121 Sentences With "crofter" | Random Sentence Generator

Artists and writers are his principal guides: Rob Donn, an 18th-century crofter-chronicler, sits companionably alongside the modern Scottish poet Robin Robertson, their writing harmonising across time.

The crofter — who was previously a police officer — then put on her "pink croft hat" and "this wee lamb saw me and came running like a bullet," says MacLean.

Their son would grow up on this craggy outcrop they called home and become an experienced fowler, cragsman and crofter.

If a crofter was to cultivate this land, it was believed that it would bad fortune, particularly in the form of cattle diseases.

John Morton MacKenzie (1856–1933) was a Gaelic speaking crofter from Sconser on the Island of Skye and Britain’s first professional mountain guide.

In 1994, Mackintosh bought the Nevis Estate, on North Morar, to the east of Mallaig in the West Highlands of Scotland, covering around . He has since been involved in a long-running dispute with a tenant crofter, over the land use on the estate. As the laird, Mackintosh wants to use the land for building holiday homes, but the crofter says the land is needed for grazing.

In 1872 he had been Ontario's emigration commissioner in Glasgow. In BC he continued to work to encourage emigration from Scotland and the provincial government made him commissioner in charge of settling a community of crofter-fishermen on the West Coast. He styled himself C.C. (for "Crofter Commissioner") to distinguish himself from another Alexander Begg also working as a journalist in Victoria at the time.

Retrieved 18 September 2010. In 2011 it was reported that Staffin Island may be the last in Scotland where the old tradition of having cattle swim between grazings is still carried out. Crofter Iain MacDonald, who used to swim with the animals, now uses a boat to encourage them to swim from Staffin Island to Skye in early spring and back again in October."Skye crofter 'last' to swim his cattle between grazings" (11 February 2011) BBC News.

Margaret Hope MacPherson (born MacLean; 29 June 1908 – 21 October 2001) was a Scottish crofter, politician, author, and activist. During her later life, she was known as the "First Lady of Crofting".

Mac an Tàilleir (2003) p. 107 In 2011 it was reported that the island may be the last in Scotland where the old tradition of having cattle swim between grazings is still carried out. Crofter Iain MacDonald, who used to swim with the animals, now uses a boat to encourage them to swim from Staffin Island to Skye in early spring and back again in October."Skye crofter 'last' to swim his cattle between grazings" (11 February 2011) BBC News.

She stayed with the programme as one of the main cast until 1995, appearing in several hundred episodes. Grace was the widow of a sheep-herding crofter called Donald Lachlan and kept house for her son Dougal (played by Alec Monteath), who had succeeded his father as crofter at Ardvain on the Glendarroch estate. She left the programme in 1993 but returned for guest appearances until 1995. She was known outside acting as Marjorie Hunter and died aged 98 in Perthshire on 10 March 2012, survived by her daughters Lesley and Anne.

Between 1988-1992 he served on the Commons Select Committee on Agriculture. In 1991, he piloted his own Private Members Bill through the House of Commons, the Crofter Forestry Act, which has since led to the planting of mixed woodland by crofter communities in the Highlands and Islands. Between 1991–95, he was a leading campaigner for Western military intervention in the former Yugoslavia and a persistent critic of the-then Government's policy. Between 1992–97, he was Chair of Labour Initiative on Co-operation (LINC), a Labour Party pressure group promoting co-operation with the Liberal Democrats.

Hannay escapes. He walks toward Alt-na-Shellach, staying the night with a poor crofter (farmer) and his much younger wife. Early the next morning, the wife sees a police car approaching and warns Hannay; she also gives him her husband's coat. Hannay flees.

A villein, otherwise known as cottar or crofter, is a serf tied to the land in the feudal system. Villeins had more rights and social status than those in slavery, but were under a number of legal restrictions which differentiated them from the freeman.

He was born in Elgin in northern Scotland on 2 October 1921 and was the son of Robert Douglas (1871–1948), a crofter. He was educated at Elgin Academy. He studied Medicine at Glasgow University graduating BSc in 1941. In 1944 Glasgow University granted him MB ChB.

Every crofter under the age of seventy was removed on threat of imprisonment, with those over that age being sent to the poorhouse.Haswell-Smith (2004) p. 176. Orbost and Roag are further south on the shore of Loch Bracadale. Crofting remains a mainstay of the economy.

Many of her recordings are archived on Tobar and Dualchais. The song Seallaibh Curaigh Eoghainn (Look at Ewen's Coracle) was included on a compilation of music from the Western Isles. She was a housewife, crofter and also had a shop in Linicro. She lived in Glasgow for many years, eventually returning to Skye.

The Shetland Crofthouse Museum, with peat stacked outside A croft is a fenced or enclosed area of land, usually small and arable, and usually, but not always, with a crofter's dwelling thereon. A crofter is one who has tenure and use of the land, typically as a tenant farmer, especially in rural areas.

His book The Soap Man: Lewis, Harris and Lord Leverhulme (2003), was shortlisted for the Saltire Scottish Book of the Year Award. Calum's Road (2006), about Raasay crofter Calum MacLeod who hand-built a road to his croft, was shortlisted for the Royal Society of Literature's Ondaatje Prize. In 2012 Hutchinson published The Silent Weaver, the story of the Uist-raised crofter Angus MacPhee who suffered a schizophrenic breakdown during World War II and subsequently spent 50 years in Craig Dunain Hospital near Inverness where he developed skill in weaving grass taken from the hospital grounds. As of 2018, Hutchinson's most recent book is The Butcher, the Baker, the Candlestick Maker: The story of Britain through its Census, since 1801 (2017).

A subsequent appeal to the Education Department to provide a school, was successful only after a rate strike. Raasay crofter, Calum MacLeod (who later built "Calum's Road") constructed a track from Torran to Fladda between 1949 and 1952. This did not stem the exodus from the island and the last families left Fladda in 1965.

They also cultivated small patches of land, growing potatoes and corn. There is evidence of Stone Age occupation in the area. In 1900 a local crofter excavated a mound on his croft and found a stone slab covering a stone-lined chamber containing a skull and a bowl. Similar chambers were found in the locality.

Born in Belhelvie, Aberdeenshire, Scotland, the son of John Stott, a crofter, and his wife, Jane Anderson. Stott initially worked in agriculture, but due to a serious knee injury at the age of nineteen, a subsequent leg amputation and evangelical Christian conversion, he became a schoolmaster and active member of the Free Church of Scotland.

Retrieved 26 December 2012. For example, the settlement of Lorgill on the west coast of Duirinish was cleared on 4 August 1830. Every crofter under the age of seventy was removed and placed on board the Midlothian on threat of imprisonment, with those over that age being sent to the poorhouse.Haswell-Smith (2004) p. 176.

Calum's Road as it is today Plaque on Calum's Cairn Malcolm Macleod (Scottish Gaelic: Calum Macleòid), BEM (15 November 1911 – 26 January 1988) was a crofter who famously built Calum's Road on the Island of Raasay, Scotland. He was Local Assistant Keeper of Rona Lighthouse and the part-time postman for the north end of Raasay.

