Based on descriptions in the books, lizard-lions probably fall within the order Crocodilia, the taxonomic group comprising crocs, alligators and caimans.
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Los Sebecosuchia (Crocodilia) del territorio argentino. Consideraciones sobre su “status” taxonómico. Ameghiniana 9(1): 23-34.
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Kälin, J. (1955). Crocodilia. In: J. Piveteau, ed., Traité de paléontologie 5:695-784. Paris: Masson.
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Crocodilia are the only non-mammalian vertebrates with tooth sockets. Alligators grow a successional tooth (a small replacement tooth) under each mature functional tooth for replacement once a year, each tooth being replaced up to 50 times in the alligator's life. Crocodilia are researched for tooth regeneration in humans.
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Containing the Orders Ornithosauria, Crocodilia, Dinosauria, Squamata, Rhynchocephalia, and Proterosauria. British Museum of Natural History, London, 309 pages.
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The Crocodile Zoo Protivín was established in 2008 and is unique by breeding of all of Crocodilia species.
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However, the genus has not yet been included in a phylogenetic study and its position within Crocodilia is uncertain.
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The procoelous Crocodilia.]. Abhandlungen der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften Mathematisch- naturwissenschaftliche Abteilung, Neue Folge 15:1-31 [M. Carrano/M. Carrano] and Libycosuchinae.
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Lydekker, R., 1888. Catalogue of the Fossil Reptilia and Amphibia in the British Museum (Natural History), Part I. The Orders Ornithosauria. Crocodilia, Dinosauria, Squamata.
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Arcosaurios (Crocodilia, Dinosauria) del Cretácico superior de la Conca de Tremp (Lleida, España) [Archosaurs (Crocodilia, Dinosauria) from the Upper Cretaceous of the Tremp Basin (Lleida, Spain)]. Estudios Geológicos. Volumen extraordinario Galve-Tremp:95-110. [Spanish] New remains from this site, excavated in 1990, brought about a reconsideration of the material, and Casanovas-Cladellas and colleagues named it as the new genus and species Pararhabdodon isonense in 1993.
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Chicago, University of Chicago Press. Schmidt used the older term Crocodilia, based on Owen's original name for the group.Owen, R. 1842. Report on British Fossil Reptiles.
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16: Crocodilia. Fischer-Verlag, Portland, Oregon. 116pp.Bartels, W. S. (1980). Early Cenozoic reptiles and birds from the Bighorn Basin, Wyoming. University of Michigan Papers on Paleontology 24:73-80.
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Catalogue of the Fossil Reptilia and Amphibia in the British Museum (Natural History). Part I. Containing the Orders Ornithosauria, Crocodilia, Dinosauria, Squamata, Rhynchocephalia, and Proterosauria. British Museum (Natural History):London, 1-309.
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Lydekker gave no reason for this choice;Lydekker, R., 1888, Catalogue of the Fossil Reptilia and Amphibia in the British Museum. Part 1. Containing the Orders Ornithosauria, Crocodilia, Dinosauria, Squamata, Rhynchocephalia and Proterosauria.
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Prior to 1988, Crocodilia/Crocodylia was a group that encompassed the modern-day animals (the crown group) as well as their more distant relatives now in the larger groups called Crocodylomorpha and Pseudosuchia. Under its current definition Crocodylia is restricted to only the most recent ancestor of today's modern-day crocodilians (alligators, crocodiles, and gharials). This distinction is more important for paleontologists studying crocodilian evolution. As such, the alternate spellings Crocodilia and Crocodylia are still used interchangeably in the neontological literature.
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Pickering, London.OWEN, R. 1850. Monograph on the fossil Reptilia of the London Clay, and of the Bracklesham and other Tertiary beds, part II: Crocodilia (Crocodilus, etc.). Monograph of the Palaeontographical Society, London, 50 pp.
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Crocodilia and Crocodylia have been used interchangeably for decades starting with Schmidt's redescription of the group from the formerly defunct term Loricata.Schmidt, K.P. 1953. A Checklist of North American Amphibians and Reptiles. Sixth edition. Amer. Soc. Ichthy. Herp.
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Epidermal body armour and skeleton of a black caiman (Melanosuchus niger). The crocodile exoskeleton consists of the protective dermal and epidermal components of the integumentary system in animals of the order Crocodilia. It is a form of armour.
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E. Stromers in den Wüsten Ägyptens. II. Wirbeltierreste der Baharîje-Stufe (unterstes Cenoman). 12. Die procölen Crocodilia. [Results of the expeditions of Professor E. Stromer in the Egyptian deserts. II. Vertebrate animal remains from the Baharîje bed (lowest Cenomanian). 12.
