The harder this piston pushes on the crankshaft, the harder the crankshaft spins, the more total energy a car's engine puts out.
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The team carved unnecessary bits out of the crankshaft to save three pounds.
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Its nickname was the "Tocco," after the Ohio Crankshaft Company that created it.
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There's a direct-drive electric motor nestled next to it, attached to the crankshaft.
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His most significant invention was the crankshaft, a device which converts rotation into linear movement.
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According to Toyota, the crankshaft timing rotor associated with those engines may have been manufactured with too much anti-corrosion coating.
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"The big advantage is that it takes energy directly from the crankshaft, so there is no lag in engine response," he said.
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It has the world's lightest crankshaft (weighing 12.5 kilograms / 27.5 pounds), which is milled from a single billet of steel and helps the engine work more efficiently.
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Deep inside, the crankshaft is milled from a solid steel bar in a process that takes six months, alternating heat treatments for strengthening, and machining to remove excess material.
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Manufacturers have switched from motors attached to the hub of the rear wheel to more efficient center-drive motors in the pedal crankshaft, which improve the bike's center of gravity and handling.
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Then he shifted to a form of Cubism, turning objects like Jell-O molds, a telephone and an automobile engine crankshaft into compressive, nearly abstract designs in black, white and velvety shades of gray.
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Satisfied with the progress of the build months prior, Hakeem had ordered three more FXs; this time, based on the newly-released F512M, a lighter, faster platform that would come with an extra 20 horsepower, a lightweight crankshaft, and titanium connecting rods.
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The motor in her bike was reportedly spotted during a pit stop equipment check — according to journalist Martin Vangramberen, electrical cables were observed protruding from inside the frame when the bike's saddle was removed, leading to the motor itself hidden inside the crankshaft.
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But what distinguishes the Regera is that it's actually a hybrid, relying on a 22,100hp 5-liter V8 twin-turbo engine along with three motors — one on each rear wheel and one on the crankshaft — generating the equivalent of an extra 700hp.
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The same exact twisting action is happening inside of a car engine, except, this time, instead of your hand and arm pushing down on the handle, tiny explosions happen inside each engine cylinder, pushing a piston down that causes the crankshaft to rotate.
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These highly specialized parts, which were chosen in the interest of surviving a grueling 24-hour race run largely at full throttle, include a fully counterweighted crankshaft, steel H-beam connecting rods, sturdy forged pistons and valve-train parts engineered for racing.
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As The Guardian reported, the crankshaft of a BMW Mini crosses the Channel three times before it becomes part of the finished car: The cast is made in France, then goes to a BMW plant in Warwickshire, where it is drilled, then travels to Munich, where it is set into the engine.
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Pistons (top), connecting rods (middle) and crankshaft (bottom) for a piston engine Schematic of operation of a crankshaft, connecting rod and piston Crankshaft of an engine The crankshaft is supported by the engine block, with the engine's main bearings allowing the crankshaft to rotate within the block. The up-down motion of each piston is transferred to the crankshaft via connecting rods. A flywheel is often attached to one end of the crankshaft, in order to store rotational energy and maintain a more consistent rotational speed as the crankshaft received energy from the connecting rods as a series of pulses. This assists in smoothing the power delivery and often in conjunction with a Harmonic damper -attached to the other end of crankshaft- reduces torsional vibration.
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For weight reduction, the connecting rod pins are hollow- drilled. The crankshaft with hardened pins is supported in five bearings and is equipped with counterweights to reduce crankshaft bearing wear. The covers of the crankshaft bearings are mounted with two pin screws each. The flywheel is flanged onto the crankshaft.
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Same as the IO-360-K except for modified crankshaft. The crankshaft has one 6th and one 4½ order damper.
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Bugatti U-16 engine An undercut crankshaft is a form of crankshaft for piston engines, where the overall length of the crankshaft is shortened by overlapping the main bearings of the crankshaft with the big end bearings of the connecting rods. Crankshaft close-up Note the tight spacing of the connecting rod between the crankshaft webs in the 3rd cylinder from the left. Although this seems impossible at first glance, the geometry of the engine does permit this overlap. The big-end bearings of connecting rods are wider (along the crank axis) than the thickness of the rod itself.
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The Lanchester harmonic balancer on the crankshaft has two weighted drums driven at twice crankshaft speed, one by a helical gear wheel attached to the crankshaft and the other by the primary drum. In a four-cylinder engine unbalanced secondary forces occur twice in each crankshaft revolution. The harmonic balancer counteracts any tendency to undesirable vibration. Few surviving cars retain the balancer.
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Part of the problem no doubt lay with their engines. The Mercedes D.IV was plagued by severe crankshaft vibration that resulted in frequent crankshaft failures.
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Impulses applied to the crankshaft by the connecting rods will "wind" this spring, which will respond (as a spring–mass system) by unwinding and re- winding in the opposite direction. This crankshaft winding will usually be damped out naturally. However, at certain crankshaft rotational speeds, such winding can overlap with the crankshaft's natural resonant frequency, thereby increasing the frequency's amplitude and possibly leading to crankshaft damage.
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The company makes the frame, engine and body parts. The 2003 USA model featured a newly designed crankshaft and a disc brake in front. The crankshaft had a longer stroke which increased engine capacity by 15% from . This addressed weaknesses in the older five-piece, press-fit crankshaft.
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In the accident investigation the NTSB determined that the crankshaft failed due to metal fatigue. The crankshaft had 20 hours of flight time on it at the time of failure.
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The crankcase is made of grey cast iron, both the crankshaft and the camshaft are supported in five bearings. The center bearing of the crankshaft is an axial bearing. The camshaft is driven by a connecting gear, which also drives the injection pump. The housing of the crankshaft bearing contains the housing of the oil pump.
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The piston assembly is an even number of pistons arranged radially around a single crankshaft. The pistons are attached to the crankshaft via a special "spider" bearing. This bearing consists of several small journal bearings attached to a disk which has a larger crankshaft journal bearing in the center. Each piston has one head admission valve.
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This arrangement also reduces the requirement for counterweights, reducing the mass of the crankshaft. An early example of a counter-rotating crankshaft arrangement is the 1900-1904 Lanchester Engine Company flat-twin engines.
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Wasted spark systems still require a timing signal from the crankshaft. In a conventional four-stroke engine, this signal must also observe the phase of the camshaft relative to the crankshaft, so contact breakers are normally driven from the camshaft and distributor drive. With a wasted spark, the crankshaft can be used instead, as the system fires on both upward strokes. It simplifies the mechanical arrangements since there is no distributor drive and the contact breaker cam can be fixed to the crankshaft.
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Harmonics and torsional vibrations can greatly reduce crankshaft life, or cause instantaneous failure if the crankshaft runs at or through an amplified resonance. Dampers are designed with a specific weight (mass) and diameter, which are dependent on the damping material/method used, to reduce mechanical Q factor, or damp, crankshaft resonances. A harmonic balancer (sometimes crankshaft damper, torsional damper, or vibration damper) is the same thing as a harmonic damper except that the balancer includes a counterweight to externally balance the rotating assembly. The harmonic balancer often serves as a pulley for the accessory drive belts turning the alternator, water pump and other crankshaft driven devices.
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A radial engine has a single crankshaft with cylinders arranged in a planar star shape around the same point on the crankshaft. This configuration was commonly used with 5 air-cooled cylinders in aircraft.
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The end of the piston rod is connected to a built-up crank at the centre of the crankshaft. The crankshaft has the valve return crank at one end and a flywheel at the other.
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Gomecsys Gen4 VCR crankshaft for a 4-inline engine Gomecsys is a Dutch Engineering company that has developed its own variable compression ratio technology. Strong improvements have been made over the last 5 years and currently the company has its 4th generation VCR engines running on the dyno. One of the big advantages of the system is the simplicity. The complete VCR system is integrated on the crankshaft and every 4 stroke engine can be upgraded by replacing a normal crankshaft with a Gomecsys VCR crankshaft.
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The Maicoletta used a Bosch six volt 'pendulum' electric starter system. When activated, instead of rotating the crankshaft, the starter used the generator coils on the shaft to rock it back and forth under the control of cams on the crankshaft. These cams closed contacts in the starter to trigger a reversing switch in the control box that changed the crankshaft direction at the end of each swing. This gives the impression of the crankshaft continually bouncing back and forwards against compression, when operated.
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Animation with different crankshaft angles There most common crankshaft configurations for straight-twin engines are 360 degrees, 180 degrees and 270 degrees. ; 360 degrees In an engine with a 360 degree crankshaft, both pistons move up and down at the same time. However the firing interval is offset between cylinders, with one cylinders firing on during the first crankshaft rotation and then the other cylinder in the following rotation. The 360 degree engines can use a single ignition system for both cylinders, using a wasted spark system.
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Steeple engine Steeple engines place the crankshaft above the cylinder, between it and the crosshead. They use paired piston rods, two or even four, from the piston to the crosshead, to avoid the crankshaft. Another pattern used a triangular yoke on the single piston rod, allowing the crankshaft to pass through it. Steeple engines were mostly used as marine engines.
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A tunnel crankcase, tunnel crankshaft or disc-webbed crankshaft engine is a diesel engine where the crankshaft is designed so that the main bearings (the bearings that support the crankshaft within the crankcase) are enlarged in diameter, such that they are now larger than the crank webs (the radial arms that link the big end bearings to the main bearings). They thus form the largest diameter of any part of the crankshaft. Rather than a conventional crankcase that has webs across it to support the narrow bearings of a conventional crankcase, the crankcase now has a large tunnel through it, hence the name. Tunnel crankcases appeared in the 1930s with the first high-speed diesel engines.
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Harmonic balancer lower pulley on a four-cylinder engine A harmonic damper is a device fitted to the free (accessory drive) end of the crankshaft of an internal combustion engine to counter torsional and resonance vibrations from the crankshaft. This device must be interference fit to the crankshaft in order to operate in an effective manner. An interference fit ensures the device moves in perfect step with crankshaft. It is essential on engines with long crankshafts (such as straight-6, straight-8 engines) and V8 engines with cross plane cranks.
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Boxer crankshaft configuration Most flat-twin engines use a boxer configuration for the crankshaft and are therefore called "boxer-twin" engines. In a boxer-twin engine, the 180° crankshaft moves the pistons in phase with each other, therefore the forces generated by one piston is cancelled out by the other, resulting in excellent primary balance. The evenly spaced firing order also assists in reducing vibration. The equal and opposite forces in a boxer-twin engine do however generate a rocking couple, due to the offset distance between the pistons along the crankshaft.
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Small two stroke crankshaft with disk webs, but not a tunnel crankshaft Many small crankcase compression two-stroke engines have a crankshaft with large circular webs, similar to the tunnel crankshaft. However these webs are merely webs, not bearings, and their bearings are of conventional small diameter alongside the webs. These enlarged webs are used instead to increase the compression ratio of the engine. By filling more of the 'dead' crankcase volume, the ratio between the swept volume of the cylinder and the remaining crankcase volume is increased.
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A crankshaft for a 4-cylinder engine Most reciprocating internal combustion engines end up turning a shaft. This means that the linear motion of a piston must be converted into rotation. This is typically achieved by a crankshaft.
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In some engines, the torsional motion of the crankshaft at certain speeds can synchronize with the harmonic vibrations, causing a resonance. In some cases the resonance may stress the crankshaft to the point of cracking or complete failure.
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The crossplane or cross-plane is a crankshaft design for piston engines with a 90° angle (phase in crank rotation) between the crank throws.See Crankshaft for "crank throw". The crossplane crankshaft is the most popular configuration used in V8 road cars. Aside from the V8 already mentioned, other examples of configurations using such 90° piston phases include straight-2, straight-4, V2, and V4 engines.
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Because the single driving axle was behind the firebox, Crampton locomotives usually had outside cylinders. However, some inside cylinder versions were built using indirect drive, then known as a jackshaft. The inside cylinders drove a crankshaft located in front of the firebox and the crankshaft was connected to the driving wheels by outside rods. Some long-wheelbase s were also built using this crankshaft system.
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Early Lotus blocks were simply standard Ford production line items selected for having the thickest cylinder walls, and were identified by an "A" stamped into the timing cover mating face. Later blocks were specially cast with Twin Cam production in mind and identified by an "L" cast into the block under the engine mount. Twin Cam blocks came from 6 basic casting versions. Prior to 1968 the first 4 digits were often ground off the block and "3020" was stamped in its place. :1962 to 1967 ::The 116E-6015 block with round main bearing caps and 4 bolt crankshaft ::The 120E-6015 block with round main bearing caps and 4 bolt crankshaft :1967-1975 ::The 3020-6015 block with round main bearing caps and 6 bolt crankshaft ::The 681F-6015 block with round main bearing caps and 6 bolt crankshaft ::The 681F-6015 block with square main bearing caps and 6 bolt crankshaft ::The 701M-6015 block with square main bearing caps and 6 bolt crankshaft Early engines used a crankshaft, connecting rods and pistons from Lotus.
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The engine's crankshaft rotational frequency is chosen so that the mains' frequency is a multiple of it. For practical reasons, this results in crankshaft rotational frequencies of either 25 Hz (1500 per minute) or 30 Hz (1800 per minute).
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Semi-tunnel crankshaft from a Tatra T27 This is a built-up crankshaft with bolted webs. The crank bearings (excluding the bearing races) are smaller than the webs. The end bearings of this semi-tunnel crankshaft (not shown) are also of conventional small size. With the development of the high-speed diesel engine around 1930, powerful diesel engines became available in the sizes previously used by lower-powered petrol engines.
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On the opposite side of the crankshaft, it holds a friction- and vibration damper.
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The valvetrain was a side valve (flathead) design. The crankshaft had 3 main bearings.
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An unusual Bosch six-volt "pendulum" electric starter system was fitted, which was quite advanced for the 1950s, and about which there are a number of common misconceptions. When activated, instead of rotating the crankshaft the starter used the generator coils on the shaft to rock it back and forth under the control of cams on the crankshaft. These cams closed contacts in the generator to trigger a reversing switch in the "control box" that changed the crankshaft direction at the end of each swing. This gives the impression of the crankshaft continually bouncing back and forwards against compression, when operated.
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A connecting rod is connected to offset sections of the crankshaft (the crankpins) in one end and to the piston in the other end through the gudgeon pin and thus transfers the force and translates the reciprocating motion of the pistons to the circular motion of the crankshaft. The end of the connecting rod attached to the gudgeon pin is called its small end, and the other end, where it is connected to the crankshaft, the big end. The big end has a detachable half to allow assembly around the crankshaft. It is kept together to the connecting rod by removable bolts.
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The block was made of cast iron (with the exception of some made of aluminium alloy for racing engines), with the crankcase split on the centreline of the seven-bearing crankshaft. The crankshaft was made of EN16 steel, heat treated prior to machining. An innovation was the fitting of a proprietary Metalastik vibration damper on the nose of the crankshaft to eliminate damaging crankshaft resonances. The design and materials of the bottom end of the engine hardly changed throughout its life, apart from the changes dictated by the respaced cylinders of the 4.2-litre version (also used by the 'new 3.4' litre version).
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Although the reduced length of the crankshaft may allow large engines to be built with shorter machinery. ; Crankshaft inertia The enlarged webs have greater mass, thus greater rotational inertia, particularly as they place this mass at the greatest radius away from the axis of the crankshaft. This gives an engine that is slower to accelerate, although it also means that the engine maintains a constant speed more easily under a rapidly varying load. For this reason, the tunnel crankshaft is most appropriate to engines running for long periods at constant speed, such as generator sets, railway locomotives and boats.
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A rotary engine is essentially a standard Otto cycle engine, with cylinders arranged radially around a central crankshaft just like a conventional radial engine, but instead of having a fixed cylinder block with rotating crankshaft, the crankshaft remains stationary and the entire cylinder block rotates around it. In the most common form, the crankshaft was fixed solidly to the airframe, and the propeller was simply bolted to the front of the crankcase. Animation of a seven-cylinder rotary engine with every-other-piston firing order. This difference also has much impact on design (lubrication, ignition, fuel admission, cooling, etc.) and functioning (see below).
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The camshaft of a four stroke engine rotates at half crankshaft speed, so the camshaft sprocket has twice as many teeth as the crankshaft sprocket. Less common alternatives to timing chain drives include spur gears or bevel gears combined with a shaft.
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Same as the IO-360-G except for modified crankshaft. The crankshaft has one 6th and one 4½ order damper. ;IO-360-H : at 2800 rpm, Minimum fuel grade 100 or 100LL avgas, compression ratio 8.5:1. Uses a TCM 639231A3 fuel injector.
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Same as the IO-360-H except for modified crankshaft. The crankshaft has one 6th and one 4½ order damper. ;IO-360-J : at 2800 rpm, Minimum fuel grade 100 or 100LL avgas, compression ratio 8.5:1. Uses a TCM 639231A3 fuel injector.
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This meant that the crankshaft could only be inserted from one end of the crankcase.
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A single water pump was mounted on the rear cover, driven directly from the crankshaft.
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The crankshaft had 20 hours of flight time on it at the time of failure.
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The 303 was the first BMW car to use a straight-6 engine. The M78 1182 cc six-cylinder engine was developed from the four-cylinder engine used in the 3/20. The engine had the same bore and stroke as the four, but the bore spacing was increased to allow for further increases in bore and to provide for crankshaft bearings between the ends of the crankshaft. The crankshaft ran in four plain bearings.
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For example, the 1977 Buick 231 "even-fire" V6 engine was an upgraded version of the Buick Fireball engine with a split-pin crankshaft to reduce vibration by achieving an even firing order. Such a 'split' crankpin is weaker than a straight one, but modern metallurgical techniques can produce a crankshaft that is adequately strong. A balance shaft and/or crankshaft counterweights can be used to reduce vibrations in 90 degree V6 engines.
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The timing and lift profile of the valve opening events are controlled by the camshaft, through use of a carefully shaped lobe on a rotating shaft. The camshaft is driven by the crankshaft and— in the case of a four-stroke engine— rotates at half the speed of the crankshaft. Motion is transferred from the crankshaft to the camshaft most commonly by a rubber timing belt, a metallic timing chain or a set of gears.
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4 VD 14,5/12-1 SRW without cylinder head. Well visible piston with MAN-M-System combustion chamber. The engine has a forged crankshaft, supported in changeable thin-wall bearing shells. The journals of the crankshaft and the connecting rods are polished and induction hardened.
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Babe Bee (left) - Killer Bee (right) On the Bee engines there were 3 types of crankshaft produced. (and 2 are interchangeable). The normal babe bee & Killer bee crankshafts are interchangeable. A third 'Car' crankshaft will only fit into a car crankcase with wide neck.
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Same as the IO-360-C except for crankshaft counterweight tuning. The crankshaft has one 6th and one 4½ order damper. ;IO-360-GB : at 2800 rpm, Minimum fuel grade 100 or 100LL avgas, compression ratio 8.5:1. Uses a TCM 639231A3 fuel injector.
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Same as the IO-360-D except for crankshaft counterweight tuning. The crankshaft has one 6th and one 4½ order damper. ;IO-360-HB : at 2800 rpm, Minimum fuel grade 100 or 100LL avgas, compression ratio 8.5:1. Uses a TCM 639231A3 fuel injector.
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On large two-stroke engines less than one revolution of the crankshaft is needed for starting.
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Cylinder heads are destroyed, connecting rods and crankshaft are visible. Her problems came from another quarter.
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The 428 Super Cobra Jet (also known as the 428SCJ) used the same top end, pistons, cylinder heads, camshaft, valve train, induction system, exhaust manifolds, and engine block as the 428 Cobra Jet. However, the crankshaft and connecting rods were strengthened and associated balancing altered for drag racing. A nodular iron crankshaft casting #1UA was used as well as heavier 427 "Le Mans" connecting rods with capscrews instead of bolts for greater durability. The heavier connecting rods and the removal of the centre counterweight on the stock 428 Cobra Jet crankshaft (1UA), required an external weight on the snout of the crankshaft for balancing.
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There is no longer access for the large abrasive discs of a crankshaft grinder to reach each bearing, the offset crankshaft webs now being in the way. As a result, each bearing must be made and finish-ground individually; then assembled into a built-up crankshaft, usually by shrink-fitting. One of the few engines to use undercut crankshafts was the Bugatti U-16 aircraft engine, a typical Bugatti approach, where only their unlimited budget and attention to detail could afford such complexities. The U-16 engine also had each 8-cylinder crankshaft built as two 4-cylinder crankshafts, assembled by a bolted taper joint.
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The claimants, Mr Hadley and another, were millers and mealmen and worked together in a partnership as proprietors of the City Steam-Mills in Gloucester. They cleaned grain, ground it into meal and processed it into flour, sharps, and bran. A crankshaft of a steam engine at the mill had broken and Hadley arranged to have a new one made by W. Joyce & Co. in Greenwich. Before the new crankshaft could be made, W. Joyce & Co. required that the broken crankshaft be sent to them in order to ensure that the new crankshaft would fit together properly with the other parts of the steam engine.
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In the 1960s, Japanese motorcycle manufacturers favoured the use of 180 degree crankshafts, since the increased smoothness allowed higher rpm and thus higher power outputs. For example, the 1966 Honda CB450 180 degree crankshaft engine has a similar power output to contemporary British 360 degree crankshaft engines, despite having a smaller displacement of 450 cc compared with 650 cc. Both the 1973 Yamaha TX500 and the 1977 Suzuki GS400 had a 180 degree crankshaft and a balance shaft. Since 1993, most Honda straight-twin motorcycle engines use 180 degree crankshafts. Two-stroke engines typically use a 180 degree crankshaft, since this results in two evenly-spaced power strokes per revolution.
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The first tunnel crankshafts were built-up with webs bolted to the side of the main bearings, much as for a conventional crankshaft, only larger (see cross- section illustration of the Saurer engine). Examples of these were also built by John Fowler & Co. in England. A tunnel crankshaft, fractured through one crankpin A later development was to enlarge the main bearings sufficiently to be larger than the entire crank web. This now permitted the use of a one piece crankshaft A tunnel crankshaft is considered to be a 'tunnel' if the outside diameter over the outer race of the installed bearings is larger than the maximum size of the webs.
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In industry, toggle action presses are still popular. The usual arrangement involves a very strong crankshaft and a heavy duty connecting rod which drives the press. Large and heavy flywheels are driven by electric motors but the flywheels only turn the crankshaft when clutches are activated.
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Biela gave Audi another crown in 1991, but was unable to defend the title in 1992. For the 1992 season, Audi had changed their engines to use a 180° flatplane crankshaft, which they said had been re-forged and bent from the original 90° crossplane part as used in production model. The DTM organisers found this highly modified crankshaft deviated from original homologated standard crankshaft, and therefore deemed it illegal. Audi subsequently withdrew from the championship.
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The Super Duty versions of this engine were extensively used in NASCAR stock car racing and drag racing competition. The premier SD421 cylinder head was the late 1962-early 1963 casting #9771980 aka "980" head, featuring a larger intake port volume, flowing @ . The 421 also marked the end of the option for a forged-steel crankshaft. The Armasteel cast crankshaft was the standard hardened cast-iron crankshaft used throughout the entire Pontiac V-8 line until 1967.
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The Methanol-fuelled engine used a steel crankshaft and aluminium alloy pistons. Weight was and length was .
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In 1973 & 1974 there was also a version with enlarged crankshaft journals ( bore and stroke). The 432 was a 401 with a 478 crankshaft. It produced net at 3200 RPM and net torque at 2000 RPM. The 432 was a Magnum engine though it was never designated as such.
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The OM601 was built with an aluminum head on an iron block. The camshafts and fuel injection pump are driven by a duplex chain from the crankshaft. A separate single row chain drives the oil pump from the crankshaft. Fuel supply is indirect injection via a prechamber arrangement.
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Replacing a timing belt on a car In an internal combustion engine, the application of a timing belt or chain connects the crankshaft to the camshaft(s), which in turn control the opening and closing of the engine's valves. A four-stroke engine requires that the valves open and close once every other revolution of the crankshaft. The timing belt does this. It has teeth to turn the camshaft(s) synchronized with the crankshaft, and is specifically designed for a particular engine.
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The charge was an overly rich mixture of air, which was acquired through the hollow crankshaft, and fuel that was continuously injected by a fuel nozzle on the end of a fuel line, entering the crankcase through the hollow crankshaft. The nozzle was in the proximity of, and aimed at, the inside base of the cylinder where the transfer ports were located. The fuel nozzle was stationary with the crankshaft, and the cylinders rotated into position in turn. The compression stroke was conventional.
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The crankshaft is able to rotate in the engine block due to the main bearings. Since the crankshaft is subject to large sideways forces from each cylinder, bearings are located at various points along the crankshaft, not just one at each end. This was a factor in V8 engines replacing straight-eight engines in the 1950s. The long crankshafts of the latter suffered from an unacceptable amount of flex when engine designers began using higher compression ratios and higher engine speeds (RPM).
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Crankshaft with 4 main bearings Crankshafts on six-cylinder engines generally have either four or seven main bearings. Larger engines and diesels tend to use seven bearings because of high loadings and to avoid crankshaft flex. Because of the six-cylinder engine's smooth characteristic, there is a tendency for a driver to load the engine at low engine speeds. This can produce crankshaft flex in four main bearing designs where the crank spans the distance of two cylinders between main bearings.
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The boat was powered by a Newcomen engine working a paddle crankshaft through a beam and connecting rod.
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The number of main bearings is primarily determined by the overall load factor and maximum engine speed. Increasing the number of bearings in an engine will generally increase the size and cost of the engine, but also reduces bending stress and deflection caused by the distance from the crank pins to the nearest bearings. The number of bearings and crank pins can also have an effect on engine balance; a more stable crankshaft will better avoid unbalance from flexing, but increasing the crankshaft length or girth to accommodate an additional bearing increases the rotational inertia of the crankshaft, which can have the opposite effect. Most engines have at least two main bearings— one at each end of the crankshaft.
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Additional bearing may be located along the crankshaft, sometimes as many as one bearing per crank pin, as used on many modern diesel engines and petrol engines designed for high RPM. Some small single-cylinder engines have only one main bearing, in which case it must withstand the bending moment created by the offset distance from the connecting rod to the main bearing. When describing a crankshaft design, the number of main bearings is generally quoted, as the number of crank pins is determined by the cylinder layout. For example, the Toyota VZ V6 engine is described as having a "four bearing crankshaft" and the Jaguar XK6 straight-six engine has a "seven bearing crankshaft".
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The crankshaft has one 6th and one 4½ order damper. ;IO-360-JB : at 2800 rpm, Minimum fuel grade 100 or 100LL avgas, compression ratio 8.5:1. Uses a TCM 639231A3 fuel injector. Same as the IO-360-J except for modified crankshaft. The crankshaft has one 6th and one 4½ order damper. ;IO-360-K : at 2600 rpm, Minimum fuel grade 100 or 100LL avgas, compression ratio 8.5:1. Uses a TCM 639231A3 fuel injector. Same as the IO-360-H except for power rating. The crankshaft has one 6th and one 4½ order damper. ;IO-360-KB : at 2600 rpm, Minimum fuel grade 100 or 100LL avgas, compression ratio 8.5:1. Uses a TCM 639231A3 fuel injector.
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The BSA A10 motorcycle engine had aluminum conrods, while the Škoda 935 Dynamic auto engine had an aluminum crankshaft.
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However, there are a few exceptions with crossplane cranks. Front view of a V8 flat plane crankshaft with corresponding connecting rod positions The flat-plane crankshaft is a design that is no longer used in most mass production road cars as it is more prone to vibration and is inherently much louder than a crossplane crankshaft. However, due to its simpler construction requiring less counterweight, it is inherently lighter with a higher rev limit. For this reason, it remains useful in sports and racing cars.
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Examination of the crankshaft by the NTSB materials laboratory revealed the crankshaft failed due to fatigue cracking of undetermined origin. Probable cause(s): The total loss of engine power caused by crankshaft failure, due to fatigue cracking of undetermined origin. January 28, 1991 KORL, Cessna 210L, N210GC, Injuries: 1 Fatal: The pilot reported a vacuum pump failure to his company operations and air traffic control by airplane radio. While being vectored for an ILS back-course approach in instrument conditions, the airplane collided with terrain.
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This was a noted feature of some 1960s Maybach engines, used for diesel locomotives. ; Reduced crankshaft length The length previously required for one web + bearing + web group is now replaced by a single bearing length, also acting as both webs. As this reduced crankshaft length also reduces the spacing between cylinders, it was one factor in encouraging the use of tunnel crankshafts in V engines, where there is more axial distance available between adjacent cylinders. This further reduces the overall length of tunnel crankshaft engines.
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90 degree configuration and run in five conventional bearing shells. 180 degree crankshafts have been tried and they can offer increased power. A 180 degree crankshaft is also about lighter than 90 degree crankshaft, but they create a lot of vibration. Such is the strength of a top fuel crankshaft that in one incident, the entire engine block was split open and blown off the car during an engine failure, and the crank, with all eight connecting rods and pistons, was left still bolted to the clutch.
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For a 4-cycle engine to complete every thermodynamic cycle, the engine must rotate 720° or two complete revolutions of the crankshaft. The rotary engine is different. The engine rotor rotates at 1/3 the speed of the crankshaft. On two rotor engines, front and rear rotors are 180° offset from each other.
