And we are treated to lashings of nerdish criminological data.
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But in the case of crime, a number of factors affect our criminological data.
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A groundbreaking criminological theory was advanced during the 1980's by social scientists George L. Kelling and James Q. Wilson.
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The term is clinical, not legal or criminological: paedophiles are adults who are only or mainly aroused by prepubescent children.
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Good profiling considers many factors, such as but not limited to age, sex, dress, behavior, religion and, yes, ethnicity and race, in accordance with sound criminological science.
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If you're worried about the financial and human rights costs of mass incarceration, this recent trend should worry you — especially since much of the criminological evidence goes against mass incarceration.
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Hot-spot policing, in particular, has a relatively large body of research supporting it (for criminological research on police tactics, at least) — but it's not enough to assess its impact nationally.
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Twenty-five years later, a key criminological insight is that crime tends to concentrate more tightly than previously understood — concentrate, that is, among a relatively small number of places, people, and behaviors.
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"Of course, sommelier courses can't be considered a treatment," said Georgia Zara, the head of a program at the University of Turin that offers a master's degree in criminological and forensic psychology.
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In criminological jargon, "pull factors," such as financial incentives, amnesty and employment opportunities, are far less likely to influence jihadis than "push factors," such as disillusionment and loss of faith in an ideology.
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Criminological research teaches us that, for various reasons, there is more actual crime (measured, for example, through victimization rates) than what is officially recorded (measured through crimes known to the police or crimes cleared by arrests).
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Consider Black Mirror's powerful season-ending episode "Black Museum," in which a young black woman named Nish visits an institution in the desert dedicated to archiving "authentic criminological artifacts," curated by its crackpot proprietor Rolo Haynes.
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On the other hand, criminological research—based on surveys of representative samples of the US population—has documented that, compared to the overall number of contacts with the public, police officers use force and excessive force very infrequently.
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According to Venkatasubramanian, a better approach in a criminological context would be to use reinforced machine learning, Simply put, this is when a machine tries to build a rule that provides the correct answer to a given question.
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"What we know from past criminological/social science research is that a small percentage of the population drives violence," said Andrew Papachristos, a professor at Yale whose research into gun violence within social networks inspired creation of the algorithm.
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"The case constitutes a good legal, criminological and social precedent, where a woman who has been a victim of rape and a judicial system that criminalizes and is unjust is absolved," the Foundation for Studies for the Application of Law said in a statement.
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Hopkins Burke, R. (2001) An Introduction to Criminological Theory, Cullompton: Willan pg.173 More simply, critical criminology may be defined as any criminological topic area that takes into account the contextual factors of crime or critiques topics covered in mainstream criminology.
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The empirical status of social learning theory of crime and deviance: The past, present, and future. In F. Cullen, J. P. Wright, & K. R. Blevins (Eds.), Taking stock: The status of criminological theory. Advances in criminological theory (Vol. 15, pp. 37-76).
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The Division of Labour in Society.Greek, Cecil E. 2005. "Anomie." CCJ 5606 - Criminological Theory [course page]. Tallahassee: Florida State University.
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He was particularly influenced by Helvétius.Craig Hemmens and Stephen G. Tibbetts, Criminological Theory: A Text/Reader, SAGE, 2009, p. 86.
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In Beirne's view, the study of harms against nonhuman animals is an important criminological topic which requires attention and at the same time illustrates the limits of current criminological theorizing about, crime/harm, law and justice with its focus almost exclusively on humans.Beirne, Piers. 2009. Confronting animal abuse: Law, criminology, and human-animal relationships. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
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Sequential foraging, itinerant fences and parrot poaching in Bolivia. British Journal of Criminology 51, 2: 314-335. and this has become a useful approach for examining green crimes. Clarke's approach draws on more traditional criminological theory such as rational choice theory and crime opportunity theory, and hence is not within the mainstream of green criminological approaches.
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He serves on the editorial boards of several journals including Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, Journal of Strategic Security, and Legal and Criminological Psychology.
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Jessica Eaton Taylor is a British forensic psychologist and author. She was a Senior Lecturer in Forensic and Criminological Psychology at the University of Derby.
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It was hosted by King's College London until 2010, and is now affiliated to the International Centre for Comparative Criminological Research at the Open University.
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In 1941, he was instrumental in the establishment of what would become the American Society of Criminology, the leading professional criminological association in the world.
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The theory was developed by Travis Hirschi and Gottfredson. The criminological theory proposes that lack of individual self-control is the main factor behind criminal behavior.
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Beirne's approach takes an interdisciplinary view of theory with respect to various animal rights models and arguments. Clarke's rational choice models of animal poaching and trafficking build on the rational choice tradition found within the criminological literature. To date, these different theoretical approaches have not been examined as competing explanations for green crime and justice, a situation that is found with respect to orthodox or traditional criminological theories of street crime.
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The centre offers on-line access to all its services, such as the library catalogue, the Criminological Thesaurus, bibliographic databases, directories, full-text articles, and abstracts of monographs.
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The feminist school of criminology is a school of criminology developed in the late 1960s and into the 1970s as a reaction to the general disregard and discrimination of women in the traditional study of crime. Feminist criminologists note that the field of criminology has historically been dominated by men, leading to the development of criminological theories that focus on the male experience. This patriarchal domination is not unique to criminological theory, as it is also reflected in the criminal justice system which is cited as a gender institution itself. Both feminist criminologists, as well as criminologists that do not ascribe to this label, have argued that much of early criminological theory is both inherently biased and androcentric.
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Chopin, Julien and Beauregard, Eric. (16 November 2019). "Sexual Homicide: a Criminological Perspective.". Current Psychiatry Reports, 21, Article number: 120. Springer Link website DOI: 10.1007/s11920-019-1107-z.
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Cultural criminologists today also employ research methods such as participatory action research or "narrative criminology". They remain constant, however, in their rejection of abstract empiricism.Young, Jock. 2010. Criminological Imagination.
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Vincenzo Ruggiero is Professor of Sociology at Middlesex University, London. He is also director of the Centre for Social and Criminological Research at Middlesex University."Prof Vincenzo Ruggiero", Profile Page, Middlesex University London.
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This approach also includes discussions of animal rights. Beirne's approach to green criminology has been extremely influential, and there are now a significant number of studies within the green criminological literature focusing on nonhuman animal crimes and animal abuse.For examples see the special issue of Crime, Law and Social Change Beirne has edited (volume 55, number 5); Cazaux, Geertrui. 1999. Beauty and the beast: Animal abuse from a non-speciesist criminological perspective. Crime, Law and Social Change 31, 2 : 105-125.
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Advances in criminological theory (Vol. 15, pp. 37-76). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction. Even if its individual members would not have committed the rape, their collective spin leads to an extreme escalation of violence.
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Ambagtsheer, F., and W. Weimar. 2011. "A Criminological Perspective: Why Prohibition of Organ Trade Is Not Effective and How the Declaration of Istanbul Can Move Forward." American Journal of Transplantation 12, no. 3: 571-575.
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The nature of female criminality and 3. Women as victims. Cain argued that each of them has tested the limits of traditional criminological formulations. And then she said there is a new emergence of an alternative approach called "Transgressive Criminology".
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Green criminology is a branch of criminology that involves the study of harms and crimes against the environment broadly conceived, including the study of environmental law and policy, the study of corporate crimes against the environment, and environmental justice from a criminological perspective.
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Criminologists such as Roger Hopkins Burke see left realism as 'very influential with the 'New' Labour Government elected in 1997'Hopkins Burke, R. (2001) An Introduction to Criminological Theory, Cullompton: Willan Publishing pg.228 suggesting that acts such as the 1998 Crime and Disorder Act which combined measures that ensured offenders had to take responsibility for their actions and policies to tackle social and economic exclusion.Hopkins Burke, R. (2001) An Introduction to Criminological Theory, Cullompton: Willan Publishing pg.229 However, whilst noting that social exclusion was "...a key term in the policies of New Labour",Young, J. (2002), "Crime and Social Exclusion" In The Oxford Handbook of Criminology, 3rd ed.
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Feminism in criminology is more than the mere insertion of women into masculine perspectives of crime and criminal justice, for this would suggest that conventional criminology was positively gendered in favour of the masculine. Feminists contend that previous perspectives are un-gendered and as such ignore the gendered experiences of women. Feminist theorists are engaged in a project to bring a gendered dimension to criminological theory. They are also engaged in a project to bring to criminological theory insights to be gained from an understanding of taking a particular standpoint, that is, the use of knowledge gained through methods designed to reveal the experience of the real lives of women.
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One possible issue with the GSS is its validity – whether it measures genuine "internalization of the suggested materials" or simply "compliance with the interrogator".Mastroberardino S. (2013). Interrogative suggestibility: Was it just compliance or a genuine false memory? Legal and Criminological Psychology 18(2), 274–286.
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He founded the Abolition of Capital Punishment in the same year. Oldfield's thesis The Penalty of Death, combined criminological, legal and sociological arguments to call for abolition of capital punishment.Pittard, Christopher. (2019). Grant Allen's “Jerry Stokes”: Detective Fiction, the Death Penalty, and the Scene of Writing.