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Catalogue of the Fossil Reptilia and Amphibia in the British Museum (Natural History). Part I. Containing the Orders Ornithosauria, Crocodilia, Dinosauria, Squamata, Rhynchocephalia, and Proterosauria. British Museum (Natural History):London, 1-309. then to Pelorosaurus as P. manseli.von Huene, F. (1909).
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Crocodilia (or Crocodylia) is an order of mostly large, predatory, semiaquatic reptiles, known as crocodilians. They first appeared 95 million years ago in the Late Cretaceous period (Cenomanian stage) and are the closest living relatives of birds, as the two groups are the only known survivors of the Archosauria. Members of the order's total group, the clade Pseudosuchia, appeared about 250 million years ago in the Early Triassic period, and diversified during the Mesozoic era. The order Crocodilia includes the true crocodiles (family Crocodylidae), the alligators and caimans (family Alligatoridae), and the gharial and false gharial (family Gavialidae).
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Some Studies on the Biology and Ecology of Gavialis gangetics, the Indian gharial (Crocodilia; Gavialidae). PhD Thesis, University of Lucknow. Hillocks and plateaus represent the major landforms of the Chambal valley. The Chambal basin is characterised by an undulating floodplain, gullies and ravines.
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R. Owen, 1859, Monograph on the fossil Reptilia of the Wealden and Purbeck formations. Supplement no. II. Crocodilia, The Palaeontographical Society, London 1857: 20-44 In 1861, Owen concentrated all such forms in a group of their own: the Opisthocoelia.R. Owen. 1861.
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Cetiosauridae is a family of sauropod dinosaurs which was first proposed by Richard Lydekker in 1888.R. Lydekker. 1888. Catalogue of the Fossil Reptilia and Amphibia in the British Museum (Natural History). Part I. Containing the Orders Ornithosauria, Crocodilia, Dinosauria, Squamata, Rhynchocephalia, and Proterosauria.
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The earliest known species in Aves is Archaeopteryx lithographica, from the Late Jurassic period. Modern phylogenetics place birds in the dinosaur clade Theropoda. According to the current consensus, Aves and Crocodilia are the sole living members of an unranked clade, the Archosauria. Simplified cladogram from Senter (2007).
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Skin color in Crocodilia (crocodiles and alligators) is very dependent on water quality. Algae-laden waters produce greener skin, while tannic acid in the water from decay of leaves from overhanging trees (which produces some types of blackwater rivers) often produce darker skin in these animals.
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The ears are protected by earflaps, which prevent water inflow to the otic recess when this animal is in water.Shute, C. C. D. and Bellairs, A. d'A. (1955), The external ear in Crocodilia. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 124: 741–749. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1955.tb07813.
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R. Lydekker. 1888. Catalogue of the Fossil Reptilia and Amphibia in the British Museum (Natural History). Part I, Containing the Orders Ornithosauria, Crocodilia, Dinosauria, Squamata, Rhynchocephalia, and Proterosauria. British Museum (Natural History), London 309 pp For a long time this functioned as a large ill-defined family of typically "primitive" sauropods.
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Parental care in Crocodilia, with special reference to Crocodylus niloticus. Proc. 1st. work.Hancock, James A.; Kushlan, James Anthony and Kahl, M. Philip (1992) Storks, Ibises and Spoonbills of the World. Princeton University Press. . It may take a few years before predation is no longer a major cause of mortality for young crocodiles.
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The perentie (Varanus giganteus) is Australia's largest lizard. The non-avian reptiles of Australia are a diverse group of animals, widely distributed across the continent. Three of the four reptile orders are represented: Testudines, Squamata and Crocodilia. The only missing extant order is Sphenodontia, containing the tuataras, which are endemic to New Zealand.
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"Pelagosaurus (Mesosuchia, Crocodilia) from the English Toarcian (Lower Jurassic)". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Monatshefte 1979:475–485. Its position as a basal metriorhynchid was suggested by Eric Buffetaut in 1980.Buffetaut E. 1980. Position systématique et phylogénetique du genre Pelagosaurus Bronn, 1841 (Crocodylia, Mesosuchia), du Toarcian d’Europe. Geobios 13:783–786.
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The New Guinea crocodile. The reptile fauna of New Guinea is represented by three of the four extant orders. The squamates, also known as the snakes and lizards, represent the largest group, with approximately 300 described species. The remaining two groups: testudines, or turtles and tortoises, and Crocodilia, the crocodiles, are much less diverse.