All through the Middle Ages the production of cloth was a cottage industry in the Tweed valley. The crofter- weaver ran his own sheep, usually on common land, the whole community helped with shearing, the women carded and span the wool and the weaver himself warped and mounted his web and wove it in his handloom. The cloth was afterwards washed and ‘waulked’ or milled and beaten in a burn. Such dyes as were used came from local plants but for the most part the wool was undyed. Along the banks of the Tweed, especially where burns ran down the hillsides, small groups of these crofter-weavers would be established and it may be that the name ‘Walker Burn’ simply referred to the burn where weavers ‘waulked’ the wool.

In August 2015, the BBC genealogy documentary series Who Do You Think You Are? revealed that Donald Mackenzie, great-great-great- grandfather of celebrity chef Paul Hollywood, had been a crofter in Poolewe. For a period of over a decade he had also been the post-runner between Poolewe and Dingwall, a distance of , whilst aged over forty. Mackenzie lived into his eighties.

"Larkin, James", S.J. Connolly, The Oxford Companion to Irish History. Oxford University Press. p. 302 ("Russellite Unionists" were another expression of class-related tension. Thomas Russell, MP, the son of an evicted Scottish crofter, broke with the Conservatives in the Irish Unionist Alliance to be returned to Westminster from South Tyrone in 1906 as the champion of the Ulster Farmers and Labourers Union).

369 Fisher described him as "complex, almost chameleon".Fisher 1982, p. 364 At times he portrayed himself as the descendant of a Scottish crofter, as a businessman, aristocrat, intellectual and soldier. Labour leader Harold Wilson wrote that his "role as a poseur was itself a pose".Fisher 1982, p. 365 Wilson also argued that behind the public nonchalance lay a real professional.

At the 1892 general election, the party sponsored four candidates: John Wilson in Edinburgh Central, Robert Brodie in Glasgow College, Chisholm Robertson in Stirlingshire and Henry Hyde Champion in Aberdeen South. Between them, the candidates won 2,313 votes. The party also actively supported nine left-wing Liberal candidates, including one Crofter. Some of the candidates were also sponsored by the Scottish Socialist Federation.

In 1937 the islands were acquired by Nigel Nicolson, then an undergraduate at Oxford, who like former owner Compton MacKenzie, was later a writer, publisher and politician. Nicolson's son, the writer Adam Nicolson, published the definitive book on the islands, Sea Room. The Shiants now belong to Adam's son Tom. Sheep belonging to a Lewis crofter graze all three islands.

In 1829, Stephen was born at Dufftown, Banffshire, in a cottage built by his grandfather. He was the son of William Stephen (b. 1801), a carpenter, and Elspet, daughter of John Smith, a crofter at Knockando, Moray. His mother was a first cousin of the philanthropic Grant brothers of Manchester, immortalised as the "Cheeryble Brothers" in Charles Dickens' Nicholas Nickleby.

Buntine was born in Glasgow, Scotland, in about 1822. Her parents were Sarah and John Davidson, the latter a crofter; Buntine was the oldest of the six children they had. The Davidsons travelled to Glen Huntly, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia in late 1839, arriving in April 1840. It is likely that the family departed from Scotland due to Hugh Buntine's advocacy for the idea.

2017) p210 It is thought that Fraser- Mackintosh rendered legal assistance to when she was accused of theft from her employer in 1872. He appears to have recruited to her cause by John Murdoch and to have earned her enduring gratitude and affection.Ewan A. Cameron, The Life and Times of Fraser-Mackintosh Crofter MP,(Aberdeen:University of Aberdeen,2000),50-51.

Max Julius Leopold Schultze (c. 1881 - 13th April 1955) was a herring exporter and Labour politician who served as Provost of Peterhead from 1936 to 1940. He was born in Stettin and moved to Peterhead with his parents in 1885Webster J. Another Grain of Truth Glasgow,1989 p.66. He married Helen Agnes Spence, daughter of crofter from Lerwick in 1909.

There is also an established software presence on Skye, with Portree- based Sitekit having expanded in recent years."Sitekit reports a record year of growth" . Pressport.co.uk. Retrieved 7 February 2011. Crofting is still important, but although there are about 2,000 crofts on Skye only 100 or so are large enough to enable a crofter to earn a livelihood entirely from the land.

Katharine Stewart (29 August 1914 in Reading, England – 27 March 2013 in Inverness) was an English author, crofter, teacher and postmistress. Stewart is best known for her book A Croft in the Hills. First published in 1960, it describes the life of a family in a remote croft in the 1950s. The book has been republished and reprinted seven times.

Whilst commonly believed to be based on the real Portland Bill Lighthouse and Isle of Portland, there is no evidence to back this up beyond the main character having the name Portland Bill. In fact, with the name of the nearest village, and the proximity of a croft owned by Finisterre the Crofter, there is evidence to suggest it is actually based in Scotland.

The story begins at a croft belonging to Kate Dix; at that time she was the oldest person on the island. They interview John Ferguson, a crofter on Berneray, and he tells how the population of Berneray has decreased rapidly; only around 100 live on the island now. Next there is a sheep dip. Angus Munro is seen in winter, gathering seaweed for fertiliser.

The Lone Shieling sheep crofter hut, or "bothran". Lone Shieling trail sign. The Lone Shieling is a Scottish-style sheep crofters hut (also known as a bothran or shieling) located in Cape Breton Highlands National Park, Nova Scotia. Built in 1942, it is one of the earliest structures in the park and is a Recognized Federal Heritage Building (ID 4627) due to its historical and architectural significance.

Elias Volan Elias Karelius Johansen Volan (10 March 1887 – 26 December 1974) was a Norwegian trade unionist. He was born in Inderøy as a son of crofter Johan Berent Johannessen Volvollan and Lise Eliasdatter Kjærbo. He attended Sund Folk High School from 1903 to 1904, but spent the rest of his youth as a worker. In 1908 he became chairman of his local trade union.

The people evicted resented this change as a loss of status from farmer to crofter, but this was not understood by the estate when they started implementing their plans in Strathnaver in 1814. The first clearances in Strathnaver involved only 28 families (an estimated 140 people). Eviction notices were given in December 1813 by Patrick Sellar, the estate factor. The notices took effect on Whitsun 1814.

Similar yet distinctive from the nogel, a tangie is able to cause derangement in humans and animals. The tangie plays a major role in the Shetland legend of Black Eric, a sheep rustler. The tangie he rode gave him supernatural assistance when he raided and harassed surrounding crofts. In his final battle with crofter Sandy Breamer, Black Eric fell to his death in the sea.

Under the 1886 legislation (the Crofters' Holdings (Scotland) Act) protected crofters are members of a crofters' township, consisting of tenants of neighbouring crofts with a shared right to use common pasture. Since 1976 it has been legally possible for a crofter to acquire title to his croft, thus becoming an owner-occupier. The Land Reform (Scotland) Act 2003 gives crofters the right to buy their land.