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This now meant that he was able to use the title Dr Saudek. Another book followed in 1932, What Your Handwriting Shows—a shorter, more popular-style book than the others. Then in 1933 Anonymous Letters was published; this concentrated on the criminological aspects of handwriting analysis work.
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Criminology (10th ed.). Boston: Pearson, Allyn and Bacon. p. 5.3.2.1 Peacemaking criminology emerged from work in anarchist criminology, which applies anarchist principles to criminological inquiry. Jeff Shantz and Dana M. Williams argue that the thought of Pierre- Joseph Proudhon was a precursor of peacemaking criminology and restorative justice.
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The ground floor contains an exhibition about the history of the Danish Police Corps from its foundation in 1682 until the present day. First floor contains an exhibition about a criminological exhibition, featuring different forms of crimes as well as police investigation. The museum also hosts a special exhibitions.
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The Institute of Criminology is the criminological institute within the Faculty of Law at the University of Cambridge. Its multidisciplinary teaching and research staff are recruited from the disciplines of law, psychiatry, psychology, and sociology. It is located on the Sidgwick Site in the west of Cambridge, England.
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In 1992, he was appointment the vice-president of Constitutional Court of Kazakhstan. In 2000, he became the Minister of Justice of Kazakhstan. He is the current president of the Kazakhstani Criminological Association. He is multilingual, speaking Kazakh and German languages in addition to his native Russian language.
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A handbook. West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons.Klaver, J.R., Lee, Z., & Rose, V.G. (2008). "Effects of personality, interrogation techniques and plausibility in an experimental false confession paradigm". Legal and Criminological Psychology, 13, 71–88. Pires (2014) studied 40 Portuguese prisoners and found that inmates had higher suggestibility scores than the general population.
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The diffusion of responsibility is a probable cause for many of their feelings and actions, but other possible contributing factors include the existing antisemitism of Germany at that time and the threats imposed by Nazi officials.Henry, Stuart. Recent Developments in Criminological Theory: Toward Disciplinary Diversity and Theoretical Integration. Routledge, 2017.
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Current positivist approaches generally focus on the culture. A type of criminological theory attributing variation in crime and delinquency over time and among territories to the absence or breakdown of communal institutions (such as family, school, church, and social groups) and communal relationships that traditionally encouraged cooperative relationships among people.
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Wilson was born in New Zealand. He holds both B.A. and M.A.(Hons) degrees from the University of Canterbury, and an earned Ph.D. from the University of Queensland. He has made contributions to the forensic investigation of criminological issues,Chappell, D., & Wilson, P.R. (1994). The Australian Criminal Justice System: The Mid 1990s.
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Los Angeles: SAGE. . Rather than representing a conclusive paradigm per se, this particular form of criminological analysis interweaves a broad range of perspectives that share a sensitivity to “image, meaning, and representation” to evaluate the convergence of cultural and criminal processes.Ferrell, Jeff. 1999. “Cultural Criminology.” Annual Review of Sociology 25(1):395–418.
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European Journal of Criminology, 6(1), pp.25-46. Although modifications were made to the original theory in the 1980s, Newman's basic principles still exist in design, and have been used by the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development as "both a criminological concept and a proven strategy for enhancing our Nation's quality of life".
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Borderland Books. 2019. After earning his PhD in sociology from the University of Wisconsin, he taught at several universities on the East Coast and in the Midwest. He was awarded the Edwin Sutherland Award in 1984 by the American Society of Criminology for his contributions to criminological theory. He is currently professor emeritus of sociology at Northern Illinois University.
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He later helped draft the U.S. Uniform Criminal Statistics Act in 1944. An expert on crime statistics, he advised the Federal Bureau of Investigation about statistical matters and was a consultant to the Bureau of the Census on criminal statistics. He also headed, or was a member of, various United Nations panels of experts on criminological questions.
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Around this, he constructed a camera designed for casual snapshots. This design formed the basis of the original Leica camera, as presented at the spring fair 1925 in Leipzig. The success of that camera was enormous and well beyond expectations. In 1925 the first polarising microscope was made, and in 1931 the first comparative macroscope for criminological applications.
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He concerned himself particularly with the case of Pierre Jaccoud, whom he was convinced had been wrongly convicted of murdering Charles Zumbach based on faulty forensic work. At one point Pierre Hegg, the head of the police criminological laboratory, sued him for defamation."Ein gewisses Lächeln", Der Spiegel, 45/1960, 2 November 1960, p. 71 (German).
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Beginning in the 1880s in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, Mr. Holland published The Detective, a magazine for law enforcement professionals that ran photos of wanted criminals and cataloged criminological supplies. Mary was the co- editor. When the magazine became successful they moved their offices to Chicago. Mary Holland also ran the Holland Detective Agency with offices in the Schiller Building in Chicago.
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In such a process of an acute group spin, the group operates as a whole that is larger than its parts.Akers, R. L., & Jensen, G. F. (2006). The empirical status of social learning theory of crime and deviance: The past, present, and future. In F. Cullen, J. P. Wright, & K. R. Blevins (Eds.), Taking stock: The status of criminological theory.
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Eliciting cues to deception and truth: What matters are the questions asked. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 1, 110-117. He is editor of the scholarly journal Legal and Criminological Psychology, published by the British Psychological Society. He serves on the boards of the journals Law and Human Behavior, Psychology, Public Policy and Law, and Human Communication Research.
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In 1996, Brown founded The Sexual Homicide Exchange (SHE). In 2000, she opened The Pat Brown Criminal Profiling Agency. Brown wrote about her criminological approach in 2010 in The Profiler: My Life Hunting Serial Killers and Psychopaths with co-author Bob Andelman. In 2008 she wrote about the psychology of predators in Killing for Sport: Inside the Minds of Serial Killers.
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One explanation for why witnesses tend to gravitate toward the weapon being used is said to be that the arousal of the witness is increased.Mitchell, K.J., Livosky, M., Mather, M. (1998). The weapon focus effect revisited: The role of novelty. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 3, 287–303 When arousal becomes increased the number of perceptional cues being utilized by the brain decreases.
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Lewis Coser, U.S. conflict theorist and sociologist, argued conflict provides a function and a process whereby a succession of new equilibriums are created. Thus, the struggle of opposing forces, rather than being disruptive, may be a means of balancing and maintaining a social structure or society.Ankony, Robert C., "Sociological and Criminological Theory: Brief of Theorists, Theories, and Terms," CFM Research, Jul. 2012.
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Her fears were fueled by a warning she had received some time earlier from a fortune teller, who said that she would marry and have children, but that all of the children would die young. Reportedly, Cianciulli also visited a Romani who practiced palm reading, and who told her, "In your right hand I see prison, in your left a criminal asylum." Exhibit at Rome's Criminological Museum.
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Hollin, Clive. (2013). Psychology and Crime: An Introduction to Criminological Psychology. Routledge. p. 134. West was a member of the Parole Board in its first years, as described in his book The Future of Parole, and worked as a Mental Health Act commissioner 1992-7. After 2005 he was associated with Paradise Press, an outlet for LGBT authors, who published his 2012 autobiography Gay Life Straight Work.
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The Australian Institute of Criminology (AIC) is Australia's national research and knowledge centre on crime and criminal justice. The Institute seeks to promote justice and reduce crime by undertaking and communicating evidence- based research to inform policy and practice. The functions of the AIC include conducting criminological research; communicating the results of research; conducting or arranging conferences and seminars; and publishing material arising out of the AIC's work.
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One of the Guys: Girls, Gangs and Gender. New > York: Oxford University Press. This is the primary setup for the rest of Dr. Miller's work. In the conclusion to Dr. Miller's book, she states a final summary to her book: > In this book, I most often have places young women's gang involvement within > the context of crime and criminology, specifically within the broader > criminological literature on youth gangs.
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An Introduction to Criminological Theory. Willan Publishing, Devon. Lombroso argued it was the females' natural passivity that withheld them from breaking the law, as they lacked the intelligence and initiative to become criminal. Sigmund Freud theorized that all women experience penis envy and seek to compensate for this inferiority complex by being exhibitionistic and narcissistic, focusing on irrational and trivial matters instead of being interested in building a just civilisation.
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Zedner, Lucia. The criminological foundations of penal policy, p. 248, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003; Her mother died when she was 20, and she spent the next fourteen years looking after her father who was in poor health. When her father died in 1895 she went to Minnesota to perform welfare work amongst Cornish mineworkers living there, the trip having been organised by the wife of the Archbishop of Canterbury.
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Hilde Kaufmann (born October 28, 1920 in Werne, died January 11, 1981 in Cologne) was a German jurist and criminologist. From 1966 to 1970, she was a professor at the University of Kiel, then from 1970 until her death a professor and director of the Criminological Research Center at the University of Cologne. Her main scientific subject was the orientation of criminology to the needs of criminal science and criminal justice.