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Thalattosuchia is the name given to a clade of marine crocodylomorphs from the Early Jurassic to the Early Cretaceous that had a cosmopolitan distribution. They are colloquially referred to as marine crocodiles or sea crocodiles, though they are not members of Crocodilia. The term Thalattosuchia was coined by Fraas in 1901.Fraas E. 1901.
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Birds have a four-chambered heart, in common with mammals, and some reptiles (mainly the crocodilia). This adaptation allows for an efficient nutrient and oxygen transport throughout the body, providing birds with energy to fly and maintain high levels of activity. A ruby-throated hummingbird's heart beats up to 1200 times per minute (about 20 beats per second).
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Eogavialis has often been proposed to be non-tomistomine due to its lack of supposedly crocodylid synapomorphies needed in order for a taxon to be placed within Tomistominae. The genus lacks the exposure of the vomer on the palate that has been viewed as a characteristic of tomistomines.Iordansky, N. N. (1973). The skull of the Crocodilia.
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Owen, R., 1853, Monograph on the fossil Reptilia of the Wealden and Purbeck formations, Palaeontological Society, London Remarkably, in 1859 he repeated his mistake by again referring iguanodontid vertebrae, specimens BMNH R1010 and R28635, to C. brevis.Owen, R., 1859, Monograph on the fossil Reptilia of the Wealden and Purbeck formations. Supplement no. II. Crocodilia (Streptospondylus, etc.). [Wealden.
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For example, Parrish (1993) and Juul (1994) considered poposaurid rauisuchians to be more closely related to Crocodilia than to prestosuchids. Nesbitt (2003) presented a different phylogeny with a monophyletic Rauisuchia. The group may even be something of a "wastebasket taxon". Determining exact phylogenetic relationships is difficult because of the scrappy nature of a lot of the material.
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Early cynodont relations Abdalodon belongs to clade charassognathidae, a subclade nested within Cynodonta. Cynodonta are most notable for having given rise to the clade mammalia. Cynodonta belongs to clade therapsida, which in turn is a clade within synapsida. Synapsida represents one of two major branches of the crown group amniota, (the other being sauropsida, a clade which includes lepidosauria, dinosauria, aves and crocodilia).
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Assigned dentary Roxochampsa was originally described as a new species of Goniopholis, G. paulistanus, in 1936, based on two teeth (DGM 259-R and DGM 258-R) and a tibia (DGM 225-R), all from the Adamantina Formation of São Paulo state, Brazil.Roxo MGO. On a new species of fossil Crocodilia from Brazil, Goniopholis paulistanus sp. n. An. Acad. Bras.
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The saltwater crocodile is the largest living reptile. The largest living reptile, a representative of the order Crocodilia, is the saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) of Southern Asia and Australia, with adult males being typically long. The largest confirmed saltwater crocodile on record was long, and weighed about . Unconfirmed reports of much larger crocodiles exist, but examinations of incomplete remains have never suggested a length greater than .
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The placement of Ilchunaia within Sebecosuchidae has been questioned in the past, and many recent phylogenetic analyses have shown the family to be entirely paraphyletic, with members most likely being basal sebecosuchians ancestral to the baurusuchids.Busbey III, A. B. (1986). New material of Sebecus cf. huilensis (Crocodilia: Sebecosuchia) from the Miocene La Venta Formation of Colombia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 6(1):20-27.
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Lydekker, R., 1888, Catalogue of fossil reptilia and Amphibia in the British Museum. Pt. I. Containing the orders Ornithosauria, Crocodilia, Dinosauria, Squamata, Rhynchocephalia, and Proterosauria, British Museum of Natural History, London, 309 pp In 1929 Friedrich von Huene named both taxa as full species. The first became Titanosaurus Valdensis, the specific name referring to the Wealden, the second Titanosaurus Lydekkeri, its specific name honouring Lydekker.Huene, F. v.
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Flamingoes in Orbit is a collection of short stories by Philip Ridley. It was first published in the United Kingdom by Hamish Hamilton ltd in 1990. It was Ridley's third literary work for adults after his 1988 novella Crocodilia and his 1989 novel In The Eyes of Mr Fury. In 2015 publisher Valancourt Books announced plans to republish Flamingoes in Orbit, along with Ridley's previously published gay themed literature for adults.
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The type species of Mourasuchus is M. amazonensis, named in 1964 based on fossils found in the Solimões Formation of Amazonian Brazil. Another species, M. atopus, was named based on fossils from the Honda Group at the Lagerstätte of La Venta in Colombia, after having been initially assigned to its own genus, Nettosuchus, a year later in 1965.Langston, W. (1965). Fossil crocodilians from Colombia and the Cenozoic history of the Crocodilia in South America.