Ratcatcher is informal attire worn when fox hunting and consists primarily of a tweed jacket with tan breeches. Other specific items of clothing, forming part of the "uniform", might be prescribed by individual hunting clubs. It is possible that the term was derived from the attire which the "ratcatcher" or "terrier man" wore. He was probably a crofter and followed the hunt across his land.

The brothers went ashore, where they met a crofter. They stayed on the croft for one winter, during which the couple separately fostered the two children: the old woman fostered Agnar and the old man fostered Geirröðr. Upon the arrival of spring, the old man brought them a ship. The old couple took the boys to the shore, and the old man took Geirröðr aside and spoke to him.

William Reid, the son of a Scottish crofter, originally arrived in Madeira in 1836. He hired out quintas to wealthy invalids and moved on to hotels, but died before his Reid's hotel was completed. The hotel was designed by the architects George Somers Clarke and John Thomas Micklethwaite. It opened as the New Hotel in November 1891 and later became the New Palace Hotel, then Reid's Palace or just "Reid's".

Auchtubh is a hamlet in the Stirling council area of Scotland, less than to the east of the village of Balquhidder. Auchtubh consisted of Croft's numbered 1 to 9 which were worked by Crofters raising sheep and cattle. The crofters helped each other with harvesting and other work. The last worked Croft was number 8 Auchtubh next to Coshnachie The crofter was Chrissie MacCrae who had sheep cows hens and geese.

Originally there were two lakes on the valley floor but one has now disappeared and the water is largely contained by the Dorothea quarry pit. Richard Wilson, View of Snowdon from Llyn Nantlle - WGA25772. The famous painting depicts the area before industrialisation. A dispute between local crofter-quarrymen and the local large landowner, Lord Newborough of the Wynn family from Glynllifon became an important legal landmark in the early 19th century.

Archibald Clunes Innes, from Thrumster, Caithness was a captain in the Third Regiment (Buffs), when he arrived in Australia in 1822 on the Eliza in charge of 170 convicts. He held a number of New England properties including Glen Innes Station and Dundee station. Glen Innes has a number of street signs in Scottish Gaelic (though no residents speak of that language). There is also a "Crofter"'s cottage.

Her father was a crofter, fisherman and compulsory officer at Mary's school. English was her second language, which she learned at the school she attended until secondary school. Her paternal grandparents were Alexander MacLeod and Ann MacLeod; her maternal grandparents were Donald Smith and Mary MacAulay. They were from the locations of Vatisker and South Lochs, and some of the family's generations had suffered in the Highland Clearances.

A townland (; Ulster-Scots: toonlann) is a small geographical division of land used in Ireland and in the Western Isles in Scotland. Reprinted from the Report of the Crofter Royal Commission. :Further reprinted in The townland system is of Gaelic origin, pre-dating the Norman invasion, and most have names of Irish origin. However, some townland names and boundaries come from Norman manors, plantation divisions, or later creations of the Ordnance Survey.

Fleeman was born in Longside, Aberdeenshire, in 1713 and was one of three children. His precise date of birth is not given but he is recorded as being baptised on 7 April 1713. Few details are known about his father except he was a crofter who was also named James Fleming. There is also scant information about his mother other than that she drowned in a deep pool beside the Bridge of Ludquharn.

The Swedish terms statare and torpare refer to slightly different types of tenant farmers. Their situation was usually poor, but in theory, they were always free to leave. In some cases, the torpare (crofter) was the owner of his own plot of land (typically less than a quarter mantal) and was also a subject to taxation. This taxation could be in the form of corvée, but payment in money was usually cheaper if possible.

During the Highland Clearances, attempts were made to evict the crofting tenants of Coigach in 1852-53. However, the women of Coigach disarmed twenty policemen and sheriff officers, burning their summonses and throwing their batons into the sea. The men of Coigach formed the second line of defense should the women receive any ill-treatment. The officers of the law returned home without having served a single summons or evicting a single crofter.

He was found drifting in the sea by a local crofter, John Johnson from Lunna. The "Shetland–Norwegian Friendship Society" has set up a plaque on the churchyard wall in remembrance to these two unknown men. British naval officer, historian and author David Howarth (28 July 1912–2 July 1991) requested that his ashes be scattered over the water at Lunna Voe. A memorial plaque is mounted on the churchyard wall at Lunna Kirk.

Born in Belfast, the second son of John Smillie, a Scottish crofter. Until his adult years, he spelt his name as "Smellie"; including on his wedding certificate in 1878. During his early years, he was orphaned and brought up by his grandmother who taught him how to read and write. By the age of nine, he was working as an errand boy and by the age of eleven, he was working at a spinning mill.

Evander McIver was born in 1835 in Assynt, in the north west of Scotland. He was the son of a crofter and mason, Kenth McIver. Evander initially trained as a stonemason then the manager of the Duke of Sutherland’s estates, recognised his talent and assisted him to be trained in architectural studies.Half- drowned or Half-baked: Essays in the history of North Fitzroy, p.116, citing Julie Selmon, ‘Evander McIver’ (BArch undergraduate thesis, University of Melbourne 1987).

Macmillan was born at 52 Cadogan Place in Chelsea, London, to Maurice Crawford Macmillan (1853–1936), a publisher, and his wife, the former Helen (Nellie) Artie Tarleton Belles (1856–1937), an artist and socialite from Spencer, Indiana. He had two brothers, Daniel, eight years his senior, and Arthur, four years his senior. His paternal grandfather, Daniel MacMillan (1813–1857), who founded Macmillan Publishers, was the son of a Scottish crofter from the Isle of Arran.Campbell 2009, p.

Hector MacDonald was born on a farm at Rootfield, near Dingwall, Ross-shire, Scotland. He was, as were most people in the area at the time, a Gaelic speaker and in later life went by the name Eachann nan Cath ('Hector of the Battles').Friseal, A. Eachann nan Cath Gairm, Glasgow 1979 His father, William MacDonald, was a crofter and a stonemason. His mother was Ann Boyd, the daughter of John Boyd of Killiechoilum, Whitebridge, and Cradlehall, near Inverness.

The development of agriculture towards market-based economy was started during the 18th century, when crop rotation and large-scale drainage projects were initiated. At the same time, clearing of forests for agricultural use continued, leading into the formation of a large crofter class (), living on small-holdings rented from larger farms. During the 19th century the social divisions among the rural population deepened. Consequently, in Finnish Civil War of 1918, Satakunta formed an important part of Red Finland.

After two unsuccessful attempts he was given advice on the route by John Mackenzie, a Skye crofter and Britain's first professional mountain guide. Collie returned regularly to Skye and climbed with MacKenzie, the two men becoming firm friends and making many first ascents. In 1899 he discovered the Cioch, a unique rock feature on the Coire Laggan face of Sron na Ciche. This he climbed in 1906 with Mackenzie, who named it from the Gaelic word for a breast.