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Humanities and Social Sciences Online calls the Meat is Murder! a "gruesome but fascinating tour through the anthropological, criminological, literary, and cinematic history of cannibalism". Reviewer Philip Simpson judges that the book is "compelling" and takes a scholarly approach to its subject matter. The Headpress Guide to the Counter Culture (2004) points out that Brottman is not condescending to her subject matter, but criticizes the book for its lengthy film synopses.
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Farrell received his BSc from the University of Surrey and his PhD from the University of Manchester. He worked at the University of Oxford's Centre for Criminological Research before joining the United Nations in the 1990s. He then taught at Loughborough University, and then at Simon Fraser University, where he was hired as Professor and Research Chair in Environmental Criminology in 2013. He joined the University of Leeds in 2015.
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The doctor of jurisprudence. A thesis for a doctor's degree theme «Problems of struggle against economic criminality (criminally-legal and criminological research)» (1991). He is a professor and academician of Academy of social sciences Kazakhstan since 1994. From 1967 to 1990 he has been the machine operator at an Almaty woodworking industrial complex, an inspector of the Alma-Ata internal affairs department, an assistant to the dean of Kazakh State University.
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Many times the criminals with intense fantasies will draw > victimizations. In prison and criminological research you will find all > kinds of drawings where the fantasy is still alive.Chasing the Dragon: A > Conversation with the Academy Group. (Interview with Roger Depue), > Millennium TV series Fox DVD documentary, 2004 This led him to coin the term "leakage", which basically means that one's fantasies consciously or subconsciously tend to leak out.
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Before joining the faculty of Rutgers' Newark campus, Clarke did criminological research for the Home Office for fifteen years in his native United Kingdom. He became the director of the Home Office Research and Planning Unit in 1982. At the Home Office, he helped develop rational choice theory in criminology and launch the British Crime Survey. In 1984, he moved to the United States, where he originally taught at Temple University.
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Dr. Anna Drakšienė.Promotion From November 2006 to January 2008 Zaksaitė was as an assistant and from January 2008 to March 2009 as a chief specialist in the Juvenile law sector of Criminological research department of Law Institute of Lithuania. From March 2009 to March 2011 she was researcher in the Department of Legal system research and after in Department of Criminal justice of Law Institute.CV 2012 she was teacher at European Humanities University.
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Deborah Brock is a professor specializing in the areas social, moral, and sexual regulation. Brock has taught sociology and women's studies at Ryerson Polytechnic University, Wilfrid Laurier University, and Trent University. She completed her M.A. at Carleton University in 1984 and her Ph.D. at the University of Toronto in 1990. She is currently an associate professor (Arts) at York University and she teaches Crime and Criminological Theory; Social Regulation; Gender and Sexualities; Historical Sociology.
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In 1994 Morris took emeritus status at Chicago Law School, working as a consultant and advisor until his death in 2004 at the age of eighty. He was survived by a wife, three sons and three grandchildren. Underscoring Morris' lasting legacy on the field of legal and criminological research, his work has been recently cited by the Supreme Court in Davis v. Ayala (Kennedy J, concurring), Docket No. 13-428 (decided June 18, 2015).
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Roger Matthews (1948 – 7 April 2020), was a British criminologist. He was a Professor of Criminology at the University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom. Prior to joining the University of Kent, he was a professor of criminology at London South Bank University and Middlesex University. Matthews is known as one of the key figures in left realism, a criminological critique of both the dominant administrative criminology and the critical criminology ("left idealism").
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Athabasca University and ICAAP. Retrieved on: 2011-10-30. Critical criminology also seeks to delve into the foundations of criminological research to unearth any biases. Critical criminology sees crime as a product of oppression of workers – in particular, those in greatest poverty – and less-advantaged groups within society, such as women and ethnic minorities, are seen to be the most likely to suffer oppressive social relations based upon class division, sexism and racism.
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Jarmila Veselá (29 November 1899 Prague 2 January 1972 Prague) was a Czech criminal lawyer, first associate professor at the Faculty of Law of the Charles University in Prague. During the protectorate period when the Czech universities were closed, she became head of the criminal-biological department of the Czech Eugenic Society, a member of which was already before the war, and after 1942 an assistant at the Criminological Institute of the Faculty of Law of the German University.
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Tarde took an interest in criminology and the psychological basis of criminal behavior while working as a magistrate in public service. He was critical of the concept of the atavistic criminal as developed by Cesare Lombroso. Tarde's criminological studies served as the underpinning of his later sociology. Tarde also emphasized the tendency of the criminal to return to the scene of the crime and to repeat it, which he saw as part of a wider process of repetition compulsion.
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From their position of powerlessness they are more capable of revealing the truth about the world than any 'malestream' paradigm ever can. Thus there are two key strands in feminist criminological thought; that criminology can be made gender aware and thus gender neutral; or that that criminology must be gender positive and adopt standpoint feminism. Cutting across these two distinctions, feminists can be placed largely into four main groupings: liberal, radical, Marxist, and socialist (Jaggar 1983).
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Cohen suggested the media overreact to an aspect of behaviour which may be seen as a challenge to existing social norms. However, the media response and representation of that behaviour actually helps to define it, communicate it and portrays it as a model for outsiders to observe and adopt. So the moral panic by society represented in the media arguably fuels further socially unacceptable behaviour.Hopkins Burke, R. (2001) An Introduction to Criminological Theory, Cullompton: Willan pg.
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Environmental criminology examines the notions of crimes, offences and injurious behaviours against the environment and starts to examine the role that societies including corporations, governments and communities play in generating environmental harms. Criminology is now starting to recognise the impact of humans on the environment and how law enforcement agencies and the judiciary measure harm to the environment and attribute sanctions to the offenders.White, R. 2003‘Environmental Issues and the Criminological Imagination’, Theoretical Criminology, 7(4): 483-506.
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'The persistence > of the class structure, despite the welfare reforms and controls over big > business, was unmistakable.' The Positivist School of Criminological thought > was still dominant, and in many states, the sterilization movement was > underway. The emphasis on biological determinism and internal explanations > of crime were the preeminent force in the theories of the early thirties. > This dominance by the Positivist School changed in the late thirties with > the introduction of conflict and social explanations of crime and > criminality.
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Broken windows policing, or quality of life policing, is based on a criminological theory known as broken windows theory. This theory suggests that repairing broken windows in buildings and other forms of physical disorder within a city indicate whether or not there is crime. When translated to policing tactics, minor offenses are targeted as a way to deter greater, more serious crime. Reformers point to the ways that broken windows policing negatively impacts communities of color through criminalization and excessive force.
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Criminal psychology, also referred to as criminological psychology, is the study of the views, thoughts, intentions, actions and reactions of criminals and all who participate in criminal behavior.Richard N. Kocsis, Applied criminal psychology: a guide to forensic behavioral sciences, Charles C Thomas Publisher, 2009, pp.7 Criminal psychology is related to the field of criminal anthropology. The study goes deeply into what makes someone commit a crime, but also the reactions after the crime, on the run or in court.
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Main fellowships and awards: Wikström received the University of Edinburgh Northern Scholars Award in 1991, and the Sellin-Glueck Award from the American Society of Criminology in 1994. He was awarded a Fellowship at the Center for Advanced Study in Behavioral Science at Stanford University in 2002, and was elected as a Fellow of the American Society of Criminology in 2010, and the British Academy in 2011. In 2016, Wikström received the prestigious Stockholm Prize in Criminology for outstanding achievements in criminological research.
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The feminist school of criminology emphasizes that the social roles of women are different from the roles of men, leading to different pathways toward deviance, crime, and victimization that are overlooked by other criminological theories. Early feminist criminologists noted the need for feminist criminology based on three areas in criminology where scholarship about women (in comparison to men) was sparse. These areas include women as criminal offenders, women as victims of crime, and women working in the field of criminal justice.
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Criminological deterrence, association, environmental, and economic theories served as theoretical foundations for the study. Calls for service were evaluated for a period one year before the injunction and one year after the injunction using paired t-tests, which revealed that gang injunctions reduce crime. Calls for service were significantly reduced compared to the baseline and the matched controls. Violent crime calls were found to decrease by 11.6% compared to the baseline, while controls averaged an increase of 0.8%, a net benefit of 12.4%.
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Under U.S. law the fleeing felon rule was limited in 1985 to non- lethal force in most cases by Tennessee v. Garner, . The justices held that deadly force "may not be used unless necessary to prevent the escape and the officer has probable cause to believe that the suspect poses a significant threat of death or serious bodily harm to the officer or others."Robert C. Ankony, "Sociological and Criminological Theory: Brief of Theorists, Theories, and Terms," CFM Research, Jul.
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In criminology, Mobility triangles are the triangular areas formed by the locations of the victim's home, the offender's home and the crime. They are used to describe spatial patterns of crimes, and to facilitate the classification of crimes based on location. Implicit in the concept is the assumption that the homes of the victim and the offender form anchor points that govern the crime location. Mobility triangles are related to the criminological frameworks of routine activity theory and environmental criminology.