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In his 1843 patent, Winas referred to the crankshaft as a fifth shaft, or axle.Ross Winas, Locomotive, , granted July 28, 1843. In 1880, the Fowler Steam Plough Works of Leeds England received a patent on a similar 0-4-0 locomotive design with vertical side rods between the crankshaft and rear axle.
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In March 1978 Hansen announced the largest four of the range with a displacement of 1066 cc. Specially cast 9 fin, paired barrels had a 74 mm bore. To accommodate the larger bore, a new crankshaft carrier had to be produced. A specially produced crankshaft with a 62 mm stroke was used.
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Uses a TCM 639231A3 fuel injector. Same as the IO-360-D except for accessory drive provisions. The crankshaft has two 6th order dampers. ;IO-360-CB : at 2800 rpm, Minimum fuel grade 100 or 100LL avgas, compression ratio 8.5:1. Uses a TCM 639231A3 fuel injector. Same as the IO-360-C except for modified crankshaft. The crankshaft has one 6th and one 4½ order damper. ;IO-360-D : at 2800 rpm, Minimum fuel grade 100 or 100LL avgas, compression ratio 8.5:1. Uses a TCM 639231A3 fuel injector. Same as the IO-360-A except for power rating and oil cooled pistons. The crankshaft has two 6th order dampers. ;Rolls-Royce Continental IO-360-D :Licence production in the United Kingdom by Rolls-Royce ;IO-360-DB : at 2800 rpm, Minimum fuel grade 100 or 100LL avgas, compression ratio 8.5:1. Uses a TCM 639231A3 fuel injector. Same as the IO-360-D except for modified crankshaft. The crankshaft has one 6th and one 4½ order damper. ;IO-360-E : at 2800 rpm, Minimum fuel grade 100 or 100LL avgas, compression ratio 8.5:1. Uses a TCM 639231A3 fuel injector.
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Anthony Bird and Ian Hallows. Batsford Books. 2002 and based on the original Royce engine but with an improved crankshaft.
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Although Sir Henry Royce had already tackled the problem of crankshaft torsional oscillation and consequent vibration in straight-6 engines, Lanchester analysed the problem scientifically and invented the torsional crankshaft vibration damper as a solution to the problem of engine balance. His design, patented in 1907, used a secondary flywheel coupled to the end of the crankshaft with a viscous clutch. At around the same time Lanchester also patented a harmonic balancer to cancel out the unbalanced secondary forces in a four-cylinder engine, using two balance weights rotating at twice crankshaft speed in opposite directions. The Lanchester Engine Company sold about 350 cars of various designs between 1900 and 1904, when they became bankrupt due to the incompetence of the Board of Directors.
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Otherwise, the high-speed rotation of the crankshaft would cause the oil to froth, making it difficult for the oil pump to move the oil, which can starve the engine of lubrication. Oil from the sump may splash onto the crankshaft due to g-forces or bumpy roads, which is referred to as windage.
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The cylinder blocks were bolted onto the crankcase, all light alloy parts. The crankcase came in two pieces, with seven crankshaft bearings in the upper section. Roller bearings were used at the crankshaft ends; the remaining five were plain. The upper crankcase section also had integrally cast water channels as part of the cooling system.
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The crankshaft was supported by five main bearings with thrust taken at the middle bearing. 1991 and 1992 engines had a different crankshaft than 1993 and later engines, whose crankshafts had reluctor ring slots advanced ten degrees for easier starting. 1991 to 1998 crankshafts incorporated four counterweights, while those from 1999 to 2002 incorporated eight.
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Gear or chain systems are also used to connect the crankshaft to the camshaft at the correct timing. However, gears and shafts constrain the relative location of the crankshaft and camshafts. Even where the crankshaft and camshaft(s) are very close together, as in pushrod engines, most engine designers use a short chain drive rather than a direct gear drive. This is because gear drives suffer from frequent torque reversal as the cam profiles "kick back" against the drive from the crank, leading to excessive noise and wear.
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He replaced parts of the wing covering, the props, and the engine's crankcase, crankshaft, and flywheel. The crankcase, crankshaft, and flywheel of the original engine had been sent to the Aero Club of America in New York for an exhibit in 1906 and were never returned to the Wrights. The replacement crankcase, crankshaft and flywheel came from the experimental engine Charlie Taylor had built in 1904 and used for testing in the bicycle shop. A replica crankcase of the flyer is on display at the visitor center at the Wright Brothers National Memorial.
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Tuned mass dampers are widely used in production cars, typically on the crankshaft pulley to control torsional vibration and, more rarely, the bending modes of the crankshaft. They are also used on the driveline for gearwhine, and elsewhere for other noises or vibrations on the exhaust, body, suspension or anywhere else. Almost all modern cars will have one mass damper, and some may have ten or more. The usual design of damper on the crankshaft consists of a thin band of rubber between the hub of the pulley and the outer rim.
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This convention uses the longest horizontal dimension (length or width) of the engine as its reference axis instead of the crankshaft.
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A crankshaft or accessory pulley not machined or balanced properly can cause severe damage leading to thousands of dollars in repairs.
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Gardner 0 stationary engine (a plate acts as a safety shield, however the crankshaft is not fully enclosed). Early engines were of the "open-crank" style, that is, there was no enclosed crankcase. The crankshaft and associated parts were open to the environment. This made for a messy environment, as oil spray from the moving parts was not contained.
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This term is also used in the realm of production equipment. A mechanical punch press employs a crankshaft similar to that found in an engine. In the punch press the crankshaft drives a ram which when it is farthest away from the platen of the press is considered to be in the position of top dead centre.
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In addition to the Bullitt edition Mustang GT,the Shelby GT500 moniker returned in 2019 as a 2020 model, after a six-year hiatus. The new GT500 has a supercharged motor based on the GT350's 5.2 L V8 block, but with a cross-plane crankshaft as opposed to a flat-plane crankshaft (as in GT350), which generates .
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The ICM has outputs for a tach signal to the tachometer and a high voltage signal from the coil to the distributor. The crankshaft position sensor senses TDC (Top Dead Center) and BDC crankshaft positions, as well as engine rpm. This sensor is secured by special shouldered bolts to flywheel/drive plate housing and is not adjustable.
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This results in an increase of vibrations spread all over the ships structure. Crankshaft vibration can be reduced by a harmonic balancer.
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In mid-1946, the cast iron crankshafts used in the initial run of engines were replaced with a new forged steel crankshaft.
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The name Robur stems from the Latin name of the pedunculate oak, Quercus robur. The logo design was inspired by a crankshaft.
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A crank axle is a crankshaft which also serves the purpose of an axle. It is used on steam locomotives with inside cylinders.
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The water pump, fuel pump, and alternator/generator pulleys were altered, fewer vanes, extra spring, and larger diameter, respectively; to help handle the higher engine speeds. Even the HiPo's fan was unique. Bottom-end improvements included a flaw-free selected standard block, thicker main bearing caps and crankshaft damper/balancer, larger-diameter rod bolts, a crankshaft made from 80% nodular iron as opposed to the regular items at 40%, all were checked for correct 'nodularity' by polishing an area of the rear counterweight and comparing that surface using a magnification arrangement against a picture datum, increased crankshaft counterweighting to compensate for the heavier connecting rod big ends, the increased external counter weighting at the front was split between the crankshaft damper and a supplementary counterweight place adjacent to the front main bearing journal (all designed to reduce the 'bending moment' in the crankshaft at high-rpm), all for high-rpm reliability. The HiPo equipped with a single 4-barrel Autolite 4100 carburetor carried SAE gross ratings of at 6,000 rpm and at 3,400 rpm.
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Some customising engineers have modified British and Yamaha XS 650 parallel-twin motorcycles to become 277° engines, close to cross-plane crankshafts (aka offset crankshaft or rephased crankshaft) with success in reducing the vibration from stock 360° vertical-twins. Such modified engines have not been given additional balancing systems, but they can have lighter flywheels since the pistons are never simultaneously stationary, so rotational momentum does not need to be stored up as much to compensate, it is simply transferred between the pistons directly (through the crankshaft). This is seemingly inspired by the earlier work of Phil Irving.
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Crankshaft with flying arms (the boomerang-shaped link between the crank pins) In some engines, the crankshaft contains direct links between adjacent crank pins, without the usual intermediate main bearing. These links are called flying arms. This arrangement is sometimes used in V6 and V8 engines, as it enables the engine to be designed with different V angles than what would otherwise be required to create an even firing interval, while still using fewer main bearings than would normally be required with a single piston per crankthrow. This arrangement reduces weight and engine length at the expense of reduced crankshaft rigidity.
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Crankshaft (shown in red), pistons with connecting rods (grey), cylinders (blue) and flywheel (black) for an inline-four engine A crankshaft is a rotating shaft which (in conjunction with the connecting rods) converts reciprocating motion of the pistons into rotational motion. Crankshafts are commonly used in internal combustion engines and consist of a series of cranks and crankpins to which the connecting rods are attached. The crankshaft rotates within the engine block through use of main bearings, and the crankpins rotate within the connecting rods using rod bearings. Crankshafts are usually made from metal, with most modern crankshafts being constructed using forged steel.
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A July 2016 fire aboard one of UP Express's units revealed a design flaw in the Cummins engine's crankshaft that would severely shorten engine life if not corrected. While Cummins advised that correcting the design flaw could be deferred until engines' mid-life overhaul, SMART chose to have the crankshaft replaced before the service start, as it was also facing delays caused by grade-crossing warning issue and PTC certification. All SMART units had the crankshaft issue correct before the service started in spring 2017. In November 2018, four cars were damaged during shipping in a freight collision while en route to SMART.
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A boxer-eight with nine main bearings may be thought of as two boxer-four engines laid end-to-end with a 90° phase angle between their crankshafts. Alternatively, a flat-eight engine where corresponding pistons from the two opposing banks share a crankshaft journal is often called a "180 degree V engine". One possible configuration for this design is to use a two-plane crankshaft. Another configuration is to use a 180° single-plane crankshaft with the leading and trailing crankpins in the same position, while the two central crankpins are in the opposite position.
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Same as the TSIO-360-A except for rating, crankshaft dampers provision for cabin pressurization. ;TSIO-360-CB : at 2800 rpm, Minimum fuel grade 100 or 100LL avgas, compression ratio 7.50:1. Same as the TSIO-360-C except for a modified crankshaft. ;TSIO-360-D : at 2800 rpm, Minimum fuel grade 100 or 100LL avgas, compression ratio 7.50:1. Same as the TSIO-360-C except for cabin pressurization. ;TSIO-360-DB : at 2800 rpm, Minimum fuel grade 100 or 100LL avgas, compression ratio 7.50:1. Same as the TSIO-360-D except for a modified crankshaft.
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The windshaft also carries the brake wheel, which has 59 cogs. This drives the wallower (29 cogs) at the top of the upright shaft. At the bottom of the upright shaft, a crown wheel with 43 cogs drives a crankshaft via a gear with 40 cogs. The crankshaft converts the circular motion into the reciprocal motion for three vertical frame saws.
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However, the same proportions were adopted in the similar but smaller and , but resulted in a serious lack of directional stability in those ships. The ship had two compound steam engines manufactured by John Elder and company. Each had one high-pressure and two low-pressure cylinders connected to a crankshaft. The connecting rods were in diameter attached to bearings on the crankshaft.
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The crankshaft was machined from a single forging, with bolt-on balance weights. The Algol had a single pair of overhead inlet and exhaust valves per cylinder. The cam-ring drove roller tappets, mounted in the cam-case, which in turn operated rocker arms, fitted with ball bearings, via pushrods. The cam-ring was concentric with the crankshaft and driven via epicyclic gears.
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The core of the engine was formed by the crankcase rack. The crankshaft, cylinder and cylinder head assembly were mounted on it. The rack took the nine-piece crankshaft in six bearing blocks, as well as the spur gears in the control tower for the double camshaft drive. After loosening twelve nuts, the units mounted on the rack could be lifted out.
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Whether two or four-stroke in design, all oilfield engines share some common parts. A heavy cast iron bedplate secures the engine to its base, usually of concrete. The cylinder is attached to one end of the bedplate, the crankshaft bearings are at the other. The crankshaft rests in these bearings, with either one or two flywheels and a clutch fastened to it.
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The 3S-GE was designed to be light, the first iteration 3S-GELU weighing in at a low . The forged crankshaft, located within the crankcase, rotates on five aluminium alloy bearings and is balanced by eight weights. Oil holes are located in the middle of the crankshaft to provide oil to the connecting rods, bearing, pistons and other moving components.
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The Ferrari version of the engine has a flatplane crankshaft and dry sump lubrication. In order to obtain equal length pipes, the exhaust manifolds are manufactured from multiple welded cast steel pieces; the turbocharger housing uses a similar three-piece construction. The Maserati version has a crossplane crankshaft and wet sump lubrication. Turbine housings and exhaust manifolds are integrated in a single piece.
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Ignition advance and retard is entirely automatic. A dynamotor (combined dynamo and starter motor) is fitted at the front end of the crankshaft. Engine timing (camshaft) is turned by gear from the crankshaft Cooling water passes through a honeycomb radiator and the airflow is assisted by a fan embodied in the engine's flywheel. Circulation is by thermo-siphon there is no water-pump.
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Seven bearings with cross-bolted caps supported the nitrided crankshaft. The fuel injection system was direct, into a toroidal combustion chamber within the aluminium pistons. Supercharging was by a Roots blower driven at twice crankshaft speed, for a boost pressure of 8 psi. An unusual feature was the ability to build the engines with the flywheel and output drive arranged at either end.
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The crankshaft in the 428 also had a "N" cast on them as opposed to the 421's Armasteel. In 1969, Pontiac also used a revised crankshaft out of a Pearlitic malleable-iron, although it still used the "N" casting letter. This new material had stronger alloys in the iron. All 428 engines were factory installed in large cars only.
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Currently these are inline-four engines based on the Mazda MZR engine developed in cooperation with Mazda. Changes includes a billet crankshaft, barrel throttle bodies, new cylinder head with larger valves, pistons, con rods and camshafts. A detuned version, targeting club racers, is sold to the consumer market. This engine retains the standard crankshaft, and has a different cylinder head.
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The Alfa Romeo 115 series of engines closely follows the original de Havilland Gipsy Six engines in having 1-piece Elektron casting crankcases with cover plates, steel cylinders, finned for cooling, and detachable aluminium alloy cylinder heads. The 6-throw 1-piece counterbalanced crankshaft is carried in seven plain journal bearings and the propeller is driven directly by the crankshaft.
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The cams open (lift) the valves for a certain amount of time (duration) during each intake and exhaust cycle. The timing of the valve opening and closing, relative to the position of the crankshaft, is important. The camshaft is driven by the crankshaft through timing belts, gears or chains. An engine requires large amounts of air when operating at high speeds.
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22 ft flywheel, 32 ropes. Corliss valves on all cylinders. The air pump was driven from LP crosshead. It had an eight bearing crankshaft.
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The Rumpler Tropfenwagen had a Siemens and Halske-built overhead valve W6 engine, with three banks of paired cylinders, all working on a common crankshaft.
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The upper crankcase part is made of grey cast iron, it reaches from the crankshaft to the cylinder head. On its front, the upper crankcase part has a bulge that holds the camshaft, so that the camshaft can be driven by the crankshaft using only two gears. The camshaft is supported in five bearings. For camshaft maintenance, the bulge on the crankcase front has a removable cover.
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The engine was designed by Captain Lionel Nelson, USN, an aeronautical engineer at Packard. It was an "X" configuration, similar to one upright and one inverted V-12 engine mounted on the same crankshaft with a common crankcase. With bore and stroke, the resulting displacement was . The engineering involved in the design of the crankshaft, single piece crankcase, and connecting rod system was very complex.
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The overhead camshaft was also driven from the crankshaft via worm gears and a vertical shaft at the rear of the engine. The camshaft operated the valves by rockers with rollers on their camshaft ends and adjusting screws at the other. Lubricating oil was mechanically pumped through cast-in channels in the crankcase to all the crankshaft bearings. The camshaft was contained in an oil tight sleeve.
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Sometimes, the sensor may become burnt or worn out - or just die of old age at high mileage. One likely cause of crankshaft position sensor failure is exposure to extreme heat. Others are vibration causing a wire to fracture or corrosion on the pins of harness connectors. Many modern crankshaft sensors are sealed units and therefore will not be damaged by water or other fluids.
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Harmonic damper for a 1937 Pontiac engine Torsional vibration is caused when torque is applied at offset distances along a shaft. This occurs along the axis of a crankshaft, since the conrods are usually located a different distances from the resistive torque (e.g. the clutch). This vibration is not transferred to outside of the engine, however fatigue from the vibration could cause crankshaft failure.
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In his 1837 patent for what became known as the crab class of locomotives, Ross Winans referred to his jackshaft as "a pinion wheel shaft", or "third axle."Ross Winans, Locomotive Steam-Engines, , granted July 29, 1837. In a conventional steam locomotive, the crankshaft is one of the driving axles. In a jackshaft-driven steam locomotive, the crankshaft turns a jackshaft which, in turn, turns the driver.
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The "six-bolt" engine on all Talons built before April 1992 refers to the number of bolts connecting the flywheel to the crankshaft. All 1G Talons built after April 1992 received a freer revving "7-bolt" engine borrowed from the 1992 Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution's lighter rods and seven- bolt crankshaft. The Eagle Talon was consistently featured on Car and Driver magazine's Ten Best list for 1990–1992.
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The TS3 engine used a single crankshaft beneath the cylinders, each piston driving it through a connecting rod, a rocker lever and a second connecting rod. The crankshaft had six crankpins and there were six rockers. The engine was a two-stroke, compression-ignition diesel engine with uniflow-ported cylinders. Scavenging was performed by a Roots blower,Roots is a different company to Rootes.
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Some scooters use batteries and an electric motor. The 2009 TT races introduced a new category 'TTX' (renamed as TT Zero) for electric bikes using fuel-cells or batteries. Motorcycle engines can be mounted transversely; with the crankshaft aligned perpendicular to the frame or longitudinally, with the crankshaft parallel to the frame. Motorcycles with transversely mounted engines are more suited to have chain or belt final-drive.
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Front axle H-section. U- shape sub-frame carries the engine, clutch and gearbox and mounted on the chassis at three points. Alignment of front end of crankshaft is below the centre line of the rear axle; as such the line of crankshaft, the transmission and the propeller shaft slopes downwards towards front in order to keep centre of gravity as low as possible.
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They have been manufactured with between four and twelve cylinders, depending on application. Vertical force is transmitted from the opposed trunk style pistons to either an upper or lower crankshaft. The two crank shafts are geared together by a vertical drive shaft. Pistons are removed by either removing the top crankshaft, and removing from the top, or by removing through the lower crank case access doors.
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There were two overhead camshafts per cylinder bank, operating two valves per cylinder. As with the 547, the cams were driven by shafts rather than gears or chains, and the cam lobes were separate pieces that were keyed onto the shaft. The 753 added a second countershaft above the crankshaft to the single one underneath the crankshaft in the 547. Both countershafts rotated at half crankshaft speed. Two layshafts from the upper countershaft drove the left and right intake camshafts, while two other layshafts from the lower countershaft drove the exhaust camshafts, eliminating the vertical shafts in the 547's cylinder heads that gave that engine one of its nicknames.
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In the 1930s, Michel abandoned the cam engine idea and used conventional crankshafts, although requiring three of them, one per cylinder. Other opposed-piston diesel engines were becoming successful at this time, notably the Junkers Jumo 205 engine series, an aircraft engine, also using one crankshaft per piston, rather than one crankshaft per cylinder.The overhead of requiring two crankshafts per cylinder would not be surmounted until the post-war Napier Deltic engine, which shared crankshafts between adjacent cylinder banks, thus having an average of one crankshaft per cylinder. The engine was now much smaller, lighter and had a greater specific power, both by weight and by volume.
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Automatic Systems has been the first company to use the principle of the crankshaft rod (movement transmission by crankshaft-rod) in the development and manufacturing of automatic barriers and gates."Innovator in access control systems", Business Day, 18 October 2013 This system, already in use in numerous applications, has become a reference in access control equipment for many years ahead.Gille, Bertrand, "A History of Technology and Invention, Progress Through the Ages", ed. Maurice Daumas, New York, 1969 The advantages of a movement by crankshaft-rod are twofold: it allows a perfect mechanical locking of the boom in both end positions (open and close), thus preventing any external influence (e.g.
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The primary balance of an engine refers to vibrations which occur at the fundamental frequency (first harmonic) of the engine speed. These vibration therefore occur at a frequency equal to the crankshaft speed (the "rpm" of the engine). A primary vertical imbalance can be present in an engine with an odd number of cylinders (without counterweights), since the inertia of each piston moving upwards is not cancelled out by another piston moving downwards. In a four-stroke engine, each cylinder has a power stroke once every two rotations of the crankshaft, which can cause vibrations (due to the combustion and compression forces) at half of the crankshaft speed.
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In reverse, only the wheel shaft electric motors propel the car. Above 30 mph, the RPM of the crankshaft mounted electric motor and internal combustion engine are proportional to wheel speed through locking of the hydraulic coupling. However, Christian von Koenigsegg described and demonstrated how the Regera features a steering wheel mounted paddle that simulates a traditional downshift by initiating slip of the hydraulic coupling connecting the crankshaft to the output shaft. This results in higher RPM of the ICE and the crankshaft mounted electric motor and therefore higher power at lower speeds than what would have been possible if the coupling would have been locked at all times.
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An engine tear down and rebuild is usually recommended, otherwise there is a risk of an in-flight engine failure, broken crankshaft or loss of propeller.
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The worst effects are on the engine mounts, crankshaft and propeller. There have been quite a few cases of major damage to these components during Lomcovaks.
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The 379 had a bore and stroke. The 379 was a 351 with a 478 crankshaft. Net power was at 3600 RPM and torque at 1600.
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On the later TD RC versions, the crankshaft is lightened and strengthened similar to the Killer Bee crank. i.e. ground away and hole in conrod pin.
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The continuity of the Crankshaft strip is as much as 20 years behind that of Funky Winkerbean; strips in both comics in August and September 2011 show Cayla Williams, a high school teacher and secretary to Principal Nate Green and Les's fiancée, with Keisha her teenage daughter, to be a college-age student in the former. In the January 27, 2015, installment of Funky Winkerbean a throwback crossover shows Crankshaft as a bus driver while Crankshaft also has a throwback crossover that shows Crankshaft as a bus driver on Funky Winkerbean. On January 19, 2015, Funky Winkerbean began a crossover with Dick Tracy when two of the Winkerbean characters decided to attend a police auctionDick Tracy January 19, 2015 of stolen comic books recovered from the Dick Tracy criminal the "Jumbler". Dick Tracy has a concurrent crossover with Funky Winkerbean concerning the comic book auction.
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This four-bank engine – based on two VR6 engines with a common crankshaft – has been used in various cars sold under the Audi, Bentley and Volkswagen brands.
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Speed refers to crankshaft rotation in piston engines and the speed of compressor/turbine rotors and electric motor rotors. It is measured in revolutions per minute (RPM).
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Each time a cylinder fires, the force of the combustion is imparted to the crankshaft rod journal. The rod journal deflects in a torsional motion to some degree under this force. Harmonic vibrations result from the torsional motion imparted on the crankshaft. These harmonics are a function of many factors including frequencies created by the actual combustion and the natural frequencies the metals make under the stresses of combustion and flexing.
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The air-cooled four-cylinder engine was installed transversely across the motorcycle chassis, predating the bestselling fours from Honda and Kawasaki. The heart of the MV Agusta four- cylinder is the crankcase rack. The crankshaft, cylinder and cylinder head were mounted on it. The rack took the nine-piece crankshaft in six bearing blocks, as well as the spur gears in the control tower for the double camshaft drive.
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An opposed-piston engine is like a Flat/boxer engine in that pairs of pistons are co-axial but rather than sharing a crankshaft, instead share a single combustion chamber per pair of pistons. The crankshaft configuration varies amongst opposed-engine designs. One layout has a flat/boxer engine at its center and adds an additional opposed-piston to each end so there are two pistons per cylinder on each side.
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The crankshaft was short with disk webs, two main bearings and fork-and-blade connecting rods. Crankpins and main journals were held in the webs by tapers and a shallow nut, giving the effect of an undercut crankshaft. This made the engine extremely compact overall, long, wide and tall. The intention was to offer this compact engine as a replacement that would fit into a wide range of other vehicles.
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The crankshaft is carried in seven main bearings in an attempt to keep vibration to a minimum, a problem on many early six-cylinder engines, as the dynamics of the layout were still not fully understood. Flywheels are fitted at both the front and rear of the crankshaft. After some early cars suffered broken crankshafts Royce modified the front flywheel to incorporate a harmonic damper which overcame the problem.
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Early sawmills adapted the whipsaw to mechanical power, generally driven by a water wheel to speed up the process. The circular motion of the wheel was changed to back-and-forth motion of the saw blade by a pitman thus introducing a term used in many mechanical applications. A pitman is similar to a crankshaft used in reverse. A crankshaft converts back-and-forth motion to circular motion.
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Due to parts commonality, the decision was made to buy-back the XP-382 engines as well. In February 2020, Superior settled a lawsuit regarding the 2016 fatal crash of a Van's Aircraft RV-8A for US$5M. The crash was due to the failure of the crankshaft in the installed XP-400 engine. In the accident investigation the NTSB determined that the crankshaft failed due to metal fatigue.
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Fabio Taglioni was to develop a bike that conformed to US police specifications, and was bigger than any current model Harley- Davidson. Taglioni decided on an air-cooled 1257 cc 90° two-valve head V4 using a 180-degree crankshaft with roller bearing big ends. That crankshaft fitted into a horizontally split wet sump crankcase with a center main bearing support. The bore was 84.5 mm, and the stroke 56 mm.
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Separate inlet and exhaust camshafts ran in bronze bearings. The gear wheels to drive them were supplied ready-made. The four-stroke crankshaft could only use ball bearings.
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The crank also appears in the mid-9th century in several of the hydraulic devices described by the Banū Mūsā brothers in their Book of Ingenious Devices. In 1206, al-Jazari invented an early crankshaft, which he incorporated with a crank-connecting rod mechanism in his twin-cylinder pump. Like the modern crankshaft, al-Jazari's mechanism consisted of a wheel setting several crankpins into motion, with the wheel's motion being circular and the pins moving back-and-forth in a straight line. The crankshaft described by al- Jazari transforms continuous rotary motion into a linear reciprocating motion, and is central to modern machinery such as the steam engine, internal combustion engine and automatic controls.
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The most common crossplane crankshaft for a 90° V8 engine has four crankpins, each serving two cylinders on opposing banks, offset at 90° from the adjacent crankpins. The first and last of the four crank pins are at 180° with respect to each other as are the second and third, with each pair at 90° to the other, so that viewed from the end the crankshaft forms a cross. The crankpins are therefore in two planes crossed at 90°, hence the name crossplane. A crossplane V8 crankshaft may have up to nine main bearings in the case of an eight throw design, and usually has five bearings supporting four throws each with a shared crank pin.
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The press release indicated that the crankshaft from Mladin's bike was found, after comparison with a stock "control" part kept by the AMA, to have violated Superbike class rules, which require an essentially stock crankshaft to be used. The Team Rockstar Makita Yoshimura Suzuki's appeal of the penalty was summarily dismissed as being, "without merit," by AMA/DMG on 5 September 2008. As a result, with only one round remaining in the championship, Ben Spies' numerical advantage in the championship points became unassailable and Mladin lost the championship for the 3rd year in a row to Spies. It is a known that all Yoshimura bikes on that day had the same crankshaft.
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Almost all reciprocating engines use cranks (with connecting rods) to transform the back-and-forth motion of the pistons into rotary motion. The cranks are incorporated into a crankshaft.
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The power flow from the engine crankshaft to the transmission input shaft was connected via a flywheel containing a set of springs to absorb torsional vibrations at the flexplate.
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The new crossplane crankshaft engines were also much louder than their turbocharged, flat-plane crank counterparts, leading some fans and media to compare them to sound of NASCAR engines.
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The horizontal forces produced by the balance shafts are equal and opposite, and so cancel each other. The balance shafts do not reduce the vibrations experienced by the crankshaft.
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Four-stroke engines complete a power cycle every four strokes, which means a power cycle is completed every two crankshaft revolutions. Most automotive engines are a four-stroke design.
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The crankcase of the OM 138 consists of two parts, a lower part with the lower part of the crankshaft bearing and an upper part with the cylinder block and the camshaft. The lower and upper crankcase parts are connected with pin screws on the horizontal crankshaft centre. The lower crankcase part is strengthened with ribs and made of a light metal alloy. The flange of the gearbox is cast onto the lower crankcase part.
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The HM 512 shared the same bore and stroke (105 mm × 115 mm) and 6:1 compression ratio with the rest of the HM500 series air-cooled engines. Other shared features were Hirth's use of roller bearings in the crankshaft and at both ends of connecting rods. The crankshaft was of typical Hirth multipart design, the 12-cylinders requiring 7 roller bearings. Like the HM 508, the drive was geared down by 1:1.5.