The Historic Scotland report commented that despite its importance the battle "has drawn little popular attention" outside the immediate area, but notes that a fragment of a ballad called The Battle of Alford has survived, though the surviving verses do not relate to the fighting itself. It also noted that the great-grandfather of James Watt, a Kildrummy crofter named Thomas Watt, was among the militia conscripted to fight on the government side, and was killed there.

The reduction in status from farmer to crofter was one of the causes of resentment from these changes. The second phase (c.1815–20 to 1850s) involved overcrowded crofting communities from the first phase that had lost the means to support themselves, through famine and/or collapse of industries that they had relied on (such as the kelp trade), as well as continuing population growth. This is when "assisted passages" were common, when landowners paid the fares for their tenants to emigrate.

Factors and land surveyors who had studied the economic principles of the Scottish Enlightenment put forward plans for agricultural improvement to landowners who were looking to maximise the income from their lands. The usual result was the eviction of tenants who had farmed run rig arable plots and raised livestock on common grazing. Typically they were offered crofts and expected to work in other industries such as fishing or kelping. Some chose to emigrate, rejecting the loss of status from farmer to crofter.

The Scottish Crofting Federation (SCF), which was formerly called the Scottish Crofting Foundation (itself formerly called the Scottish Crofters Union), is an organisation of crofting communities in the highlands and islands of Scotland. The SCF is the only member-led organisation dedicated to promoting crofting and is the largest association of small-scale food producers in the UK. Its mission is to safeguard and promote the rights, livelihoods and culture of crofters and their communities. Its magazine is called The Crofter.

A husmann in Norway was a type of crofter. In the book, Skappel distinguished between crofters who received some land in exchange for work, often on short-term contracts, and crofters who received land in exchange for rent, often on lifetime contracts. Skappel's theory has been discussed as late as around 2000, but has been found (by historian Ståle Dyrvik) models to lack important complexity. Other prominent works by Skappel include Hedemarkens amt 1814–1914 and Ringsaker Sparebank 1847–1927, but he mostly published in journals.

On retiring to Inverness Murdoch quickly became a figure of prominence. He championed Mary MacPherson, Mairi Mhòr nan Oran, when she was put on trial. He is said to have arranged for her legal representation and may have introduced her to Charles Fraser-Mackintosh.Ewan A. Cameron, The Life and Times of Fraser Mackintosh Crofter MP (Aberdeen: The University of Aberdeen, 2000)pp50-51 Shortly after this he started his weekly publication,The Highlander, which ran until it succumbed to endemic financial difficulties in 1881.

Born at Orchilmore, near Killiecrankie, Perthshire, Macintosh was son of a cooper and crofter. After attending the parish school, and acting for some time as a teacher, he went to Edinburgh. In 1774 he was acting as one of Peter Williamson's penny postmen; he next found employment as a copying clerk, and was subsequently tutor in the family of Stewart of Gairntully. For some years from 1785 he was employed in the office of Mr. Davidson, deputy-keeper of the signet and crown agent.

He was born at Ihleeie in Stange as a son of crofter Anders Johannesen Moeskau and Tolline Andreasdatter. His father later started as a laborer at Hamar Melkefabrik, and after Moeskau had spent his adolescence at sea, from 1882 to 1889, he too was hired at Hamar Melkefabrik. In 1891 he moved to work at Sannesund Melkefabrik in Tune. Moeskau chaired the Labour Party branch in Smaalenenes Amt from 1904 to 1908, and was also a central board member of the Labour Party from 1906.

This is a list of parliamentary by-elections in the United Kingdom held between 1868 and 1885, with the names of the previous incumbent and the victor in the by-election and their respective parties. Where seats changed political party at the election, the result is highlighted: light blue for a Conservative gain, orange for a Liberal (including Liberal-Labour and Liberal/Crofter) gain, light green for a Home Government Association (1870–1873), Home Rule League (1873–1882) or Irish Parliamentary Party (from 1882) gain and grey for any other gain.

In the early 1970s Wood often read Scottish stories on the BBC children's TV programme Jackanory under the name Auntie Gwen. Having spent over a decade as a crofter in Moidart (moving to Edinburgh in 1952) she had a wide span of experience to call upon. In all she wrote ten books, the last being her autobiography, Yours Sincerely for Scotland. Later in the 1970s she unsuccessfully stood as a candidate in an election to be Rector of the University of Dundee with the support of the University's Scottish Nationalist Association.

Uig Beach () is best known as the site where the Lewis Chessmen () were found. Before 1831, a local crofter discovered a buried hoard of chess pieces, uncovered by a storm. The chessmen are now in the Museum of Scotland, Edinburgh with an overseas exhibit in the British Museum in London, and replicas in the Uig Heritage Centre in Tuimisgearraidh. They are mostly carved from walrus tusks, and probably originated in Norway sometime in the 12th century, although when and how they came to be in Uig is unknown.

MacGregor was born in Hillockhead, parish of Towie, Aberdeenshire, Scotland, the eldest son of John MacGregor, a crofter, and his wife Agnes, daughter of William Smith of Pitprone. MacGregor was educated at the school at Tillyduke and worked as a farm labourer. Encouraged by his schoolmaster and the local doctor who recognised MacGregor's ability, he entered Aberdeen Grammar School in April 1866 and enrolled at the University of Aberdeen in October 1867. He graduated MB and C.M. of Aberdeen University in 1872, and obtained his M.D. in 1874.

The son of a crofter, he was born in Bowmore on Islay in 1902. He was educated at Bowmore School and then Dunoon Grammar School before studying arts and divinity at the University of Edinburgh. His first charge was at Gretna, before becoming the minister of the Scots Kirk in Paris in 1938. A 2001 Gaelic-language documentary aired on BBC2 stated that Caskie was a homosexual, with the documentarian Angus Peter Campbell saying that Caskie lived life as a man who was "straight at home [and] gay abroad".

Roderick Ross as Chief Constable of Ramsgate Roderick Ross CVO CBE KPM (24 May 1865 – 6 March 1943) was Chief Constable of Edinburgh City Police from 1900 to 1935. Ross was born in West Helmsdale in the parish of Kildonan, Sutherland, the son of a crofter. His namesake, his grandfather, a Chelsea Pensioner, had been evicted from Kildonan during the Highland Clearances. Aged 16 he was apprenticed to a Helmsdale tailor, but soon moved to Edinburgh where he was employed by Sir Andrew McDonald, an eminent clothier and later Lord Provost from 1894 to 1897.

John Jamieson, in his Etymological Dictionary of the Scottish Language (1808) describes some of the May Day/Beltane customs which persisted in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries in parts of Scotland, which he noted were beginning to die out. In the nineteenth century, folklorist Alexander Carmichael (1832-1912), collected the song Am Beannachadh Bealltain (The Beltane Blessing) in his Carmina Gadelica, which he heard from a crofter in South Uist. Scottish May Day/Beltane celebrations have been somewhat revived since the late twentieth century. Both Edinburgh and Glasgow organise May Day festivals and rallies.