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One such environmental criminology approach was developed in the 1980s, by Paul and Patricia Brantingham, putting focus of criminological study on environmental or context factors that can influence criminal activity. These include space (geography), time, law, offender, and target or victim. These five components are a necessary and sufficient condition, for without one, the other four, even together, will not constitute a criminal incident. Despite the obvious multi-faceted nature of crime, scholars and practitioners often attempt to study them separately.
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Most academic criminologists, even those of an abolitionist persuasion, seem to have never heard of Fay Honey Knopp. Criminologist Harold E. Pepinsky mentions that he "had never read her work or seen it cited in the criminological literature." He now thinks that "she ought to be ranked as one of the giants in U.S. criminology...Her Quakerism, her radical feminism, and her prison abolitionism have reinforced and informed one another."Pepinsky, Harold E. Peacemaking in Criminology and Criminal Justice In: Pepinsky/Quinney, eds.
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Shoham is a teacher and scholar at the Faculty of Law in Tel- Aviv University. In the past he held a wide variety of roles including: Assistant District Attorney of Jerusalem, Assistant to Israel’s Attorney General, a co-representative of Israel at the International Congress of Comparative Law, the Denis Carrol International Award Representative for Israel held at the meeting of the Directors of Criminological Research Institutes at Council of Europe. In 1985 he was Harvard University’s Center for Jewish Studies’ Visiting Scholar.
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Shoham is on the Cohen Committee (that deals with penal methods and criminological research). Previously, he was a member of the Australian Society of Forensic Sciences. He was elected to the Board of Directors of the International Society of Criminology and a Member of the Scientific Commission at the International Center of Sociological, Penal and Penitentiary Research, in Italy in 1981. He was a member of the Scientific Advisory Board, Institute of Criminology and Penology and Penitentiary Research and Studies.
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Mark Whiteley went on to work with a variety of bands including Shredder (1994), Big Black Cloud (1995–1997) and Subliminal (1997–2001). Shredder were formed in Dartmoor prison in 1993 and on Mark's release in 1994 were invited to tour with The Stranglers. In 2001, following Ian's death and three years of studio work with the Subliminal Project, Mark decided to change direction. Like Kris, Mark pursued an academic career and became a criminological researcher and tutor at Cardiff University.
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Capital punishment was abolished in 1787, although restored in 1795. Legal reforms gained comprehensive "Austrian" form in the civil code (ABGB: Allgemeine Bürgerliche Gesetzbuch) of 1811 and have been seen as providing a foundation for subsequent reforms extending into the 20th century. The first part of the ABGB appeared in 1786, and the criminal code in 1787. These reforms incorporated the criminological writings of Cesare Beccaria, but also first time made all people equal in the eyes of the law.
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While serving the penalty, he completed a journeyman's course in the profession of a basket- maker. Since 2004, he has consistently sought a pardon from successive presidents of Poland: Aleksander Kwaśniewski, Lech Kaczyński, and more recently (in 2011) - Bronisław Komorowski. So far, all the requests, due to the negative criminological prognosis (progressive progression of sexual dysfunction) have been treated negatively at the judicial stage, and thus left without further progress. Mariusz Sowiński will be apply for conditional early release in early 2047, at the age of 71.
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The Stockholm Prize in Criminology is an international prize in the field of criminology, established under the aegis of the Swedish Ministry of Justice. It has a permanent endowment in the trust of the Stockholm Prize in Criminology Foundation. The Stockholm Prize in Criminology is a distinguished part of the Stockholm Criminology Symposium, an annual event taking place during three days in June. The prize is awarded for outstanding achievements in criminological research or for the reduction of crime and the advancement of human rights.
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Freda Adler (born 1934) is a criminologist and educator, currently serving as Professor Emeritus at Rutgers University and a visiting Professor at the University of Pennsylvania. She was President of the American Society of Criminology in 1994-1995. She has acted as a consultant to the United Nations on criminal justice matters since 1975, holding various roles within United Nations organizations. A prolific writer, Adler has published in a variety of criminological areas, including female criminality, international issues in crime, piracy, drug abuse, and social control theories.
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Graham- Kevan has studied treatment programmes for perpetrators of domestic violence. With co-authors, she has found that in order to effectively intervene, it is necessary to know the function that the violence serves for the perpetrator, whether it is for example used to bully a partner into acceding to wishes, to resolve conflict, to manage fear of abandonment or to manage difficult emotions.Dixon L, Archer J, Graham‐Kevan N. Perpetrator programmes for partner violence: Are they based on ideology or evidence?. Legal and Criminological Psychology.
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Passon's highly acclaimed essay, "Barebacking @ Sex Academy", defines the difference between "unsafe sex" of men who have sex with men (MSM) and "barebacking" as risk-conscious and consensual, unprotected anal intercourse (UAI), regardless of the presence of sexually transmitted infections (STI). The paper was selected for publication in the latest booklet "Sexualität und Strafe" (translating as "Sexuality and Punishment"), featuring in the Kriminologisches Journal (translating as Criminological Journal), by the distinguished sexual scientists, Daniela Klimke and Rüdiger Lautmann. He has also written extensively not just about barebacking, gay rights, but also sex work in Germany.
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From 1960 to 1967, he was a senior lecturer at the Criminological Institute of Utrecht University, where he worked very closely with Professor of Law W. Pompe. In 1963, at the request of the Dutch Labour Party, he rejoined the Senate for a second term which would last until his resignation in 1977. From 1969 to 1977 he was chairman and spokesman for the Permanent Senate's Committee for Justice. For his political service, he was made a Companion in the Order of the Dutch Lion on 29 April 1975.
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It is often noted that green criminology is interdisciplinary and as a result, lacks its own unique theory or any preferred theoretical approach. Moreover, significant portions of the green criminological literature are qualitative and descriptive, and those studies have generally not proposed a unique or unifying theory. Despite this general lack of a singular theory, some of the approaches noted above indicate certain theoretical preferences. For example, as noted, the political economic approach to green criminology develops explanations of green crime, victimization and environmental justice consistent with several existing strains of political economic analysis.
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This relationship allowed him to study gang life in Chicago that led to a complex understanding of street life. Later in life, Conquergood began researching the purpose, rituals and societal implications of the death penalty in America. His 2002 paper, "Lethal Theatre: Performance, Punishment, and the Death Penalty", was published in Theatre Journal, a publication of the Johns Hopkins University Press. It argued that the criminological function of capital punishment could not be assessed without the inclusion of its performance aspects as a “theater of death.” Conquergood died on November 13, 2004 of colon cancer.
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Some of this research integrates the religion-crime relationship with major criminological theories such as differential association/social learning, social and self control. Other research examines the role of local religious contexts on crime rates and criminal punishment. Some of Ulmer's research has examined the role of local religious contexts in criminal sentencing, religion as a predictor of self control and delinquency, and religion and desistence from marijuana use. Other research has focused on the interrelationship between concentrated structural disadvantage (locally concentrated poverty, unemployment, low education, and family disruption), religious contexts and violence rates.
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Police brought in Lüdke for questioning on 18 March 1943, where he quickly confessed to murdering not only the woman but also several other victims, and was taken into custody. Witnesses report Lüdke showed signs of physical abuse and he stated that "they would kill me if I didn't confess". Lüdke was never put on trial for any of the killings. Declared insane, he was sent to the SS-run Institute of Criminological Medicine in Vienna, where medical experiments were carried out on him until his death, when an experiment went wrong in 1944.
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An Australian study into the statistics of these attacks concludes that "In the light of poor criminological evidence and a plethora of evocative images, the global media has propagated and fostered claims about crimes and racism related to that are well outside the evidence.". A report was submitted to the Indian Parliament by the Overseas Indian Ministry, early 2010. According to this report, of the 152 attacks that the Indian consulate was aware of, 23 had "racial overtones", i.e., were accompanied by racial abuse, or "anti-Indian remarks".
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France's criminal law is featured by its concept structure instead of its result. Distinguishing itself from some aspects of civil as well as public law, it is structured with rooted middle age in royal law but is now heavily influenced by international criminal and criminological trends, without being struck by sharp-cut influence by Roman law. The innovation of the penal code in 1994 made it possible to gain a modernized and systemized treatment to the corresponding issues. However, the revolution and Napoleonic history still exert a strongly far-reaching impact.
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Agnew received his B.A. with highest honors and highest distinction from Rutgers University in 1975, and his M.A. and Ph.D. from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in, respectively, 1978 and 1980—all in sociology. He joined Emory University in 1980 and served as chairperson of the sociology department from 2006-2009. Professor Agnew's primary research and teaching interests are criminology and juvenile delinquency, especially criminological theory. He is well known for his development of general strain theory and was elected Fellow of the American Society of Criminology.
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The AIC undertakes criminological research, which helps inform law enforcement's collective response to crime. The AIC provides independent monitoring, and research programs that enhance knowledge of crime and criminal justice issues in Australia, and it also provides strategic advice to inform policy development and reform. The ACIC works with law enforcement partners to improve the ability to stop criminals exploiting emerging opportunities and gaps in law enforcement information. They report to the Minister for Home Affair, and is accountable to and monitored and reviewed by the Parliamentary Joint Committee on the Australian Criminal Intelligence Commission.