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The eccentric is loose on the crankshaft and can rotate freely between two stops. These stops represent the positions for the eccentric to run the engine in each direction. When the gab was disengaged and the crankshaft stopped, the manual lever was used to drive the engine valves in reverse, which also re-set the eccentric to the opposing position. The gab could now be re-engaged and the engine restarted in the opposing direction.
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The engine was upgraded over the course of its production. On the fourth series of engines the crankshaft nose was changed, the articulated connecting rods were strengthened and the accessory drive was changed. The middle part of the crankcase and the pistons were strengthened and the ignition was improved in the fifth series. In the sixth series the master connecting rod and the crankshaft cheeks were strengthened, the pistons were lightened and shortened.
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This engine uses a technique that dynamically alters the volume of the combustion chamber, thus changing the compression ratio. To alter the combustion chamber volume, the SVC 'lowers' the cylinder head closer to the crankshaft. It does this by replacing the typical one-part engine block with a two-part block, with the crankshaft in the lower block and the cylinders in the upper portion. The two blocks are hinged together at one side.
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The Brickley Engine is a patented mechanical design for an internal combustion engine. The design changes the way the pistons are connected to each other and to the crankshaft, emphasizing engine friction reduction. Additionally, by connecting the pistons to each other in a more efficient manner, it reduces the type and number of bearings on the crankshaft for further reductions in friction. The Brickley Engine was invented by Mike Brickley, an engineer from Austin, Texas.
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They also have larger crankshaft bearing journals to allow better lubrication. Because they look similar, it is important to note that the 1990-1994 cylinder head is more on the side of high air volume, while the 1995-1999 cylinder head is more on the side of high air velocity. Mitsubishi Motors quietly updated its 4G63 engine in 1998 and 1999. The crankshaft is more precisely shaved and cut compared to previous years.
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The valves are operated by bucket tappets from two overhead camshafts, which are driven by a spur gear set on the right side of the engine. The connecting rods were offset by 120 degrees on the crankshaft. The machine had six roller main bearings, two of which were located at the end of the crankshaft. Having only an L-shaped oil scraper ring on the piston was unusual for a four-stroke engine.
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A serious problem with the Aichi and Kawasaki version of the Daimler-Benz engine was that of holding a close tolerance fit between the crankshaft and its bearings on this fairly long engine. The result was that the engine proved to be prone to crankshaft failure.Kawasaki Ki-61 Additionally, there was often great difficulties obtaining engine components which, along with repeated air attacks on the Atsuta engine plant, eventually brought engine production to a standstill.
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Roman crankshaft dated to the 2nd century AD. The right handle is lost. A Roman iron crankshaft of yet unknown purpose dating to the 2nd century AD was excavated in Augusta Raurica, Switzerland. The 82.5 cm long piece has fitted to one end a 15 cm long bronze handle, the other handle being lost. Roman Hierapolis sawmill from the 3rd century AD, the earliest known machine to combine a crank with a connecting rod.
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This valve is actuated by a variable cam on the crankshaft, and allows for the entrance of supercritical water into the cylinder. As the supercritical water enters the cylinder it flashes into steam and pushes the piston inward, thus rotating the crankshaft. As the piston is pushed inward, it uncovers exhaust ports in the cylinder wall. The supercritical water has now given up enough energy through expansion that it is in a vapor state.
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The fundamental frequency of vibration is twice that of an equivalent single-cylinder engine, however the amplitude is halved. Two- stroke engines that do not use a 180 degree crankshaft include the 1972 Yankee and the military edition of the 1964 Jawa 350, both of which use 360 degree crankshafts instead. ; 270 degrees In an engine with a 270 degree crankshaft, one piston follows three quarters of a rotation behind the other.
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The inline-three engine that forms each cylinder bank, however, produces unbalanced rotating and reciprocal forces. These forces remain unbalanced in all V6 engines, often leading to the use of a balance shaft to reduce the vibration. The 1950 Lancia V6 engine was pioneering in its use of a six-throw crankshaft in order to reduce vibration. More recent designs often use a three-throw crankshaft with 'flying arms' between the crankpins.
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The crankshaft has five bearings and the glowplugs were of the quicker in-cylinder type, reducing pre-heating times to between 7 and 12 seconds depending on the outside temperature.
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The liquid-cooled 4-stroke 8-valve DOHC engine with crossplane crankshaft was already in use and well reviewed in Yamaha's MT-07 naked and Tracer 700 sport touring bikes.
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1919 cutaway diagram of the longitudinal-crankshaft, two-stroke, single-cylinder engine. The worm drive to the two-speed transmission is above the countershaft, which extends back to drive the magneto.
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The last cars were made in 1927 and these engines were given a balanced crankshaft allowing them to be tuned to at 3,500 rpm. They also had a closer ratio gearbox.
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Twin SU carburettors were fitted. Both block and head were aluminium, tappets were hydraulic self- adjusting operating on overhead inlet and side exhaust valves. The counterbalanced crankshaft ran in seven bearings.
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Ultimately a broken crankshaft resulted in his second DNQ in three attempts. Gordon ended the season 115th in the standings; the season featured 117 drivers who made at least one start.
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These design features made the 2CV engine highly reliable; test engines were run at full speed for 1000 hours at a time, equivalent to driving at full throttle. They also meant that the engine was "sealed for life"—for example, replacing the big-end bearings required specialised equipment to dismantle and reassemble the built-up crankshaft, and as this was often not available the entire crankshaft had to be replaced. The engine is very under-stressed and long-lived, so this is not a major issue. If the starter motor or battery failed, the 2CV had the option of hand-cranking, the jack handle serving as starting handle through dogs on the front of the crankshaft at the centre of the fan.
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Replacement filters are difficult to find, and adapters that allow the use of more commonly available filters have appeared in the aftermarket. To counteract the vibration that occurs naturally in a parallel twin, Yamaha introduced a system they called the "Omni-Phase balancer". The Omni-Phase system used one chain-driven weighted shaft in the engine sump rotating in the direction opposite that of the crankshaft to counteract forces created by the pistons moving up and down the inclined axis of the piston bores. A second shaft with weights rotating in the same direction as the crankshaft counteracted the force couple created by the difference in the vertical height of the fore-and-aft forces created by the crankshaft and the first balance shaft.
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In 1966, General Motors designed a special engine for the production Z/28 Camaro in order for it to meet the Sports Car Club of America (SCCA) Trans-Am Series road racing rules limiting engine displacement to from 1967 to 1969. It was the product of placing the stroke crankshaft into a bore cylinder-block. The 1967 302 used the same nodular cast-iron crankshaft as the 283, with a forged steel crank that was also produced. This block is one of three displacements, 302/327/350, that underwent a crankshaft bearing diameter transformation for 1968 when the rod-journal size was increased from the diameter small-journal to a large-journal and a main-journal size that was increased from to . DZ 302.
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In modern vehicle engines, the oil pump takes oil from the oil pan and sends it through the oil filter into oil galleries, from which the oil lubricates the main bearings holding the crankshaft up at the main journals and camshaft bearings operating the valves. In typical modern vehicles, oil pressure-fed from the oil galleries to the main bearings enters holes in the main journals of the crankshaft. From these holes in the main journals, the oil moves through passageways inside the crankshaft to exit holes in the rod journals to lubricate the rod bearings and connecting rods. Some simpler designs relied on these rapidly moving parts to splash and lubricate the contacting surfaces between the piston rings and interior surfaces of the cylinders.
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1,260 were built for American railroads before the SD45-2 replaced it in 1972, along with the related SD45T-2 'Tunnel Motor'. SD45s had several teething problems. Reliability was not as high as anticipated; the twenty-cylinder prime mover was prone to crankshaft failure from engine block flex. Though it produced more than the 16-645E3 in the SD40, some railroads felt the extra horsepower wasn't worth it, even after EMD strengthened the block to eliminate crankshaft failures.
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Spring-operated valve gear was used to minimise the weight of the flywheel, overcoming one of the drawbacks of industrial steam engines. The engine had a single horizontal cylinder which, along with the boiler and firebox, was placed behind the rear axle. The motion of the piston was transmitted to a separate crankshaft via the forked piston rod. The crankshaft drove the axle of the driving wheel (which was fitted with a flywheel) via a spur gear.
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Sensation brand lawn mowers are no longer produced but are still in use today. Mowers were available with the Sensation brand into the 1980s. The Sensation brand was preferred by many landscapers because to their perceived high-quality and apparent longevity. The mower was considered unique because of features such as greaseable wheels, thick cast aluminum decks, and some unique innovations like a cone-shaped metal crankshaft support which was purported to help prevent bending of the crankshaft.
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Following the Armistice of 1918, Germany continued to build aircraft and engines under the control of the Military Inter-Allied Commission of Control. For use on very large aircraft, Argus designed and built the As 5 WW-24 water-cooled piston engine. The As 5 consisted of six banks of cylinders arranged around a common crankshaft with a single output shaft. Each cylinder drove the crankshaft through a master and slave big end, similar to most radial engines.
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This avoided the need for costly hand-fitting during assembly and also simplified replacement in service. It was one of the first mass-production engines to use thin-wall bearings: a steel shell faced with whitemetal bearing material. Rather than re-metalling the bearing journals and hand-scraping a new bearing surface to fit the crankshaft, these bearings were disposable after use. Several replacement bearing shells were expected to be fitted before the crankshaft required re- grinding.
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A pressurized oil lubrication system was fed by a gear pump located on the lowest point of the crankcase. The oil pump was driven over a vertical shaft from the camshaft via helical gears. The pistons, fitted with three cast iron rings, were made of steel and were and were connected to the crankshaft via master-and-slave connecting rods. The crankshaft had six throws and was supported by five plain intermediate bearings and two outer ball bearings.
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During the latter years of production, versions with enlarged crankshaft journals were manufactured as well. GMC produced a 60° V8 with a single cam shaft using the same general layout (bore and stroke) as the 478 V6. The 637 V8 was the largest displacement production gasoline V8 ever made for highway trucks. The largest engine derived from the series was a "Twin Six" V12, which had a unique block and crankshaft, but shared many exterior parts with the 351.
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The flat-plane crank (sometimes flatplane) is a type of crankshaft for use in internal combustion engines that has a 180 degree angle between crank throws. Flat-plane cranks are used in V-configuration engines, generally with eight cylinders. Computer generated image showing the major internal moving parts of an inline-four engine, including the flat-plane crankshaft. Inline-four cylinder engines almost all use flat-plane cranks, and thus are not usually identified as such.
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It was sloped at 45 degrees from the vertical and horizontal. The M10 and M10A1 were mechanically identical except for their power plants. The M10 used the General Motors 6046, consisting of two Detroit Diesel 6-71 inline engines mated to a common crankshaft. The tandem engine produced 375 horsepower (280 kW) at 2,100 rpm. One advantage of the GM 6046 was that the engines could be disconnected at will from the crankshaft and run independently.
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Starting in 1986, Funky, and to a lesser extent Crankshaft, sometimes abandoned humor to explore serious, even tragic subject matter. 'Funky' has been time jumped twice, first aging the characters to their late 20s early 30s and a second jump pushed them into late middle age. Crankshaft was never jumped, but he is shown in crossovers to suffer a rather painful retirement. His stories often involve strong drama elements combined with generally rosy outcomes or ending with a pun.
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The cavity created between the cylinder block and the sump houses a crankshaft that converts the reciprocating motion of the pistons to rotational motion. The crankshaft is held in place relative to the engine block by main bearings, which allow it to rotate. Bulkheads in the crankcase form a half of every main bearing; the other half is a detachable cap. In some cases a single main bearing deck is used rather than several smaller caps.
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All waterjets follow the same principle of using high pressure water focused into a beam by a nozzle. Most machines accomplish this by first running the water through a high pressure pump. There are two types of pumps used to create this high pressure; an intensifier pump and a direct drive or crankshaft pump. A direct drive pump works much like a car engine, forcing water through high pressure tubing using plungers attached to a crankshaft.
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Eccentrics on this shaft actuated a transverse slide valve for each cylinder. The valve camshaft was driven at engine speed by gears from the crankshaft. A prominent handwheel on the camshaft allowed the engine to be reversed, in a similar manner to slip- eccentric valve gear by shifting the phase of the camshaft relative to the crankshaft. ; Condensers External water-cooled condensers were used, simple pipes run under the hull, along the length of the keel.
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Cornelis took out a patent on his sawmill on December 15, 1593, and on the pitman arm device on December 6, 1597. Early sawmills adapted the whipsaw to mechanical power, generally driven by a water wheel. The circular motion of the wheel was changed to back-and-forth motion of the saw blade by the pitman arm or rod. A pitman is similar to a crankshaft, but in reverse (a crankshaft converts back-and-forth motion to circular motion).
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The Twenty-seven straight-six engine was developed for use in the Daimler Armoured Car and was later used in the DE 27, the DC 27 ambulance, and the DH 27 hire limousine. The engine had its cylinders cast together with the upper crankcase and featured a four-bearing crankshaft with counterbalancing weights. The big end bearings were flanged over the sides of the crankshaft to locate the rods against the crank webs, which reduced engine noise.
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The CBR1000RR's wheelbase also increased, measuring ; a increase over the 954. Accommodating the longer swingarm was another reason the CBR1000RR power plant shared nothing with the 954. Shortening the engine compared to the 954 meant rejecting the conventional in-line layout. Instead, engineers positioned the CBR1000RR's crankshaft, main shaft and countershaft in a triangulated configuration, with the countershaft located below the main shaft, dramatically shortening the engine front to back, and moving the swingarm pivot closer to the crankshaft.
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This opposed piston aero-engine appears superficially similar to a true flat-four "boxer" engine, but is actually significantly different. It has two ported cylinders with a crankshaft at each end and four pistons in total. This engine is similar to the prototype Diesel Air engine, which was built for Diesel Air by Weslake, but which has to date failed to reach volume production. Each crankshaft is linked by an idler gear to a centre shaft.
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Due to the balance afforded by horizontally opposed cylinders, the crankshaft requires less weighting and there is no need to install balance shafts. This results in reduced noise, vibration and less power loss. Strength is also an advantage of the boxer design – the crankshaft is sandwiched between the left and right hand crankcases and is supported by 5 main bearings. The low and wide engine structure also lowers the vehicle's centre of gravity and improves mass distribution.
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Same as the C1F except has a solid crankshaft and no provision for a prop governor. ;O-360-C4P : at 2700 rpm, Minimum fuel grade 91/96 avgas, compression ratio 8.50:1.
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A Zoller sliding vane supercharger is bolted to the front of the DOHC engine, driven directly by the crankshaft, and is lubricated by castor oil added to the fuel. It provided c. .
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The engine also tends to heat up causing severe damage to the crankshaft bearings. It is advised to use only 10W/40 engine oil for v-twins and v-four engine motorcycles.
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A Dell'Orto SS 25 A carburetor was used. A Wet multi-plate was driven by gears from the crankshaft. The machine had five speeds. The rear wheel was driven by a chain.
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1954 CB32 Gold Star An optional CB engine was given more and squarer finning, a stronger crankshaft, a shorter connecting rod, oval flywheels (500), improved valve gear, and an Amal GP carburettor.
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A connecting rod can rotate at both ends, so that the angle between the connecting rod and the piston can change as the rod moves up and down and rotates around the crankshaft.
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It was introduced to the public in 1992. The B12 5.7 used the new BMW S70B56 V12 engine with capacity enlarged to 5.7-litres, a modified air intake, camshafts and a modified crankshaft.
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In appearance, the engine resembles a 'parallel twin' with two vertical cylinders and a single crankshaft between them, but set perpendicular to the line of the cylinders and sharing a single crankpin. A parallel twin with this many cylinders would be self-starting from dead centre anyway (assuming the usual crankshaft with cranks at 90°). The geometry in operation is more like that of a vee-twin engine. The two cylinders work together, but with one leading the other by approx. 30°.
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Moto Guzzi V 85 TT engine The engine is, typical for Moto Guzzi, an air-cooled transverse 90° V-twin Four-stroke engine. It features two valves per cylinder, which are controlled by one central crankshaft and via rocker arms. The intake valve is made of Titanium, which allows for a sharp crankshaft profile due to its low weight. Fuel is injected electronically and the air intake is controlled by a central throttle Throttle body, with a diameter of 52 mm.
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Sentinel steam waggon engine of 1905. This early Sentinel engine shows the same main principles that the engines would use over the next half-century All steam motors had the following characteristics: :; Small size Motors were of a standard size, according to the manufacturer's product line. Where greater power was required, multiple motors were used, one per axle or bogie. :; Enclosed crankshaft lubrication The crankshaft and often the valve gear, was enclosed within a crankcase that contained an oil sump.
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These replaced the Fichtel & Sachs engines used in earlier versions of the Flitzer. However, the Imme began to develop problems, especially with the single-sided crankshaft bearings and the freewheel for the kick starter. Riedel corrected the problem beginning with the Model D version, which had a conventional crankshaft with two bearings. However, the profit from sales was not enough to cover the warranty expenses, and, by the end of 1950, Riedel AG went bankrupt with debts of 1.25 million Deutschmark.
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Early Jensen-Healey engines (1972–1973) had oil supply issues that made the oil pressure slow to build on start-up. Some early engines also had issues with oil drainage which resulted in too much oil being retained in the cam carriers.Lotusespritworld.com; 907 oil problems- Retrieved 2013-12-20 Differences between 907 engines included rope seals for the rear of the crankshaft on early versions versus regular spring- loaded rubber lip seals for the rear of the crankshaft on later 907 engines.
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Optical sensors do not have great resistance against fouling but are able to provide the most precise edge detection. Some engines, such as GM's Premium V family, use crank position sensors which read a reluctor ring integral to the harmonic balancer. This is a much more accurate method of determining the position of the crankshaft and allows the computer to determine within a few degrees the exact position of the crankshaft (and thereby all connected components) at any given time.
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Baltimore and Ohio Crab. The crankshaft is directly below the cab at the front of the engine, geared to the jackshaft, which is coupled to the driving axles by side rods. The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad was a pioneer in the use of jackshaft driven locomotives. While the drive axle of the first Grasshopper locomotive was directly driven by spur gears from the crankshaft, the Traveler delivered in 1833, used a jackshaft, as did all the later Grasshopper and Crab locomotives.
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The two opposite motions that comprise a single reciprocation cycle are called strokes. A crank can be used to convert circular motion into reciprocating motion, or conversely turn reciprocating motion into circular motion. For example, inside an internal combustion engine (a type of reciprocating engine), the expansion of burning fuel in the cylinders periodically pushes the piston down, which, through the connecting rod, turns the crankshaft. The continuing rotation of the crankshaft drives the piston back up, ready for the next cycle.
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A crankshaft is subjected to enormous stresses, in some cases more than per cylinder. Crankshafts for single-cylinder engines are usually a simpler design than for engines with multiple cylinders. Crankshafts can either be one-piece forgings or pressed together from separate individual crank-webs, shafts and pins, sometimes called a 'built-up crankshaft'. In most automotive applications (Four-stroke engines) a one-piece forging is used in conjunction with plain/shell bearings that rely on steady supply of pressurized engine oil.
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In contrast, inline six engines have no primary or (significant) secondary imbalances, and with carefully designed crankshaft vibration dampers to absorb torsional vibration, will run more smoothly at the same crankshaft speed (rpm). This characteristic has made the straight-six popular in some European sports-luxury cars, where smooth high-speed performance is very desirable. As engine reciprocating forces increase with the cube of piston bore, the straight-six is a preferred configuration for large truck engines.Nunney, pp. 40–47.
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All models use the Chevrolet Performance LSX Bowtie block. LSX376-B15 (part number 19299306) includes forged steel crankshaft, forged powdered metal I-beam rods (both the crankshaft and rods from LSA engine) and forged aluminum pistons (9.0:1 compression), high-flow rectangular-port six-bolt LSX-LS3 heads for supercharged and turbocharged combinations producing up to of boost and up to about . LSX376-B8 (part number 19171049) is a more economical version that is capable of approximately , for engine producing approximately .
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The flying arms allow an even firing interval of 120 degrees to be achieved, and also used as balancing masses for the crankshaft. Combined with a pair of heavy counterweights on the crankshaft ends, flying arms can eliminate the primary imbalance and reduce the vibration from the secondary imbalance to acceptable levels. The engine mounts can be designed to absorb these remaining vibrations. A 60 degree V-angle results in a narrower engine overall than V6 engines with larger V-angles.
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A ULPower UL260i horizontally opposed air-cooled aero engine A horizontally opposed engine, also called a flat or boxer engine, has two banks of cylinders on opposite sides of a centrally located crankcase. The engine is either air-cooled or liquid-cooled, but air-cooled versions predominate. Opposed engines are mounted with the crankshaft horizontal in airplanes, but may be mounted with the crankshaft vertical in helicopters. Due to the cylinder layout, reciprocating forces tend to cancel, resulting in a smooth running engine.
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The basic limitation of the scheme is that only a duration variation equal to that of the lobe nose true radius (in camshaft degrees or double this value in crankshaft degrees) is possible. In practice this type of variable cam has a maximum range of duration variation of about forty crankshaft degrees. This is the principle behind what seems to be the very first variable cam suggestion appearing in the USPTO patent files in 1925 (1527456). The "Clemson camshaft" is of this type.
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Oscillating engines had the piston rods connected directly to the crankshaft, dispensing with the need for connecting rods. In order to achieve this aim, the engine cylinders were not immobile as in most engines, but secured in the middle by trunnions which allowed the cylinders themselves to pivot back and forth as the crankshaft rotated, hence the term oscillating. It was John Penn, engineer for the Royal Navy who perfected the oscillating engine. One of his earliest engines was the grasshopper beam engine.
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The big end bearings were lubricated by jets from an oil gallery in the crankcase, the oil striking the crankshaft webs which were drilled accordingly. Originally the journal diameter was 1.125"; this was later increased to 1.3125". The three bearing engine (from 1936) used a white metal centre bearing. The splash-lubricated crankshaft (pressure fed on some sports models) at first ran in two bearings (two ball bearings at the front, roller at the back) changing to three in 1936.
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This engine makes use of aluminium for some other components to minimise the weight penalty of the Diesel engine. It has a single overhead camshaft opening eight valves via shim-and-bucket followers. The camshaft is rotated by a toothed belt driven by a toothed sprocket on the Crankshaft, likewise the fuel injection pump is rotated by a second toothed belt driven from the crankshaft. The diesel injection pump is a rotary distributor type most typically made by Lucas CAV.
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Almen A-4 barrel engine Axial engines (sometimes known as barrel or Z-crank engines) are a type of reciprocating engine with pistons arranged around an output shaft with their axes parallel to the shaft. Barrel refers to the cylindrical shape of the cylinder group (result of the pistons being spaced evenly around the central crankshaft and aligned parallel to the crankshaft axis) whilst the Z-crank alludes to the shape of the crankshaft. The key advantage of the axial design is that the cylinders are arranged in parallel around the output/crank shaft in contrast to radial and inline engines, both types having cylinders at right angles to the shaft. As a result, it is a very compact, cylindrical engine, allowing variation in compression ratio of the engine while running.
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Retrieved 2007-12-20. although sales were slow until the NHW20 model arrived. In 2006, Toyota recalled about 8,500 2001 and 2002 model year Prius vehicles because of an incorrectly manufactured crankshaft position sensor.
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UNITED GRINDING North America distributes cylindrical grinders from STUDER, SCHAUDT and MIKROSA. Cylindrical grinding is a process that forms the outside of an object. Common applications are cylinders, an ellipse, a cam or crankshaft.
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Some Engerth steam locomotives were built to the Fink system, with the four trailing wheels driven by a crankshaft and connecting rods, thus making them 0-6-4-0Ts instead of 0-6-4Ts.
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84-9 & 121. It could also be fitted with high- compression cylinder heads from the Morgan +8. Using the 5 liter Rover block and crankshaft, a maximum displacement of is theoretically possible.Davis, p.87.
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Two heroes from a war-weary future travel back in time to stop the war in its origins. The 'Time Boys' confront the evil Dr. Crankshaft, evil monkeys and ally themselves with the lovely Samantha.
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Thus was the Saab 60 born. The standard was increased to by engine modification. The crankshaft was changed, the inlet ports were lowered and the exhaust ports raised. The carburettor and ignition settings were modified.
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The Auto Union 1000 model experienced an unexpected increase in crankshaft damage because the oil, its viscosity affected by the cold weather, was unable to flow freely through the narrow feeder pipe in the carburettor.
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Atkinson produced three different designs that had a short compression stroke and a longer expansion stroke. The first Atkinson-cycle engine, the differential engine, used opposed pistons. The second and best-known design was the cycle engine, which used an over-center arm to create four piston strokes in one crankshaft revolution. The reciprocating engine had the intake, compression, power, and exhaust strokes of the four-stroke cycle in a single turn of the crankshaft, and was designed to avoid infringing certain patents covering Otto-cycle engines.
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As these engine ran at faster speeds than the beam engines, their vibration could also be higher requiring a foundation that could withstand such. Alignment between slideways and crankshaft depended upon the original care with which the foundation had been built. Hick, Hargreaves & Co. girder bed engine The girder bed engine avoided some of this dependency by providing the engine with a single long bed casting that spanned the crankshaft and trunk guide. The bed was connected to its plinth by a number of short pillars.
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The oil's pressure may be varied by hand and there is a float oil-level indicator on the right hand side. An impeller made as part of the fan assembly circulates cooling water to the honeycomb radiator which is protected by a shell and has thermostatically controlled shutters in the grille in front of it. The crankshaft carries a vibration damper at its front end and both crankshaft and camshaft have five bearings. No further information about the bottom of the engine was supplied to readers.
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Bore and stroke were respectively, resulting in a displacement of . The oversquare dimensions kept piston speeds low, and also kept the engine narrow and as far out of the airflow on the sides of the car's tub as possible, although it was still wider than the 120° V6 and 90° V8s of the competition. The centre of the engine was a magnesium crankcase cast in two halves split vertically along the centre-line of the crankshaft. The crankcase carried a one-piece crankshaft in nine main bearings.
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Dual magneto/coil and battery ignition was provided. The 100 hp engine was also an overhead-valve engine in the sense that the port opened directly into the cylinder head, though the valves were mounted horizontally. This arrangement required an unusual shape of combustion chamber but enabled the valves to be operated directly from a central crankshaft raised on pillars to cylinder head height. Vibrations of this crankshaft and weakness of a new cylinder head restraint system dogged the engine, the last E.N.V. made.
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Cam engine, longitudinal section from above Early versions of the Michel engine were cam engines. These do not use a crankshaft in the conventional sense, but instead have a shaped cam. The pistons or their connecting rods have cam followers that slide over the surface of this cam. Although most cams use rotary motion to generate a linear motion, this 'crankshaft' use is also possible, where the linear motion of the pistons is used to drive the rotary motion of the cam and the engine's output shaft.
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The crankshaft type (e.g. Staffa or SAI hydraulic motors) with a single cam and the pistons pushing inwards is basically an old design but is one which has extremely high starting torque characteristics. They are available in displacements from 40 cc/rev up to about 50 litres/rev but can sometimes be limited in power output. Crankshaft type radial piston motors are capable of running at "creep" speeds and some can run seamlessly up to 1500 rpm whilst offering virtually constant output torque characteristics.
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The piston moves in a reciprocating motion, which is converted into circular motion of the crankshaft, which ultimately propels the vehicle or does other useful work. The reciprocating motion of a pump piston is close to, but different from, sinusoidal simple harmonic motion. Assuming the wheel is driven at a perfect constant rotational velocity, the point on the crankshaft which connects to the connecting rod rotates smoothly at a constant velocity in a circle. Thus, the displacement of that point, is indeed exactly sinusoidal by definition.
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As such, it incorporated some of the latest thinking. Nine main bearings provided a crankshaft main bearing support between each 135 degree opposing pair of cylinders. The square bore and stroke lowered piston speed and promoted crankshaft rigidity, no small matter for an engine with eight cylinders in line per cylinder bank. The side valve engine design was no handicap for the time because the era's typical top engine speed of 3400-3700 rpm provided little opportunity to exploit the high speed breathing efficiency of overhead valves.
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Double piston rod engine of screw-driven Cylinder and piston are to the right, condenser and air pump to the left. The trunk engine was largely replaced by the double piston-rod engine. This was a return connecting rod engine, with the crankshaft between the crosshead and cylinder. Four piston rods were used to pass around the crankshaft, both above and below, and also to each side of the crank, as the crank throw was wider than the vertical spacing of the piston rods.
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Recent examples of cars with straight-twin engines include the Tata Nano and Fiat Group automobiles using the TwinAir engine. Powersports applications include use in outboard motors, personal water craft, all-terrain vehicles, snowmobiles, and ultralight aircraft. Different crankshaft angles are used in four-stroke straight-twins to achieve different characteristics of firing intervals and engine balance, affecting vibrations and power delivery. The traditional British parallel twin (1937 onwards) had 360° crankshafts, while some larger Japanese twins of the 1960s adopted the 180° crankshaft.