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Crocodilia appears to be a Latinizing of the Greek κροκόδειλος (crocodeilos), which means both lizard and Nile crocodile. Crocodylia, as coined by Wermuth, in regards to the genus Crocodylus appears to be derived from the ancient Greek κρόκη (kroke)—meaning shingle or pebble—and δρîλος or δρεîλος (dr(e)ilos) for "worm". The name may refer to the animal's habit of basking on the pebbled shores of the Nile.Kelly, 2006. p. xiii.
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Part I. Containing the Orders Ornithosauria, Crocodilia, Dinosauria, Squamata, Rhynchocephalia, and Proterosauria. British Museum (Natural History), London 1-309 In 1929 Friedrich von Huene referred it to the Titanosauridae. F. v. Huene, 1929, "Los sauriquios y ornitisquios del Cretáceo argentino", Anales del Museo de La Plata, serie 2 3: 1-196 In recent years however, it has been commonly concluded that the species cannot be further determined than a more general Titanosauriformes.
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Part I. Containing the Orders Ornithosauria, Crocodilia, Dinosauria, Squamata, Rhynchocephalia, and Proterosauria. British Museum (Natural History):London, 309 p. Finally, in 1932, he created the genus Magnosaurus for M. nethercombensis, referred M. lydekkeri to it, and created a third species, M. woodwardi, for the genus. M. woodwardi was based on a tibia (BMNH R.3542) from the Lower Lias, which he simultaneously and accidentally also named Sarcosaurus andrewsi;von Huene, F. (1932).
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Rhynchocephalia was a widespread and diverse group 220-100 million years ago; however, it is now represented only by the genus Sphenodon, which contains a single species of tuatara, native to New Zealand. Lepidosauria is the sister taxon to Archosauria, which includes Aves and Crocodilia. Lizards and snakes are the most speciose group of lepidosaurs and, combined, contain over 9,000 species. There are many noticeable distinguishing morphological differences between lizards, tuataras, and snakes.
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A small knob projects from the center of some of the pits. These pits are not openings of glands but have about the same structure as the pits seen in the head. The integumental bones in the Crocodilia originate in the connective tissue of the cutis. Investigations in young animals show that these bones usually take their origin in the under and middle layers of the cutis and generally work towards the periphery.
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Gavialidae is a family of reptiles within the order Crocodilia. Gavialidae have conventionally consisted of only one surviving species, the gharial (Gavialis gangeticus), which is native to India and Nepal. Many extinct species are also known. The false gharial (Tomistoma schlegelii) has usually been thought to be a member of the family Crocodylidae based on several characters including skull morphology, but has sometimes been viewed as a member of this family due to general similarities in morphology and habit.
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The epidermis of an embryo, young, or half-grown Crocodilia contains the rete Malpighii: a single layer of short, cylindrical cells. Over the rete are somewhat flattened, disk-shaped cells formed by transverse division of the underlying rete cells. On the outside lies the epitrichial layer, a mosaic of polygonal cells each with an oval nucleus near its middle. Between the epitrichial cells are small oval holes, not unlike the stomata in the epidermis of plant tissues.
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However, aetosaur remains were still being confused with those of phytosaurs. During this time, aetosaurs were usually considered to be members of Pseudosuchia, a now obsolete group consisting of various Triassic archosaurs including phytosaurs. However, similarities were often observed between aetosaurs and Crocodilia, the group to which aetosaurs were initially referred in the 19th century. While the skull had many features in common with pseudosuchians, parts of the postcranial skeleton, in particular the scutes, seemed to be similar to those of crocodilians.
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Suchia was originally formalized by German paleontologist Bernard Krebs in 1974. His intention was to link the Triassic pseudosuchians (which at that time were considered to have left no descendants) with the true crocodilians that would evolve later in the Mesozoic. Suchia was named as an order united by the possession of a crurotarsal ankle, with Pseudosuchia and Crocodilia as independent suborders within it. However, newer studies starting in the 1980s have significantly altered the traditional classification scheme of crocodilian ancestors.
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Threats to these species include habitat destruction and illegal capture of eggs and individuals. The spectacled caiman, an introduced species, is the only representative of the order Crocodilia in Puerto Rico. Puerto Rican boa, Puerto Rico's largest snake The 11 snake species occurring in Puerto Rico are generally considered non- venomous, although research has concluded that at least one species, the Puerto Rican racer (Alsophis portoricensis), secretes venom. These species belong to 3 families and 4 genera: Typhlopidae (genus Typhlops), Boidae (Epicrates) and Colubridae (Alsophis and Arrhyton).