The crofts created by clearance were not intended to support all the needs of those who lived there, and consequently were restricted in size to a few acres of arable land with a surrounding shared grazing. Landlords intended their crofting tenants to work in various industries, such as fishing or kelp. A contemporary estimate was that a crofter needed to carry out 200 days work away from his croft in order to avoid destitution. In the second half of the 19th century, many crofters provided a substantial migrant workforce, especially for lowland farms.

Ronald Munro Ferguson c1895 In 1884, Munro Ferguson was elected to the House of Commons but was defeated at the general election of November 1885 by a Crofter candidate in Ross and Cromarty. One historian had accused him of scheming with the Duke of Argyll to corrupt the electoral process.Ian Fraser Grigor, "Highland Resistance: The Radical Tradition in the Scottish North", He was defeated again the following year in Dunbartonshire. But at a by-election in July 1886 he secured the nomination at Leith Burghs, principally on the advice of Lord Rosebery.

In 1788, Pehr Hörberg purchased a homestead in Olstorp in Risinge near Finspång in Östergötland. That was a real estate business that must have brought attention among the peasants in Rising and especially in Olstorp was made up in 1788. Then the crofter son from Småland, "The Royal Court Painter", Pehr Hörberg, bought a fourth part mantal by Chamberlain , a Swedish baron and upper-class chamberlain family De Geer. In March 1790, Pehr Hörberg moved to Rising in Östergötland, where he had bought his new homestead Olstorp in Östergötland.

From the late 18th century to the mid 20th century, many accounts of Beltane customs were recorded by folklorists and other writers. For example John Jamieson, in his Etymological Dictionary of the Scottish Language (1808) describes some of the Beltane customs which persisted in the 18th and early 19th centuries in parts of Scotland, which he noted were beginning to die out. In the 19th century, folklorist Alexander Carmichael (1832–1912), collected the song Am Beannachadh Bealltain (The Beltane Blessing) in his Carmina Gadelica, which he heard from a crofter in South Uist.

Skene, William Forbes. Celtic Scotland (3 vols, Edinburgh, 1876–80), vol. iii, pp. 378–93. Carmichael rounded off his contribution in an unorthodox manner, presenting a selection of traditional rhymes, prayers, blessings, and songs he had gathered from a wide variety of informants in the islands, intended to illustrate the spiritual refinement and respectability of their crofter reciters. The popularity of ‘Grazing and Agrestic Customs’, and a subsequent paper Carmichael delivered on 24 December 1888 to the Gaelic Society of Glasgow on ‘Uist Old Hymns’, encouraged him to embark upon a much more comprehensive work on the subject.

Over the 18th century, Highland society had changed greatly. On the eastern fringes of the Highlands, most arable land was divided into family farms with employing crofters (with some land held in their own right, insufficient on its own to give them an adequate living) and cottars (farm workers with no land of their own, sometimes sub-let a small patch of land by their employer or a crofter). The economy had become assimilated to that of the Lowlands, whose proximity allowed and encouraged a diverse agriculture. Proximity to the Lowlands had also led to a steady drain of population from these areas.

Ewan A. Cameron, "The Life and Times of Fraser Mackintosh Crofter MP", (Aberdeen: University of Aberdeen Press, 2000)119-130 During the tour of investigation the gunboat HMS Lively, with the commissioners on board, sank off Stornoway, and he had some difficulty in saving the manuscript of his Memoirs of Adam Black, on which he was working at the time. In 1885 he became sheriff-substitute of Greenock, retiring in 1889, with a pension, on grounds of ill-health. He returned to Edinburgh, died suddenly at the breakfast table on 13 January 1893, and was buried in Warriston cemetery in Edinburgh.

The island's other name, "Cradle Holm", comes from a small hoist, or cradle, which used to run between the island and Noss, for around 200 years from the 17th century, to 1864. It was said to be big enough to be able to take one man, and one sheep. In 1864, the laird's factor, Mr Walker, had the cradle dismantled on the grounds of safety, and had a wall erected on the neighbouring cliff on Noss. The crofter who constructed the original cradle is said to have won his bet, that he could not climb it, but died shortly after constructing the cradle.

Pennymore, Peighinnchornach. In some places the pennyland was subdivided. On Loch Fyneside we meet with Lephinmore, Lephincorrach, (‘the big half-pennyland’, the ‘rough half pennyland’); also ‘an Fheòirling’ (the ‘farthingland’). A conventional use of the term ‘peighinn’ is met with in Skye—the crofting town of Elgol is separated by a march-dyke from the deer forest; each crofter is responsible for the upkeep of a specified length of the dyke, and it is called the ‘peighinn’ of his croft; similarly the part of the shore allotted to each croft for seaware is called the ‘peighinn’ of that croft.

Terrorism Act 2000 s 3 and Sch 2, with a growing list of banned organisations. Extinction Rebellion protests in London. Like freedom of association,eg Crofter Hand Woven Harris Tweed Co Ltd v Veitch [1941] UKHL 2 and Mogul Steamship Co Ltd v McGregor, Gow & Co [1892] AC 25 the right of peaceful assembly was recognised at common law. For instance, in Beatty v Gillbanks the Salvation Army wanted to march against alcohol but was stopped by the police over concerns that a rival 'skeleton army' of local brewers would violently disrupt them and so breach the beach.

This was chaired by Cunninghame Graham, while other attendees included Irish nationalist politician John Ferguson, crofter John Murdoch, land reformer Shaw Maxwell and miners' leader Robert Smillie. However, the organised socialist movement was not initially involved; both the Social Democratic Federation and the Socialist League boycotted the event. The diverse factions had very different perspectives on the party's future, but were able to agree a programme, largely based on a draft by Hardie.David Howell, British Workers and the Independent Labour Party, p.148 Hardie became the party's Secretary, while George Mitchell was the first Treasurer and Cunninghame Graham was the President.

Gardiner was born near Crieff in Perthshire in 1860, the son of John Gardiner, a crofter, and his wife Harriet (née Allan). He was educated at Morrison's Academy in Crieff and also received private tuition.Who was Who, OUP 2007 In 1887 he married Elizabeth Maude Christie the daughter of an engineer from Ruthvenvale, near Auchterarder. Elizabeth Gardiner died of heart failure in a London nursing home in 1921 The Times, 11 August 1921 p13 and in 1922 Gardiner married Elizabeth Christie The Times, 24 August 1922 p9 whose father had homes in Mokameh in Bengal and at Comrie.

Taff Vale Railway Co v Amalgamated Society of Railway Servants [1901] UKHL 1, commonly known as the Taff Vale case, is a formative case in UK labour law. It held that, at common law, unions could be liable for loss of profits to employers that were caused by taking strike action. The labour movement reacted to Taff Vale with outrage; the case gave impetus to the establishment of the UK Labour Party and was soon reversed by the Trade Disputes Act 1906. It was reversed at common law in Crofter Hand Woven Harris Tweed Co Ltd v Veitch [1942].