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Working with Professor Yehuda Fried, Shoham has put together a technique to treat drug addicts, investigating social deviance, detailing a unique personality theory to comprehend crime and deviation. He has published books on this, the most notable of one which was translated into many languages: The Mark of Cain. Shoham also refined a micro-macro theory of criminology, expressed through his book Valhalla, Calvary and Auschwitz, proving a macro-criminological perspective can be applied to explain the Nazi movement and using a macro- victimological thesis, the Holocaust can be better comprehended.
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Weisburd was awarded the Stockholm Prize in Criminology, the top honor in the field, in 2010. Weisburd has also been the recipient of numerous other awards and honors for his work in criminology and criminal justice. Most recently, he was awarded the Israel Prize in Social Work and Criminological Research, considered the state's highest honor. In 2014, Weisburd received the Edwin H. Sutherland Award from the American Society of Criminology(ASC), and in 2017 he received the August Vollmer Award for contributions to crime prevention from the ASC.
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M. Dwayne Smith is an American criminologist and professor of criminology at the University of South Florida, where he is also the senior vice provost and Dean of the Office of Graduate Studies. He is the founding editor of the peer- reviewed journal Homicide Studies, which he edited from 1996 to 2001. From 2000 to 2005, he was the chair of the University of South Florida's Department of Criminology. He is an expert on mass murderers and serial killers, and has also researched jury decisions in death penalty cases in North Carolina, as well as other criminological topics.
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In her first article, The deviance of women: A critique and an enquiry in the British Journal of Sociology, she questioned why the low level of recorded crime by females had been largely ignored or distorted in criminological research. In it, she advocated an intensive programme of studies to analyse the logistics of the sex-crime ratio versus the applicability of theory. She is credited as starting a feminist awakening in criminology. She won the Sellin-Glueck award in 2004 from the American Society of Criminology, and the 2018 Outstanding Achievement Award of the British Society of Criminology.
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Pre-crime in criminology dates back to the positivist school in the late 19th century, especially to Cesare Lombroso's idea that there are "born criminals", who can be recognized, even before they have committed any crime, on the basis of certain physical characteristics. Biological, psychological and sociological forms of criminological positivisms informed criminal policy in the early 20th century. For born criminals, criminal psychopaths and dangerous habitual offenders eliminatory penalties (capital punishment, indefinite confinement, castration etc.) were seen as appropriate.Leon Radzinowicz and Roger Hood: A History of English Criminal Law and its Administration from 1750 (1986), London: Sweet & Maxwell; pp. 231–387.
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The work represented a decisive step forward in the development of the criminological imagination regarding punishment, one that places it in significance 'alongside Durkheim's theory of punishment' (Garland 1990: 110). As such the work has been deployed extensively by eminent criminologists and sociologists as a critical lens to understand and explain contemporary phenomena such as mass imprisonment (Zimring and Hawkins 1993: 33), and there has been a significant revival of critical interest in the work. It is regarded as a 'classic', if frequently contested, text in the sociology of punishment, and criminology more generally (Melossi 1978: 79, 81).
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According to a survey of the former and present presidents of the country's top academic criminological societies, 88% of these experts rejected the notion that the death penalty acts as a deterrent to murder. Data shows that the application of the death penalty is strongly influenced by racial bias. Furthermore, some opponents argue that it is applied in an arbitrary manner by a criminal justice system that has been shown to be biased through the systemic influence of socio- economic, geographic, and gender factors.Londono, O. (2013), "A Retributive Critique of Racial Bias and Arbitrariness in Capital Punishment".
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The National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime (NCAVC) is a specialist FBI department. The NCAVC's role is to coordinate investigative and operational support functions, criminological research, and training in order to provide assistance to federal, state, local, and foreign law enforcement agencies investigating unusual or repetitive violent crimes (serial crimes). The NCAVC also provides investigative support through expertise and consultation in non-violent matters such as national security, corruption, and white-collar crime investigations. President Reagan gave it the primary mission of 'identifying and tracking repeat killers,’ a term he used for serial killers.
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Donald Arthur Andrews (June 13, 1941 – October 22, 2010) was a Canadian correctional psychologist and criminologist who taught at Carleton University, where he was a founding member of the Institute of Criminology and Criminal Justice. He is recognized for having criticized Robert Martinson's influential paper concluding that "nothing works" in correctional treatment. He also helped to advance the technique of risk assessment to better predict the chance of recidivism among offenders. He is credited with coining the terms "criminogenic needs" and "risk-need-responsivity", both of which have since been used and studied extensively in the criminological literature.
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The self-control theory of crime, often referred to as the general theory of crime, is a criminological theory about the lack of individual self-control as the main factor behind criminal behavior. The self-control theory of crime suggests that individuals who were ineffectually parented before the age of ten develop less self-control than individuals of approximately the same age who were raised with better parenting. Research has also found that low levels of self-control are correlated with criminal and impulsive conduct. The theory was originally developed by criminologists Travis Hirschi and Michael Gottfredson,Gottfredson, M. R., & Hirschi, T. (1990).
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It was first proposed by Marcus Felson and Lawrence E. Cohen in their explanation of crime rate changes in the United States between 1947 and 1974. The theory has been extensively applied and has become one of the most cited theories in criminology. Unlike criminological theories of criminality, routine activity theory studies crime as an event, closely relates crime to its environment and emphasizes its ecological process, thereby diverting academic attention away from mere offenders. The premise of routine activity theory is that crime is relatively unaffected by social causes such as poverty, inequality, and unemployment.
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Furthermore, some highly capitalist states such as Switzerland have very low crime rates, thus making structural theory seem improbable. Instrumental Marxism partly holds to the above, but claims that capitalism in itself cannot be blamed for all crimes. A seminal book on the subject, The New Criminology, by Taylor, Walton, and Young, was considered groundbreaking and ahead of its time at the point of its publication in 1973. However, 11 years later, co-author Jock Young turned against the work, claiming it too was overly idealistic, and began to form yet another line of criminological thought, now commonly known as Left realism.
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Psychological Analysis of Vandalism Teenage boys and men in their 20s are most likely to vandalize, but older adults and females are also known to sometimes vandalize, with young children occasionally vandalizing, but in a much smaller form, such as making small crayon drawings on walls. Modern graffiti on the Achaemenid era rock relief of Rawansar tomb, Iran Criminological research into vandalism has found that it serves many purposes for those who engage in it and stems from a variety of motives. Sociologist Stanley Cohen describes seven different types of vandalism:Cohen 1973. Headless statue in Ely Cathedral; ideological vandalism during the English Reformation.
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He completed a trilogy of books about social life and sociological research in late modernity: The Exclusive Society (1999), The Vertigo of Late Modernity (2007) and The Criminological Imagination (2011). In the 21st century Young published sixteen articles in refereed journals on topics ranging from the US/UK crime drop to moral panic theory, Bernard Madoff, crime and the financial crisis, terrorism and immigration. Twenty- seven of his articles were published as book chapters, whilst essays from his early work in the 1970s to today have been reproduced in readers and in translation. His work has been translated into eleven languages.
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Deputy Sheriff with Reising submachine gun. The United States Armed Forces defines deadly force as "Force that is likely to cause, or that a person knows or should know would create a substantial risk of causing, death or serious bodily harm or injury.".DoDD 5210.56 ARMING AND THE USE OF FORCERobert C. Ankony, "Sociological and Criminological Theory: Brief of Theorists, Theories, and Terms," CFM Research, July 2012, page 37. In the United States, the use of deadly force by sworn law enforcement officers is lawful when the officer reasonably believes the subject poses a significant threat of serious bodily injury or death to themselves or others.
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He was awarded the Queen's Police Medal (QPM) in 1974 and appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1981. He became a Fellow Commoner of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge and a fellow of the Cambridge Institute of Criminology in 1982 and was also Gwilym Gibbon Research Fellow at Nuffield College, Oxford from 1982 to 1983. He was Visiting Professor of Police Studies at the University of Strathclyde from 1983 to 1989 and a research fellow at the Institute of Police and Criminological Studies at the University of Portsmouth from 1994 to 2000. He returned to Australia in 1987 as Australian Commonwealth Fellow with the Australian Government.
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Others, such as the criminologist Shaun L. Gabbidon, think that Rushton has developed one of the more controversial biosocial theories related to race and crime; he says that it has been criticized for failing to explain all of the data and for its potential to support racist ideologies.Gabbidon, Shaun L. (2010). Criminological Perspectives on Race and Crime, 2nd ed.. New York: Routledge, pp. 41-44. . The criminologist Anthony Walsh has defended Rushton, claiming that none of Rushton's critics has supplied data indicating anything other than the racial gradient he identifies, and that it is unscientific to dismiss Rushton's ideas on the basis of their political implications.
