian army, Sulla accompanied him on his campaign in Greece against Pompey. At Dyrrachium, Sulla was left in charge of Caesar's camp and successfully repulsed a Pompeian attack which broke through the fortifications while the bulk of the army was elsewhere fighting with Caesar.Caesar, Civil War, 3.51 Upon driving the Pompeians back, Sulla determined not to pursue and instead withdrew back to the camp.
Racing Club de Roanne XIII were one of the pioneering ten clubs that crossed the Rubicon in 1934 and switched from rugby union to Rugby League. Under wily manager Claude Devernois, and with stars like Max Rousié, Robert Samatan and Jean Dauger, they became one of the dominant forces in the early years of the sport in France, achieving the league and cup double in 1938. They won the league on a further three occasions and the cup once before financial trouble resulted in the club losing their place in the top level of French Rugby League.
Issing was critical on the premature start of European Monetary Union with a large group of heterogenous countries. He warned EU member states not to violate the no- bailout clause that prohibits the assumption of liability for other countries’ debts. In October 2016 Issing warned that the Stability and Growth Pact was near to failure, there was no market discipline because of ECB interventions and no fiscal control mechanism from markets or politicians. The ECB had "crossed the Rubicon" and was in an untenable position, struggling to carry out its conflicting roles as agent of monetary policy, banking regulator, and Troika enforcer.
In January 49 BC, the senate passed a resolution which declared that if Caesar did not lay down his arms by July of that year, he would be considered an enemy of the republic.Abbott, 115 In response, Caesar quickly crossed the Rubicon with his veteran army, and marched towards Rome. Caesar's rapid advance forced Pompey, the Consuls and the senate to abandon Rome for Greece, and allowed Caesar to enter the city unopposed.Goldsworthy, 237 By 48 BC, after having defeated the last of his major enemies, Julius Caesar wanted to ensure that his control over the government was undisputed.
When Caesar crossed the Rubicon in 49 BC, thus starting a civil war, Sextus' older brother Gnaeus followed their father in his escape to the East, as did most of the conservative senators. Sextus stayed in Rome in the care of his stepmother, Cornelia Metella. Pompey's army lost the Battle of Pharsalus in 48 BC and Pompey himself had to run for his life. Cornelia and Sextus met him in the island of Lesbos and together they fled to Egypt.Sextus Pompeius On the arrival, Sextus watched his father being killed by treachery on September 29 of the same year.
Confident that Caesar could be stopped by legal means, Pompey's party tried to strip Caesar of his legions, a prelude to Caesar's trial, impoverishment, and exile. To avoid this fate, Caesar crossed the Rubicon River and invaded Rome in 49 BC. Pompey and his party fled from Italy, pursued by Caesar. The Battle of Pharsalus was a brilliant victory for Caesar and in this and other campaigns he destroyed all of the optimates' leaders: Metellus Scipio, Cato the Younger, and Pompey's son, Gnaeus Pompeius. Pompey was murdered in Egypt in 48 BC. Caesar was now pre-eminent over Rome, attracting the bitter enmity of many aristocrats.
Bust of Pompey the Great in the Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen In 50 BC, the Senate, led by Pompey, ordered Caesar to disband his army and return to Rome because his term as Proconsul had finished.Suetonius, Julius 28 Moreover, the Senate forbade Caesar to stand for a second consulship in absentia. Caesar thought he would be prosecuted and politically marginalised if he entered Rome without the immunity enjoyed by a Consul or without the power of his army. Pompey accused Caesar of insubordination and treason. On 10 January 49 BC Caesar crossed the Rubicon river (the frontier boundary of Italy) with only one legion and ignited civil war.
Bithynia and Pontus became an important player during the Roman Republican civil wars. When Julius Caesar crossed the Rubicon River in 49 BC and started his civil war, many of members of the Roman Senate under the leadership of Pompey fled to the East. The Galatian client king Deiotarus, ruler of the rump state of eastern Pontus (Lesser Armenia), sided with his old patron Pompey against Caesar. However, following Pompey's defeated at the Battle of Pharsulus and subsequent death in 48 BC, Deiotarus faced execution by Caesar's forces until the Roman orator Marcus Tullius Cicero pleaded his case and secured his pardon from Caesar.
A Roman bust of Pompey the Great made during the reign of Augustus (27 BC14 AD), a copy of an original bust from 70–60 BC, Venice National Archaeological Museum, Italy In 50 BC, the Senate (led by Pompey) ordered Caesar to disband his army and return to Rome because his term as governor had finished.Suetonius, Julius 28 Caesar thought he would be prosecuted if he entered Rome without the immunity enjoyed by a magistrate. Pompey accused Caesar of insubordination and treason. On 10 January 49 BC, Caesar crossed the Rubicon river (the frontier boundary of Italy) with only a single legion, the Legio XIII Gemina, and ignited civil war.