The religious change energised the crofters and separated them from the landlords; it helped prepare them for their successful and violent challenge to the landlords in the 1880s through the Highland Land League. Violence began on the Isle of Skye when Highland landlords cleared their lands for sheep and deer parks. It was quieted when the government stepped in passing the Crofters' Holdings (Scotland) Act, 1886 to reduce rents, guarantee fixity of tenure, and break up large estates to provide crofts for the homeless. In 1885 three Independent Crofter candidates were elected to Parliament, which listened to their pleas.

', crofting town near in the Isle of Skye The Crofters Holdings (Scotland) Act 1886 () is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that created legal definitions of crofting parish and crofter, granted security of land tenure to crofters and produced the first Crofters Commission, a land court which ruled on disputes between landlords and crofters. The same court ruled on whether parishes were or were not crofting parishes. In many respects the Act was modelled on the Irish Land Acts of 1870 and 1881. By granting the crofters security of tenure, the Act put an end to the Highland Clearances.

Plemelj was born in the village of Bled near Bled Castle in Austria-Hungary (now Slovenia); he died in Ljubljana, Yugoslavia (now Slovenia). His father, Urban, a carpenter and crofter, died when Josip was only a year old. His mother Marija, née , found bringing up the family alone very hard, but she was able to send her son to school in Ljubljana where Plemelj studied from 1886 to 1894. Due to a bench thrown into Tivoli Pond by him or his friends, he could not attend the school after he finished the fourth class and had to pass the final exam privately.

After a number of failed attempts at suicide, Tom comes to the conclusion that he must research and plan for a “spectacular” attempt at ending his life. Having been ordered into counselling by a judge following a previous attempt on his life, Tom meets fellow patient Eve (Annabel Logan) and acerbic therapist Dr. Watson (Patrick O’Brien), as well as the grumpy Mr Neilsen (Ray Crofter), who Tom has been ordered to help as part of a community service order. As he plans for his spectacular suicide, Tom forms relationships with Eve, Dr. Watson and Mr Neilsen, leading him to examine and question his motives for wanting to end his own life.

Ewan A. Cameron, The Life and Times of Fraser Mackintosh Crofter MP (Aberdeen: The University of Aberdeen, 2000)pp45-46 In the 1850s and 60's Murdoch spent a number of years in Dublin where he encountered Irish Nationalism and radical Irish ideas on land reform. At this time he wrote articles for the Nationalist newspaper The Nation. While working in Dublin in the 1850s he is said to have had an influence on Alexander Carmichael, a fellow Argyllshire Gael who, likewise, was employed as an exciseman.Domhnall Uilleam Stiúbhart (ed), The Life and Legacy of Alexander Carmichael, (Port of Ness: The Islands Book Trust,2008) p3.

This energised the crofters and separated them from the landlords, preparing them for their successful and violent challenge to the landlords in the 1880s through the Highland Land League. Violence began on the Isle of Skye when Highland landlords cleared their lands for sheep and deer parks. It was quieted when the government stepped in passing the Crofters' Holdings (Scotland) Act, 1886 to reduce rents, guarantee fixity of tenure, and break up large estates to provide crofts for the homeless. In 1885, three Independent Crofter candidates were elected to Parliament, leading to explicit security for the Scottish smallholders; the legal right to bequeath tenancies to descendants; and creating a Crofting Commission.

Laurence I. "Lollie" Graham (1924–2008) was a Scottish poet and author Born in Stromfirth in 1924, the family moved to one of the new croft holdings at Veensgarth, Tingwall and he lived there ever since. He had been a part-time crofter most of his life, and active in local politics. After World War II, Graham studied at the University of Edinburgh and Moray House College, Edinburgh, during which time he was active in literary circles and co-edited a volume of Scottish student verse. He returned to Shetland to take up a teaching post and taught at the Anderson Educational Institute and the Scalloway Junior High School.

Gunnar Sethil Gunnar Sethil (28 November 1872 – 20 March 1941) was a Norwegian trade unionist and politician for the Labour Party. He was born at Sethil in Brandval as a son of crofter Martin Olsen Sethil (1827–1891) and Karen Bjerkerod (1834–1918). He graduated from Jønsberg Agricultural School in 1892. In his early career he worked as a forest and construction laborer. From 1902 to 1905 he chaired the local trade union Kristiania Sten- og Cementarbeiderforening. From 1904 to 1906 he was a central board member of the Labour Party; he was also a city council member in Kristiania from 1904 to 1920.

Kilijaro attempted to win her fourth major race in less than five weeks when she started 3/5 favourite for the Prix de Seine-et-Oise at Maisons-Laffitte Racecourse on 22 September. Ridden by Lequeux, she won by one and a half lengths and a length from Boitron and Northjet. On her final European start, Kilijaro finished third behind Moorestyle and Crofter in the Group One Prix de la Forêt over 1400 metres on heavy ground at Longchamp on 26 October. Following her defeat in the Foret, Kilijaro was sent to California to contest the Grade I Yellow Ribbon Stakes at Santa Anita Park on 9 November.

In August 2015 Hollywood was featured on the BBC genealogy documentary series Who Do You Think You Are? The programme revealed that his grandfather Norman Harman, who served in the Army during World War II, saw action in the Tunisia Campaign and at the Battle of Anzio and that his great-great-grandfather, Kenneth MacKenzie, had been a policeman in the City of Glasgow Police in the 1850s. Hollywood's great-great- great-grandfather, Donald MacKenzie, had been a crofter in Poolewe, Wester Ross. Donald had also been the post-runner between Poolewe and Dingwall, where he delivered post on foot over a distance of .

Strummer was born John Graham Mellor in Ankara on 21 August 1952, the son of a Scottish mother and English father. His mother, Anna Mackenzie (1915–1986), was the daughter of a crofter and was born and raised in Bonar Bridge; she later became a nurse. His father, Ronald Ralph Mellor MBE (1916–1984), was born in the Indian city of Lucknow due to his own father's job as a railway official in India, and became a clerical officer who later attained the rank of second secretary in the foreign service. Through his father, Strummer had an Armenian great-grandfather and a German-Jewish great-grandmother.

George Beattie was the son of a crofter and salmon fisher at Whitehill,St Cyrus - Extract from National Gazetteer, 1868 : "WHITEHILL, a village in the parish of St Cyrus, county Kincardine, Scotland, adjoining the vil, of Lochside." near St Cyrus, Kincardineshire, where he was born in 1786 to parents, William Beattie and Elizabeth Scott. George was the third eldest of seven children whose names in descending chronology were: James - born/baptised on 10.12.1780; Joseph - born/baptised on 16/05/1784; George/William - born/baptised on 18.09.1786;Ref. 18/09/1786 Old Parish Records of Births 267/00 0010 0151 ST CYRUS/ BEATTIE, WILLIAM / Whitehill / William Beattie and Elizabeth Scott.