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The name Brachygnathosuchus (Greek for "short jawed crocodile") refers to its characteristically broad, stout mandible, unusual among crocodilians. The holotype specimen was referred to Crocodilia on the basis of a partial right ramus of the lower jaw consisting of a portion of a very large dentary bone. The bone differs from those of other related fossil and modern crocodilians and was originally said to resemble that of a dinosaur. An eroded osteoderm also associated with the specimen provides further evidence for its classification as a crocodilian.
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Aves and a sister group, the order Crocodilia, contain the only living representatives of the reptile clade Archosauria. During the late 1990s, Aves was most commonly defined phylogenetically as all descendants of the most recent common ancestor of modern birds and Archaeopteryx lithographica. However, an earlier definition proposed by Jacques Gauthier gained wide currency in the 21st century, and is used by many scientists including adherents of the Phylocode system. Gauthier defined Aves to include only the crown group of the set of modern birds.
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Aetosauria was first named in 1889 by English naturalist Richard Lydekker and zoologist Henry Alleyne Nicholson. They considered Aetosauria to be one of three suborders of the order Crocodilia, the other two being Parasuchia (a Triassic group) and Eusuchia (a group including all post-Triassic crocodiles). At the time, Cope considered Aetosauria to belong to Rhynchocephalia, an order of reptiles that includes the living tuatara. He also thought that the tightly fitting osteoderms, which were thought to be fused to the ribs, indicated that aetosaurs were transitional between rhynchocephalians and turtles.
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There are four turtle and two tortoise species of four families – Cheloniidae, Emydidae, Geoemydidae and Testudinidae; fourteen lizard species of four families – Anguidae, Gekkonidae, Lacertidae and Scincidae; and eighteen snake species of four families – Boidae, Colubridae, Typhlopidae and Viperidae. In addition, in recent years one turtle species, the North American pond slider, has been observed in numerous bodies of water all over the country; it has not reproduced successfully in the country and is not included in the list.Biserkov, 2007, p. 71 The other two extant orders, Crocodilia and Rhynchocephalia, are not represented in Bulgaria.
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John Bjorn Thorbjarnarson (March 23, 1957 - February 14, 2010) was a crocodilia conservationist known for helping rescue numerous species from the brink of extinction. Thorbjarnarson attended Cornell University, and in 1991 he received his Ph.D. from the University of Florida. Thorbjarnarson was a conservation officer for the Wildlife Conservation Society in Gainesville, Florida for 19 years. He sought to preserve crocodile populations in Cuba (where he spent more than a decade doing research) and Brazil, and to educate people about crocodiles and to ameliorate some of their fear.
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The status of the histologic middle segment of the epididymis in reptiles is incompletely defined (Figure 1A). Considering the wide variation in the anatomical structures of the four orders (Crocodilia, Sphenodontia, Squamata, Testudines) of reptilian epididymides and the paucity of histologic studies that correlate anatomical structure to histology, the evolution of the middle segment in reptiles, if present, remains to be delineated. In contrast, extensive studies of the echidna epididymis show that the monotreme epididymis lacks a middle segment. It is only in metatherian and eutherian mammals that a middle segment has been extensively documented.
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It was followed by crocodilians such as the Planocraniidae, the so-called 'hoofed crocodiles', in the Palaeogene. Spanning the Cretaceous and Palaeogene periods is the genus Borealosuchus of North America, with six species, though its phylogenetic position is not settled. The three primary branches of Crocodilia had diverged by the end of the Mesozoic. The earliest-known members of the group is Portugalosuchus from the Cenomanian (95 million years ago) and after are alligatoroids and gavialoids that lived in North America and Europe during the Campanian (around 83.6–72.1 million years ago).
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In 1956, D.M.S. Watson observed that sauropsids and synapsids diverged very early in the reptilian evolutionary history, and so he divided Goodrich's Protosauria between the two groups. He also reinterpreted the Sauropsida and Theropsida to exclude birds and mammals respectively, making them paraphyletic, unlike Goodrich's definition. Thus his Sauropsida included Procolophonia, Eosuchia, Millerosauria, Chelonia (turtles), Squamata (lizards and snakes), Rhynchocephalia, Crocodilia, "thecodonts" (paraphyletic basal Archosauria), non-avian dinosaurs, pterosaurs, ichthyosaurs, and sauropyterygians. This classification supplemented, but was never as popular as, the classification of the reptiles (according to Romer's classic Vertebrate Paleontology, 3rd ed.
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Erythrochampsa is an extinct genus of protosuchian crocodylomorph. Fossils have been found from the Red Beds of the Stormberg Group, the youngest group of strata from the Karoo Supergroup outcropping in South Africa. Material from E. longipes, the type (and only) species of Erythrochampsa, was originally referred to the genus Notochampsa in 1904 along with specimens of another species named N. istedana. However, certain features of material from this species, such as divided external nares, have been considered to be indications of a position within Pseudosuchia rather than Crocodilia as was originally supposed.