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Kirchmeyer's studies are strongly influenced by bibliographical, legal and philological approaches, and by the thoughts of music ethnographer , Kant and Jaspers. For the first time in German musicology, Kirchmeyer used newspapers and journals as sources for establishing what he calls "", a mosaic picture of the past by combining contemporary evaluations of minute events with almost criminological assessment of their relative reliability. The thus established historical picture enables understanding of musical history as a sequence of minute historical-cultural situations and protects historical events as well as pieces of art from distorting (polemic or apologetic) approaches. Kirchmeyer's books on Stravinsky (1958) and Wagner (1972) were highly successful.
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In 2009, after completing one sixth of his sentence, he requested the conversion to a semi-open regime. The State Public Ministry requested a criminological psychosocial examination, done in two stages and with favorable opinions to the progression of the sentence, which was granted on August 19. Despite the semi-open regime, that year he was denied the benefit of temporary leave, which he could only have as of 2017, because of his history of escaping."Cabo Bruno has temporary exit denied", Jornal da Tarde, 9/10/2009, p. 9A However, on August 22, 2012, the Taubaté court granted him his freedom after 27 years' imprisonment.
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Since joining the University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute in 2014, he has continued his work in the areas of criminological theory and correctional policy. Along with his co-authors, he was the recipient of the Donal E.J. MacNamara Award for the Outstanding Publication from the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences (in 2014). He has also published over 30 works in peer-reviewed journals and academic books in the last four years. He continues to mentor doctoral students, publishing with over 10 different students – those from Arizona State University, Florida State University, the University of Cincinnati, and the University of South Carolina – in multiple works.
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Further research in the hypothesis has produced inconclusive results. Offenders have been found both with a solid belief in their moral obligations, and without. Travis Hirschi, a social bond theorist, also raised the question as to whether the offender develops these techniques to neutralise their qualms regarding offending before or after they actually commit the offence.Sykes and Matza's Techniques of Neutralization (Drift Theory) The Neutralization Hypothosis was introduced by Sykes and Matza in 1957, facing the then prevailing criminological wisdom that offenders engage in crime because they adhere to an oppositional subcultural rule set that values law breaking and violence, they rejected this perspective.
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Marshall Barron Clinard (November 12, 1911 – May 30, 2010) was an American sociologist who specialized in criminology. Criminological studies spanned across his entire career, from an examination of the Black Market during World War II to much more general treatments of white collar crime. His 1957 textbook Sociology of Deviant Behavior (co-authored with Robert F. Meier starting in 1979 with the 5th edition) is now in its 15th edition. In addition to studies within the United States, Clinard did research in Sweden, India, Uganda and Switzerland: supported, respectively, by the Fulbright Program, the Ford Foundation, the Rockefeller Foundation and the U. S. National Science Foundation.
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According to Joseph R. Feagin of Texas A&M; University, "Shaun Gabbidon's book on W. E. B. Du Bois and crime provides an original and innovative window into this little known area of DuBois's research and thought. Gabbidon provides much evidence, drawing on original sources, to back up his contention that DuBois did important research on and theorizing about U.S. crime, especially as it affected Black Americans. He shows how in many ways DuBois anticipated later theories of crime in Western criminology". In his 2010 Criminological Perspectives on Race and Crime Gabbidon comments at some length on the work of Biko Agozino, who has studied the effect of colonialism on the treatment of black criminals.
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The broken windows theory is a criminological theory that states that visible signs of crime, anti-social behavior, and civil disorder create an urban environment that encourages further crime and disorder, including serious crimes. The theory suggests that policing methods that target minor crimes, such as vandalism, loitering, public drinking, jaywalking and fare evasion, help to create an atmosphere of order and lawfulness, thereby preventing more serious crimes. The theory was introduced in a 1982 article by social scientists James Q. Wilson and George L. Kelling. It was further popularized in the 1990s by New York City police commissioner William Bratton and Mayor Rudy Giuliani, whose policing policies were influenced by the theory.
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129 In their book Criminological Perspectives, E. McLaughlin, J. Muncie and G. Hughes conclude: > If the Turkish government can deny that the Armenian genocide happened; if > revisionist historians and neo-Nazis deny that Holocaust took place; if > powerful states all around the world today can systematically deny the > systematic violations of human rights they are carrying out – then we know > that we're in bad shape.Criminological Perspectives: Essential Readings, > Eugene McLaughlin, John Muncie, Gordon Hughes, Open University, SAGE, 2003, > 656 p., , p. 559 In 1990, psychologist Robert Jay Lifton received a letter from Nuzhet Kandemir, Turkish ambassador to the United States, questioning his inclusion of references to the Armenian Genocide in one of his books.
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In the United Kingdom, for example, a person must obtain the Graduate Basis for Registration with the British Psychological Society—normally through an undergraduate degree. This would be followed by Stages 1 (academic) and 2 (supervised practice) of the Diploma in Forensic Psychology (which would normally take 3 years full-time and 4 years part-time). Assessment occurs via examination, research, supervised practice, and the submission of a portfolio showing expertise across a range of criminological and legal applications of psychology. Once qualified as a "Chartered" psychologist (with a specialism in forensic psychology), a practitioner must engage in Continued Professional Development and demonstrate how much, of what kind, each year, in order to renew his/her practicing certificate.
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This line of argumentation is generally seen as part of a wider approach to race-related issues referred to as the Discrimination Thesis, which assumes that differences in the treatment received by people of minority racial background in a number of public institutions, including the criminal justice, education and health care systems, is the result of overt racial discrimination. Opposed to this view is the Non-Discrimination Thesis, which seeks to defend these institutions from such accusations.For a brief overview, see Gabbidon & Greene (2005a:83–84). At the time it was first proposed, conflict theory was considered outside the mainstream of more established criminological theories, such as strain theory, social disorganization theory and differential association theory.
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David L. Weisburd (born 1954), is an Israeli/American criminologist who is well known for his research on crime and place, policing and white collar crime. Weisburd was the 2010 recipient of the prestigious Stockholm Prize in Criminology, and was recently awarded the Israel Prize in Social Work and Criminological Research, considered the state's highest honor. Weisburd holds joint tenured appointments as Distinguished Professor of Criminology, Law and Society at George Mason University. and Walter E. Meyer Professor of Law and Criminal Justice in the Institute of Criminology of the Hebrew University Faculty of Law, At George Mason University Weisburd was founder of the Center for Evidence-Based Crime Policy and is now its executive director.
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Over his career, Kaplan served on several government committees, advising on drug laws, criminal law, and social issues. As one of the major social scientists of criminal law, he was known as demanding that legal theory confront the hard facts produced by criminological research. He was known as a "hard-nosed policy analyst" and "one of a few legal academics who also had an expertise in policy analysis without ideological preconceptions." In 1985, Stanford University charged Kaplan with investigating allegations of police brutality, after a Stanford student was physically injured after beig arrested by campus law enforcement officials, who used pain compliance holds on students using passive resistance to protest Stanford investment in companies doing business in apartheid South Africa.
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According to a study done in 2014, men (on average) receive 63% longer sentences for the same crime than women do. A meta-analysis done on experimental research about mock jurors found that it was advantageous for defendants (in sentencing) to be physically attractive, female, white, and of high socioeconomic status. After controlling for extensive criminological, demographic and socioeconomic variables, a paper done by the University of Georgia found that blacks, males and offenders with low education and low income receive substantially longer sentences. After analyzing data from 9,966 felony theft cases and 18,176 felony assault cases in California, a large gender disparity was found when females were more likely to similar males (and minorities) to get charge reductions and probation.
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Brongersma published extensively on a wide variety of topics, authoring some 1200 books and articles between 1930 and 1998 on social and philosophical subjects such as criminal law, constitutional law, criminology, philosophy, religion, sexology, legislation on public morals and literary topics. He wrote books on the Civil War in Spain, Portugal and the Portuguese, penal law and social problems. Beginning with his years at the Criminological Institute, he wrote extensively in the area of sexology, especially on pornography, ephebophilia, pedophilia and the age of consent. His books on this subjects include: Das Verfehmte Geschlecht (in German, 1970), Sex en Straf ("Sex and Punishment", 1972), Over pedofielen en kinderlokkers ("On Pedophiles and Child Molesters", 1975), and his last work is his magnum opus and entitled Loving Boys (two volumes, 1988–1990).
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David Whyte, David Scott et al, Expanding the Criminological Imagination: Critical Readings in Criminology, Routledge (2007) - Google Books pgs. 81-83 The anti- death penalty campaigner Violet Van der Elst petitioned the Home Secretary David Maxwell Fyfe by letter to commute Louisa's death sentence to life in prison. She wrote: > The husband ... posed as a kindly and simple old man, never spoke - and it > seemed as if this old man had been made use of by his wife and had been made > to do things under her stronger will. This was not true, he was a cunning > old man acting a part in court, but if one could judge of the two people, I > would consider that the old man was the most guilty ... He never troubles > about his wife being condemned to death.
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A study by Catherine Phillips for the Nottingham Trent University Division of Criminology reviewed the existing literature and performed a secondary analysis on the published results of empirical data. An orthodox view of displacement is considered throughout the study: crime displacement is considered inevitable, but is less than anticipated and may lead to a diffusion of benefits. Philips conducted the study to " ... discover whether the criminological orthodox 'knowledge' that interventions do not result in 100-percent crime displacement, and may even lead to a 'diffusion of benefits'—defined as ‘the unexpected reduction of crimes not directly targeted by the preventive action" could be proven (Clarke and Weisburd,1994:165). Reviewing a wide variety of published empirical data, Phillips found that displacement is not inevitable, but is very common.