Having crossed the Rubicon (the southern border of one of the provinces he controlled, Cisalpine Gaul) Julius Caesar leads his veterans of the Gallic Wars toward Rome, aware that the dictator Pompey has declared him an enemy of the state and his actions will likely end in Civil War. During the journey, his army encounters mild resistance; however, the legions are no match for veterans of Gaul, and Caesar forces the surrender without a single man being killed. He then pardons the legion - the first of many acts of propaganda in the coming war. The speed of his journey south catches Pompey by surprise, who consequently flees to Greece along with the majority of the Roman Senate.
The year is 49 BC, and Caesar has crossed the Rubicon, throwing the Roman Republic into civil war. At the same time, a favourite cousin of Pompey has been murdered, Pompey and the other leaders of the Optimates faction of the senate are leaving Rome to rally their forces against Caesar, but Pompey forces Gordianus to take on the job of solving the murder. To ensure himself of the Finder's diligence, he seizes his son-in-law and makes him join the Pompeian army, while Gordianus' adoptive son Meto, secretary to Caesar, is part of the other army marching on Rome. Category:Roma Sub Rosa Category:1999 American novels Category:49 BC Category:St.
Sestertius minted in 248 by Philip the Arab to celebrate the province of Dacia and its legions, V Macedonica and XIII Gemina. Note the eagle and lion, symbols on the reverse, respectively of legio V and legio XIII. Legio tertia decima Geminia, in English the 13th Twin Legion, also known as Legio tertia decima Gemina, was a legion of the Imperial Roman army. It was one of Julius Caesar's key units in Gaul and in the civil war, and was the legion with which he famously crossed the Rubicon on January 10, 49 BC. The legion appears to have still been in existence in the 5th century AD. Its symbol was the lion.
Crampton, Richard Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century and After, London: Routledge, 1997 page 116. Despite the constitution which stated that the foreign minister was responsible to the prime minister, in practice the foreign ministers had always reported to the king. By challenging Carol's right to control foreign policy, Codreanu had crossed the Rubicon in the king's eyes and that time onward, Carol was committed to the destruction of the arrogant upstart Codreanu and his movement who had dared to challenge the king's prerogative. In the December 1937 elections, the National Liberal government of Prime Minister Gheorghe Tătărescu won the largest number of seats, but less than the 40% required to form a majority government in parliament.
The undersecretary of state, George Ball, consulted with Forrestal and agreed to the change, which in effect authorized a coup. The National Security Adviser McGeorge Bundy felt he had delegated too much to Forrestal who seemed to him to be more closer to Harriman than to himself. On 25 August 1963, several members of the cabinet such as Rusk and McNamara who were against a coup were accusing Hilsman and Harriman of attempting to do an end-run around them by sending out a cable supporting a coup when they were not present in Washington. At a meeting called by Kennedy that day to discuss the dispute, the president stated that they had not crossed the Rubicon and it would still possible to change the policy.
Marxist historian E. H. Carr developed a controversial theory of history in his 1961 book What Is History?, which proved to be one of the most influential books ever written on the subject. He presented a middle-of-the-road position between the empirical or (Rankean) view of history and R. G. Collingwood's idealism, and rejected the empirical view of the historian's work being an accretion of "facts" that they have at their disposal as nonsense. He maintained that there is such a vast quantity of information that the historian always chooses the "facts" they decide to make use of. In Carr's famous example, he claimed that millions had crossed the Rubicon, but only Julius Caesar's crossing in 49 BC is declared noteworthy by historians.
On January 1, 49 BC, an agent of Caesar named Gaius Scribonius Curio presented an ultimatum to the senate, but the ultimatum was rejected, and the senate then passed a resolution which declared that if Caesar did not lay down his arms by July of that year, that he would be acting adversus rem publicam (in effect, declaring him to be an enemy of the republic).Abbott, 115 On January 7, 49 BC, the senate passed a senatus consultum ultimum, which suspended civil government and declared something analogous to martial law. Pompey, in effect, was vested with Dictatorial powers, but his army was composed largely of untested conscripts. Caesar then crossed the Rubicon river with his veteran army, and marched towards Rome.
After Caesar crossed the Rubicon, Labienus left his post in Cisalpine Gaul and joined Pompey.M. Tullius Cicero (Fam, 16.12) He was rapturously welcomed on the Pompeian side, bringing some Gallic and German cavalry with him. He also brought an account on Caesar's military strength.John Leach, Pompey the Great, p. 176. In the book, Biography of Titus Labienus, Caesar’s Lieutenant in Gaul, Tyrrell notes that modern historians describe Labienus's actions as a defection from Caesar, and do not hesitate to call him a “deserter” or “renegade”, possibly due to their liking for Caesar. Tyrrell recognizes that in the end, Labienus can be described as a man who “joined the legitimate government in its struggle against a revolutionary proconsul who placed his own dignitas above his country” (Tyrrell, 36).