" Rev. Michie of Dinnet heard the above saying in a different sense in the Highlands of Aberdeenshire, viz. that in lands allotted on the run-rig system, the crofter who got a balk attached to his rig was considered luckier than his neighbour with a somewhat larger rig, because, but without the balk, the grass of which was of more than compensating value, especially for fodder etc. In Heart of Midlothian (1818) by Walter Scott, he glosses it as "an unploughed ridge of land interposed among the corn" Gregor's Folk-lore of North East Scotland (1881) says: :"Even in the cultivated parts of larger size there was no regularity.

Alexander Robertson, 1851-1937 'Tarskavaig', Isle of Skye Alexander Robertson, the son of a crofter/fisherman from Tarskavaig on the Isle of Skye, was born in Inverkip on 29 August 1851. Following the catastrophic potato blight on Skye in 1846, Alexander's father left Tarskavaig to seek a better life fishing on the River Clyde. After his parents moved to Sandbank in 1859 to run the village Post Office, his father taught him to sail and look after boats, then he served his apprenticeship as a boatbuilder in Dunoon and Govan. In 1876, at the age of 25, he teamed up with Daniel Kerr to build small boats at his workshop in Sandbank.

The effect of the large-scale evictions and the appearance of destitute Gaels in urban areas was to bring the problem of Clearance to the attention of Britain and lay the foundation for reform. In 1851, following his tour of the Western Highlands and Isles, Sir John McNeill wrote: > The inhabitants of these distressed districts have neither capital enough to > cultivate the extent of the land necessary to maintain them if it could be > provided, nor have they land enough were the capital supplied to them. Richards considers this observation to be "the central dilemma of the crofter economy". After the potato blight, there were more people than the land could support.

Taylor suffered an attack of sleepy sickness in 1924. Complications ensued, and by December 1926 he was reported to be a "confirmed cripple". In 1932, the Blyth News pseudonymous "Crofter" wrote of his sadness at the contrast between his "vivid recollection of Dave Taylor as the vigorous, enthusiastic, and calculating player, and the happy, singing companion" and "the helpless invalid of whom affliction has exacted a terrible toll". Later that year, a benefit match was held for him between Newcastle United and an eleven including players from some of his former clubs, including Hearts and Darlington, as well as from Queen's Park, played on Walker Celtic's ground in front of some 2,000 spectators.

This is a list of parliamentary by-elections in the United Kingdom held between 1885 and 1900, with the names of the previous incumbent and the victor in the by-election and their respective parties. Where seats changed political party at the election, the result is highlighted: light blue for a Conservative (including Liberal Unionist and Irish Unionist) gain, orange for a Liberal (including Liberal-Labour and Liberal/Crofter) gain, light green for an Irish Parliamentary Party (including the Irish National Federation Anti- Parnellite Nationalist group from March 1891, but not the Irish National League Parnellite Nationalist faction when the IPP was split between December 1890 and 1900) gain and grey for any other gain.

While that convention reflected norms and cases decided under UK statutes and the common law on civil liberties,For instance, preceding art. 8 of that convention, see Entick v Carrington [1765] EWHC KB J98. On art 11, see Crofter Hand Woven Harris Tweed Co Ltd v Veitch [1941] UKHL 2 the UK accepted that people could appeal to the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg, if domestic remedies were not enough. In the Human Rights Act 1998, Parliament decided that the UK judiciary should be required to apply human rights norms directly in determining UK cases, to ensure a more speedy, human rights-based resolution to case law, and effectively influence human rights reasoning more.

On radio, he created the role of John the Baptist in Dorothy L Sayers' cycle of plays The Man Born to Be King, and reprised the role in two further versions of the cycle. Laurie's early films included Juno and the Paycock (1930), directed by Alfred Hitchcock. The actor's breakthrough third film was Hitchcock's The 39 Steps (1935) in which he played a crofter. Other roles included Peter Manson in Michael Powell's The Edge of the World (1937), Clive Candy's batman in Powell and Pressburger's The Life and Death of Colonel Blimp (1943), a gardener in Medal for the General (1944), the farmer recruit in The Way Ahead (1944), and the brothel proprietor in Fanny by Gaslight (1944).

Frederick Victor Branford (1892-1941) was a British poet, known for verse of World War I and the years after. Born Frederick Victor Rubens Branford Powell, the son of actors Mary Branford and Joynson Powell, he was given the second name of Mary's brother Victor Branford and was known in the family as 'Freddie' Powell. After the death of his mother he was brought up by his aunt Dorothy and after her separation from Lionel Branford, they lived in Ardgay, Scotland. (Alasdair Alpin MacGregor's The Goat Wife tells the evocative story of his hard working and resourceful Aunt Dorothy, who left a comfortable existence in Edinburgh for life as a solo crofter in the Easter Ross village of Ardgay (then known locally as "High Wind").

A contemporary writer thought that a crofter would have to do work away from his holding for 200 days a year if his family were to avoid destitution. The various industries the crofting townships were supposed to support mostly prospered in the first quarter of the 19th century (drawing workers over and above the originally intended population of townships) but declined or collapsed over its second quarter. The crofting areas were correspondingly impoverished, but able to sustain themselves by a much greater reliance on potatoes (it was reckoned that one acre growing potatoes could support as many people as four acres growing oats). Between 1801 and 1841 the population in the crofting area increased by over half, whereas in the eastern and southern Highlands the increase in the same period was under 10 percent.

She was born in the country parish of Agunnaryd in Småland as the illegitimate daughter of the farmhand Ingjerd Svensdotter by an unknown father, although the farmer Anders Persson was unofficially pointed out ha her father, and grew up with her mother and maternal grandparents in a cottage reserved for the parish destitute. She married her foster brother Johan Jönsson (1800-1842) in 1822 and lived her married life in Århult; despite their poverty, the family are described as cultivated within literature. As a widow she became a crofter in Tumhult. Gunnar Olof Hyltén-Cavallius met her in 1845, and found her to have an immense knowledge about old legends, folk songs, fairy tales and stories, and she was one of his most important assistants and sources in his work in collecting and documenting them.

"Uproar at RSPCA meeting. Protests against 'blood sports'" The Times; 26 June 1931, p. 11. In the years before his death in 1970, he visited the United States often and was a mentor to a young Marion Barry, who later became mayor of Washington, D.C. His book about his childhood, The Goat Wife, tells the evocative story of his hard working and resourceful Aunt Dorothy, who left a comfortable existence in Edinburgh's Ann Street - reputed to be the most haunted street in Edinburgh - to begin life as a solo crofter in the Easter Ross village of Ardgay (then known locally as "High Wind"). Spanning the period before the First World War until the end of the Second, it captures the last remnants of the simplicity, privations and charm of Scottish rural community life.