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Criminologists commenting on the situation in 2018 pointed out that the demographics of the migrants is an important factor: young males (of all origins) were responsible for half of all violent crimes in 2014, and young men made up 27% of all asylum-seekers who came in 2015. Dr Dominic Kudlacek, of the Criminological Research Unit of Lower Saxony lists other risk factors such as social deprivation, being alone, living in refugee camps with little privacy and spending most of their time with other people suffering from these risk factors which can add to the likelihood of committing crimes. Criminologist Simon Cottee cites sociologist Stanley Cohen when he suggests that fear of immigrant crime among Germans is a form of moral panic to which societies are subject from time to time.
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Sherman has been a prime mover in the development on several permanent new additions to the institutional landscape of criminology. The most visible of these new institutions is the Stockholm Prize in Criminology, which philanthropist Jerry Lee and Sherman proposed to Professor Jerzy Sarnecki of Stockholm University in mid-2000, and which Sarnecki brought to the Swedish Ministry of Justice where it received support from successive Ministers. The annual Prize for criminological research or its application that benefits humanity was funded by the Jerry Lee Foundation for a guaranteed minimum of ten years, with the first prizes awarded in 2006. The Prize has been awarded annually since then, most often presented by a member of the Royal Family, with Sherman and Sarnecki as co-chairs of the International Jury that selects the winners.
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Originally published 1872 Up to the 1840s, the term psychopathy was also used in a way consistent with its etymology to refer to any illness of the mind. German psychiatrist von Feuchtersleben's (1845) The Principles of Medical Psychology, which was translated into English, used it in this sense, as well as the roughly equivalent new term psychosis, now traced back to Karl Friedrich Canstatt's Handbuch der Medicinischen Klinik (1841).The Catholic Encyclopedia (1909) William Griesinger (1868) and Krafft-Ebing (1886) also notably employed the term in distinct ways. The use of the term in a criminological context was popularised by a high-profile legal case in Russia between 1883 and 1885, concerning the murder of a girl who had previously lived in Britain for some time, Sarah Becker (Sarra Bekker).
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For left realism, "Discontent is a product of relative, not absolute, deprivation... Sheer poverty, for example, does not necessarily lead to a subculture of discontent; it may, just as easily, lead to quiescence and fatalism. Discontent occurs when comparisons between comparable groups are made which suggest that unnecessary injustices are occurring... Exploitative cultures have existed for generations without extinction: it is the perception of injustice - relative deprivation - which counts."Lea, J. & Young, J. (1996) "Relative Deprivation" In: Muncie, J., MacLaughlin, E. & Langan, M. (eds) Criminological Perspectives - A Reader, London: Sage Publications, pg.136 Young argues that relative deprivation is the most probable cause of criminality because people whose progress towards fulfilling expectations has stalled grow more aware of the injustice and unfairness in a society that allows inequality to arise, and this in turn breeds political disenchantment.
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Daniel Preston Mears is an American criminologist, a Fellow of the American Society of Criminology, and the Mark C. Stafford Professor of Criminology at the Florida State University College of Criminology & Criminal Justice. A 2011 ranking of American criminologists ranked Mears as the second most influential in terms of scholarly contributions. His research interests include the study of supermax prisons, immigration and crime, causes of offending, sentencing, and juvenile and criminal justice policy. He is the author of American Criminal Justice Policy: An Evaluation Approach to Increasing Accountability and Effectiveness (2010, Cambridge University Press), Prisoner Reentry in the Era of Mass Incarceration (2015, Sage Publications), Out-of-Control Criminal Justice: The Systems Improvement Solution for More Safety, Justice, Accountability, and Efficiency (2017, Cambridge University Press), and Fundamentals of Criminological and Criminal Justice Inquiry (Cambridge University Press).
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Taylor was one of the founding members of the National Deviancy SymposiumHopkins Burke, R. (2001) An Introduction to Criminological Theory, Cullompton: Willan pg.154 and was one of the co-authors of The New Criminology: For a Social Theory of Deviance in 1973 along with Jock Young and Paul Walton, as well as later editing Critical Criminology with both of them. In 1981, whilst lecturing at Sheffield University he wrote Law and Order: Arguments for Socialism, which Jock Young states: :"[it] forcefully argued the need for parties of the left to take seriously the problems of crime"Jock Young's Obituary for Ian Taylor Moving to Canada shortly after, he lectured at Carleton University before returning to become chair of Sociology at the University of Salford. On leaving Salford, he became the Principal of Van Mildert College, Durham until he retired due to illness.
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Sociological and criminological research on poaching indicates that in North America people poach for commercial gain, home consumption, trophies, pleasure and thrill in killing wildlife, or because they disagree with certain hunting regulations, claim a traditional right to hunt, or have negative dispositions toward legal authority. In rural areas of the United States, the key motives for poaching are poverty. Interviews conducted with 41 poachers in the Atchafalaya River basin in Louisiana revealed that 37 of them hunt to provide food for themselves and their families; 11 stated that poaching is part of their personal or cultural history; nine earn money from the sale of poached game to support their families; eight feel exhilarated and thrilled by outsmarting game wardens. In African rural areas, the key motives for poaching are the lack of employment opportunities and a limited potential for agriculture and livestock production.
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For these theorists, societal conflict from which crime emerges is founded on the fundamental economic inequalities that are inherent in the processes of capitalism (see, for example, Wikipedia article on Rusche and Kirchheimer's Punishment and Social Structure, a book that provides a seminal exposition of Marxian analysis applied to the problem of crime and punishment). Drawing on the work of Marx (1990 [1868]); Engels, (1984 [1845]); and Bonger (1969 [1916]) among others, such critical theorists suggest that the conditions in which crime emerges are caused by the appropriation of the benefits others' labor through the generation of what is known as surplus value, concentrating in the hands of the few owners of the means of production, disproportionate wealth and power. There are two main strands of critical criminological theory following from Marx, divided by differing conceptions of the role of the state in maintenance of capitalist inequalities.
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He graduated from the Faculty of Law and Social Sciences of the University of Uruguay (Montevideo) in 1988, and thereafter exercised their profession independently. Since 2006, he participated as an exhibitor of legal, historical, political and criminological issues, in several radio programs of Uruguay, and particularly during 2007 hearing was a panelist at "The Bridge" in CX 4 Rural Radio. In early 2008 he published his first book, to which he gave the title "The Monster of London: The Legend of Jack the Ripper" From mid to late 2008, gave a series of talks about Jack the Ripper and the Victorian era, in the Uruguayan cultural center El Ateneo.Libro El Monstruo de Londres: La Leyenda de Jack el Destripador en Google libros, Montevideo, 2008, . He was also a columnist for the Uruguayan monthly cultural magazine called "DIMENSIÓN DESCONOCIDA" ("UNKNOWN DIMENSION"), from late 2008 to December 2009.
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Rohozinski is the co-editor and contributor to Access Denied: the Practice and Policy of Global Internet Filtering (MIT press)Access Denied: The Practice and Policy of Global Internet Filtering and a follow-up volume entitled Access Controlled examining the emergence of complex information controls in the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe countries, including an analysis of strategic cyber-war dimensions of the Russian-Georgian conflict. A New Breed Of Hackers Tracks Online Acts of War He has also published on Stuxnet and its implications for warfare in cyberspace, and, together with Robert Muggah, defined the concept of open empowerment as a driver of economic, social, and criminological change in Latin America. Rohozinski’s research and professional activities focus on geopolitical risk and resilience. His work was foundational to the methodology,Tracking Cyberspies Through the Web Wilderness that and research conducted by OpenNet Initiative and the Infowar Monitor as well as the digital risk models developed by the SecDev Group and Zeropoint security.
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He has been on the executive council of the ASA (and has sat on the committees, or chaired, three of its sections) and on the executive committee of the Eastern Sociological Society. He has been an associate editor, or on the editorial board, of the American Sociological Review, Social Problems, Annual Review of Sociology, Berkeley Journal of Sociology, Journal of Conflict Resolution, Politics and Society, Qualitative Sociology, Crime, Law and Social Change, Studies in Law, Politics and Society, Justice Quarterly, Criminology, Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, The Information Society, Policing and Society, The American Sociologist, Ethics and Information Technology, Critical Media Studies, Surveillance and Society, International Political Sociology, Identity in the Information Society, The International Journal of Intelligence Ethics, Criminological Encounters, and Secrecy. He has been book review essay editor for Sociological Forum; and editor of a Plenum book series on public policy. He is listed in Who's Who In America and Who's Who in the World.