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The fragmentary nature of the material referable to Listrognathosuchus have made it hard to classify within Crocodylia, but it is now thought to be a relatively basal alligatoroid. Listrognathosuchus is closely related to Borealosuchus, a more basal eusuchian that is not an alligatoroid, but rather a close relative of a monophyletic group of which the superfamilies Alligatoroidea and Crocodyloidea comprise. In fact, Borealosuchus was first used as a replacement name for four species of Leidyosuchus, the same genus that Listrognathosuchus multidentatus once belonged to. Prior to the reassessment of Leidyosuchus in 1997, many relationships for the genus within Crocodilia have been considered.
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The black caiman (Melanosuchus niger) is a species of large crocodilian and, along with the American alligator, is one of the biggest extant members of the family Alligatoridae and order Crocodilia. It is a carnivorous reptile that lives along slow-moving rivers, lakes, seasonally flooded savannas of the Amazon basin, and in other freshwater habitats of South America. It is a large species, growing to at least and possibly up to in length, which makes it the fourth-largest reptile in the Neotropical realm, behind the American alligator, American crocodile, and the critically endangered Orinoco crocodile.Black Caiman (Melanosuchus niger).
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Vivian de Buffrénil is a French histologist and paleobiologist who has been working at the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris since 1982. His doctorate (1980) and his doctorat d'état (1990), a diploma now replaced by the habilitation, were supervised by Armand de Ricqlès. His main fields of interest include basic histological descriptions, growth dynamics as recorded in bone growth marks, and adaptation (both histological and microanatomical) of the tetrapod skeleton to a secondarily aquatic lifestyle. He is also interested in life history and population dynamics of exploited or threatened reptile taxa, especially among Varanidae and Crocodilia.
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The type genus, Allodaposuchus, was originally described in 1928 from the Maastrichtian-age Sard Formation of the Hațeg Basin in Transylvania, Romania, and classified as a relative of the North American Leidyosuchus.Nopcsa F., 1928 – Paleontological notes on Reptilia. 7. Classification of the Crocodilia – Geologica Hungarica, Series Palaeontologica 1: 75–84. It was later classified as a eusuchian outside of Crocodylia in a 2001 paper, and subsequent studies found a number of European eusuchian species (Arenysuchus, Ischyrochampsa, Massaliasuchus, Musturzabalsuchus) to group with Allodaposuchus, prompting the erection of the clade Allodaposuchidae to accommodate Allodaposuchus and all European eusuchians closely related to it.
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Several living subgroups are recognized: Testudines (turtles and tortoises), 350 species; Rhynchocephalia (tuatara from New Zealand), 1 species; Squamata (lizards, snakes, and worm lizards), over 10,200 species; and Crocodilia (crocodiles, gharials, caimans, and alligators), 24 species. Reptiles are tetrapod vertebrates, creatures that either have four limbs or, like snakes, are descended from four-limbed ancestors. Unlike amphibians, reptiles do not have an aquatic larval stage. Most reptiles are oviparous, although several species of squamates are viviparous, as were some extinct aquatic clades – the fetus develops within the mother, using a (non-mammalian) placenta rather than contained in an eggshell.
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The foramen of Panizza (named for anatomist Bartolomeo Panizza) is a hole that connects the left and right aorta as they leave the heart of all animals of the order Crocodilia. Crocodilians have a completely separated ventricle with deoxygenated blood from the body, or systemic circulation, in the right ventricle and oxygenated blood from the lungs, or pulmonary circulation, in the left ventricle, as in birds and mammals. Two vessels, the left aorta and the pulmonary artery, exit the right ventricle. Blood from the right ventricle goes to the lungs through the pulmonary artery, as in mammals and birds.
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He ruled out all then-known orders of reptiles on anatomical ground except for Crocodilia (which had a more expansive definition at the time) and the nebulous thecodontia. He considered a pseudosuchian thecodont identity, but eliminated it because all members were of Triassic age or older. Pinacosuchus would have been an archaic crocodilian because it lacked the procoelous vertebrae (concave articulation surface on the anterior face of the bone, and convex articulation on the posterior face) of more derived crocodilians, instead having amphicoelous vertebrae (concave articulations on both faces). Pinacosuchus would have been a very small crocodylomorph.