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The gerotor-type oil pump was located at the bottom rear of the engine, and provided oil to both the crankshaft main bearings and the cylinder heads (via the lifters and pushrods, as opposed to a drilled passage on LA engines). Chrysler's engineers also redesigned the oil seals on the crankshaft to improve anti-leak seal performance.L. Shepard & M Gingerella, "Magnum Engines", Chrysler Corp., 2000, ISBN The oil pan was also made from thicker steel, and was installed with a more leak-resistant silicone-rubber gasket.
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Injection pump for a 12-cylinder diesel engine An Injection Pump is the device that pumps fuel into the cylinders of a diesel engine. Traditionally, the injection pump was driven indirectly from the crankshaft by gears, chains or a toothed belt (often the timing belt) that also drives the camshaft. It rotates at half crankshaft speed in a conventional four-stroke diesel engine. Its timing is such that the fuel is injected only very slightly before top dead centre of that cylinder's compression stroke.
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The cylinder heads were aluminium alloy, with hemispherical combustion chambers and bronze valve seats. The connecting rods had big and little ends with roller bearings. The crankshaft was a chrome nickel steel forging, running in a combination of roller and ball bearings; a ball bearing at the output side crankshaft end allowed the Albatros to be used in either pusher or tractor configuration. With a maximum power of only at 2,650 rpm, the Abatros was targeted at the small single seat sports aircraft of the day.
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A gear train system between the crankshaft and the camshaft is commonly used in diesel overhead camshaft engines used in heavy trucks. Gear trains are less commonly used in OHC engines for light trucks or automobiles.
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Valve timing gears on a Ford Taunus V4 engine. The balance shaft runs off the small gear on the left (the large gear is for the camshaft, causing it to rotate at half the speed of the crankshaft). Balance shafts are often used in inline-four engines, to reduce the second-order vibration (a vertical force oscillating at twice the engine RPM) that is inherent in the design of a typical inline-four engine. This vibration is generated because the movement of the connecting rods in an even-firing inline-four engine is not symmetrical throughout the crankshaft rotation; thus during a given period of crankshaft rotation, the descending and ascending pistons are not always completely opposed in their acceleration, giving rise to a net vertical force twice in each revolution (which increases quadratically with RPM).
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This improved access to the engine over that of a conventional design, where the crankshaft would be at the bottom and the cylinder head and associated parts would be between the engine block and the upper frame.
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Principle of dual-mass flywheel. Black: absorber springs. Red: flywheel, crankshaft side Blue: flywheel, transmission side The main type is called a planetary DMF. The planetary gear and the torsional damper are incorporated into the main flywheel.
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The engine also incorporates a 1½ engine order balance shaft mounted under the crankshaft driven by helical gears to manage engine vibration. It is currently fitted to the Kia Picanto, Kia Rio, Hyundai i10 and i20 models.
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A tailor in Chad with a treadle sewing machine A treadle is operated by pressing down on its pedal with one or both feet, causing a rocking motion. This movement rocks a large crankshaft driving a flywheel.
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1949 CB34 Gold Star The 499 cc B34 Gold Star had a modified crankshaft and a different design main bearing. The 350 continued. Plunger frames were available as an option. In 1950 both received larger front brakes.
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The description of the orientation of V-twin and flat-twin motorcycle engines sometimes differs from the convention as stated above. Motorcycles with a V-twin engine mounted with its crankshaft parallel to the direction of travel, e.g. the AJS S3 V-twin, Indian 841, Victoria Bergmeister, Honda CX series and several Moto Guzzis since the 1960s, are said to have "transverse" engines, while motorcycles with a V-twin mounted with its crankshaft perpendicular to the direction of travel, e.g. most Ducatis since the 1970s and most Harley- Davidsons, are said to have "longitudinal" engines.
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This starter mechanism comprises a rope, with a grip at the end, moulded rope reels and a spring. The rope is coiled within a reel which is held under spring tension within an outer reel. This reel assembly is in contact with one end of the crankshaft through a ratcheting mechanism (specifically, a freewheel clutch). When the rope's grip is pulled, the rope uncoils, tensions the spring, engages the clutch and turns the crankshaft, spinning it to crank or start the engine before the end of the pull stroke.
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When looking at diesel driven vessels, the engines induce large accelerations that travel from the foundation of the engine throughout the ship. In most compartments, this type of vibration normally manifests itself as audible noise. The problem with diesels is that, for a given size, there is a fixed amount of power generated per cylinder. To increase power it is necessary to add cylinders but, when cylinders are added, the crankshaft has to be lengthened and after a very limited number of additions, the lengthened crankshaft begins to flex and vibrate all on its own.
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Like all DKWs of those days, the Monza had a compact chassis, wide and high, with an average weight of about . This was less than the DKW 3=6 limousine (4-door. Sedan). The two stroke three produced a power stroke with each rotation of the crankshaft, unlike a four stroke which produced a power stroke with every other rotation of the crankshaft. With the complete rotation cycle of the three-cylinder engine, DKW people thought of it as a “6” of a six-cylinder machine. Consequently, the use of the emblem, “3=6”.
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Its purpose is to increase the motive power output from the internal combustion engine attainable with a given engine displacement. Since it is not enough to simply inject more fuel, as this produces too rich an air-fuel mixture, more intake air has to be added at the same time. This can be achieved with an exhaust-driven turbocharger, or a crankshaft-driven positive displacement compressor. The G-Lader is in the compressor category, since it is crankshaft-driven and does not have the "lag" usually associated with turbocharged engines.
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The image of a broken crankshaft shows the component failed from a surface defect near the bulb at lower centre. The semi-circular marks near the origin indicate a crack growing up into the bulk material by process known as fatigue. The crankshaft also shows hachures, which are the lines on fracture surfaces that can be traced back to the origin of the fracture. Some modes of crack growth can leave characteristic marks on the surface that identify the mode of crack growth and origin on a macro scale e.g.
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Poured Babbitt bearings are also known to fail gracefully, allowing the car to be driven for extended periods of time. The failed bearing is not likely to damage the crankshaft. In more modern practice, the crankshaft and connecting rod big end bearings in a modern automobile engine are made of a replaceable steel shell, keyed to the bearing caps. The inner surface of the steel shell is plated with a coating of bronze, which is in turn coated with a thin layer of Babbitt metal as the bearing surface.
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A balanced crankshaft was introduced in May 1931, and the compression ratio on the "sprint" engines prepared for that year was raised from 6:1 to 7:1. The ignition system consisted of two rear-mounted, crankshaft-driven magnetos, each supplying one of a pair of spark plugs fitted to each cylinder. This is common practise for aero engines, as it ensures continued operation in the case of a single magneto failure, and has the advantage of more efficient combustion over a single spark plug application.Gunston 2006, p. 60.
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On March 21, 2007 AutoWeek reported that GM was planning to develop a 60-degree V12 based on this engine family to power the top version of Cadillac's upcoming flagship sedan. This Cadillac would essentially have had two 3.6 L High Feature V6s attached crankshaft-to- crankshaft and would have featured high-end technologies including direct injection and cylinder deactivation. If this engine would have been developed, it would have displaced 7.2 liters, and produced approximately and of torque. Development of the engine was reportedly being conducted in Australia by Holden.
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Robert Stephenson and Company built a number of Crampton type locomotives for the South Eastern Railway and the London, Chatham and Dover Railway. These were all of 4-2-0 wheel arrangement with inside cylinders and indirect drive. The inside cylinders drove a crankshaft located in front of the firebox and the crankshaft was coupled to the driving wheels by outside rods. They were unsuccessful on the LCDR, and the five Echo class locomotives were rebuilt as conventional 4-4-0 locomotives after only four years of service.
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The Mitsubishi Eclipse, Eagle Talon and Plymouth Laser introduced the DOHC turbocharged intercooled version to the U.S. in 1989 through Diamond Star Motors, a joint venture between Mitsubishi Motors and the Chrysler Corporation. From 1990 to late April 1992 came thicker connecting rods and the use of six bolts to secure the flywheel to the crankshaft; May 1992 to 2006 Evolution versions have lighter rods and use seven bolts to secure the flywheel to the crankshaft. They are referred to as the "six bolt" and "seven bolt" engines, respectively.
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The supercharged Rolls-Royce Kestrel and its derivative, the Rolls-Royce Peregrine, were fairly standard designs, with two cylinder banks arranged in a V form and with a displacement of . The Vulture was, in effect, two Peregrines joined by a new crankcase turning a new crankshaft, producing an X engine configuration with a displacement of . The Vulture used cylinders of the same bore and stroke as the Peregrine, but the cylinder spacing was increased to accommodate a longer crankshaft, necessary for extra main bearings and wider crankpins.Kirby 1995, p. 14.
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In 2016, the Ignition interpreter was added to V8 with the design goal of reducing the memory usage on small memory Android phones in comparison with TurboFan and Crankshaft. In 2017, V8 shipped a brand-new compiler pipeline, consisting of Ignition (the interpreter) and TurboFan (the optimizing compiler). Starting with V8 version 5.9, Full-codegen and Crankshaft are no longer used in V8 for JavaScript execution, since the team believes they are no longer able to keep pace with new JavaScript language features and the optimizations those features require.
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Landini tractor with exposed flywheel Flywheels are often used to provide continuous power output in systems where the energy source is not continuous. For example, a flywheel is used to smooth fast angular velocity fluctuations of the crankshaft in a reciprocating engine. In this case, a crankshaft flywheel stores energy when torque is exerted on it by a firing piston, and returns it to the piston to compress a fresh charge of air and fuel. Another example is the friction motor which powers devices such as toy cars.
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Some steam locomotives have had designs intermediate between these extremes, with crankshafts distinct from the driving axle. Phineas Davis's first B&O; Grasshopper tested on the B&O; in 1831 was in this class, as was the Stockton and Darlington Railway's Swift from 1836, where the crankshaft was directly between the driving axles.Links in the History of the Locomotive, No. XI, The Engineer, June 10, 1881; page 432, with a large illustration. Both of these examples used vertical cylinders, with the crankshaft in the plane of the driving axles.
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The two blocks were joined at an 82° angle using a common cast-aluminum sump that also carried a common oil supply for the engine. At the non-drive end another aluminum casting assured the alignment of the blocks while at the drive end a steel adapter fit the ends of both crankshafts. A sprocket and Morse chain from each crankshaft were connected to a shaft running down the middle of the sump that transmitted power from the left-hand crank to the right. Each block retained its own crankshaft, distributor, and water pump.
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Connecting rod and piston from a car engine A connecting rod, also called a con rod, is the part of a piston engine which connects the piston to the crankshaft. Together with the crank, the connecting rod converts the reciprocating motion of the piston into the rotation of the crankshaft. The connecting rod is required to transmit the compressive and tensile forces from the piston, and rotate at both ends. The predecessor to the connecting rod is a mechanic linkage used by water mills to convert rotating motion of the water wheel into reciprocating motion.
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There are three crankshaft configurations for this engine: 360°, 180°, and the newer 270°. Parallel twins usually have only two main bearings. ;V-twin Harley-Davidson Sportster V-twin In a V-twin engine the cylinders form a "V" around the crankshaft. A Vee-angle of 90°, as used by Ducati and Moto Guzzi, can give perfect primary and secondary balance, with a pleasingly irregular firing order. A lesser angle gives a more compact motor, but one which is prone to vibration, such as 42° (Indian), 45° (Harley- Davidson), 52° Honda, and 60° (Aprilia).
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His wind-powered sawmill used a crankshaft to convert a windmill's circular motion into a back-and-forward motion powering the saw. Corneliszoon was granted a patent for his crankshaft in 1597. From the 16th century onwards, evidence of cranks and connecting rods integrated into machine design becomes abundant in the technological treatises of the period: Agostino Ramelli's The Diverse and Artifactitious Machines of 1588 alone depicts eighteen examples, a number that rises in the Theatrum Machinarum Novum by Georg Andreas Böckler to 45 different machines, one third of the total.
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As they also allowed the crankshaft to use two simple overhung cranks on the ends of the shaft, rather than a complex forged crankshaft with an internal crank, this was also a valuable simplification. Other early steam locomotives such as Murray's Salamanca (1812) and George Stephenson's Blücher (1815) and Locomotion (1825) also used return connecting rod engines. These all had heavy vertical cylinders set in tandem within the boiler barrel, driving through transverse crossheads above the locomotive, supported by swinging links. The complexity of this motion led to it being named 'the knitting' by drivers.
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Roller burnishing is used in the production of some crankshafts. A dual roller (cylindrical) tool is moved into the thrust bearing journal of a crankshaft, while the crankshaft is spinning the tool is indexed (so each roller is perpendicular to the thrust surface while backing each other up) deforming the surfaces. So the diameters of each roller added together (compensated for elastic deformation) equals the finish dimension of the thrust bearing. In deep hole machining, a roller burnishing tool is often combined with skiving knives on the same tool.
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The non-manual crank appears in several of the hydraulic devices described by the Banū Mūsā brothers in their Book of Ingenious Devices. These automatically operated cranks appear in several devices, two of which contain an action which approximates to that of a crankshaft, anticipating Al-Jazari's invention by several centuries and its first appearance in Europe by over five centuries. However, the automatic crank described by the Banu Musa would not have allowed a full rotation, but only a small modification was required to convert it to a crankshaft.
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The F91 and F93 had 900 cc three-cylinder two-stroke engines, the first ones delivering , the last . The ignition system comprised three independent sets of points and coils, one for each cylinder, with the points mounted in a cluster around a single lobed cam at the front end of the crankshaft. The cooling system was of the free convection type assisted by a fan driven from a pulley mounted at the front end of the crankshaft. The F93 was produced until 1959, and was replaced by the Auto-Union 1000.
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Relative lengths of crankshafts V8 tunnel crankcase engine Straight 6 engine with conventional crank Straight 8 engine with conventional crank ; Bearing diameter Larger bearings can support the loads of these higher-force engines. ; Use of roller bearings These can cope with the greater forces and higher speeds of the new high-speed engines. ; Assembly The crankshaft can be inserted into an assembled crankcase, rather than the bearing caps being assembled around it. This is usually done by rotating the crankcase end-upwards and then lowering the crankshaft vertically into it.
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RD500LC rear view The RD500LC uses a six-speed sequential close ratio gearbox with the usual road-going 'one down and five up' sequence, the gear shafts are removable from the right side of the engine without the need to split the crankcases. The clutch is of the wet, multiple-disc coil spring type and is cable operated. Unusually for a two-stroke engine the gears and outer crankshaft bearings are lubricated by a separate crankshaft driven troichoid oil pump. Final drive is by conventional for the time O-ring chain and sprockets.
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BAS is an acronym for belted alternator starter. It is a category of automotive parallel hybrid technology that uses an electric motor to contribute power to the internal combustion engine's crankshaft via a serpentine belt. By mounting this motor generator unit in the conventional location traditionally used for the standard automotive alternator, it permits a low-cost method of adding mild hybrid capabilities such as start-stop, power assist, and mild levels of regenerative braking. BAS differ from other mild hybrid systems as they are not run off the vehicle's crankshaft.
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Oil filters can be a full flow or bypass type. In the crankcase of a vehicle engine, motor oil lubricates rotating or sliding surfaces between the crankshaft journal bearings (main bearings and big-end bearings) and rods connecting the pistons to the crankshaft. The oil collects in an oil pan, or sump, at the bottom of the crankcase. In some small engines such as lawn mower engines, dippers on the bottoms of connecting rods dip into the oil at the bottom and splash it around the crankcase as needed to lubricate parts inside.
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For the crankshaft bearing half shells and the big end bearings this can translate into frequent high-speed rotary movement before a hydrodynamic film is established. During this phase of boundary lubrication, metal-to-metal contact can occur between the crankshaft surface and the bearing's sliding surface. This was not an issue while the number of engine restarts totaled what was generally understood to be a normal magnitude. However, in a vehicle with a start-stop system this effect can necessitate new technological solutions to avoid premature bearing wear, depending on the driving cycle.
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The basic design is rigid and sturdy, in part because the engine was designed to be made of either iron or aluminum. An aluminum block was produced in 1961–1963, but most blocks were made of iron. The block is of a deep-skirt design, with the crankshaft axis well above the oil pan rails for structural rigidity. Although only four main bearings are used, they are of the same dimensions as those in the 2G (1964–1971) Hemi, and fewer mains results in a crankshaft better able to withstand the effects of torque.
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The lower crankshaft is timed 12 degrees before the upper crankshaft in order to expel exhaust gasses prior to the admittance of scavenging air. Fresh air cleanses the cylinders of remaining exhaust prior to the exhaust ports being covered by the rising lower piston. As this is a engine is 2-stroke, opposed-piston, unlike other two stroke engine, the engine has no cylinder head or mechanical valves (slots/ports in the cylinder liners provide incoming air and exhaust). The two camshafts on the engine provide timing for two injection pumps per cylinder.
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The tax rating was increased from 23.42 to 27.75 but the power output went up from @2,600 rpm to a reported @3,200 rpm. The previous eight main bearing crankshaft was replaced with a four-bearing crankshaft fitted with a vibration damper which decision fitted with the then current trend. The new detachable aluminium alloy cylinder head was fitted over inclined side valves and anodised aluminium alloy pistons. Pressure lubrication was supplied to the tappets, coolant temperature was controlled by thermostat and coil ignition was provided with automatic advance.
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A Morse inverted-tooth drive chain ran horizontally from a triple sprocket on the driving axle to an idler sprocket, from which a second chain ran downwards to the crankshaft. By the use of two chains the valve gear was isolated from the movement of the driving axle on its springs. The idler sprocket could be moved to give both chains the correct tension, but in practice only the vertical chain was adjusted. The auxiliary crankshaft drove both the eccentric rods and the combination levers of the valve gear.
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In 1952, the BMW M337 engine was introduced as the replacement to the M78. Compared with the M78, the M337 has a revised cylinder head, a new inlet manifold and a reinforced crankshaft with bigger, more modern bearings.
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The 6G75's Output varies from and to and depending on application. In the interest of durability, the pistons are high-pressure castings attached to forged steel connecting rods that swing from a heat-treated forged steel crankshaft.
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An X engine is essentially two V engines joined by a common crankshaft. These were commonly used in aircraft during World War II. A majority of these were existing V-12 engines converted into an X-24 configuration.
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In 1942 the 223 was abandoned in favour of an even larger engine, the Jumo 224 with an intended output power of 4,500 horsepower. The Jumo 223 series was influential to the successful three-crankshaft Napier Deltic engine.
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Note:List from Lumsden 2003, pp. 145-146 ;Gipsy Queen I :(1936) , military version of Gipsy Six II. Splined crankshaft, but intended for fix-pitch airscrews fitted with an adapter. No fittings for a VP airscrew fitted. Very limited production.
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Four exhaust downpipes join a box below the engine where the gases are split to exit through two silencers. The crankshaft is geared directly to the clutch. No counter balancer shaft is used. Starting is by electric starter only.
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Ratio of connecting rod length to stroke, and 3. Acceleration of piston movement. So small displacement engines with light pistons show little effect, and racing engines use long connecting rods. However, the effect grows exponentially with crankshaft rotational speed.
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Rolls-Royce with the Bergen Engines, Caterpillar and many other manufacturers base their products on a Diesel engine block and crankshaft. GE Jenbacher and Waukesha are the only two companies whose engines are designed and dedicated to gas alone.
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Ports between the jacket and boiler communicated live steam. The crankshaft was now close to the wheels and the long chain could be first shortened, then disposed of in favour of gears. In 1863 Aveling patented two-speed gearing.
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Wankel engines can be classified by their geometric size in terms of radius (rotor center to tip distance, also the median stator radius) and depth (rotor thickness), and offset (crank throw, eccentricity, also 1/4 the difference between stator's major and minor axes). These metrics function similarly to the bore and stroke measurements of a piston engine. Displacement is 3radius·offset·depth, multiplied with the number of rotors (note that this only counts a single face of each rotor as the entire rotor's displacement, because with the eccentric shaft – crankshaft – spinning at three times the rate of the rotor, only one power stroke is created per output revolution, thus only one face of the rotor is actually working per "crankshaft" revolution, roughly equivalent to a 2-stroke engine of similar displacement to ONE rotor face). Nearly all Mazda production Wankel engines share a single rotor radius, , with a crankshaft offset.
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The 90 degree V8 engine has part-hemispherical combustion chambers with two overhead valves per cylinder operated by push-rods from a single chain-driven camshaft positioned centrally high up in the vee. Aluminium alloy pistons with steel connecting rods run in a cast chrome-iron block with sand-cast high- tensile light alloy heads and crankcase housing a short stiff dynamically balanced crankshaft carried on five bearings."The power unit has a cast-iron block, light alloy head and crankcase, with a short stiff dynamically balanced crankshaft carried on five bearings."—. However, the source does not mention a chrome-iron block, aluminium alloy pistons, steel connecting rods, or the light alloy components being sand-cast or high-tensile The nose of the crankshaft carries a torsional vibration damper, a four or six-bladed fan, and the pulley for the triangulated thin belt drive for the dynamo and water pump.
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To demonstrate the sawing process to the public, the crankshaft is powered by an electric motor. The cogs of the brake wheel have been removed so the sails can be turned by the wind independently of the electric-powered saws.
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Project was codenamed 252 F1, as per naming convention. The engine produced at 4800 rpm on the test bench, but broke the crankshaft due to poor balance. The project was abandoned shortly after in favor of more- conventional I4 engines.
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The 'new' version was introduced in c. 1930 and produced until the war. It had both crankshaft and camshaft running in ball bearings, duralumin connecting rods, aluminium piston, and valves all mechanically operated. There was also a single-cylinder version.
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BMW issued a recall for bikes built between Sept. 1, 2011, through April 10, 2012 to address an issue with bolts that secure the connecting rods to the crankshaft that could loosen when the bike is ridden at high speed.
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The crankshaft was stiffened compared to the previous models. These modifications increased power output to 43 bhp. A lower 1st gear ratio gave increased acceleration off the line. Cycle World, the American motorcycle magazine, tested the Super Rocket at 116 mph.
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An auxiliary shaft driven by the lower crankshaft operated the main coolant pump, intercooler coolant pump, pressure and scavenge oil pumps and a fuel injection pump. Piston ring failures and cylinder head sealing problems were experienced during early flight testing.
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To activate the compressor the clutch is activated. This connects the air conditioning compressor's shaft end to a pulley driven by the engine's crankshaft through a belt. Electromagnetic clutches have been used on diesel locomotives, e.g. by Hohenzollern Locomotive Works.
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Crankshaft description comes... Pin-Wheel description comes... Rifle-Roll description comes... Weeble-Wobble description comes... High Alpha Knife Edge description comes... Knife Edge Spin description comes... Slip description comes... horizontal Snake description comes... vertical Snake description comes... Funnel Hover description comes...
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USS Suwannee after the Kamikaze attack of 25 October 1944. Parts of the A6M5 Kamikaze-Zero's Nakajima Sakae 21, 14-cylinder radial engine were found in the vicinity of the hit. Cylinder heads are destroyed, connecting rods and crankshaft are visible.
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This joint may be seen at the left-hand side of the close- up drawing. The French Chaise 100 hp engine of 1930 used a similar built up crankshaft with a 'quincunx' (staggered) cylinder layout to give a short, compact engine.
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Two-stroke engines complete a power cycle every two strokes, which means a power cycle is completed with every crankshaft revolution. Two-stroke engines are commonly used in (typically large) marine engines, outdoor power tools (e.g. lawnmowers and chainsaws) and motorcycles.
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Ignition was by a flywheel magneto. A Wet multi-plate clutch was driven by gears from the crankshaft, and a three- speed gearbox was fitted, which was controlled by a twist grip. Drive to the rear wheel was by chain.
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The valvetrain consists of all the components responsible for transferring the rotational movement of the camshaft into the opening and closing of the intake and exhaust valves. Typical components are listed below in order from the crankshaft to the valves.
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The Rumpler Tropfenwagen – AutoSpeed The car featured a Siemens and Halske-built overhead valve W6 engine, with three banks of paired cylinders, all working on a common crankshaft. Producing , it was mounted just ahead of the rear axle.Wise, p.1965 diagram.
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Five different coil/distributor arrangements were used during 1941, causing confusion for mechanics. Other variations were: two different positions for the generator, and three for the cooling fan — front of the crankshaft, front of the generator (rare) and on a bracket.
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A dual-ignition system fired two spark plugs per cylinder. High compression pistons and forged steel piston rods were borrowed from the 911S. A special crankshaft was added. Camshafts and rocker arms came from the 901/20 in the Carrera 6.
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The transmission was a 6-speed, with a constant-mesh, wet multi-plate clutch and chain drive to the rear wheel with the exception of the 5-speed VFR750P which had a spacer in place of one of the gears. The VFR750F uses a 180° crankshaft, instead of the 360° crankshaft used in the VF and VFR750R. In comparison to the VF750 almost every component had weight shaved off it, each connecting rod lost , rocker arms , intake valve , exhaust valves , pistons , piston rings per set, valve springs each. The V4 engine has proven itself highly reliable, with few known faults.
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Al-Jazari also invented a twin- cylinder reciprocating piston suction pump, which included the first suction pipes, suction pumping, double-action pumping, and made early uses of valves and a crankshaft-connecting rod mechanism. This pump is remarkable for three reasons: the first known use of a true suction pipe (which sucks fluids into a partial vacuum) in a pump, the first application of the double-acting principle, and the conversion of rotary to reciprocating motion, via the crankshaft-connecting rod mechanism.Donald Routledge Hill, "Mechanical Engineering in the Medieval Near East", Scientific American, May 1991, pp. 64–69 (cf.
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Typical shunting loads were around 350 tons at 5 mph in a level marshalling yard, the weight of a typical goods train. By 1925 the vertical arrangement of the engine had been taken advantage of to improve steam porting and access for maintenance. The Super-Sentinel engine used two camshafts: inlet and exhaust, placed near the crankshaft in the crankcase and operating the poppet valves through long pushrods. In the original waggon engine, all four valves were mounted at the far end of the cylinder from the crankshaft, requiring long narrow ports to the other end of the cylinder.
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The four-speed transmission was available with either a column or floor change. It was proclaimed as "The First Personal car from Ford of Great Britain" (Ford of Great Britain, sales literature, December 1961). Initially fitted with a 1340 cc three-main-bearing engine (model 109E), the early cars were considered underpowered and suffered from premature crankshaft failure. Engine capacity was increased in August 1962 to 1498 cc (model 116E) and this engine with its new five-bearing crankshaft was an improvement. The first 200 Capris were left-hand-drive cars for export including Europe and North America.
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This was immediately ruled out, due to its complication for the mass-produced car. Other changes, however, were retained. These included fingerless crankshaft bearing caps, new cast iron camshaft supports with no bushings, inlet and outlet valves of increased diameter with double-wound-springs, a new water pump, vibration dampener on the crankshaft pulley, contactless ignition system with a new alternator, new spark plugs, and an upgraded K-126GM carburettor. Some cars would feature the K-151 carburettor with a paper air filter (as opposed to the traditional oil bath filters), and an idle fuel cutoff solenoid with exhaust gas recirculation.
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The two-piece crankshaft, with counter-weights, is carefully forged from heat-treated chrome-vanadium alloy steel and drilled for lightness and lubricating oil flow. Master and slave connecting rods are forged and machined from the same material as the crank-shaft. The rear of the crankshaft carries an induction rotor to ensure even mixture distribution to the cylinders from the Stromberg carburettor. The two-piece crankcase is split in the plane of the cylinder centres, with the forward half supporting the fwd crank /prop-shaft bearing and the rear half housing the rear bearing, induction rotor, cam drives and accessories.
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The oil pressure generated in most engines should be about 10 psi per every 1000 revolutions per minute (rpm), peaking around 55-65 psi. Local pressure (at the crankshaft journal and bearing) is far higher than the 50, 60 psi &c.; set by the pump's relief valve, and will reach hundreds of psi. This higher pressure is developed by the relative speeds in feet per second (not RPM or journal size directly) of the crankshaft journal itself against the bearing, the bearing width (to the closest pressure leak), oil viscosity, and temperature, balanced against the bearing clearance (the leakage rate).
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To alter Vc, the SVC 'lowers' the cylinder head closer to the crankshaft. It does this by replacing the typical one-part engine block with a two-part unit, with the crankshaft in the lower block and the cylinders in the upper portion. The two blocks are hinged together at one side (imagine a book, lying flat on a table, with the front cover held an inch or so above the title page). By pivoting the upper block around the hinge point, the Vc (imagine the air between the front cover of the book and the title page) can be modified.
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The block features a deep skirt where the casting extends below the crankshaft centerline, forming a very rigid crankcase gallery. The oil system feeds a central gallery to the cam and crankshaft first from front to rear, and then dividing at the front to feed the two lifter galleries from front to rear. From the rear of the two lifter galleries oil is then supplied up to the two rocker arm shafts which serve as galleries to lubricate the valvetrain. The fore and aft direction changes are designed to eliminate stale oil areas which tend to form sludge deposits.
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A traditional reciprocating internal combustion engine uses four strokes, of which two can be considered high-power: the compression stroke (high power flow from crankshaft to the charge) and power stroke (high power flow from the combustion gases to crankshaft). In the Miller cycle, the intake valve is left open longer than it would be in an Otto-cycle engine. In effect, the compression stroke is two discrete cycles: the initial portion when the intake valve is open and final portion when the intake valve is closed. This two- stage intake stroke creates the so-called "fifth" stroke that the Miller cycle introduces.