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Considerations of gender in regard to crime have been considered to be largely ignored and pushed aside in criminological and sociological study, until recent years, to the extent of female deviance having been marginalized.(Heidensohn, 1995). In the past fifty years of sociological research into crime and deviance, sex differences were understood and quite often mentioned within works, such as Merton's theory of anomie; however, they were not critically discussed, and often any mention of female delinquency was only as comparative to males, to explain male behaviors, or through defining the girl as taking on the role of a boy, namely, conducting their behavior and appearance as that of a tomboy and by rejecting the female gender role, adopting stereotypical masculine traits. Eagly and Steffen suggested in their meta-analysis of data on sex and aggression that beliefs about the negative consequences of violating gender expectations affect how both genders behave regarding aggression.
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Punishment and Social Structure (1939), a book written by Georg Rusche and Otto Kirchheimer, is the seminal Marxian analysis of punishment as a social institution. It represents the 'most sustained and comprehensive account of punishment to have emerged from within the Marxist tradition’ and ‘succeeds in opening up a whole vista of understanding which simply did not exist before it was written' (Garland 1990: 89, 110). It is a central text in radical criminology, and an influential work in criminological conflict theory, cited as a foundation text in several major textbooks (Oxford Handbook of Criminology 2007; Newburn 2007; Innes 2003). It offers a broader (macrosociological) level of analysis than many micro-analyses that focus on the atomised and differentiated individual (Jacobs 1977: 91). The work is extensively cited by both critical theorists and radical criminologists (Garland and Young 1983: 7, 24), and has influenced seminal works in the sociology of imprisonment, being cited in, for example, modern classics such as James B. Jacobs's Stateville (1977: 91), Michel Foucault's Discipline and Punish (1977:24) and Punishing the Poor (2009: 206) by Loïc Wacquant.
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Christopher S. Koper is Professor of Criminology, Law and Society at George Mason University, and a senior fellow and co-director of the evidence-based policing program in the Center for Evidence-Based Crime Policy. He holds a Ph.D. in criminology and criminal justice from the University of Maryland and has over 25 years of experience conducting criminological research at PERF, the University of Pennsylvania, the Urban Institute, the RAND Corporation, the Police Foundation, and other organizations, where he has written and published extensively on issues relating to firearms, policing, research methods, federal crime prevention efforts, juvenile delinquency, and other topics. Dr. Koper is also a former scholar-in-residence of the Firearm and Injury Center at Penn (a center of the University of Pennsylvania Health System). Previously a research criminologist at the University of Pennsylvania's Jerry Lee Center of Criminology and the Firearm and Injury Center and the Director of Research at the Police Executive Research Forum, Koper specializes in research pertaining to firearms and gun violence, policing, research and statistical methodology, and white-collar crime.
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Focusing on Something That Might Not Matter 7\. Opening a Pandora's Box through Punishment-Oriented Probation In developing these seven points, the authors have made the following arguments among others: a - "Notably, research also suggests that compared with leniency, harsher sanctions for technical violations, such as confinement, may actually be criminogenic (Clear, Harris, & Baird, 1992; Drake & Aos, 2012)." b - "Although Hawaii's HOPE program includes a variety of offenders (sex, property, assault), its evaluation studies have only been performed on drug-involved offender." c - "James Finckenauer (1982) has used the term "panacea phenomenon" to describe initiatives that, with very little criminological or empirical scrutiny, arise, are quickly embraced, and are imposed on the wayward with very little understanding of their true impact." d - "HOPE was designed to use revocation as a punishment of the last, rather than first, resort." HOPE probation started around 2004 in the State of Hawaii. However no statistics for other classes of offenders under HOPE probation (sex, property, assault) than drug- related offenders from that State have ever been studied.
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The primary claim of feminists is that social science in general and criminology in particular represents a male perspective upon the world in that it focuses largely upon the crimes of men against men. Moreover, arguably the most significant criminological fact of all, namely that women commit significantly less crime than men, is hardly engaged with either descriptively or explanatory in the literature. In other words, it is assumed that explanatory models developed to explain male crime are taken to be generalizable to women in the face of the extraordinary evidence to the contrary. The conclusion that must be drawn is that not only can those theories not be generalized to women, but that that failure might suggest they may not explain adequately male crime either (Edwards 1989, Messerschmidt 1993, Caulfield and Wonders 1994) A second aspect of feminist critique centers upon the notion that even where women have become criminologists, they have adopted 'malestream' modes of research and understanding, that is they have joined and been assimilated into the modes of working of the masculine paradigm, rendering it simultaneously gender blind and biased (Menzies & Chunn 1991).
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" Walsh also says: "Robinson's book is a tour de force for the criminologist who wants to learn something about the biosocial perspective." Professor Schmalleger calls the work "among the best work being done in the area of theoretical integration today." Professor Barak says the theory is "consistent with … general criminogenic 'facts of crime' that have been associated with criminal behaviour … built around known risk factors that have been identified by scholars in numerous disciplines such as anthropology, behavioural genetics, biology, economics, neurology, psychology, and sociology … in true interdisciplinary fashion, the integrated systems theory incorporates propositions derived from genetics, brain structure, brain function, brain dysfunction, personality traits, intelligence levels, mental illness, diet and nutrition, drug consumption, family influences, peer influences, social disorganization, routine activities and victim lifestyles, deterrence, labelling, anomie, strain, culture conflict and subcultures, race, class, and gender … incorporates a developmental or life course perspective … consistent with a growing literature on developmental criminology … in harmony with the empirical evidence." The second edition, co-authored with Kevin Beaver of Florida State University, is called by Professor DeLisi "a tour-de- force through the criminological literature.
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The II Legislature (1982–1986) also highlighted the social character of the new government. In 1984 a reform of the Spanish health care system begins, culminating in the approval in 1986 of the General Health Law, which established the Spanish National Health System and settled the legal basis for universal health care in Spain, expected to reach 98% of the population according to governmental sources. The Socialists also undertook the first steps to decriminalize abortion in Spain through the Organic Law 9/1985, which allowed induced abortion in three cases: therapeutic (in case of serious risk to the physical or mental health of the pregnant woman) during the first 12 weeks; criminological (cases where the woman was raped) during the first 22 weeks; and eugenic (in case of malformations or defects, physical or mental, in the fetus) at any time during pregnancy. It also established free and compulsory education until the age of 16 through the Organic Law 8/1985 regulating the right to education, and reorganized the university system, adapting it to the precepts of the Spanish Constitution of 1978, through the University Reform Law of 1983 (LRU).
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Agents rarely pursue disposition of firearms beyond the first suspect (first purchaser), although the gun may have been resold several times since the first purchase. The average age of traced guns is over 10 years, and over 15 years for guns seized in Mexico.eTrace: Internet-based Firearms Tracing and Analysis, Department of State Fact Sheet, April 2009Prosecutor’s Guide to the ATF, Bureau of Justice Assistance, U.S. Department of Justice, 2003Setting the record straight about firearms trace data, MICHAEL J. SULLIVAN, Acting Director, ATF, Monday, April 30, 2007The Uses And Limitations Of ATF Tracing Data For Law Enforcement, Policymaking, And Criminological Research by Paul H. Blackman, Ph.D, 1998ATF's database fires four barrels, Government Computer News, Mar 04, 2003 It has been reported that more than 500 Romanian manufactured AK-47s (WASR-10) smuggled to Mexico were legally imported into the United States from Europe by Century Arms International despite a U.S. ban on the importation of certain configurations of semi-automatic rifles and full-auto rifles Other types of AK-47s were also recovered in 2009; for example, according to the Violence Policy Center, Mexico seized 281 Chinese Norinco Type 56s from January 1 to June 30, 2009, however, Chinese guns have not been imported into the United States since May 1994.
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Robinson has published twenty-one books in the areas of criminal justice, crime mapping, criminological theory, corporate crime, media coverage of crime, the war on drugs, the death penalty, social justice, and race and crime in the United States. His books include Justice Blind? Ideals and Realities of American Criminal Justice (Prentice Hall, 2002, 2005, 2009), Why Crime? An Integrated Systems Theory of Antisocial Behavior (Prentice Hall, 2004), Why Crime? An Interdisciplinary Approach to Explaining Criminal Behavior (Carolina Academic Press, 2009, 2019), Spatial Aspects of Crime: Theory and Practice (Allyn & Bacon, 2004), The Drug Trade and the Criminal Justice System (Pearson, 2005), Crime Mapping and Spatial Aspects of Crime: Theory and Practice (Allyn & Bacon, 2008), Lies, Damn Lies, and Drug War Statistics (State University of New York Press, 2007, 2013), Death Nation: The Experts Explain American Capital Punishment (Prentice Hall, 2007), Greed is Good: Maximization and Elite Deviance in America (Rowman & Littlefield, 2008), Media Coverage of Crime and Criminal Justice (Carolina Academic Press, 2011, 2014, 2018), Crime Prevention: The Essentials (Bridgepoint Education, 2013), Criminal INjustice: How Politics and Ideology Distort American Ideals (Carolina Academic Press, 2014, 2020), Social Justice, Criminal Justice: The Role of American Law in Effecting and Preventing Social Change (Anderson, 2015), and Race, Ethnicity, Crime, and Justice (Carolina Academic Press, 2015).
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