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The dorsal border of this fossa is surrounded by rugosities, forming an elevation that is more developed in the medial and lateral borders, a condition that is similar only to Sebecus and the peirosaurid Hamadasuchus among mesoeucrocodylians. The eye socket is placed rather laterally, as in terrestrial sebecids, and not laterodorsally as in semi-aquatic crocodyliforms, like Stolokrosuchus, Lorosuchus and extant species of Crocodilia. Sahitisuchus possesses 12 maxillary teeth, similarly to 10 maxillary teeth in other Paleogene sebecosuchians (Lorosuchus, Bretesuchus and Zulmasuchus), as well as blunt posterior teeth, unlike Cretaceous sebecosuchians. Cretaceous sebecosuchians, like Baurusuchus and Stratiotosuchus showing only five maxillary teeth, and more recent sebecosuchians (e.g.
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1-792 Predictably, Owen at first rejected this classification, still in 1859 considering it a member of the Crocodilia. In 1882 Henri-Émile Sauvage first stated it belonged to the Sauropoda. That group being still very incompletely known however, it proved difficult to determine its more precise affinities, with the Atlantosauridae, Cardiodontidae, Cetiosauridae and Morosauridae being suggested until in 1927 von Huene understood the possible link with Brachiosaurus, placing Pelorosaurus in the Brachiosauridae, a placement followed by subsequent authors until the early 21st century. The humerus, 137 centimeters long and very elongated, strongly suggests a typical brachiosaurid trait was present: the possession of relatively long front limbs.
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The term is sometimes used even more loosely to include all extant members of the order Crocodilia, which includes the alligators and caimans (family Alligatoridae), the gharial and false gharial (family Gavialidae), and all other living and fossil Crocodylomorpha. Although they appear similar, crocodiles, alligators and the gharial belong to separate biological families. The gharial, with its narrow snout, is easier to distinguish, while morphological differences are more difficult to spot in crocodiles and alligators. The most obvious external differences are visible in the head, with crocodiles having narrower and longer heads, with a more V-shaped than a U-shaped snout compared to alligators and caimans.
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At a distance of 21 km from Nahan, it displays lifesize fiber reinforced plastic (FRP) models of prehistoric animals whose fossil skeletons were unearthed here. The park is the first of its kind in Asia to be developed at the actual discovery site of fossils. The Park is located on the left bank of the Markanda River and is approachable by a link road 4 km from highway from Haryana. Located on upper and middle Shiwaliks, consisting mainly of soft sandstone and clay rocks, the park at present has six sets of life-size models, of Stegodon Ganesha, Sivatherium, Hexaprotodon sivalensis, Colossochelys atlas, Paramachairodus and Crocodilia, Mesozoic animals which once thrived in the region.
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Loxomma and the family Baphetidae are distinct by their large and irregular orbits that have a forwardly directed extension, creating a keyhole shaped orbit. There is a unique pitting on the exposed surfaces of the cranial bones in Loxomma often described as being honeycomb- shaped or net-like that can be used as a distinguishing feature. When looking at the upper surface of the skull it looks like that of Archegosaurus or an alligator of the Crocodilia order, however, the snout and the whole skull is actually broader than that of an alligator. Drawing of parts of the mandible of Loxomma Large Labyrinthodonts have their lower jaw greatly prolonged behind the hinge to give additional leverage to muscles.
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In 1904, American paleontologist Henry Fairfield Osborn described aetosaurs as carnivorous aquatic animals of the order Parasuchia, mentioning that "[Parasuchia] constitutes an independent order, probably freshwater, littoral, carnivorous, short snouted (Aëtosaurus) or long snouted (Phytosaurus, Mystriosuchus) forms, analogous in their habits to the modern Crocodilia". Early aetosaur remains were often found in clays beside skeletons of aquatic animals such as phytosaurs and terrestrial animals such as dinosaurs and trilophosaurs. This may have led some paleontologists to believe that the animals had died in swampy environments. Because there were a large number of skeletons of animals that would not normally have inhabited swamps in these clays, some paleontologists even suggested that aetosaurs scavenged off the carcasses of animals that became trapped in the swamps and died.
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According to the current consensus, Aves and a sister group, the order Crocodilia, together are the sole living members of an unranked "reptile" clade, the Archosauria. Four distinct lineages of bird survived the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event 66 million years ago, giving rise to ostriches and relatives (Paleognathae), ducks and relatives (Anseriformes), ground-living fowl (Galliformes), and "modern birds" (Neoaves). Phylogenetically, Aves is usually defined as all descendants of the most recent common ancestor of a specific modern bird species (such as the house sparrow, Passer domesticus), and either Archaeopteryx, or some prehistoric species closer to Neornithes (to avoid the problems caused by the unclear relationships of Archaeopteryx to other theropods). If the latter classification is used then the larger group is termed Avialae.