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A cross-bolted bearing is a bearing, usually a crankshaft main bearing of a piston engine. Most bearing caps are retained by two bolts, one on each side of the bearing journal, and parallel to the cylinder axis (or, on vee engines, parallel to an axis bisecting the vee angle). A cross-bolted bearing has one or more additional bolts, at right-angles to both the cylinder and crankshaft axes. These bolts may be either a single through bolt passing through the crankcase from one side to the other, or else two blind bolts threaded into the bearing cap from each side.
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Gobron-Brillié opposed-piston engine, with overhung yoke Brillié had developed an unusual type of internal-combustion engine, with two opposed pistons within each cylinder. The compression stroke involved the two pistons approaching each other, and then the ignition was subsequently triggered between them. The inlet and exhaust valves were also placed at this point of closest-approach between the pistons. Mounted vertically, the lower piston in each cylinder was connected by a conventional connecting rod to the crankshaft, while the upper pistons were connected to an overhung yoke, with two long connecting rods back down to the crankshaft, one on each side.
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Most V4 engines (except for the two Ford engines) have two crankpins that are shared by opposing cylinders. The crankshaft is usually supported by three main bearings. Compared to the more common inline-four engine layout, the advantages of the V4 include a shorter length and— when a 90-degree V-angle is used with the optimal firing interval— perfect primary balance which reduces vibration. The design can also result in a smaller rocking couple than an inline-four engine, and the shorter crankshaft is less susceptible to the effects of torsional vibration due to its increased stiffness.
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However, the engine's length demanded the use of a long engine compartment, making the basic design unacceptable in modern vehicles. Also, due to the length of the engine, torsional vibration in both crankshaft and camshaft can adversely affect reliability and performance at high speeds. In particular, a phenomenon referred to as "crankshaft whip," caused by the effects of centrifugal force on the crank throws at high engine rpm, can cause physical contact between the connecting rods and crankcase walls, leading to the engine's destruction. As a result, the design has been displaced almost completely by the shorter V8 engine configuration.
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The imperfect primary balance is as per a single-cylinder engine of equivalent reciprocating mass. Early engines attempted to reduce vibration through counterweights on the crankshaft, however later methods also included balance shafts and a separate weighted connecting rod. Compared with a single-cylinder engine, the more frequent firing interval (360 degrees compared with 720 degrees) results in smoother running characteristics, despite the similar dynamic imbalance. From the 1930s, most British four-stroke straight-twin motorcycle engines used a 360 degree crankshaft, since this avoided the uneven intake pulsing of other configurations, thus preventing the need for twin carburettors.
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The exhaust lead of 20° is added to the 60° between banks, giving firing events for adjacent cylinders in the same bank 80° apart. Interlacing firing events over all three banks of cylinders still leads to an even buzzing exhaust note, and charge ignition occurring every 40° of crankshaft revolution with consequent reduction of torsional vibration. Although the engine was cylinder-ported and required no poppet valves, each bank had a camshaft, driven at crankshaft speed. This was used solely to drive the fuel-injection pumps, each cylinder having its own injector and pump, driven by its own cam lobe.
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In an Engine Management System (EMS), electronics control fuel delivery and ignition timing. Primary sensors on the system are crankshaft angle (crankshaft or TDC position), airflow into the engine and throttle position. The circuitry determines which cylinder needs fuel and how much, opens the requisite injector to deliver it, then causes a spark at the right moment to burn it. Early EMS systems used an analogue computer to accomplish this, but as embedded systems dropped in price and became fast enough to keep up with the changing inputs at high revolutions, digital systems started to appear.
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Even before the First World War, attempts were made to overcome the inertia problem of rotary engines. As early as 1906 Charles Benjamin Redrup had demonstrated to the Royal Flying Corps at Hendon a 'Reactionless' engine in which the crankshaft rotated in one direction and the cylinder block in the opposite direction, each one driving a propeller. A later development of this was the 1914 reactionless 'Hart' engine designed by Redrup in which there was only one propeller connected to the crankshaft, but it rotated in the opposite direction to the cylinder block, thereby largely cancelling out negative effects.
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Inline pumps still find favour on large multi-cylinder engines such as those on trucks, construction plant, static engines and agricultural vehicles. Distributor diesel injection pump For use on cars and light trucks, the rotary pump or distributor pump was developed. It uses a single injection cylinder driven from an axial cam plate, which injects into the individual fuel lines via a rotary distribution valve. Later incarnations such as the Bosch VE pump vary the injection timing with crankshaft speed to allow greater power at high crank speeds, and smoother, more economical running at slower revolution of crankshaft.
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Mechanically, they are simple inline-four engines with five main bearings crankshaft and overhead cam heads. Since 1985, it has been constructed in different versions. Displacements range from . In addition to the 8 valve versions, there are "Super-FIRE" 16 valve versions.
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July 2018 Superchargers do not suffer from lag as they are powered directly from the engine's crankshaft, rather than by the exhaust gases. However, because of this direct mechanical connection, the supercharger presents a significant parasitic load to the engine at higher RPM.
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Berigan's name has been used frequently in the comic strip Crankshaft. Fox Lake, Wisconsin, has held an annual Bunny Berigan Jazz Jubilee since the early 1970s. Most of Berigan's recordings are available, and two full-length biographies of him have been published.
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The V8 assembler is based on the Strongtalk assembler. On 7 December 2010, a new compiling infrastructure named Crankshaft was released, with speed improvements. Since version 41 of Chrome in 2015, project TurboFan has been added to enable more speed, e.g. for asm.js.
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When Maico stopped making the Maicoletta, the U.K. importer built more of them from its spare parts inventory. The two-stroke engine of the Maicoletta used an unusual starter that rocked the crankshaft back and forth before firing instead of rotating it.
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Taylor, 1988, p. 41 It also proved to be much more reliable in service. Like the petrol engine, the diesel was upgraded to a 5-bearing crankshaft in 1980. The engine was fitted to the Austin FX4 Black Cab between 1982 and 1985.
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"Armasteel" referred to its "locking ball" cast-iron, as opposed to the "flaking" type found in other engines. In 1967, Pontiac out of concerns the public misunderstood the engineering terms, went to a nodular cast iron crankshaft, which they used until 1975.
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From 1991 the 454 was updated to the new Gen V block, crankshaft and heads. This engine was rated at 230 net hp, 380 ft lbs net torque, and was discontinued after 1995, GM coming out with the Vortec 7400 in 1996.
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The fully counter-weighted and balanced crankshaft ran in three main bearings. Pre-war power output was initially , then raised to . In its final Riley Pathfinder form, it developed and was produced until the end of Riley Pathfinder production in February 1957.
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The M121 engine featured a single chain driven overhead camshaft layout with staggered valves operated by long and short rocker arms. The cylinder block was made from cast iron. The cylinder bore diameter for the M121 was . The three ring crankshaft was forged.
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Block cast in two blocks of four; non- detachable head cast in one. Shrunk-in steel liners and screwed- in phosphor- bronze valve seats. Crankshaft of nickel-chrome forging, machined from a single billet; plain bearings. Hollow five main journals and eight crankpins.
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The crankshaft runs in two large bearings. Timing is by chain. The valves are at the side and worked by tappets acting directly on a large-diameter two-bearing camshaft. Tappets are on the near side and may be accessed for regulation.
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The existing engine's displacement could not be enlarged profitably, so the AZLK team, led by Igor Okunev, started with a clean sheet.Thompson, p.137. It had a very stiff five-bearing crankshaft, and a very high-mounted camshaft (resembling the Hillman Avenger).Thompson, p.147.
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The engine received some upgrades. Failures of the conrod was addressed by redesigning the conrod with a larger shoulder section. This required the crankshaft to be machined to clear the thicker conrod. Being a plain bearing, the big end requires a good flow of oil.
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The Crank-Connecting Rod System in a Continuously Rotating Machine. His twin-cylinder pump incorporated a crankshaft. After al-Jazari cranks in Islamic technology are not traceable until an early 15th century copy of the Mechanics of the ancient Greek engineer Hero of Alexandria.
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The wobble plate arrangement cleverly employed a bevel gear set to prevent its rotation around the crankshaft. One bevel gear was fitted to the rear of the wobble plate itself and meshed with another which was fixed to the main body of the engine.
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In spite of the similarities with the original design, the engine had been substantially refined. The crankshaft was machined from a solid piece of steel. The cylinder blocks were cast aluminium and of monobloc type that is, in one piece with the SOHC cylinder heads.
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For 1929 the chassis was further modified and has become known as the "low-chassis" version. The radiator was also altered as the dynamo was moved to the front of the crankshaft. A supercharged version was announced in 1930 said to be capable of .
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1974 AMC 401 The produced gross in 1971 and net from 1972 to 1975. In 1976 it was rated at . Like the 390, the 401's crankshaft and connecting rods are forged steel. Like the 390, factory recommended overbore is only , but commonly bored by .
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Crosshead ("square") engine of the Hudson River steamboat PS Belle The first marine steam engines drove paddlewheels. Paddles require a relatively high axle, that often also forms the crankshaft. For stability the main weight of the engine, i.e. its cylinder, is mounted low down.
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All Hemi-6s share a robust crankshaft supported by seven main bearings, and this family of engines quickly developed a reputation for excellent performance, economy, and durability. The Australian Hemi engines were designed by a five-man team which included the late Maurice Harcus.
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A V5 engine is a five-cylinder piston engine where the cylinders share a common crankshaft and are arranged in a V configuration. V5 engine designs are very uncommon, with the only production version of one being the 1997-2006 Volkswagen Group VR5 engine.
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"Affordable Aluminum V8's [sic]", in Hot Rod Magazine, March 1985, pp.84-9 & 121. It could also be fitted with high-compression cylinder heads from the Morgan Plus 8. Using the 5 liter Rover block and crankshaft, a maximum displacement of is theoretically possible.
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In 1206, Arab engineer Al-Jazari invented a crankshaft. The reciprocating engine developed in Europe during the 18th century, first as the atmospheric engine then later as the steam engine. These were followed by the Stirling engine and internal combustion engine in the 19th century.
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Torque is , compared with the Ninja's . Improving the engine's low and mid range response comes at the expense of a slight reduction in peak power however. A similar approach was recently deployed by Honda with their CBF1000 model. The engine uses a 180 degree crankshaft.
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The pistons came from Mahle GmbH in Germany. The camshafts were designed by Florida-based Crane Cams and were manufactured by Maserati in Modena. The "Maserati" engine used a specially- made 2.2 block, upgraded crankshaft and rods. A Japanese turbocharger was sourced from IHI.
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Uses a TCM 639230A3 or 6006 fuel injector. Same as IO-360-A except for reduced compression ratio and rated power. The crankshaft has two 6th order dampers. ;IO-360-C : at 2800 rpm, Minimum fuel grade 100 or 100LL avgas, compression ratio 8.5:1.
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Same as the TSIO-360-E except for the power output rating and the exhaust system configuration. ;TSIO-360-FB : at 2575 rpm, Minimum fuel grade 100 or 100LL avgas, compression ratio 7.50:1. Same as the TSIO-360-F except for a modified crankshaft.
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This engine used a longer 71 mm stroke crankshaft, new rod bearings and new pistons to increase the cylinder bore to 94 mm. This revision was designed by Porsche and later also used in the VW Type 2. Porsche 914 production ended in 1976.
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Toyota Corolla E80 A transverse engine is an engine mounted in a vehicle so that the engine's crankshaft axis is perpendicular to the direction of travel. Many modern front-wheel drive vehicles use this engine mounting configuration. Most rear-wheel drive vehicles use a longitudinal engine configuration, where the engine's crankshaft axis is parallel with the direction of travel, except for some rear-mid engine vehicles, which use a transverse engine and transaxle mounted in the rear instead of the front. Despite typically being used in light vehicles, it is not restricted to such designs and has also been used on armoured fighting vehicles to save interior space.
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The automatic, atmospheric pressure operated inlet valves of the earliest Anzani engines were retained, but, as in other later Anzanis the exhaust valves were push-rod and rocker operated. The aluminium crankcase was made in three parts, a drum and two end plates, bolted together and the cylinders were fixed to it by long bolts from the cylinder heads which joined other bolts through the crankcase. As with Anzani's other multi-row engines there was significant overlap between the rows in order to bring the big ends close together along the crankshaft. The hollow crankshaft was of nickel steel and mounted in ball bearings.
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The intake pathway is opened and closed by a rotating member. A familiar type sometimes seen on small motorcycles is a slotted disk attached to the crankshaft, which covers and uncovers an opening in the end of the crankcase, allowing charge to enter during one portion of the cycle (called a disc valve). Another form of rotary inlet valve used on two-stroke engines employs two cylindrical members with suitable cutouts arranged to rotate one within the other - the inlet pipe having passage to the crankcase only when the two cutouts coincide. The crankshaft itself may form one of the members, as in most glow-plug model engines.
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Engine oil is recirculated around a four-stroke engine (rather than burning it as happens in a two-stroke engine) and much of this occurs within the crankcase. Oil is stored either at the bottom of the crankcase (in a wet sump engine) or in a separate reservoir (in a dry sump system). From here the oil is pressurized by an oil pump (and usually passes through an oil filter) before it is squirted into the crankshaft and connecting rod bearings and onto the cylinder walls, and eventually drips off into the bottom of the crankcase. Even in a wet sump system, the crankshaft has minimal contact with the sump oil.
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Unless customers checked an option, the Tempest's power plant was a 194.5 CID inline slant-four cylinder motor, derived from the right bank of the venerable Pontiac 389 V8, enabling it to be run down the same production line as the 389, saving costs for both the car's customers and Pontiac. Pontiac engineers ran early tests of this motor by literally cutting off the left bank of pistons and adding counterweights to the crankshaft, and were surprised to find it easily maintained the heaviest Pontiacs at over . In production, the engine received a crankshaft designed for just four cylinders, but this did not completely solve its balance issues.
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Typically the crankshaft is machined with under-cut fillets as opposed to tangential radiused for ease of manufacture, although all types can be deep-rolled. Most automakers are currently utilizing this crankshaft technology including: General Motors LLC, Ford Motor Company, and Fiat Chrysler Automobiles (FCA) The North American- based Hegenscheidt-MFD Corporation in Sterling Heights, MI, was established in 1966. Ingersoll CM Systems of Midland, Michigan with Global HQ located in Dalian, China and European based SPMS in Évry, France (established 1974), are the only major machine/tooling manufacturers of this application in Europe and North America, supplying a highly specialised product throughout the global manufacturing sectors.
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Typical inductive crankshaft position sensor A crank sensor is an electronic device used in an internal combustion engine, both petrol and diesel, to monitor the position or rotational speed of the crankshaft. This information is used by engine management systems to control the fuel injection or the ignition system timing and other engine parameters. Before electronic crank sensors were available, the distributor would have to be manually adjusted to a timing mark on petrol engines. The crank sensor can be used in combination with a similar camshaft position sensor to monitor the relationship between the pistons and valves in the engine, which is particularly important in engines with variable valve timing.
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Very different from the classic diesel engines that nearly all preceding submarines used, which were laid out with a horizontal crankshaft, this new engine had a vertical crankshaft, and the cylinders were arranged radially like an aircraft engine. Four of these , , eight-ton engines could be installed in a single engine room, thus deleting an entire compartment from the submarine's design. The goal was to reduce overall length, as testing had shown that shorter submarines were more maneuverable, especially in depth, and had less submerged drag. Four compact Guppy-type 126-cell lead–acid batteries were installed to provide a high sustained submerged speed.
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Radial engines typically use master-and-slave connecting rods, whereby one piston (the uppermost piston in the animation), has a master rod with a direct attachment to the crankshaft. The remaining pistons pin their connecting rods' attachments to rings around the edge of the master rod. Multi-bank engines with many cylinders, such as V12 engines, have little space available for many connecting rod journals on a limited length of crankshaft. The simplest solution, as used in most road car engines, is for each pair of cylinders to share a crank journal, however this reduces the size of the rod bearings and means that matching (ie.
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Vehicles with a manual transmission can often be push started when the starter motor is not operational, such as when the car has a dead battery. When push-starting, the energy generated by the wheels moving on the road is transferred to the driveshaft, then the transmission, and eventually the crankshaft. When the crankshaft spins as a result of the energy generated by the rolling of the vehicle, the motor is cranked over. This simulates what the starter is intended for and operates in a similar way to crank handles on very old cars from the early 20th century, with the cranking motion being replaced by the pushing of the car.
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Napier Deltic) :Rhomboidal: Engines with four or more banks of opposed piston cylinders arranged in a square with four crankshafts geared to drive a single output,(e.g. Jumo 223) Note: There is no theoretical limit to the number banks in an opposed piston engine, limitations include cost, complexity and reliability. ;Multiple bank:Engines with more than two banks, arranged around a common axis and/or crankshaft with more than 180° between first and last banks. :Star: Multiple bank engines with an even number of banks (more than four) arranged around a common axis and/or driving a common crankshaft with more than 180° between first and last banks, (e.g.
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Power from the V8 rose to 75 hp (56 kW) with a revised ignition system. The four-cylinder engine continued unchanged, but was referred to (by some) as the Model C, though Ford never referred to its "Improved Four-Cylinder engine" as a "Model C" engine. There is some dispute over this; some sources say it was a common misconception due to the introduction of a larger counterbalanced crankshaft during the Model B engine production, and the letter "C" casting mark on most, but not all, of the Model B heads. On the other side, this integrally counterweighted crankshaft was first introduced for truck engines only.
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2009 YZF-R1 Limited Launch Edition 2011 YZF-R1 In late 2008, Yamaha announced they would release an all new R1 for 2009. The new R1 takes engine technology from the M1 MotoGP bike with its cross plane crankshaft. Crossplane technology puts each connecting rod 90° from the next, with an uneven firing interval of 270°- 180°- 90°- 180°. The 2009 R1 was the first production sportbike to use a crossplane crankshaft. The power delivery is the same as a 90° V4 with a 180° crank, such as the Honda VFR800 and very similar to the Yamaha V-Max which has been lauded for its exhaust sound.
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One problem with scaling up any piston engine design is that eventually a point is reached where the crankshaft becomes a major engineering challenge. This was a problem that affected almost all engines of the class, including BMW's own 18-cylinder BMW 802 project. For the 803 the engineers decided to avoid this problem by simply not using a common crankshaft, and driving a set of independent contra-rotating propellers. The front engine drove the front propeller directly, while the rear engine drove a number of smaller shafts that passed between the cylinders of the front engine before being geared back together to drive the rear prop.
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The crankcase was cast from aluminium alloy, with some minor parts using magnesium alloy. The single- throw, two-piece crankshaft was linked to the pistons with an I-section Y alloy master rod, with a single-piece big end, which carried the other six piston rods.
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A short vertical shaft from the bevel gear on the right-hand inlet camshaft drove the axial cooling fan at 0.92x crankshaft speed. The valvetrain was designed to operate reliably at up to 10,000 rpm. The engine had a dry sump system with a separate oil tank.
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15 and arrived in New York City on April 18, 1921. In August 1921 she was in dock undergoing maintenance and repairs to her crankshaft. Pacific Marine Review, v. 18, p. 515 In early January 1922 West Caddoa was allocated to Strachan Shipping The Nautical Gazette, v.
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This new engine shared the same crankshaft as VAM's also new I6 introduced two years before in the VAM Javelin model, allowing VAM to optimize resources and reduce costs. With the engine came a change in the rear differential gear ratio from 3.54:1 to 3.31:1.
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There was an unreleased EA-72 concept engine Subaru developed for use in the Japanese Market in 1989. It was essentially an EA-82 with an EA-71 crankshaft. This engine never came about as the Subaru EJ15 and EJ16 were already in development for this purpose.
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Engine weight increased from 700 to 756 kg. Daimler- Benz DB 605A In other ways the engine was essentially identical to the 601, being a 12-cylinder, inverted-V (with the crankshaft above the cylinders) design. Both used dual Bosch magnetos firing twin spark plugs for ignition.
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The exact combinations depends on the crankshaft "handedness", the direction of rotation and which of the 360° pairs is ignited first in the order. 1963 BRM P578 with individual exhaust stacks. This is a modern, less serpentine street version of the crossover exhaust on a Ford GT40.
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Pontiac's (1964–1965) was a smaller bore of version of the Chevrolet straight-6 engine. One oddity is the crankshaft bolt pattern - in lieu of the Chevrolet V8 bolt pattern (also shared with the rest of the third generation six) the Pontiac V8 bolt pattern is used.
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There was no actual increase in capacity over the previous 3.9-litre engine. Although the basic design of the engine was similar, it was actually quite different internally: it used a different crankshaft, had larger bearing journals with cross bolted caps, different connecting rods, and different pistons.
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Typically this was for the shrink-fitting of components such as large crankpins in crankshafts or flywheels. The crankshaft web would be heated to expand it until the pin could be slid or gently hammered into place. On cooling, the pin would be securely held in place.
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Crankshaft in three pieces carried in four large ball bearings; plain big ends. Drilled aluminum pistons – a first for Sunbeam racing car. Dry sump lubrication with two oil pumps – one for the bearings and the other for the camshafts. Mounted on sub-frame articulated with the chassis.
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Same as the IO-360-D except for oil sump and suction tube. The crankshaft has two 6th order dampers. Continental IO-360-ES fitted to a Cirrus SR20 ;IO-360-ES : at 2800 rpm, Minimum fuel grade 100 or 100LL avgas, compression ratio 8.5:1.
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The engine was supplied with an electric starter and an exhaust system by the factory as standard equipment. Speed reduction is via a standard twin cog-belt system, with harmonic dampening on the crankshaft pulley. The initial TBO was estimated by the manufacturer as 1500 hours.
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The forked rod carries a nickel-steel bearing block which accommodates steel-backed lead-bronze-alloy bearing shells. The "small-end" of each rod houses a floating phosphor bronze bush. ;Crankshaft :One-piece, machined from a nitrogen-hardened nickel-chrome molybdenum steel forging. Statically and dynamically balanced.
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The maximum output at the crankshaft is 13.4 kW, at 3600 rpm. The engine delivers roughly 16 horsepower, for a weight of about 114 kg. The engine is equipped with a starting motor (D.C. 12V, 1 kW), and an alternator to provide electricity and charge onboard batteries (12V, 55A).
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It had a longer crankshaft nose, four K-4 carburetors, and a modified lubrication system. The valve castings were made of magnesium alloy. The power remained the same, but the weight increased to . Variants with fuel injection and two TK-1 turbochargers were tested, but not put into production.
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By 2016, the two "last Super-FIRE" being produced in Brazil were the reworked (New pistons and crankshaft) 1.0 8V (77 PS) and the 1.4 8V VVT (90 PS), both running on petrol or ethanol fuels. Starting in 2016, it is being replaced by the GSE (FireFly) engine family.
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Compared with its M78 predecessor, the M337 features a revised cylinder head, a new inlet manifold and a reinforced crankshaft with bigger, more modern bearings. As per the M78, the M337 has an iron engine block, an iron cylinder head and overhead valves with two valves per cylinder.
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It came in two versions: The B204GT turbo motor operates with a lead resistant lambda probe and generates approximately . The B204FT has a catalytic converter and generates . Both were the first redblocks standard equipped with oil squirters for piston cooling. Crankshaft, connecting rods and pistons were all forged.
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The crankshaft was made of alloy steel, with five main bearing caps. The pistons were forged aluminium alloy, while the connecting rods are machined alloy steel. The firing ignition was a CDI ignition system. The engine lubrication was a dry sump type, cooled by a single water pump.
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Connecting rod in a Caterpillar engine An early documentation of the design occurred sometime between 1174—1206 AD in the Artuqid State (modern Turkey), when inventor Al-Jazari described a machine which incorporated the connecting rod with a crankshaft to pump water as part of a water-raising machine.
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Balzer automobile, Smithsonian Institution. Accessed April 16, 2017. It had a rotary, air-cooled, 3-cylinder engine, mounted vertically in the rear and revolving around a fixed crankshaft. Turning with the crank case was a stub shaft. It further had a 3-speed manual transmission with no reverse.
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Hayden's RC211V was modified to put the crankshaft higher, the clutch and gearbox lower, and to lengthen the swing arm; the goal was to centralize mass and improve stability. After the Jerez round, Hayden was the fastest Honda rider in testing.Hayden Leads Jerez Test Cyclenews.com, 2006-03-28.
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Some high performance crankshafts also use heavy- metal counterweights to make the crankshaft more compact. The heavy-metal used is most often a tungsten alloy but depleted uranium has also been used. A cheaper option is to use lead, but compared with tungsten its density is much lower.
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The block has cast iron main caps and a cast iron crankshaft. The engine's cylinder head is cast iron for lower cost, structural integrity and longer camshaft bearing life. The valvetrain features a direct-acting single overhead camshaft design.(2005) Weird GM Engines, retrieved on 18 December 2008.
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An unusual variation on the U engine is the use of a single crankshaft which is linked to the pistons in both cylinder banks by rocking beams. This system was used in an eight- cylinder petrol engine produced by the All-British Car Company between 1906 and 1908.
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The LSA engine has a bore x stroke of . The engine block is cast aluminium 319-T5 alloy with cast iron cylinder liners. The crankshaft is forged steel using powdered-metal connecting rods. Pistons are high-silicon Hypereutectic Aluminium alloy replacing the forged aluminum used in the LS9 engine.
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The lower crankcase assembly supported the crankshaft without conventional main bearing caps. An oil manifold plate with an integrated silicone gasket forms the oil gallery under this. A typical oil change used of oil. GM specified cast-iron cylinder liners and the cast aluminum pistons included valve clearance.
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These buckets were actuated by means of a rotating crankshaft and connecting rods, which caused the buckets to reciprocate up and down, with each feeding the next with liquid.Description and photographs of the Downton pump Hebert (1836) contains a description and cut-away illustration of an early Downton pump.
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A two-cylinder engine with its cylinders aligned in two banks radiating out from the crankshaft, forming a V angle, is called a V-twin. The Ducati V-twin has the V tilted forward so the front cylinder is nearly parallel to the ground, hence the term L-twin.
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The GT Black Series is a high-performance variant of the Mercedes-AMG GT and was officially revealed on Mercedes-AMG's YouTube channel on 9 July 2020. The M178 engine in this variant is tuned to an output of 540 kW at 6,700-6,900 rpm and 800 N⋅m at 2,000-6,000 rpm. Referred to as the M178 LS2, the engine has a slightly higher redline at 7,200 rpm compared to the GT R's 7,000 rpm, and uses a flat-plane crankshaft instead of a cross-plane crankshaft, turning out in different firing order. Additionally, the M178 LS2 uses a larger compressor wheel, resulting in an increase in boost from the GT R's 135 kPa to 170 kPa.
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With proper maintenance these engines can easily survive more than of service. This was partly due to the commonality between petrol and diesel versions making the petrol version somewhat over-engineered for the job; they retained the extraordinary strength characteristics of the diesel while being much less stressed. The only major change to the design was the fitting of a 5-bearing crankshaft in 1980, which improved bottom-end strength and refinement.Hodder, 2000, p. 119-applies to mileage life and crankshaft modification Despite its utilitarian origins, the 2.25-litre petrol is a quiet, smooth-running engine, and this enabled Rover to fit it to their P4 saloon car as the Rover 80.Dymock.
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Now back to being unpopular, Alvin finally realizes he does not have the crankshaft for his project. Alvin's father Clarence (Steve Harvey) pays for the crankshaft, telling Alvin that they will work out a plan later to pay him back while also explaining to Alvin that he'd supported his sudden transformation because he wanted Alvin to have the same experiences he did while he was in high school, seeing as he was one of the most popular guys at his school. He also admits that he didn't have Alvin's brains or potential but he's always been proud of his son. With this confidence restored, Alvin builds an engine with the part his dad bought.
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Linked metallocenes can also be formed by introducing several metallocenyl substituents onto a single cyclopentadienyl ligand. Structural studies of termetallocene systems have shown they typically adopt an "eclipsed double transoid" "crankshaft" geometry. Taking as an example the 1-cobaltocenyl-1'-rhodocenylferrocene cation shown above, this means that the cobaltocenyl and rhodocenyl moieties are eclipsed, and thus carbon atoms 1 and 1' on the central ferrocene core are as close to vertically aligned as is possible given the staggered conformation of the cyclopentadienyl rings within each metallocene unit. Viewed from side-on, this means termetallocenes resemble the down–up–down pattern of a crankshaft. The synthesis of this termetallocene involves the combining of rhodocenium and cobaltocenium solutions with 1,1'-dilithioferrocene.
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The model range was entirely revamped in 1969 with the introduction of the BMW /5 range, consisting of the 500 cc BMW R 50/5, the 600 cc BMW R 60/5 and the 750 cc BMW R 75/5 models. The engines were a complete redesign, with the crankshaft bearings upgraded from roller bearings to shell-type journal bearings (the type used in modern car engines). The camshaft was now chain- driven and located underneath the crankshaft instead of at the top of the engine, in order to lower the centre of gravity. An electric starter was available for the first time, although the traditional gearbox-mounted kick starter was also retained.