Gnaeus Pompeius was the elder son of Pompey the Great (Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus) by his third wife, Mucia Tertia. Both he and his younger brother Sextus Pompey grew up in the shadow of their father, one of Rome's best generals and not originally a conservative politician who drifted to the more traditional faction when Julius Caesar became a threat. When Caesar crossed the Rubicon in 49 BC, thus starting a civil war, Gnaeus followed his father in their escape to the East, as did most of the conservative senators. Pompey's army lost the Battle of Pharsalus in 48 BC, and Pompey himself had to run for his life, only to be murdered in Egypt on 29 September the same year.
On September 22, House speaker Nancy Pelosi said if the administration continued to withhold the whistleblower complaint from Congress, "they will be entering a grave new chapter of lawlessness which will take us into a whole new stage of investigation." House Intelligence Committee chairman Adam Schiff, stating he had previously been "very reluctant" to initiate impeachment proceedings against Trump, said, "we may very well have crossed the Rubicon here." The vast majority of Republicans did not comment on the matter, with notable exceptions of senators Lindsey Graham and Mitt Romney, both of whom suggested Trump should release information to resolve the situation. On September 24, the Senate adopted by unanimous consent a sense of the Senate resolution calling for the whistleblower complaint to be immediately transmitted to the Senate Intelligence Committee.
They were similar in the sense that they were the only ones with a cultural presence and objects around whom German society's grand narrative was being built, thus Rommel was the only German general who would have been capable of challenging Hitler's rule, had he ever crossed the Rubicon from his "apolitical-to-the-core" military world and developed a serious, critical view of Hitler's political dealings. However, Rommel himself had fallen for Hitler's charisma almost until the end. Peter Lieb opines that the relationship between Rommel and Hitler is overrated - they liked each other but the relationship became worse and worse since the end of 1942 when Rommel began to see the consequences of Hitler's disastrous leadership as well as recognize the criminal character of the regime. According to Lieb, historians should focus more on Goebbels, whose propaganda built up Rommel.
After Verres, Sicily recovered rapidly, although not reimbursed for the robberies of the former praetor. Nor did Caesar's Civil War (49–45 BC) interrupt business as usual. Caesar's opponents had grasped the strategic importance of the island of Sicily as a base for attacking North Africa or for defending against an attack from Africa. However, after Julius Caesar crossed the Rubicon and began the civil war he took control of the island; Asinius Pollio was sent as Caesar's emissary, to remove the governor of the island at the time, Cato the Younger. The Caesarians were therefore able to embark from Lilybaeum to attack the supporters of Pompey in North Africa.. The situation changed with the assassination of Caesar (44 BC). In 42 BC, Sextus Pompey, son of Pompey Magnus, was appointed commander of the Roman fleet gathered at Massalia by the Senate.
The era that began when Julius Caesar crossed the Rubicon in 49 BC, and ended when Octavian returned to Rome after the Battle of Actium in 29 BC, can be divided into two distinct units. The dividing line between these two units is the assassination of Caesar in March 44 BC, although from a constitutional standpoint, there was no clear dividing line between these two periods.Abbott, 129 The forces which had supported Pompey during the early part of the first period were allied against Mark Antony and Octavian in 43 BC and 42 BC, and the constitutional means through which Caesar had held power before his assassination were used by Antony and Octavian to hold power after Caesar's assassination. From a constitutional standpoint, it makes no difference whether an autocratCicero, 237 holds the title of Roman Dictator, as Caesar had done, or of Triumvir, as Antony and Octavian had done.
Even though he characteristically drove his men to their limits in these battles, those legions would grow intensely loyal to him which would become very important in the near future. As Caesar's legal command, provincia, over his 13 legions was running out, he famously crossed the Rubicon River with just one legion, purportedly stating “alea iacta est”, “the die is cast”. He defeated the larger Pompeian armies through the experience of his men and clever use of strategy, even employing the pilum as a bayonet to combat Pompey's 7–1 cavalry advantage. Caesar's assassination led to the creation of the Second Triumvirate of Octavian (to become known as Augustus), Mark Antony, and Marcus Aemilius Lepidus in 43 BC. Exemplifying the mobility of loyalty in the army of this period, Octavian was able to raise legions without legal command as a result of his Caesarian connection, two of which had defected from Antony.
Whilst he did not at this time use them for marching on Rome in direct furtherance of his own career, his desperation to rival the military campaigns of Pompey that led to recognition in the public eye means that his motives are unlikely to have been entirely selfless. Rather, it was another step in the severance of the direct connection between state and troops that saw armies increasingly become tied to their generals' political careers. When the triumvirate collapsed, Caesar crossed the Rubicon river and marched his armies upon Rome itself. This turning of an army loyal to its general against the state had occurred before under Sulla, but the circumstances were different this time: Sulla felt at least partly justified in his march on Rome by the alleged and probably real corruption of the political system by Marius, and by Marius' own quest for primacy as a political figure against a political backdrop that sought to prevent any person becoming too prominent.

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