Colonel Arne Dagfin Dahl (left) in conversation with Peder Holt (right), the interim Governor of Finnmark, in Vadsø, in late 1944 On 25 October 1944, upon hearing that the Soviets were now entering Northern Norway, the British ordered the immediate deployment of Norwegian forces to the area to assist. The Norwegians assembled under Colonel Dahl, with a military mission (for liaison with the Soviets and to reestablish civil administration in Norway), the 231 strong "Bergkompani 2" (2nd Mountain Company)Dagsavisen Nettavisen Oslo, "Fikk medalje 70 år etter krigen," Hanne Mauno. (in Norwegian) under Major S. Rongstad, an area naval command with 11 men, and an "Area Command Finnmark" with 12 men. Marked Force 138 by the British, the Norwegians embarked on HMS Berwick as part of Operation Crofter, arriving in Murmansk on 6 November.

It was a powerful and enduring belief > which lived on long after the military rationale of clanship itself had > disappeared and tribal chiefs had shed their ancient responsibilities and > become commercial landlords. Land agitation in Scotland began because of the "Home Rule" movement in Ireland and information and opinions of this movement brought by fishermen to the Outer Hebrides. Believing that they were the rightful owners of the land, crofters used rent strikes and what came to be known as land raids: crofter occupations of land to which crofters believed they should have access for common grazing or for new crofts, but which landlords had given over to sheep farming and hunting parks (called deer forests). The strife grew more intense; the landlords hired warships for protection from the crofters.

Donald MacLeod (born 1805), a crofter from Torran, Raasay provided testimony to the Napier Commission on 22 May 1883 in regards to abuses under Rainy's tenure at Raasay. He stated that when Rainy came to control the island he enacted a rule that nobody should marry on the island, so that the local natives could not reproduce their population. This has been described as "a measure of control reminiscent of the slave plantations". MacLeod described an incident where a man by the name of John MacLeod decided to marry, contrary to Rainy's ruling and to make an example of him, he was removed from his father's house, then fled to stay in a sheep cot, but that was set on fire as well and none of his friends or anybody else would dare to give him shelter for the night.

Elias LJ held that the inclusion of the extra members was a trivial mistake, and excusable. It was necessary to read all the words of the statute, especially TULRCA 1992 section 226A, so that the union was required only to provide information ‘so far as reasonably practicable is accurate at the time it is given having regard to the information in the union’s possession’. Elias LJ gave the leading judgment, with the following introductory obiter dictum.cf Crofter Hand Woven Harris Tweed Co Ltd v Veitch [1942] AC 435, 463, the "right of workmen to strike is an essential element in the principle of collective bargaining" per Lord Wright and Morgan v Fry [1968] 2 QB 710, 725, 'It has been held for over 60 years that workmen have a right to strike...' per Lord Denning MR Etherton LJ and Mummery LJ concurred.

During the Highland Clearances, the crofters had no official rights to the land; until 1886, it was legal to evict any crofter at the landlord's convenience. The Land Wars commenced in Scotland in 1874 with the successful legal case of the Bernera Riot on the island of Great Bernera in the Outer Hebrides. The crofters wanted recognition of their traditional rights to the land that they had enjoyed under the clan system from the Middle Ages. Through political and economic development the gentry began to take an alternate perspective on their tenantry: > The cultural force of ' [heritage] was pervasive in Gaeldom and was central > to the social cohesion of the clan because it articulated the expectations > of the masses that the ruling family had the responsibility to act as their > protectors and guarantee secure possession of land in return for allegiance, > military service, tribute and rental.

The intent was that the land allotted to them would not be enough to provide all of their needs, and they would need to seek employment in industries like fishing or as seasonal itinerant farm labourers. The loss of status from tenant farmer to crofter was one of the reasons for the resentment of the Clearances. The Lowland improver Lady Grisell Baillie (1665–1744) and Sheriff Donald MacLeod (1745–1834), laird of Geannies, a keen improver, the law officer involved in the 1792 Ross-shire Insurrection, and a widely respected proprietor The planned acts of social engineering needed investment. This money often originated from fortunes earned outside Scotland, whether from the great wealth of Sir James Matheson (the second son of a Sutherland tacksman, who returned from the Far East with a spectacular fortune), the more ordinary profits from Empire of other returning Scots, or Lowland or English industrialists attracted by lower land values in the Highlands.

The son of a crofter, William McTaggart was born in the small village of Aros, near Campbeltown, in Kintyre a western peninsula of Scotland. He moved to Edinburgh at the age of 16 and studied at the Trustees' Academy under Robert Scott Lauder. He won several prizes as a student and exhibited his work in the Royal Scottish Academy, becoming a full member of the Academy in 1870. His early works were mainly figure paintings, often of children, but he later turned to land and marine art specifically seascape painting, inspired by his childhood love of the sea and the rugged, Atlantic-lashed west coast of his birth. The Storm, 1890, National Gallery of Scotland, Edinburgh The grave of McTaggart and his wife, alongside his daughter, Newington Cemetery McTaggart was fascinated with nature and man’s relationship with it, and he strove to capture aspects such as the transient effects of light on water.

The right of workers to collectively bargain with employers for a "fair day's wage for a fair day's work" is regarded as a fundamental right in common law,Crofter Hand Woven Harris Tweed Co Ltd v Veitch [1941] UKHL 2, [1942] AC 435 by the European Convention on Human Rights article 11,ECHR article 11 and Demir and Baykara v Turkey [2008] ECHR 1345 and in international law.ILO Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organise Convention (1948) No 87 and ILO Right to Organise and Collective Bargaining Convention, 1949 C98 Historically the UK had, however, left the procedure for making collective agreements, and their content, largely untouched by law.E McGaughey, A Casebook on Labour Law (Hart 2019) ch 9. S Deakin and G Morris, Labour Law (2012) ch 8-9 This began to change from 1971, though by contrast to other countries in the Commonwealth, Europe, or the United States the UK remains comparatively "voluntarist".

See further Gallagher v Post Office [1970] 3 All ER 712 and New Century Cleaning Co Ltd v Church [2000] IRLR 27 The long, problematic procedure, was partly based on the model of the US National Labor Relations Act 1935, but because of its cumbersome nature it strongly encourages the parties to seek voluntary agreement in the spirit of cooperation and good faith. The European Court of Human Rights has continually held, like the UK courts,Crofter Hand Woven Harris Tweed Co Ltd v Veitch [1941] UKHL 2 and RMT v Serco; ASLEF v London & Birmingham Railway [2011] EWCA Civ 226 that collective bargaining is a basic right guaranteed by ECHR article 11.Wilson and Palmer v United Kingdom [2002] ECHR 552 and Demir and Baykara v Turkey [2008] ECHR 1345 Though most collective agreements will come about voluntarily, the law has sought to ensure that workers have true freedom of association by prohibiting employers from deterring union membership, and by creating positive rights for members. First, the Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992 sections 137-143 make it unlawful for employers, including agencies, to refuse anyone employment on grounds of union membership.