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Poppet valves are opened by means of a camshaft which revolves at half the crankshaft speed. This can be either chain, gear or toothed belt driven from the crankshaft, and can be located in the crankcase (where it may serve one or more banks of cylinders) or in the cylinder head. If the camshaft is located in the crankcase, a valve train of pushrods and rocker arms will be required to operate overhead valves. Mechanically simpler are side valves, where the valve stems rested directly on the camshaft However, this gives poor gas flows within the cylinder head as well as heat problems and fell out of favor for automobile use, see flathead engine.
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Delage straight-eight racing engine Straight-eight engine with firing order 1-4-7-3-8-5-2-6 The straight-eight engine or inline-eight engine is an eight- cylinder internal combustion engine with all eight cylinders mounted in a straight line along the crankcase. The type has been produced in side-valve, IOE, overhead-valve, sleeve-valve, and overhead-cam configurations. A straight-eight can be timed for inherent primary and secondary balance, with no unbalanced primary or secondary forces or moments. However, crankshaft torsional vibration, present to some degree in all engines, is sufficient to require the use of a harmonic damper at the accessory end of the crankshaft.
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Though Moto Guzzi has employed engines of myriad configurations, none has come to symbolize the company more than the air-cooled 90° V-twin with a longitudinal crankshaft orientation and the engine's transverse cylinder heads projecting prominently on either side of the bike. The original V-twin was designed in the early 1960s by engineer Giulio Cesare Carcano, designer of the DOHC V8 Grand Prix racer. The air-cooled, longitudinal crankshaft, transverse cylinder, pushrod V-twin began life with 700 cc displacement and – designed to win a competition sponsored by the Italian government for a new police bike. The sturdy shaft-drive, air-cooled V-twin won, giving Moto Guzzi renewed competitiveness.
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Split-race roller bearings have been used for the centre big-end bearing in the connecting rod of some three-cylinder steam locomotives. As the crank axle is complex and also includes the wheels, it is impossible to fit roller bearings to the centre in any other way. Whitemetal bearings were much more common, but were a recognised weak point of some classes, such as the LNER A4 A simpler means of fitting roller bearings is to enlarge the diameter of the bearing, so that it becomes larger than the entire crankshaft web. Assembly is now done by putting the outer race of the bearing over the crankshaft axially from one end, rather than by assembling two pieces radially.
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If the engine crankshaft is located above the cylinders, it is called an inverted inline engine: this allows the propeller to be mounted high up to increase ground clearance, enabling shorter landing gear. The disadvantages of an inline engine include a poor power-to- weight ratio, because the crankcase and crankshaft are long and thus heavy. An in-line engine may be either air-cooled or liquid-cooled, but liquid-cooling is more common because it is difficult to get enough air-flow to cool the rear cylinders directly. Inline engines were common in early aircraft; one was used in the Wright Flyer, the aircraft that made the first controlled powered flight.
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The rear drive shaft, crankshaft and front drive shaft of a Shay locomotive The Shay, Climax and Heisler locomotives, all introduced in the late 19th century, used quill drives to couple power from a centrally mounted multi-cylinder engine to each of the trucks supporting the engine. On each of these geared steam locomotives, one end of each drive shaft was coupled to the driven truck through a universal joint while the other end was powered by the crankshaft, transmission or another truck through a second universal joint. A quill drive also has the ability to slide lengthways, effectively varying its length. This is required to allow the bogies to rotate when passing a curve.
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The power vector of the combustion stage goes through the center of the offset lobe. While a four-stroke piston engine completes one combustion stroke per cylinder for every two rotations of the crankshaft (that is, one-half power stroke per crankshaft rotation per cylinder), each combustion chamber in the Wankel generates one combustion stroke per driveshaft rotation, i.e. one power stroke per rotor orbital revolution and three power strokes per rotor rotation. Thus, the power output of a Wankel engine is generally higher than that of a four- stroke piston engine of similar engine displacement in a similar state of tune; and higher than that of a four-stroke piston engine of similar physical dimensions and weight.
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The extremely long profile of the new design meant that the crankshaft would be highly loaded if power was taken off at the propeller end. Chrysler's solution to this problem was unique; power was instead taken from the middle of the engine, placing the propeller reduction gear in a gap between two V-8 cylinder banks and sending power to the front of the engine via a long extension shaft running below the crankshaft. Additionally many of the accessories were driven off the drive shaft instead of the crank shaft. This solution also raised the weight of the engine by the amount of the shaft, but it was apparently a price worth paying.
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The wasserboxer featured a cast aluminium alloy cylinder block, cylinder heads, and pistons; and a die-forged steel flatplane crankshaft with three main bearings. The wasserboxer, as with all Volkswagen boxer engines, directly drives the three-bearing camshaft via a small steel gear on the crankshaft, and a large aluminium one on the camshaft, so there is no timing belt or timing chain. The entire mechanism is internal to the engine, so there should be no concerns regarding wear or replacements, as long as the engine oil is changed regularly. The overhead poppet valves each feature two concentric valve springs, and are operated by pushrods, with adjustable rocker arms to facilitate valve clearance adjustment.
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Screwed-in plug bushes and valve seats were made from aluminium-bronze. The 4L's five- bearing steel crankshaft was forged, as were the duralumin connecting rods which had split, steel backed, bronze bearings. The crankcase was cast from aluminium alloy. SNECMA continued to produce the 4L series until at least 1956.
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To produce a 750cc machine for AMA Class C racing, BSA lengthened the stroke of Lightning's crankshaft by 11mm to give a displacement of 751cc. 202 A70 Lightning machines were produced to meet the minimum production requirements. All were exported to the US, most to the East Coast distributor in Baltimore.
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In 1961 the Series IIIA was announced with the Series II Sunbeam Alpine engine. Externally and internally the Series IIIA was identical to the Series III. The improvements were directed solely at improving the durability of the car. To this end, engine capacity was increased and a stiffer crankshaft fitted.
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Time was running out and Opel badly needed to do something. Opel took the 2.0E block, installed forged pistons, different connecting-rods, and forged crankshaft with 85mm stroke. The result was a 2.4 litre engine. The 2.4 litre engine gave rise to some massive power outputs using the 16 valve head.
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Yamaha released the FZ750 in 1985. The bike was popular, and competed well against others in the "sport" class of motorcycles. The machine was noticeably narrower than many contemporaries. Yamaha achieved this by placing the alternator behind the cylinders, instead of the more normal position: on the end of the crankshaft.
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This led to the Ralph Lucas Car, developed from 1901 until around 1908. The first model was an odd two-stroke car powered by paraffin; it had a piston and a crankshaft at either end of its one cylinder. A button in the steering wheel controlled the speed of the engine.
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It was soon discovered that the early Centaurus engine suffered frequent crankshaft failure due to a poorly designed lubrication system, which led to incidents of the engine seizing while in mid- flight. The problem was resolved when Bristol's improved Centaurus 18 engine replaced the earlier engine variant.Darling 2002, pp. 15–16.
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The Mecachrome V8 engine weight is . The crankshaft is made of alloy steel, with five main bearing caps. The pistons are forged aluminum alloy, while the connecting rods are machined alloy steel. The electronic engine management system is supplied by Magneti Marelli, firing a high-power inductive (coil-controlled) ignition system.
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In 1959 the G12 was redesigned and modernised as the De Luxe with a new full cradle tubular duplex frame and a new cylinder head. Vibration had always been a problem, so the crankshaft was upgraded to nodular iron. Capable of performance, the G12 became popular with the American market.
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FIA Formula 3 European engines are rev-limited to 7,400 rpm. The valve train is a dual overhead camshaft configuration with four valves per cylinder. The crankshaft is made of alloy steel, with five main bearing caps. The pistons are forged aluminum alloy, while the connecting rods are machined alloy steel.
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European practice, particularly on the Clyde, favoured Napier's steeple engine instead of the square engine. These were more complicated to construct and used more ironwork, but they placed the cylinder beneath the crankshaft and so were more stable in a narrow hull. Neither form was popular for sea-going vessels.
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This engine had a displacement with a bore and stroke of . A four-bearing crankshaft was added, along with 6.5:1 compression pistons, for . A new cylinder head in 1941 increased output to , and 6.6:1 compression gave the 1949 model . This generation did not use a fully pressurized oiling system.
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Small engines can have the crankshaft oriented either horizontally or vertically, according to the intended application. Vertical axis engines were originally developed for rotary lawnmowers, but the size of this large market has encouraged a supply of cheap engines and they are now also used for other purposes such as generators.
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A wet sump lubrication system was used and the ignition system was by ignition coil. Two Dell'Orto SS 31 A carburetors were used. A dry multi-plate was driven by gears from the crankshaft. The gearbox had six or seven gears, dependent on circuit, and was of the cassette type.
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The crankshaft was cored out to make it both lighter and stronger. The revised engine was lighter than its predecessor, for a total dry weight of . The revised engine shared the same bore and stroke of its predecessor, for an unchanged displacement of . Power was unchanged at , as was torque at .
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The original ADE ceased in 1999 due to insolvency, however DaimlerChrysler (now Daimler AG) purchased the foundry portion and later in 2002 the machining facilities, crankshaft line and business park. The Foundry is still in full operation today and continues to cast heavy-duty engine blocks for Mercedes- Benz trucks.
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A desaxe engine, is one in which each cylinder is positioned with its exact center (the bore axis) slightly offset from the center line of the crankshaft. "Désaxé", in French, means "unbalanced". Desaxe engines are usually automotive, but the term can also apply to steam engines. Scuderi Split Cycle Engine.
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Various details of World War I fighter aircraft technology shown in the film were inaccurate. For example, the aircraft engines in the CGI scenes are pictured as not moving. On the rotary engines used in some early aircraft, the engine case and cylinders rotated, with the crankshaft bolted to the airframe.
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The 90 degree V8 with downdraft carburetors was certified under Aircraft Type Certificate No. 224 on 10 October 1939 after 150hrs of testing. The engine was developed in 1939 as a lightweight air-cooled variant of the side-valve Ford engine for aircraft using the Ford crankshaft, connecting rods and pistons.
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Version one was based on Ford's 2.3-liter Pinto engine and weighed (vs. for its cast iron counterpart). It was designed to produce at 9200 rpm. It was composed of metal cylinder sleeves, metal combustion chamber tops, metal piston crowns, bearings, valves and seats, and a stock 2.3L Pinto crankshaft.
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A two-speed single-stage supercharger helped maintain rated power to higher altitudes. The core of the engine was a forged steel crankcase which enclosed the three piece two-throw crankshaft. The cylinders were arranged equally around the crankcase, with each row off-set by 16.3636.° to ensure cooling airflow.
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The DB Gold Star had an improved oil feed to the crankshaft, and finned front brakes. If the buyer specified Clubman cams and timing, he also received a special silencer. At the end of this year the BB and CB models were discontinued. The 350cc DB32 continued in production until 1962.
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The crankshaft and main engine gearbox are made of aluminum. This allows reduction of mass by 40-50 percent, while maintaining the same power, compared to a conventional steel engines. A prototype engine was tested on ordinary AI-95 gasoline. Tests were going on throughout 2018 and completed in early 2019.
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Listed through 1930s. ;Simplex :A small vertical single-cylinder engine made in the 1920s, maybe a precursor to the Meteor, with slide valve. Bore and stroke 0.625 inches. ;BB :5-inch-tall enclosed vertical steam engine with single-sided ball bearing crankshaft and aluminium crankcase available in 1930s for model boats, e.g. hydroplanes.
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German stationary engine of 1847 Grasshopper beam engines are beam engines that are pivoted at one end, rather than in the centre. Usually the connecting rod to the crankshaft is placed between the piston and the beam's pivot. That is, they use a second-class lever, rather than the usual first-class lever.
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The MT-07's parallel- twin engine has a 270° crankshaft, whose two cylinders in the engine fire at an irregular interval. This format helps to harmonize the inertia forces inside the engine, resulting in a more responsive and "torquey" sensation for the rider, a feeling not unlike that of a V-twin.
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The crankshaft of the engine broke between the two rows of cylinders, creating circumstances that made it very difficult for the crew to recognize that the engine had failed. The aircraft was on a cargo flight destined to land at Lac Bienville. Retrieved 22 July 2010, and again on 31 December 2016.
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The city's humble industrial growth begin when an entrepreneur named Babu Rao Pusalkar set up a small unit in city over a century ago and that transformed Belagavi city into foundry and hydraulics base. Now, the city has a large number of crankshaft, industrial castings and forging, machinery, hydraulics, and aluminium manufacturing units.
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The XSR700's parallel-twin engine has a 270° crankshaft, whose two cylinders in the engine fire at an irregular interval. This format helps to harmonize the inertia forces inside the engine, resulting in a more responsive and "torquey" sensation for the rider, a feeling not unlike that of a V-twin.
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This engine was loosely derived from M 104 petrol engine with different crankshaft and cylinder head. The smaller engine fitted to S 300 TURBODIESEL put out 130 kW (177 PS; 174 hp) and 330 N⋅m (243 lb⋅ft). The fuel was delivered indirectly in the precombustion chamber before entering the combustion chamber.
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Until the mid-1950s, poured Babbitt bearings were common in automotive applications. The Babbitt was poured into the block or caps using a form. Tin-based Babbitts were used as they could stand up to the impact loads found on the connecting rods and crankshaft. The poured Babbitt bearings were kept thin.
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Engines for vehicles are equipped with an air compressor, to supply compressed air for the brakes. It is an air-cooled single-cylinder air- compressor driven by a belt. The air-intake is next to the engine intake manifold. The crankcase is not divided, the crankshaft is forged and has two ball bearings.
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The 385/Lima engine family derives its name from the crankshaft stroke of the 460 cubic-inch V8. The engine was produced in 370 (6.1 L), 429 (7.0 L), and 460 cubic-inch (7.5 L) displacements. To reduce weight over their predecessors, the 385 engines utilized thinwall casting methods and a skirtless block.
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The camshafts were driven by a two-stage chain arrangement, the first chain also drove the dynamo, oil and water pumps. The crankshaft was carried in five main bearings. A single Zenith carburettor was fitted. With a bore of 72mm and stroke of 120mm the engine was said to produce 60bhp at 3500rpm.
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Fiat AS.6 aircraft engine A V24 engine is a 24-cylinder piston engine where two banks of twelve cylinders are arranged in a V configuration around a common crankshaft. The majority of V24 engines, however, have been "dual V12" engines where two separate V12 engines are placed in line with each other.
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The pushrods are steel and feature pressed-in ball ends. Lubricating oil is delivered under pressure from the oil sump to the drive bearings and the crankpins through the crankshaft. The cylinder walls and pistons are spray lubricated. Normal operating oil pressure is 35 psi, with minimum idle oil pressure 10 psi.
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Georgano 1971, p.175 The Sunbeam challenge was blunted when Guinness retired with crankshaft problems. Segrave brought his misfiring car back up through the field but only managed to reach sixth (while also setting the fastest lap time). Ascari was charging to victory when he suddenly slowed with just three laps to go.
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The LZ engine uses a standard L series engine block to mount the DOHC cylinder head. Usually the bottom end is dry sumped using a Tsubakimoto dry sump pump. The crankshaft used is a Nismo chrome moly "8 bolt flywheel" type. Connecting rods are various length, Cosworth style, to suit the engine stroke.
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Daniels, p. 163 These included a smaller straight-six in displacements (the BMW M20), versions of the larger BMW M30 up to (the S38B38); and beginning in 1983, a series of M21 straight-six diesel engines. In 1986, BMW introduced the M70 V12 which was essentially two straight-sixes on the same crankshaft.
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Numerous motorcycle engines— particularly straight-twin engines— have employed balance shaft systems, for example the Yamaha TRX850 and Yamaha TDM850 engines have a 270° crankshaft with a balance shaft. An alternative approach, as used by the BMW GS parallel-twin, is to use a 'dummy' connecting rod which moves a hinged counterweight.
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The engine remains well-supported by enthusiast clubs, specialist parts suppliers, and by shops that specialize in conversions and tuning. In the mid-1980s, hot rodders discovered the 215 could be stretched to as much as , using the Buick 300 crankshaft, new cylinder sleeves, and an assortment of non-Buick parts.Davis, Marlan.
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This movement overcomes the restricted duration range in the previous type. The duration range is theoretically unlimited but typically would be of the order of one hundred crankshaft degrees, which is sufficient to cover most situations. The cam is reportedly difficult and expensive to produce, requiring very accurate helical machining and careful assembly.
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The engines had the flywheel at the front of the engine, and the crankshaft had intermediate bearings between each pair of cylinders. Drive was to the rear wheels via a dual helical epicyclic gears and helical bevel axle. The cars were listed at £735 for the four and £900 for the six.
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The new engine's four- cylinder design was on the same general lines as the six-cylinder Lanchester 15/18 (not Eighteen) though with a much reduced bore and stroke taking down the swept volume from to . Its crankshaft was provided with three main bearings. A 1287 cc, 40 b.h.p. (at 4,000 r.p.
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Free-piston linear generators that eliminate a heavy crankshaft with electrical coils in the piston and cylinder walls are being investigated by multiple research groups for use in hybrid electric vehicles as range extenders. The first free piston generator was patented in 1934.P. OSTENBERG. Electric generator. US Patent 2362151 A - 1959.
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A report recommended engine inspections, more crash-worthy seats, and consideration to fitting aircraft like this with CVRs. As a result of this accident an airworthiness directive was issued by the British Civil Aviation Authority in June 2000, requiring inspections of the starter adapters and crankshaft gears on Continental GTSIO-520 series engines.
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The Bristol 450 made its race debut at the 1953 24 Hours of Le Mans race. Two cars were entered, with a third held back as a spare. Unfortunately for Bristol, both were out before half distance with near-identical failures. In each case the balance weights became detached from the crankshaft.
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Mr. Herbert Penwarden, a senior draughtsman with the Admiralty Engineering Laboratory, suggested that one crankshaft needed to revolve anticlockwise to achieve the correct piston-phasing, so Napier designers produced the necessary gearing so one of them rotated in the opposite direction to the other two. Being an opposed-piston design with no inlet or exhaust valves, and no ability to vary the port positions, the Deltic design arranged each crankshaft to connect two adjacent pistons operating in different cylinders in the same plane, using "fork and blade" connecting rods, the latter an "inlet" piston used to open and close the inlet port, and the former an "exhaust" piston in the adjacent cylinder to open and close the exhaust port. This would have led the firing in each bank of cylinders to be 60° apart, but arranging that each cylinder's exhaust piston would lead its inlet piston by 20° of crankshaft rotation was adopted. This allowed the exhaust port to be opened well before the inlet port, and allowed the inlet port to be closed after the exhaust port, which led to both good scavenging of exhaust gas and good volumetric efficiency for the fresh air charge.
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Reciprocating compressor function A motor-driven six-cylinder reciprocating compressor that can operate with two, four or six cylinders An A & Z Daw Class E Single Straight Line Compressor as available in 1902 A reciprocating compressor or piston compressor is a positive-displacement compressor that uses pistons driven by a crankshaft to deliver gases at high pressure. The intake gas enters the suction manifold, then flows into the compression cylinder where it gets compressed by a piston driven in a reciprocating motion via a crankshaft, and is then discharged. Applications include oil refineries, gas pipelines, chemical plants, natural gas processing plants, air conditioning and refrigeration plants. One specialty application is the blowing of plastic bottles made of polyethylene terephthalate (PET).
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Animation of a two-stroke engine A two-stroke (or two-cycle) engine is a type of internal combustion engine that completes a power cycle with two strokes (up and down movements) of the piston during only one crankshaft revolution. This is in contrast to a "four-stroke engine", which requires four strokes of the piston to complete a power cycle during two crankshaft revolutions. In a two-stroke engine, the end of the combustion stroke and the beginning of the compression stroke happen simultaneously, with the intake and exhaust (or scavenging) functions occurring at the same time. Two-stroke engines often have a high power-to-weight ratio, power being available in a narrow range of rotational speeds called the "power band".
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The compressed air comes from compressed-air tanks which feed the injection nozzle. A large crankshaft-driven compressor is used to re-fill these tanks; the size of the compressor and the low rotational frequency of the engine's crankshaft means that air-blast injected Diesel engines are huge in size and mass, this, combined with the problem that air-blast injection does not allow for quick load alterationRüdiger Teichmann, Günter P. Merker (publisher): Grundlagen Verbrennungsmotoren : Funktionsweise, Simulation, Messtechnik , 7th issue, Springer, Wiesbaden, 2014, , p. 381. makes it only suitable for stationary applications and watercraft. Before the invention of precombustion chamber injection, air-blast injection was the only way a properly working internal air fuel mixture system could be built, required for a Diesel engine.
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Each cylinder aspirated through two valves operated by single overhead cam-shafts with ignition from two spark plugs set on opposite sides of the combustion chamber supplied by magnetos at the rear of the engine. Fuel metering was carried out by nine carburetors each supplying two cylinders. Construction of the 18R was largely of Elektron magnesium alloy for body components with high strength steels for highly loaded parts such as the crankshaft. In common with many multiple bank and radial engines the pistons were connected to the crankshaft via master and slave connecting rods; the central vertical bank was served by the master rod which housed the big-end bearing with connecting rods articulating from this to the other two banks.
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The smaller type D retained the end positioned carburettor. These engines all had cast iron cylinders. The types A and C were very similar in construction as well as capacity, but a major change in crankshaft design was introduced with the smaller type D and inherited by the F. The A and C types had a crankshaft supported by only three plain bearings and the width of the central one required a greater space between the second and third cylinder of each bank, visibly dividing each into blocks of two. The crankshafts of the D and F types had five ball race bearings, one between each cylinder and two end bearings; the output thrust bearing was a double race to allow for pusher or tractor configurations.
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After decommissioning John N. Cobb, NOAA donated her to the Seattle Maritime Academy, a branch of Seattle Central Community College,Bermant, Charlie, "Port battles state over derelict boat," pteader.com, December 7, 2016 Retrieved August 25, 2018 and she was moved to Salmon Bay in Seattle. She was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on 11 February 2009, but the Academy never repaired her broken crankshaft, and she remained moored in Salmon Bay under the Ballard Bridge for about seven years.Hitz, Charles R., "Cobb 2017 – A Good Year," carmelfinley.wordpress.com, December 28, 2017 Retrieved August 25, 2018 In 2015, the Academy sold her to Daniel J. Webb, who moved her to Port Townsend, Washington, in February 2016 to repair her crankshaft.
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1959 Commer truck designed to take the "flat" TS3 engine with its horizontally mounted cylinders. With the engine mounted beneath the floor of the cab, the bonnet (hood) of the truck could be dispensed with. The windscreen and driver were then moved to the front of the vehicle, resulting in the UK's first short-cab lorry, with a cab over design that avoided the excessive height of the tilt-cab Bedford QL. The engine was unusual in being an opposed piston engine where each horizontal cylinder contains two pistons, one at each end, that move in opposition to each other. Even more unusually, both sets of pistons drove only a single crankshaft; most opposed piston engines have a separate crankshaft at each end of the cylinder.
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Another factor affecting large straight-six engines is the end-mounted timing chain which connects any camshafts to the crankshaft. The camshafts are also quite long and subject to torsional flex as they in turn operate valves alternately near the front of the engine and near the rear. At high engine speeds, camshafts can flex torsionally in addition to the crankshaft, contributing to valve timing for the cylinders furthest from the cam drive becoming inaccurate and erratic, losing power, and in extreme cases resulting in mechanical interference between valve and piston – with catastrophic results. Some designers have experimented with installing the timing chain/gears in the middle of the engine (between cylinders 3 and 4) or adding a second timing chain at the rear of the engine.
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1954 BMW R68 flat-twin boxer engine Most flat engines use a "boxer" configuration, where each pair of opposing pistons move inwards and outwards at the same time, somewhat like boxing competitors punching their gloves together before a fight. Boxer engines have low vibrations, since they are the only common configuration that have no unbalanced forces regardless of the number of cylinders. Boxer engines therefore do not require a balance shaft or counterweights on the crankshaft to balance the weight of the reciprocating parts. However, in the case of boxer engines with fewer than six cylinders, a rocking couple is present, since each cylinder is slightly offset from its opposing pair, due to the distance between the crankpins along the crankshaft.
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In the 1960s, even though Japanese motorcycles mostly switched to 180 degree crankshafts for engines sized from 250 to 500 cc, various smaller and larger engines continued to use a 360 degree crankshaft. Vibration was less of an issue for smaller engines, such as the 1965 Honda CB92 and 1979 Honda CM185. Larger engines, such as the 1969 Yamaha XS 650 and 1972 Yamaha TX750, often used balance shafts to reduce the vibration. The later 1978-1984 Honda CB250N/CB400N engines also used a 360 degree crankshaft. The 2008 BMW F series parallel-twin motorcycles also use 360 degree crankshafts, with a third "vestigial" connecting rod (acting as a counterbalance) and a rev limit of 9,000 rpm to reduce vibrations.
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When the driver releases the accelerator on a moving vehicle powered by an internal combustion engine, the vehicle's forward momentum continues to turn the engine's crankshaft. Most diesel engines do not have a throttle body, so regardless of throttle setting a full charge of air is always drawn into the cylinders (excluding the valve fitted to certain diesels, such as fire appliances and generators on oil and gas platforms, to prevent diesel engine runaway). Compressed air generated during the compression stroke acts as an air spring to push the piston back down. As such, even with fuel supply cut off and no power strokes taking place, a portion of the energy absorbed by the compression stroke within each cylinder is returned to the crankshaft.
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All derived from the same external sized block. However, the three engines differed vastly internally, with the smallest engine having small intake and exhaust valves, thin block webbing, and a cast nodular iron crankshaft; the 343 used larger valves with a thicker block webbing; and the 390 moved up to a forged steel crankshaft and connecting rods, as well as larger rod bearings, compared to in the smaller two versions. A BorgWarner T-10 four-speed manual transmission was standard, as were special traction bars, dual exhaust system, and fatter tires for better traction. A "Shift-Command" three-speed automatic transmission with the capability of manual shifting (BorgWarner model M-11B or M-12) was optional together with a floor console mounted shifter.
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An rated Le Rhône 9C, a typical rotary engine of WWI. The copper pipes carry the fuel-air mixture from the crankcase to the cylinder heads acting collectively as an intake manifold. This Le Rhône 9C installed on a Sopwith Pup fighter aircraft at the Fleet Air Arm Museum. Note the narrowness of the mounting pedestal to the fixed crankshaft (2013), and the size of the engine Megola motorcycle with rotary engine mounted in the front wheel The rotary engine was an early type of internal combustion engine, usually designed with an odd number of cylinders per row in a radial configuration, in which the crankshaft remained stationary in operation, with the entire crankcase and its attached cylinders rotating around it as a unit.
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Manually operated two-cylinder diver's air pump without cabinet, showing the functional components Two men operating a rotary diver's air pump Rotary pumps are driven by a crankshaft that is rotated by handles on two flywheels attached to the ends of the shaft on each side of the pump. Rotary pumps were built with one, two or three cylinders, and are operated by a team of two men. Pistons attached to the crankshaft draw in air through the inlet valves and then pump it through the outlet valves to an air hose which delivers the air to the helmet of the diver. Cylinders, valves and outlet fittings for air are generally made from brass for corrosion resistance in the marine environment.
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For use in the locomotive the engine was rated at 1600 hp at 750rpm; the engine was water-cooled. Water, lubricating oil and fuel pumps were driven from one end of the engine's crankshaft. Two Serck radiators were used for cooling, each with water and oil cooling elements.Britain's First Main-Line Diesel-Electric Locomotives, (English Electric). pp.2-3; Fig.5 pp.6-7 The main generator was a 1080 kW 650 V 1660 A continuous rated self-ventilated machine directly connected to the engine's crankshaft and supported by an extension of the diesel engine's bedplate. The generator used two separately excited field windings whilst generating, using a series winding for battery-powered (60 cell, 236 Ahr, D.P. Kathanode) motor starting.
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The operational characteristics of free- piston engines differ from those of conventional, crankshaft engines. The main difference is due to the piston motion not being restricted by a crankshaft in the free-piston engine, leading to the potentially valuable feature of variable compression ratio. This does, however, also present a control challenge, since the position of the dead centres must be accurately controlled in order to ensure fuel ignition and efficient combustion, and to avoid excessive in-cylinder pressures or, worse, the piston hitting the cylinder head. The free-piston engine has a number of unique features, some give it potential advantages and some represent challenges that must be overcome for the free-piston engine to be a realistic alternative to conventional technology.
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An American rotary lawnmower mechanic (b. 1927) when queried as to the first rotary mower he knew of - produced a picture of a machine mass produced around 1939 which originally used a Ford Model A or B electric starter motor turned vertically with a steel disc attached to the output shaft having common sickle bar trapezoidal blades riveted upon it. Power originally came from a 6v lead acid battery likewise sourced from a Ford automobile. The machine was pictured in a color photograph dating from about 1964 and had been fitted with a Maytag 2-cycle gasoline engine having its float carburetor on an adapter block turned to permit operation with the crankshaft protruding downward for "vertical crankshaft" operation as is common now.