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Vascular density and osteocyte density, shape and area have been used to estimate the bone growth rate of archosaurs, leading to the conclusion that this rate had a tendency to grow in ornithodirans and decrease in pseudosuchians. The same method also supports the existence of high resting metabolical rates similar to those of living endotherms (mammals and birds) in the Prolacerta-Archosauriformes clade that were retained by most subgroups, though decreased in Proterosuchus, Phytosauria and Crocodilia. Erythrosuchids and Euparkeria are basal archosauriforms showing signs of high growth rates and elevated metabolism, with Erythrosuchus possessing a rate similar of the fastest-growing dinosaurs. Sexual maturity in those Triassic taxa was probably reached quickly, providing advantage in a habitat with unpredictable variation from heavy rainfall to drought and high mortality.
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Containing the Orders Ornithosauria, Crocodilia, Dinosauria, Squamata, Rhynchocephalia, and Proterosauria. British Museum of Natural History, London, 309 pp In 1923 Friedrich von Huene created a separate genus for Megalosaurus dunkeri. He used the three vertebrae as the basis for this genus, noting that they were different from Megalosaurus, and created the name Altispinax (meaning "with high spines") based on their appearance. Many later researchers concluded that Megalosaurus dunkeri had therefore received a new genus name as Altispinax dunkeri, a combination actually used for the first time in 1939 by Oskar Kuhn.Kuhn, O., 1939, Saurischia — Fossilium catalogus I, Animalia, Pars 87. 's-Gravenhage, W. Junk, 1939, 124 pp Von Meyer's restoration of Megalosaurus with long neural spines Later researchers considered Altispinax a nomen dubium because the single tooth was undiagnostic.
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Ridley also started his own theatre group as a student, acting in many of the productions, and made several short art films. Work in Literature Ridley has written three books for adults; Crocodilia (1988), In the Eyes of Mr. Fury (1989), and Flamingoes in Orbit (1990). His children's novels include Mercedes Ice (1989), Dakota of the White Flats (1989), Krindlekrax (1991) winner of both the Smarties Prize and the WH Smith Mind-Boggling Book Award, Meteorite Spoon (1994), Kasper in the Glitter (1994) nominated for the Whitbread Prize, Scribbleboy (1997) shortlisted for the Carnegie Medal, Zinderzunder (1998), Vinegar Street (2000), Mighty Fizz Chilla (2002) shortlisted for the Blue Peter Book of the Year Award and Zip's Apollo (2005). He also has written two short stories for younger children, Dreamboat Zing (1996) and The Hooligan's Shampoo (1996).
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Crocodiles were rather abundant in Appalachia with nine local crocodilian genera belonging to several confirmed families, with the possibility of much more undiscovered crocodiles waiting to be unearthed. Goniopholididae is represented by Woodbinesuchus, Alligatoridae is represented by Bottosaurus, Neosuchia is represented by Scolomastax and Deltasuchus, Alligatoroidea are presented Deinosuchus and Leidyosuchus, Gavialoidea are represented by Thoracosaurus, Eothoracosaurus, and Crocodilia is presented by Borealosuchus, are well established in Laramidia as well, probably indicative of their ocean crossing capacities. Deinosuchus, being one of the largest crocodilians of the fossil record, was an apex predator that did prey on the dinosaurs in the area, the same case applies for Laramidia as well, despite the fact that the majority of its diet consisted of turtles and sea turtles. However, crocodiles still preyed on the endemic dinosaurs whenever they got the chance to do so; there is evidence of crocodile bite marks on the femur of large ornithomimosaur that indicates the predatory behavior of native crocodiles.
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Rom is the Founder- Director of the Madras Crocodile Bank Trust Centre for Herpetology, actively involved in crocodile breeding and conservation programs. Whitaker is currently coordinating an effort to save the Gharial, a Critically endangered species of Crocodilia on the brink of extinction with less than 250 individuals left in Indian waters. King Cobra at Agumbe Rainforest Research Station On 27 December 2010, the Minister for Environment and Forests, Jairam Ramesh, during a visit with Rom at the Madras Crocodile Bank, announced the formation of a National Tri-State Chambal Sanctuary Management and Coordination Committee for gharial conservation on 1,600 km2 of the National Chambal Sanctuary for Ghariyals along the Chambal River in Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh. The Committee will comprise representatives of the states Water Resources Ministries, State Departments of Irrigation and Power, Wildlife Institute of India, Madras Crocodile Bank Trust, the Gharial Conservation Alliance, Development Alternatives, Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment, Worldwide Fund for Nature and the Divisional Forest officers of the three States.
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