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Same as the C1C but with different magnetos. This model also has a propeller governor drive on the left front of its crankcase and has a crankshaft equipped with one 6.3 order and one 8th order counterweight. ;IO-360-C1E6D : at 2700 rpm, Minimum fuel grade 100 or 100LL avgas, compression ratio 8.70:1.
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The power gas locomotive was built by Gotaverken. It had a vertical, five cylinder, two-stroke diesel engine with opposed pistons. There was a single crankshaft connected to both upper and lower pistons. The exhaust from the diesel engine powered the gas turbine which drove the wheels through reduction gearing, jack shaft and side rods.
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The steamer's propulsion system consisted of four Scotch marine boilers delivering steam to an inclined triple expansion engine that turned a crankshaft attached to feathering paddle-wheels on the port and starboard sides. She was the last of the great Day Line "side-wheelers", and the last of her kind to ply the Hudson River.
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The Brutale 920 was introduced in 2011 as an entry level Brutale. Powered by a new 921 cc variant of the four-cylinder engine, the new displacement was achieved by a reduction of bore, the crankshaft being the same as the 990 and 1090 models. Power output was 129 bhp (96 KW) @ 10,500 rpm.
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The only part of Greycliffe to survive is the engine. In 1928, it was shipped to New Zealand. Where the engine was stored is not known but in 1938 the engine was installed into the Tīrau dairy factory in the Waikato region. A large, grooved 2-metre (6.5-foot) flywheel was fitted to the crankshaft.
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The 3S-FE is fitted with EFI. The 3S-FE engine is fitted with a cast iron crankshaft, whereas the 3S-GE/GELU engines have forged crankshafts. The 3S-FSE was a direct injection engine with Toyota D4 system. A cam driven high pressure fuel pump is at the #4 end of the head.
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Exhaust Heat Recovery Unit in Toyota Prius PHV An exhaust heat recovery system turns waste heat energy in exhaust gases into electric energy for batteries or mechanical energy reintroduced on the crankshaft. The technology is of increasing interest as car and heavy-duty vehicle manufacturers continue to increase efficiency, saving fuel and reducing emissions.
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The original Kawasaki KZ400 was a 398 cc twin cylinder motorcycle produced from 1974 to 1984. The engine had twin balancer shafts to reduce vibration, one in front of the crankshaft and one to the rear, both moving in the opposite direction to the rotating crankshaft.Bad vibrations. Motorcycle Mechanics, May 1975, pp.50-55.
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In 1959 the Model 31 was redesigned and modernised as the De Luxe with a new full cradle tubular duplex frame and a new cylinder head. Vibration had always been a problem, so the crankshaft was upgraded to nodular iron. Capable of 100 mph performance, the AJS Model 31 became popular with the American market.
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Crossplane crankshafts could feasibly be used with a great many other cylinder configurations, but the advantages and disadvantages described below may not apply to any or all of them and must be considered on a case-by-case basis. 3d model of a cross-plane crankshaft demonstrating the 90 degree angle between the crank throws.
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The valvetrain is still a dual overhead camshaft configuration with four valves per cylinder. The crankshaft is made of alloy steel, with five main bearing caps. The pistons still remained forged aluminium alloy supplied by Mahle, while the connecting rods are machined alloy steel. The firing ignition is now spark assisted with digital inductive.
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The crankshaft is geared directly to the clutch, no counter balancer shaft is used. Starting is by electric starter only. Lubrication is wet sump using a trochoid pump; an oil radiator assists with cooling.Haynes 2.4 Both the FJ1100 and FJ1200 were fitted with an additional fuel vapour recovery system to comply with California emission regulations.
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1990-2002 Honda ST1100 longitudinally-mounted V4 engine A V4 engine is a four- cylinder piston engine where the cylinders share a common crankshaft and are arranged in a V configuration. V4 engines are much less common than inline- four engines, however V4 engines have been used at times in automobiles, motorcycles and other applications.
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The same engine was upped to in 1962. A version of this engine was also available, developing 1 hp per cubic inch with a dual four- barrel aluminium intake manifold and two Carter AFB carburetors. It had a forged steel crankshaft. This dual-quad version was immortalized in the Beach Boys song titled "409".
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Queen Victoria had a registered tonnage of , was certified to carry 1546 passengers and had a crew complement of 69. Both sisters were fitted with compound engines developing at 40.5 r.p.m., with a boiler steam pressure of . Both the Queen Victoria and Prince of Wales engines were referred to as a coupled two crankshaft engine.
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Porsche 917 experimental Can-Am engine A flat-sixteen engine, also known as a horizontally opposed-sixteen, is a sixteen-cylinder piston engine with eight cylinders on each side of a central crankshaft. Flat-sixteen engines are less common than V16 engines, with only a couple of prototype racing engines using a flat-sixteen layout.
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Statically and dynamically balanced. Seven main bearings and six throws. Internal oilway, with feed from both ends, used to distribute lubricants to main and big end bearings. "Floating" front end bearing consisting of an internally toothed annulus bolted to crankshaft, meshing with and incorporating a semi-floating ring, internally splined to a short coupling shaft.
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The cylinder is a mazac casting with brass end caps, mounted on a substantial mazac frame. It is double acting. Exhaust is piped to the bottom of a chimney, which is mounted on the base. The end of the piston rod is connected to a built-up crank at the centre of the crankshaft.
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It was on display at the November 1923 Paris Salon and struck Flight's reporter as "extremely interesting" and car-engine like in its four cylinder inline arrangement, a little heavy but reliable. It was unusual in its high maximum crankshaft speed of 3,200 rpm and the availability of a choice of reduction gear ratios.
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The crankshaft used one roller and two ball bearings and the big- ends were splash lubricated. Edge also carried out the design of other mechanical components such as the three speed gearbox and clutch assembly. Austin was largely responsible for styling the Seven's design, which was reportedly influenced by the design of the Peugeot Quadrilette.
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The solution developed for high-speed steam engines was the "automatic" governor. Rather than controlling the flow rate of steam, it controlled the timing or 'cut-off' of the inlet valves. This governor was interspersed between the crankshaft and the eccentric driving the valve gear. It was often made as part of the engine's flywheel.
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The pistons are forged and came from Mahle in Germany, and a Japanese turbocharger was sourced from IHI. The camshafts were designed by Florida-based Crane but were constructed by Maserati in Modena. The rods are forged Casar units and use a unique rod bearing size. The crankshaft is also forged and weighs 53 pounds.
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The road car would weigh the same but without the restrictors, the power was greatly increased. Despite the claims, the actual output figure was not recorded. It had a specially built 6-speed manual transmission and clutch. The engine was essentially made from two TVR AJP6 straight-6 engines mated on a single crankshaft.
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The Wright brothers recognised the need for propeller reduction gearing in 1903, but it was not generally used on aircraft engines until larger engines were designed in the 1920s. Large engines with high crankshaft speeds and power outputs demanded propeller reduction, pilots noted the increase in performance of similar aircraft fitted with reduction gearing.
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Same as the IO-360-HB except for the modified spider induction system and the use of a TCM 639289A95 fuel injector. The crankshaft has one 6th and one 4½ order damper. ;IO-360-G : at 2800 rpm, Minimum fuel grade 100 or 100LL avgas, compression ratio 8.5:1. Uses a TCM 639231A3 fuel injector.
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An "interrupter"-style electromechanical buzzer operates on this same principle. A dual-coil motor would alternately energize the two coils. Where the motor is adapted to produce rotary motion, the return mechanism consists of a crankshaft and flywheel. This is an extremely simple motor, such that demonstration models may be easily constructed for teaching purposes.
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Compared with its N42 predecessor, the N46 features a revised crankshaft, intake manifold and valvetrain. In 2007, the N46 was updated, which was known as the N46N. Changes included the intake manifold, exhaust camshaft and the engine control unit was changed from Bosch Motronic version ME9.2 to version MV17.4.6. The redline is 6,500 rpm.
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The Harlequin engine was developed as a replacement to the Heath-Henderson B-4 engine used on the Long Henderson Longster homebuilt aircraft. The cylinders were based on a 74 cubic inch Harley Davidson Engine with connecting rods from Continental built Star Marine engine. The builder was expected to forge their own crankcase and crankshaft.
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It has an aluminum engine block and aluminum DOHC cylinder heads. It uses SFI, has 4 valves per cylinder with VVT and features forged steel connecting rods, 4 one-piece cast camshafts, an unusual variable-flow induction system optimizes airflow for low- and high- speed operation, low-friction molybdenum-coated pistons, and a microfinished crankshaft.
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This created the challenge of designing an engine that could keep the MotoGP engine's counter- rotating crankshaft, and large bore diameter, but have the service intervals expected on consumer motorcycles. Originally, Ducati was initially keeping the MotoGP bike's chassis, but later changed to a completely new front frame they said has less weight and more stability.
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The M78 has an iron block and cylinder head. It was designed by Rudolf Schleicher. Initial versions of the M78 had the same bore and stroke as the four-cylinder engine from the BMW 3/20. Later on, the bore spacing was increased to allow for an increase in bore and to provide for more crankshaft bearings.
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The XS 650s valves are operated by a single overhead camshaft (SOHC) whereas almost all contemporaries in its class have pushrod valvegear . The 360 degrees crankshaft uses three roller bearings and a ball bearing. The camshaft uses four ball bearings, and rolling bearings are used throughout the rest of the engine. Connecting rods turn on needle bearings.
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The Series 2 Interceptor engine was a major redesign of the Series 1A engine. It included a wet sump engine to improve oil flow to the crankshaft. The CB points were moved to the end of exhaust camshaft and the timing cover was redesigned accordingly. This engine was used on the Interceptor until the end of production in 1970.
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Revetec X4v2 prototype engine Controlled combustion engine (CCE) is a term used by TechViki, an engine design company, to identify a type of experimental internal combustion engine (ICE) designed by Brad Howell-Smith. It uses two counter-rotating cams instead of a crankshaft. Pairs of cylinders oppose each other in a boxer flat engine or X engine arrangement.
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The 1887 patent (US 367496) describes the mechanical linkages necessary to obtain all four strokes of the four- stroke cycle for a gas engine within one revolution of the crankshaft. There is also a reference to an 1886 Atkinson patent (US 336505), which describes an opposed-piston gas engine. The British patent for the "Utilite'" is from 1892 (#2492).
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The KTM 790 Duke is a naked parallel-twin motorcycle, manufactured by KTM from 2017. The Duke's liquid cooled eight-valve DOHC engine uses a 285° crankshaft in order to mimic KTM's 75° V-Twins. Its power output is 105 bhp. The Duke is KTM's first parallel-twin bike; previously the factory had produced only singles and V-twins.
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Stuart Turner Type 600 engine running on gas ;400 :A horizontal single-cylinder open-crank gas engine dating back to the 1920s with hot tube or spark ignition, 1.6875-inch bore and 3-inch stroke. The crankshaft was overhung, i.e. single main bearing. ;600 :A substantial horizontal single-cylinder open-crank gas (0.75 HP) or petrol (1.0 HP) engine.
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Douglas Thomas Lars Murray (born March 12, 1980), nickname "Crankshaft", is a Swedish former professional ice hockey defenceman. He was drafted in the 8th round, 241st overall by the San Jose Sharks in the 1999 NHL Entry Draft. On March 13, 2015, Murray joined the Calgary Flames of the National Hockey League (NHL) on a tryout basis.
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Some performance enthusiasts have been known to remove the harmonic balancer, believing that its mass reduces engine performance. Removal of this device from a traditional engine is very risky due to the potential for crankshaft damage. If the device has weight mounted on it to balance the rotating assembly, the effects may be felt immediately and could be catastrophic.
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Corderoite has crankshaft chains that are crosswise linked by additional Hg²+. The bond distance between the cation Hg and anion S is 2.422 Angstroms. It has two angles, Hg-S-HG= 94.1º and S-Hg-S= 165.1º. Various sulfide halides of Hg share the feature of being face-sharing [HgS2X4] −6 polyhedral, as corderoite's polyhedra X=Cl.
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The 2002 model was updated with 140 changes. While some of those changes made the bike easier to launch, with a heavier crankshaft and a reshaped flywheel and fuel mapping changes. It had less than the 2000 and 2001 models' . It had a revised suspension with stiffer front fork springs and a softer rear shock spring.
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Volker 1992, pt. 1, pp. 49–50. This crude system worked after a fashion, although the wedges diminished the propeller's efficiency, and the not inconsiderable force of the impact of bullets on the deflector blades must have put undesirable stress on the engine's crankshaft. On 1 April 1915 Garros shot down his first German aircraft, killing both the crew.
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The previous sluggish engine performance has been improved by a new "patented turbo combustion" cylinder head and special connecting rods. The troublesome crankshaft is now harmonically balanced. The gearbox has been fitted with a silent third gear or Traffic top. Speed and handbrake levers are now central and a tail lamp is supplied at no extra charge.
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The whole mechanism is enclosed and the covers are easy to remove. The double springs on the valve stems have variable tension. Though removing the cylinder head is not as simple as on a conventional design its removal does not affect the timing of the engine or its magneto. The crankshaft has three bearings, the camshaft four.
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The A.70 was developed by Fiat Aviazione, part of Fiat S.p.A., as one of a number of related small radial engines. It debuted at the Challenge International de Tourisme 1934, powering a number of the competitors. The engine had seven cylinders of square design, with a bore and stroke of , arranged around a crankshaft in a single row.
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The pistons were also of heat treated Y alloy. The crankcase was cast from heat treated silumin alloy, with some minor parts using magnesium alloy. The single throw two piece crankshaft was linked to the pistons with an I-section Y alloy master rod, with a single piece big end, which carried the other eight piston rods.
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The SD-455 consisted of a strengthened cylinder block that included four-bolt main bearings and added material in various locations for improved strength. Original plans called for a forged crankshaft, although actual production SD455s received nodular iron crankshafts with minor enhancements. Forged rods and forged aluminum pistons were specified, as were unique high-flow cylinder heads.
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The engine block itself is derived from the inline 6 cylinder M103 and M104 gasoline engines, with the Diesel crankshaft differing somewhat from the gasoline versions. Prior to the merge with Mercedes-Benz, AMG Affalterbach utilized the OM603 and OM606 crankshafts in modified form, for the 3.4 litre and 3.6 litre AMG M104 gasoline engine variants.
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The counter-weights are screwed on the center and outer crank arms. The flywheel is connected to the power take-off side of the engine with screws. The gear drive side of the crankshaft is equipped with a gear, which drives the oil pump and the gear which drives the camshaft. The connecting rods are forged and weight-balanced.
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The endemic problem of crankshaft failure was later attributed to flexing of the crankcase – because the E series relied upon the heavy sump/transmission unit to give additional strength to the cylinder block casting, this caused problems when a plain sump was bolted in its place. The R series was superseded in 1984 by the S series.
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He was named winner of the 2008 Daytona 200 after original race winner, Josh Hayes, was disqualified for an illegal crankshaft. Davies becomes the first racer from the United Kingdom to win the prestigious race. For 2009 Davies signed with KWS Aprilia to run in the all-new AMA Daytona Sportbike series, finishing the season with moderate success.
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The bodywork was manufactured in the traditional way, with a wooden frame covered with steel plates. The 3010 cc DB engine was very robust and its crankshaft was supported by seven main bearings. The gearbox was a non-syncromesh 3-speed box. In the spring of 1930 the car was succeeded by the PV652, with modified interior and dashboard.
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Aluminium cylinder heads could also be damaged by warping after overheating, often requiring machining to re-flatten them. A short block would have advantages over dismantling the engine and sending the crankshaft etc. away for rework. It would be quicker to obtain, requiring only a single shipping, rather than shipping twice and the time for machining.
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Kawasaki simply combined the same 72 mm bore with a short-throw crankshaft to give a 49 mm stroke and displacement. In the United States and Canada the W650 was imported for model years 2000-2001. With weak US and Canadian sales and the introduction of the competing "retro" Bonneville by Triumph, Kawasaki concentrated sales in Europe and Japan.
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The engine, carried forward from the 18 h.p. York model of the Sixteen had received small improvements which increased the engine's output. The engine benefited from improvements to the 12hp engine found in the new Ascot of 1936. The crankshaft is supported on 4 bearings and the main and big end bearings are of the shell type.
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The slant-four's engine block is of cast iron (called chrome iron in some references). The cylinders are inclined at an angle of 45° from vertical. This allowed the engine to be built with the same tooling needed for a V8, and reduced the overall engine height, permitting lower bonnets. The crankshaft ran in five main bearings.
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A variation of the Engerth system was devised by Pius Fink. This entailed having the rear wheels also driven by coupling rods from a crankshaft, thus making the locomotive an . One locomotive was built by the Staats Eisenbahn Gesellschaft, Vienna in 1861 carried No. 500 and was named Steyerdorf. It was used on the Reschtiza - Orawicza line.
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The cylinder diameter for these engines was 180mm. As for many radial engines, cylinder rows'Rows' in radial engine are the circular planes of cylinders counted axially, along the crankshaft. could be stacked for greater power. In most aircraft radial engines this is restricted to only one or two rows, by the need for air cooling of the rear rows.
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In late 2008, the K1200GT was replaced by the K1300GT, which had a larger displacement engine producing and of torque at the crankshaft. Cycle World tested the K1300GT at and torque at the rear wheel. The new bike also had improved optional ESA-II electronic suspension adjustment, a conventional single indicator switch and concealed crash bars.
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She ended her career freighting sheep from Islay to Glasgow, and her master, Lachlan McTavish was convicted at Glasgow Central Police Court with causing unnecessary suffering to the sheep. She was licensed for 750 sheep but was carrying 1170 aboard. Three sheep were suffocated. In 1904 she was towed into Port Ellen with a broken crankshaft and was scrapped.
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The cylinders and pistons were made of forged steel and connected in pairs to an eight bearing crankshaft. The crankcase was made of aluminium alloy coated with magnesium. A centrifugal supercharger was mounted to the rear. The engine was produced in both right handed and left handed versions, the difference being the direction of propeller rotation.
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The crankcase is cast as two box-section halves. The assembled crankcase provides for four main bearings. There are four cylinder head studs per cylinder, for a total of twelve on each side. The crankshaft for the earliest versions was of forged alloy steel and had six throws but no counterweights, permitting a weight- saving of .
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Chevrolet developed a prototype of the Turbo-Air 6 with a single overhead camshaft (SOHC) in each cylinder head. This was during the time from 1964 to 1966, with the SOHC project lagging the modular engine by approximately a year. The camshafts were driven off the crankshaft by a timing belt. The valves were operated through rocker arms.
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In May 1962 Ford announced the 116E engine. This engine first appeared in the Consul Capri in August 1962, and then in the Cortina Super in January 1963. The 116E had a taller deck height than the earlier Kent engines, and with a bore and stroke of , capacity was . The 116E's crankshaft was carried on five main-bearings.
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The 799 cc engine, originally designed by Ezio Mascheroni and first fitted to the F3, uses a DOHC inline three-cylinder layout with four valves per cylinder. A counter-rotating (reverse) crankshaft is used, which counteracts the centripetal forces of the wheels allowing the bike to turn faster. The bore and stroke are 79 mm and 54.3 mm.
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In 1924 an employee demonstrated the K R Wilson Combination Machine. Within three hours he relined the crankshaft bearings, bored them to accurate size and re-bored four cylinders to a standard Ford size. The work would previously have taken 18 to 20 hours. A special assembly bench by Manley Motor Support assisted with quick and accurate re-assembly.
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36–38 Blown head gaskets were another problem, which was corrected with improved seals in September 1943. Improved bearings were introduced in November 1943. An engine governor was also added in November 1943 that reduced the maximum engine speed to 2,500 rpm. An eighth crankshaft bearing was added beginning in January 1944 to reduce motor failures.
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Another chain drives the oil pump from the crankshaft. All engines have a turbocharger and all engines with more than power also have an intercooler. In 1997 the OM 668 was the smallest diesel engine by Mercedes-Benz. There are no mechanical differences between the engines, except from the engine, which does not have an intercooler.
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The OM636 is a water-cooled inline- four-cylinder diesel engine with precombustion chamber injection, OHV valvetrain and wet sump lubrication. Both the cylinder head and the cylinder block are made of grey cast iron. Both the crankshaft, which is supported in three bearings, and the connection rods are forged. The pistons are made of a light metal alloy.
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In late 1957 a new derivative model was introduced, using a , Excelsior three-cylinder 492 cc engine with triple carburettors. This engine configuration was made possible by the vertically split crankcase of the Excelsior engine and modular crankshaft and barrels, which made adding a central cylinder relatively easy. A four speed gearbox was standardised. The top speed was now .
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Wind-up windows were standard, and a comfortable driver's compartment offered plenty of legroom. A parcel shelf was fitted behind the seats. The MGB achieved a 0– time of just over 11 seconds. The three-bearing 1,798 cc B-Series engine produced 95 hp (71 kW) at 5,400 rpm – upgraded in October 1964 to a five-bearing crankshaft.
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Two features present on some models were spoked wire wheels that were assembled spoke by spoke, and engines with working crankshaft and piston assemblies. Assembly was mostly accomplished with threaded fasteners (screws, bolts, nuts) and very little glue. This created finished products that could theoretically be disassembled and repaired or modified. Kits came molded in color and ready painted.
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Honda kept the ignition system separate. The Honda system obtained information from the following sensors: crankshaft position sensor, camshaft position sensor, air temperature sensor, coolant temperature sensor, manifold absolute pressure sensor, throttle position sensor, barometric sensor and battery voltage. With all of these sensors relaying information to the ECU, Honda could have quite easily incorporated the ignition control unit.
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An idler-wheel is a wheel which serves only to transmit rotation from one shaft to another, in applications where it is undesirable to connect them directly. For example, connecting a motor to the platter of a phonograph, or the crankshaft-to-camshaft gear train of an automobile. Because it does no work itself, it is called an "idler".
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Pasley's report of 8 November was favourable, and the line was clear to open. The directors hesitated, desiring to gain a little more experience beforehand. On 19 December 1845 the crankshaft of the Forest Hill stationary engine fractured, and the engine was unusable. However the part was quickly replaced and on 16 January 1846, the line opened.
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At 11:00 that morning the crankshaft of one of the Croydon engines broke. Two engines had been provided, so traffic was able to continue using the other,The Maudsley engines consisted of two engines driving the same shaft; either could be disconnected if required. until at 7:20 p.m. that engine suffered the same fate.
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Since no expensive tooling is needed, this production method is mostly used for low-volume engines. In a machined crankshafts, the fibre flow (local inhomogeneities of the material caused by the casting process) does not follow the shape of the crankshaft, however this is rarely a problem since machined crankshafts often use higher quality steels than forged crankshafts.
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Kaplan's specific preparations included shaving the deck on the new block by about 5/8-inch and heavily modifying the ports. The new cross-ram manifold was installed and Kaplan would add his own specifically designed pistons, a shorter throw crankshaft, and a new camshaft. While a few engines were lost during testing, the whole design proved quite reliable.
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Launched in 2014, the B4 is based on the 435i. The N55 straight-six engine is modified by using twin-turbochargers, a sixty-one percent larger intercooler and a new crankshaft. The engine also utilises new pistons, all of these modifications allow the engine to generate between 5,550 and 6,250 RPM and between 3,000 and 4,000 RPM.
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In 1988 the Excel received a number of under-the-shell improvements, including a lighter, cross-drilled crankshaft, new engine mounting legs and bell housing, altered rear body mounts, a boot floor brace and revised body shell undertray, and a revised fuel system. In terms of appearance, the 1988 Excel looked mostly as it had done since 1984.
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It has an aluminium alloy engine block with cylinder liners. Each of its crossflow cylinder heads has a single spark plug and four valves, activated by gear- driven double overhead camshafts. This, combined with the flat-plane crankshaft, provides a relatively simple exhaust layout, in which the exhaust pipes exit on the outer side of the block.Nye (1986) p.
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The resulting vibration is not usually high enough to require balance shafts. As per all four-stroke engines with four cylinder or less, the lack of overlap in the power strokes results in a pulsating delivery of torque to the flywheel, causing a torsional vibration along the crankshaft axis.Thomson. Vibration Theory and Applications. p190 - Dynamics of reciprocating forces.
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Among the modifications, the engine block and heads were modified to enhance coolant flow, the crankshaft was upgraded to a fully counterweighted forged unit, the billet roller cam had a unique profile, and the pistons were made of a stronger hypereutectic alloy. The supercharger utilized was an Eaton M90 Roots-style, designed for mounting atop the intake manifold.
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Remanufacturing means an engine assembled to match factory specifications. A buyer may sometimes take this to mean all-new parts are used, this is not always the case. At least the cylinder block will be used. High-quality rebuilds will often include the fitting of new pistons and the line-boring of the crankshaft and camshaft bores.
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A chainsaw's clutch. The chain wraps around a sprocket behind the clutch that turns with the outer drum. The input of the clutch is connected to the engine crankshaft while the output may drive a shaft, chain, or belt. As engine revolutions per minute increase, weighted arms in the clutch swing outward and force the clutch to engage.
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Lepper created sculptures and murals, many of which reflect his interest in industrial objects. He developed the combination of powdered pigments and acrylic resin, or plastic, for artwork. In 1932, he made Crankshaft. He made several murals under the Federal Arts Project (1935-1943) of the Works Progress Administration, including post offices in Grayling, Michigan and Caldwell, Ohio.
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The centerline of the cylinders are offset from the centerline of the crankshaft by . The valve sizes are for the intake and for the exhaust. Since the two 'rows' of pistons and cylinders share a single cylinder head and head gasket, the piston crown (or top surface) is tilted. The engine management system is Bosch Motronic.
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Prince of Wales had a registered tonnage of , was certified to carry 1546 passengers and had a crew complement of 69. Both sisters were fitted with compound engines developing at 40.5 r.p.m., with a boiler steam pressure of . Both the Prince of Wales and Queen Victoria's engines were referred to as a coupled two crankshaft engine.
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The 1967 and later versions of the Repco engine had proprietary engine blocks. In the mid-1980s, hot rodders discovered the 215 could be stretched to as much as , using the Buick 300 crankshaft, new cylinder sleeves, and an assortment of non-GM parts.Davis, Marlan. "Affordable Aluminum V8's [sic]", in Hot Rod Magazine, March 1985, pp.
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The stroke length is how far the piston travels in the cylinder, which is determined by the cranks on the crankshaft. Engine displacement is calculated by multiplying the cross-section area of the cylinder (determined by the bore) by the stroke length. This number is multiplied by the number of cylinders in the engine, to determine the total displacement.
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The route took the competitors over the Arlberg Pass, and this section of the route caused de Knyff's differential to break and Grahame-White's crankshaft to fail, forcing them both to retire and leaving Edge as the only competitor remaining in the race. Edge reached Innsbruck to claim victory for Britain, in a time of just over 11 hours.
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Following Manx Viking’s sale to Det Stavangerske Dampskibsselskap, she was reported to have developed severe engine problems, in so doing creating financial difficulties for her owners. She was sold on after only one year. This may have been a recurrence of the crankshaft problems she has been reported to have suffered while in Sealink-Manx Line service.
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The windshaft also carries the brake wheel which has 54 teeth. This drives the wallower (24 teeth) at the top of the upright shaft. At the bottom of the upright shaft is the great spur wheel, which has 40 cogs. The great spur wheel drives a gear with 41 cogs on the crankshaft that powers the vertical frame saws.
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The all new frame was complemented by 41 mm forks, dual shocks, and a single disc on the front. A drum brake was used on the rear. A few internal changes were made to the VFR engine for use in the Magna, including a different crankshaft, a 5-speed transmission and chain driven cams. Smaller carbs were also utilized.
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As he neared Aurora, Illinois, his engine's crankshaft snapped, and after pedaling his way to Chicago, Wyman was forced to wait there five days for a new crank to arrive by railway express.Wyman, Across America On A Motor Bicycle, p. 43 After leaving Illinois, Wyman traversed the states of Indiana, Ohio, and Pennsylvania before entering New York state.
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Rider engine The Rider style engine is an "alpha" engine which uses two separate cylinders. As air in the hot side cylinder heats, it expands, driving the piston upward. The crankshaft now moves the cold side piston upward, drawing the hot air over to the cold side. The air cools, contracts, and pulls the hot side piston downward.
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The locomotive was ordered on 9 March 1936 by the Société nationale des chemins de fer français in an attempt to solve the problem of the crankshaft which limited, in part, the speed of the locomotive and its inherent dynamic augment or hammer blow. The order for its construction was placed with the firm of Schneider et Cie.
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The spinning wheel was also a precursor to the spinning jenny, which was a key development during the early Industrial Revolution in the 18th century. The crankshaft and camshaft were invented by Al-Jazari in Northern Mesopotamia circa 1206,Georges Ifrah (2001). The Universal History of Computing: From the Abacus to the Quatum Computer, p. 171, Trans.
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The Indian Scout FTR750 is a competition-only motorcycle engine made by Indian Motocycle Manufacturing Company for flat track racing. It is a fuel-injected, liquid-cooled, four-valve-per-cylinder V-twin. It appears to have a chain- driven, double-overhead-camshaft design. A single-pin crankshaft riding on plain bearings carries side-by-side steel connecting rods.
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However, the L47 V8 Northstar variant was used in the Oldsmobile Aurora and the 3.5L LX5 V6 in the Oldsmobile Intrigue. The engine received a forged steel crankshaft in October 2003. Cadillac had planned to introduce a V12 Northstar this decade, likely for use in the Escalade, but economics and new CAFE standards killed the idea.
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The boiler is a pretty standard design, slightly larger than the other models. Steam feed is taken from the bottom of the boiler, through the burner flame for superheating, and out to a compression fitting on the valve chest. The slide valve is controlled by a fixed crank on the crankshaft. The engine is not reversible.
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The crankshaft has the valve return crank at one end and a flywheel at the other. Also at the flywheel end is a small pinion meshing with a larger gear wheel mounted on a bracket cast in with the engine frame, giving a slightly more than 2:1 speed reduction. The second shaft has a small pulley attached.
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It features the same bore and stroke dimensions (3.70 in x 3.52). However, extensive modifications carried out by the IS F engineering team in conjunction with Yamaha's Formula One (F1) engine program resulted in a cast-aluminum intake manifold, new cylinder heads, and titanium intake valves. Additionally the engine features a forged crankshaft, connecting rods and cam lobes.
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The aluminium wings and bonnet were usually left unpainted. The engine was tuned with a high lift camshaft, special cylinder head and fully counterbalanced crankshaft. Options included an electric starter and a differential. A top speed of 65 mph (105 km/hour) and fuel consumption of 45–50 miles per gallon (6.2 to 5.6 L/100 km) was claimed.
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Tolerance rings are also used in the top frame structure of AC systems to secure the top of the rotor, replacing spot welding. They absorb vibration from the rotor and crankshaft in the AC motor when the compressor is running at high speed, ensuring the AC pump operates as efficiently as possible over its life cycle and reducing noise.
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BMW Marine conspicuously needed a large diesel, especially to compete in the European power boat market. The company sourced engines from VM Motori in Northern Italy. The VM HR.H 692 block became the basis for the next series of BMW Marine engines. Most gasoline and diesel internal combustion engines bolt the crankshaft onto the bottom of the crankcase.
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The Argus As 17 was an inverted six cylinder aircraft engine in the class that was first demonstrated in 1934. It was a development of the company's As 8 four-cylinder engine. The engine had cast aluminium heads and aluminium pistons mounted in steel cylinders and connected to a chrome-nickel steel crankshaft. Bore was and stroke .
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Same as the TSIO-360-G except for rating and cabin pressurization. ;TSIO-360-HB : at 2800 rpm, Minimum fuel grade 100 or 100LL avgas, compression ratio 7.50:1. Same as the TSIO-360-H except for a modified crankshaft. ;TSIO-360-JB : at 2800 rpm, Minimum fuel grade 100 or 100LL avgas, compression ratio 7.50:1.
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1285cc Single port 1965–1970 Twin port 1971–1975. This engine was an improved version of the early design and had dual oil pressure-relief valves and a stronger crankshaft with a longer 69 mm stroke. Bore diameter was the same as the 1200 at 77 mm. New cylinder heads were employed with new intake manifold geometry.
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This resulted in the M.19 missing the 1920 Schneider race. The following year the weight rule was relaxed. In the 1921 race, the M.19 competed against two M.7s, but the M.19 had to be withdrawn after the 12th lap with a fractured crankshaft which ruptured a fuel line, causing the aircraft to catch fire.
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The CCMM coordinate system differs from standard cartesian coordinates in that it employs a rotating table. For this reason, a spherical coordinate system is employed to define the axis. A complete definition can be found here: The cylindrical coordinate system allows for the construction of crankshaft gages, transmission shaft gages and inspection machines for other shaft applications.
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The spinning wheel was also a precursor to the spinning jenny, which was a key development during the early Industrial Revolution in the 18th century. The crankshaft and camshaft were invented by Al-Jazari in Northern Mesopotamia circa 1206,Georges Ifrah (2001). The Universal History of Computing: From the Abacus to the Quatum Computer, p. 171, Trans.
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Other engine sensors used in EFI systems include a coolant temperature sensor, a camshaft or crankshaft position sensor (some systems get the position information from the distributor), and an oxygen sensor which is installed in the exhaust system so that it can be used to determine how well the fuel has been combusted, therefore allowing closed loop operation.
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This B18 is a automobile Inline-four engine produced by Volvo from 1961 through 1968. The cam-in-block engine had overhead valves (OHV) operated by pushrods. The crankshaft rode in five main bearings, making the B18 quite different in design from its predecessor, the three-bearing B16. A larger version called the B20 appeared in 1969.
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The first engine in this family was introduced in 1961 for the 1962 model year Buick Special with Buick's engine, the first V6 in an American car (The GMC V6 was used earlier in trucks). Because it was derived from Buick's aluminum V8, it has a 90° bank between cylinders and an uneven firing pattern due to the crankshaft having only three crank pins set at 120° apart, with opposing cylinders (1-2, 3-4 and 5-6) sharing a crank pin in, as do many V8 engines. The uneven firing pattern was often perceived as roughness, leading a former American Motors executive to describe it as "Rougher than a cob." In 1977, Buick redesigned the crankshaft to a "split-pin" configuration to create an "even-firing" version.
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Because these positions are located close to the center of engine, they contribute less to countering any rocking motions - hence the use of external balance weights (e.g. in the crank nose pulley), which requires less extra mass for the same balancing effect. Unfortunately, the uneven firing in each bank (see below), as well as the 90° piston phases themselves, do contribute to torsion in the crankshaft which can be noticeable - it is for this reason that crossplane V8s have tuned mass dampers fitted to them, again usually on the free end of the crankshaft. Coventry Climax discovered that a sufficiently short-stroke flatplane engine was smoother and more powerful at higher rpm, both likely partly due to a relative absence of these torsional vibrations, and switched to this design with their Mk.III FWMV in 1963.
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Table engine built by Lampitt of Banbury c1850 and used at the Hunt Edmunds brewery A table engine is a variety of stationary steam engine where the cylinder is placed on top of a table-shaped base, the legs of which stand on the baseplate which locates the crankshaft bearings. The piston rod protrudes from the top of the cylinder and has fixed to it a cross-head which runs in slides attached to, and rising from, the cylinder top. Long return rods connect the crosshead to the crankshaft, on which is fixed the flywheel. This pattern of engine was first introduced by James Sadler at the Portsmouth Dockyard in 1798 and was house-built in that its framing was formed by the engine house, as had been common practice for beam engines.
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Christian von Koenigsegg invented the Koenigsegg Direct Drive System (KDD), and it was developed for the Regera by the Koenigsegg Advanced Engineering Team. The KDD system effectively eliminates the need for a transmission and allows for pure EV (electric vehicle) mode. The Regera doesn't have a traditional multi-gear transmission but instead features a single-speed fixed-gear transmission, often called a direct drive, with a 2.73:1 reduction ratio, meaning the crankshaft mounted on the ICE will rotate 2.73 times for every 1 time that the output shaft of the direct drive mechanism will rotate. At speeds below 30 mph, the wheel shaft electric motors mostly propel the car through the use of a hydraulic coupling that lets the ICE and the crankshaft mounted electric motor slip.
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Activating the decompression lever locks the outlet valves in a slight down position, resulting in the engine not having any compression and thus allowing for turning the crankshaft over without resistance. When the crankshaft reaches a higher speed, flipping the decompression lever back into its normal position will abruptly re-activate the outlet valves, resulting in compression − the flywheel's mass moment of inertia then starts the engine. Other diesel engines, such as the precombustion chamber engine XII Jv 170/240 made by Ganz & Co., have a valve timing changing system that is operated by adjusting the inlet valve camshaft, moving it into a slight "late" position. This will make the inlet valves open with a delay, forcing the inlet air to heat up when entering the combustion chamber.
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Rover KV6 90-degree engine Many manufacturers, particularly American ones, built V6 engines with a V-angle of 90 degrees based on their existing 90-degree V8 engines. Such configurations were easy to design by removing two cylinders and replacing the V8 engine's four-throw crankshaft with a three-throw crankshaft. This reduced design costs, allowed the new V6 to share components with the V8 engine, and sometimes allowed manufacturers to build the V6 and V8 engines on the same production line. The downsides of a 90 degree design are a wider engine which is more vibration-prone than a 60 degree V6. The initial 90 degree V6 engines (such as the Buick Fireball V6 engine) had three shared crankpins arranged at 120 degrees from each other, due to their origins from the V8 engines.
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1928 Indian 402 Indian purchased the ownership of the name, rights, and production facilities of the Ace Motor Corporation in 1927. Production was moved to Springfield and the motorcycle was marketed as the Indian Ace for one year. In 1928, the Indian Ace was replaced by the Indian 401, a development of the Ace designed by Arthur O. Lemon, former Chief Engineer at Ace, who was employed by Indian when they bought Ace. The Ace's leading-link forks and central coil spring were replaced by Indian's trailing-link forks and quarter-elliptic leaf spring. IOE "pockets" By 1929, the Indian 402 would have a stronger twin-downtube frame based on that of the 101 Scout and a sturdier five-bearing crankshaft than the Ace, which had a three-bearing crankshaft.
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Same as the A1G except its crankcase has a propeller governor drive mounted on the left front instead of on the engine accessory housing. ;O-360-A1H6 : at 2700 rpm, Minimum fuel grade 91/96 avgas, compression ratio 8.50:1. Same as the A1H except that it has a crankshaft equipped with 6.3 and 8th order pendulum counterweights and it uses Slick magnetos.
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Same as the A2D except that it has special long propeller attaching bushings for use with Sensenich fixed- pitch propellers. ;O-360-A4A : at 2700 rpm, Minimum fuel grade 91/96 avgas, compression ratio 8.50:1. Same as the A3A except has stiffer crankshaft. ;O-360-A4AD : at 2700 rpm, Minimum fuel grade 91/96 avgas, compression ratio 8.50:1.
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Same as the B1B but has different magnetos and a stiffer crankshaft and solid main bearing journals. ;IO-360-C1A : at 2700 rpm, Minimum fuel grade 100 or 100LL avgas, compression ratio 8.70:1. Same as the A1A but with a rear-mounted injector. ;IO-360-C1B : at 2700 rpm, Minimum fuel grade 100 or 100LL avgas, compression ratio 8.70:1.
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They will be painted in a McGlashan green livery. A July 2016 fire aboard one of Toronto's Nippon Sharyo units revealed a design flaw in the engine's crankshaft that would result in premature wear; SMART decided to delay operations until the engines could be serviced to correct the problem. All trains were refurbished at SMART's rail center by April 2017.
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Further work, including the installation of a safety stone guard, was fitted to the mower deck. Hayter changed the two-stroke engine to a four- stroke variant with a horizontal crankshaft. Hayter's business became a limited company in 1946. The company was awarded with a Royal Warrant in 1960 by Elizabeth II, meaning it is a trusted supplier to the British Royal Family.
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The Motoring Correspondent of The Times wrote that when on trial there was no sign of overheating. Seven bearings for the crankshaft might improve the engine's smoothness but, without sudden opening of the throttle, it is smooth and silky. Clutch worked well, change-speed was light and easy. Brakes worked well and all seats were comfortable for passengers as well as driver.
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What sets this engine apart from other contemporary British twins is that the crankshaft was dynamically balanced from the factory which made these bikes one of the smoothest British twin engines ever. The Series 1 bikes had an automatic advance magneto, coil ignition and a new seat. There was a rare single carburettor model as well. It was manufactured until 1966.
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However, the head was rotated by 180° compared with the motorcycle engine. The twin-bearing crankshaft was also different in the Isetta power unit, being larger and featuring reinforced bearings. One of the reasons for this was the heavy Dynastart unit which combined the dynamo and self-starter. The fuel mixture was provided by a Bing sliding throttle side draft motorcycle carburetor.
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In piston engines, the valves are grouped into 'inlet valves' which admit the entrance of fuel and air and 'outlet valves' which allow the exhaust gases to escape. Each valve opens once per cycle and the ones that are subject to extreme accelerations are held closed by springs that are typically opened by rods running on a camshaft rotating with the engines' crankshaft.
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The efficiency of an electric supercharger is curbed by several energy conversion losses (alternator for charging), damp energy while charging the accumulators and the compressor providing boost. The losses are in general higher than direct kinematic linkage of intake air compressor to engine crankshaft. If the vehicle implements kinetic energy recovery, then the battery can be charged on otherwise wasted energy.
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Harland and Wolff built her two Burmeister & Wain engines under license. They were the largest marine oil engines constructed in Britain until then. Each engine was a double-acting 10-cylinder marine two-stroke diesels developing 24,000 hp with bore x stroke x . Each engine was high from the centre of the crankshaft, long and weighed , and drove a single screw.
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This provided a generous supply of lubrication and also excluded dirt. :; Geared drive This allows a high crankshaft speed, encouraging efficiency. Although not all geared steam locomotives made use of this, particularly the US designs such as the Shay and the Climax, it was an essential part of the steam motor concept. The final drive of early Sentinel locomotives was by chain.
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The six-cylinder 2½-litre engine has inclined overhead valves on either side of the cylinder head. They are opened by rockers operated by a single overhead camshaft which is driven by double roller chain. The S.U. carburettor is bolted to the cylinder head which may be removed with the valve train without affecting engine timing. The crankshaft has been given four bearings.
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In 1922 the 28 hp (at 3400 rpm) DeLuxe was released. Improvements included a larger, more efficient carburetor, improved intake manifold and rear brakes; redesigned crankshaft, cylinder head cooling, exhaust system and seat. There were also optional Lynite die-cast alloy pistons and a revised reverse gear. The heavier Police Department version was demonstrated first to the Chicago Police, and achieved 98 mph.
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265 For engines with disc-type atomisers, the injection pressure should be in sync with the rotational frequency of the crankshaft. This means that with an increase in rotational frequency, the air pressure must be increased as well. Usually, at injection, 97% air and 3% fuel are getting injected through the injection nozzle.MAN Nutzfahrzeuge AG: Leistung und Weg: Zur Geschichte des MAN Nutzfahrzeugbaus.
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1980 Yamaha XJ650 Maxim I The 4 cylinder, air-cooled, twin-cam 650cc engine is housed in a cross-braced duplex steel tube frame. Yamaha made the engine narrower by locating the alternator behind the cylinder block and above the gearbox rather than on the end of the crankshaft. The Maxim had shaft drive.Cycle, 1982 Contemporary reports praised the Maxim's performance and braking.
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These machines included a machine for steel sheet surface protection, a straw walker welding robot, and an automatic straw walker crankshaft forging machine. In early 1969, the E 512 was presented on the Leipzig Trade Fair. Several improvements and updates to the Fortschritt E 512 were introduced throughout its series production. From 1969 onwards, the E 512 was available with a driver's cabin.
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Due to friction and mechanical losses in various parts of the power train, the measured power at the wheels is about 15 to 20 percent lower than the power measured directly at the output of engine crankshaft (measuring device with this purpose is called engine testbed).John Dinkel, "Chassis Dynamometer", Road and Track Illustrated Automotive Dictionary, (Bentley Publishers, 2000) page 46.
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A design for a car with three- abreast seating was developed. A prototype flat-eight engine was also built for Piëch. The prototype engine was loosely based on the inline four developed for EA266, and included DOHC cylinder heads and two EA266 water cooled cylinder blocks on a common crankshaft. The new car was expected to be introduced in 1973.
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That means four-bolt main bearing caps instead of just two; sometimes the crankshaft is forged steel and the pistons an upgraded aluminum alloy. Most importantly the camshaft profile is different with the overlap ground to 112 degrees instead of 110. Expansion plugs are bronze to better fight corrosion. The head gasket's metal O-ring is also more corrosion resistant.
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They came with a flathead straight-eight engine, which were slightly less expensive to produce than the increasingly popular V8, but they were also heavier and longer. Additionally, the long crankshaft suffered from excessive flex, restricting straight-eights to a relatively low compression ratio with a modest redline. However, in this application, inexpensive (yet very quiet) flatheads were not a liability.
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Detail of a T140E Bonneville engine The T140 uses a 360-degree, air-cooled parallel twin layout. Gear driven camshafts operate a single inlet and exhaust valve in each cylinder via pushrods. Twin Amal carburettors supply the cylinders with fuel/air mixture through short intake manifolds. The crankshaft drives the clutch through a triplex chain operating in an oil bath.
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The company sold 7,786 heavy- duty diesel engines, which were assembled approximately 80% complete in 2009, including the crankshaft, block, pistons, and connecting rods, the short block engines were stored temporarily and completed the remaining assembly in early 2010 for use in trucks and buses of in model year 2010. These engines were alleged not to comply with stricter 2010 emission standards.
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Drownproofing was developed by swimming coach Fred Lanoue, known to students as Crankshaft because of his limping gait. It was first taught in 1940. His method was so successful that it gained national recognition, and Georgia Tech soon made it a requirement for graduation, until 1988. The US Navy also took interest, and adopted it as part of their standard training.
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When excessively high exhaust temperatures were detected, the fuel injection computer would richen the mixture. It has a forged crankshaft, cast pistons, and connecting rods. Although a powerful engine for its time, the 16 Valve engine can experience some problems that can be solved easily. One of the few problems is oil pump gear problems leading to broken timing belts.
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The Buzzard was an enlargement of the Kestrel Lumsden 2003, p.198. of Condor size, developed in its most extreme form into the Rolls-Royce R racing engine used for the Schneider Trophy competition.Lumsden 2003, p.199. The Vulture of 1939 was essentially two Peregrines on a common crankshaft in an X-24 configuration, both of these types being deemed unsuccessful.
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The BMW M12/13 turbocharged straight-4 engine was famous during its life for being the first Formula 1 engine capable of in racing trim, although it was capable of nearly for qualifying with modification of its boost. This engine had a bore and stroke of x , giving a displacement of 1,499.79 cc. Maximum crankshaft speed was 11,200 rpm. Peak power b.m.e.p.
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On 6 August, S-35 began her seventh war patrol. Standing out of Dutch Harbor, she made for Attu, topped off in Massacre Bay; then proceeded to her patrol area. On 11 August, she sighted a ship, but was unable to close. On 19 August, cracks developed in the port engine crankshaft and couplings; and she turned back for Dutch Harbor.
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The Cavac was an American automobile manufactured in Detroit, Michigan in 1910 by the Small Motor Car Company. Their office was in Room 605 of the David Whitney Building. The Cavac was a four-cylinder car with an underslung chassis meant to sell for $1,050. It was water-cooled, roadster style, and had crankshaft main bearings with ball bearing cages.
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Agostini used a Suzuki RG 500 after the second race. Only in the last race of the season in Germany did the MV Agusta appear again, now equipped with lighter pistons and a lighter crankshaft. Agostini won the race with it in difficult conditions. Nevertheless, MV Agusta announced at the end of the year that it would stop road racing.
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From 1976 to 1979, Jerry Grant "drove the most powerful car ever to appear in Indy car racing" - a turbocharged two-valve, AMC Gen-2 block V8 engine producing in his Eagle 74 chassis. The car was fast on the straightways, but the engine's weight made corners more difficult to handle. The engine utilized a bore and a flat plane stroke crankshaft.
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The 12R was developed by Renault in the 1930s. The design was derived from the successful Renault Bengali, using the same construction techniques and being of essentially steel construction. It was based on the 4.46, a test engine developed by mounting two 6Q six-cylinder engines on the same crankshaft. The engine retained the bore and stroke of the smaller engine.
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The 410 engine, used in 1966 and 1967 Mercurys (see Ford MEL engine regarding 1958 senior series Edsels), used the same bore as the 390 engine, but with the 428's stroke, giving a real displacement. The standard 428 crankshaft was used, which meant that the 410, like the 428, used external balancing. A compression ratio of 10.5:1 was standard.
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Only in the last race of the season at the Nürburgring-Nordschleife in Germany did the MV Agusta appear again, now equipped with lighter pistons and a lighter crankshaft. Agostini won the race with it in difficult conditions, finishing 52 seconds ahead of second placed Marco Lucchinelli on a Suzuki. This was the last 500 cc GP win by a four-stroke.
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Other differences from the FZ1 engine include a lighter crankshaft, smaller valves and revised camshaft profiles. The aluminium frame and swingarm are also taken from the FZ1. The FZ8 has been discontinued in the United States after 2013. Some UK reviewers have criticised the bikes for being expensive compared with rivals such as the Triumph Street Triple and Kawasaki Z750.
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Jumo 222, Dobrynin VD-4K). A Junkers Jumo 222 multibank aviation engine, four cylinders per bank. :Inline Radial: Multiple bank engines, usually liquid-cooled, with an odd number of banks (three or more) arranged around a common axis and/or driving a common crankshaft with more than 180° between first and last banks, (e.g. air-cooled Armstrong Siddeley Deerhound, liquid-cooled BMW 803).
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A variation of the opposed-piston design is the free- piston engine, which was first patented in 1934. Free piston engines have no crankshaft, and the pistons are returned after each firing stroke by compression and expansion of air in a separate cylinder. Early applications were for use as an air compressor or as a gas generator for a gas turbine.
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Al-Jazari (1136-1206) described a crank and connecting rod system in a rotating machine in two of his water- raising machines.Ahmad Y Hassan. The Crank-Connecting Rod System in a Continuously Rotating Machine. His twin-cylinder pump incorporated a crankshaft, but the device was unnecessarily complex indicating that he still did not fully understand the concept of power conversion.
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The naphtha fuel was an acceptable lubricant and this avoided the problem of separating lubricating oil from condensed fuel vapour leaking past the piston ring seals. It did however require careful sealing of the crankcase. The engine valvegear was simple, compared to that of contemporary steam engines. A single rotating overhead camshaft ran above the cylinders, parallel to the crankshaft.
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Production of the 103 A1 series began in September 1957.Tourist Spotter's Guide -- 103 A1 The tubular handlebars of previous series were replaced by a cast handlebar containing an instrument panel. The engine, while remaining the same in size, was improved by the use of a two-bearing crankshaft. The engine was now mounted to the frame with rubber mounts, improving the ride.
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The connecting rods were of nitrided steel, with divided big ends and bronze bushes at the little ends. The one piece crankshaft was also formed from nitrided steel and had two main roller bearings and a single ball thrust bearing. The single piece crankcase was cast from an aluminium alloy. 135 units in all, including B and B2 variants were built.
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Taber was a licensed professional engineer and a certified engineering technologist. Taber began her career at the Tocco Division of The Ohio Crankshaft Company as an engineering trainee and development engineer. Briefly, she was a digital systems consultant for Design and Development Inc. Then, Taber began working in academia as an instructor in electrical-electronic engineering at Cuyahoga Community College in Cleveland, Ohio.
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The cast-iron cylinder head was chosen for low cost. A simple overhead valvetrain has three components activating each valve instead of a typical pushrod system's seven. An external belt from the crankshaft drives the five-bearing camshaft plus the water pump and fan.Engineering Concept, Design and Development of Chevrolet's new little car Vega 2300. Dura-built 140 cu in (2.3 L) 2bbl.
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Two-piece plain bearings, known as full bearings in industrial machinery, are commonly used for larger diameters, such as crankshaft bearings. The two halves are called shells. There are various systems used to keep the shells located. The most common method is a tab on the parting line edge that correlates with a notch in the housing to prevent axial movement after installation.
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The low 9.5:1 compression ratio will help the engine tolerate lower-octane fuel. The crankshaft has a 270° throw, with a gear-driven balance shaft ahead of the crank. The slipper clutch drives a six-speed gearbox and chain final drive. The cylinder head receives substantial oil-cooling and the bikes have a large oil cooler on the frame downtubes.
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The M10 has a forged crankshaft, counterbalance weights, five main bearings and a chain-driven camshaft. The block is made from cast iron and the head is made from aluminium. The initial version of the M10 had a bore of and a stroke of , resulting in a displacement of . It had hemispherical combustion chambers, an aluminum alloy head and two valves per cylinder.
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Johncock re-assumed the lead, but it was down to only 7 seconds. Suddenly as Johncock hit the mainstretch the next time around to complete lap 184, a huge cloud of smoke came from his car and he veered to the inside. Johncock parked the car in turn one with a broken crankshaft. Foyt inherited the lead with only 16 laps to go.
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There were a number of different variants with the most numerous being the M-88B, of which 10,585 were produced at Zaporozhye and Omsk. The M-88B solved most of the mechanical failures associated with the M-87 and early M-88's by including oil injectors in the crankshaft, improved cooling and strengthened drive components. 16,087 M-88's were produced.
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Like IFA, Engineer Daniel Zimmermann (born 1902) based his ZPH engine on the pre-war DKW RT-125 which he heavily modified by adding a disc valve that allowed asymmetric port timing with a longer duration inlet phase. Zimmermann also used a new crankshaft providing 'square' bore and stroke dimensions (54mm x 54mm) and used stuffing rings to boost the primary compression ratio.
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The V angle between the cylinder banks is 15°, and the compression ratio is 10:1. The crankshaft runs in seven main bearings and the journals are offset 22° to one another, in order to accommodate the offset cylinder placement. This also allows the use of a 120° firing interval between cylinders. The firing order is: 1, 5, 3, 6, 2, 4.
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Tachometers driven by a rotating cable from a drive unit fitted to the engine (usually on the camshaft) exist - usually on simple diesel-engined machinery with basic or no electrical systems. On recent EMS found on modern vehicles, the signal for the tachometer is usually generated from an ECU which derives the information from either the crankshaft or camshaft speed sensor.
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The CVH was a very rare engine: it was used only in the European Ford Sierra. There are not many differences from the 1.6 engine. Bore was still , but a different crankshaft with a stroke of gave the engine its higher capacity. The cylinder head was equipped with hydraulic roller camshaft followers to reduce noise and help the engine to run more smoothly.
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The Dry multi-plate clutch was driven by gears from the crankshaft. There was initially a four-speed gearbox, but in 1955 the number of gears was expanded to seven. The rear wheel was driven by a chain. The MV Agusta had a double cradle frame that was constructed from chrome molybdenum tubes with a diameter of 25 × 1.2 mm.
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Purpose of transmission: There are three reasons for having a transmission in the automotive power train or drive train. The transmission can: • Provide torque needed to move the vehicle under a velocity of road and loadcondition. It does this by changing the gear ratio between the engine and crankshaft and vehicle drive wheel. • Be shifted into reverse so the vehicle can move backward.
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The Liberty's engine was an air-cooled pushrod single- cylinder four-stroke with a bore and stroke of 39 x 42 mm giving an displacement of 47,7 cc. Compression ratio was 7.5:1 and the ignition was provided by a magneto. Power output was 1.5 bhp @ 4,500 rpm. A wet multi-plate clutch was driven by gears from the crankshaft.
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Yamaha YZR500. The RD500LC (Race Developed 500CC Liquid Cooled motorcycle) uses a 50-degree, twin-crankshaft V4 engine layout. Linked Yamaha YPVS exhaust power valves are controlled by a single electronic unit and servo motor and are designed to give a broader power band. The engine also features intake reed valves unlike the YZR500 racer which used rotary disc valve induction.
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After testing of the final vehicle, the power rating was lowered to . The crankshaft was carried by three main bearings. In the 190 SL, the engine had two parallel carburetors. M121 engine in a 190SL. The M121 engine was distinctive during its time due to the fact that it stood upright in the engine compartment, and not at an angle like the 300SL's.
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Coupling shaft splined at front end to driving wheel of propeller reduction gear. Clockwise rotation when viewed from rear. ;Crankcase :Two aluminium-alloy castings joined together on the horizontal centreline. The upper portion bears the wheelcase, cylinder blocks and part of the housing for the airscrew reduction gear; and carries the crankshaft main bearings (split mild-steel shells lined with lead–bronze alloy).
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The Ajax came standard with a L-head Nash straight-six engine with a seven main bearing crankshaft, force-feed lubrication system, three-speed transmission, four-wheel brakes (at that time unusual for a car of its price), steel disc wheels, as well as mohair velvet upholstery and an electric clock. The Ajax Six produced "genuine 60 mph" (97 km/h) driving,.
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1991 Porsche 3512 Formula One engine A V12 engine is a twelve-cylinder piston engine where two banks of six cylinders are arranged in a V configuration around a common crankshaft. V12 engines are more common than V10 engines. However, they are less common than V8 engines. The first V12 engine was built in 1904 for use in racing boats.
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Kroonland turned west and continued on to the United States, hampered by a cracked crankshaft that slowed her to . During her slow passage to New York, Kroonlands cabin passengers drafted a resolution honoring Captain Kreibohm and the crew for their actions during the rescue, and raised $700 for the benefit of the Volturno survivors. Kroonland finally docked in New York on 16 October.
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The new tipo 202, updated V8 engine had of bore and stroke. The resulting capacity was now . The cylinder bore was unchanged from the 248 SP engine, with the increased capacity derived from a 2.5 mm longer crankshaft throw. Weber 40DC carburetors mounted on individual manifolds replaced the 40IF2C carburetors used on the 248 SP, in an attempt to improve air induction.
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The brakes are six-piston-calipers with 16-inch discs at the front and back. The modified 6.0 L aluminum Mercedes-Benz M120 V12 engine featured a newly developed cylinder head, special intake and exhaust manifolds, as well as forged internals such as pistons and crankshaft to accommodate the forced induction system (i.e., four turbochargers), which brought the output of the engine to .
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The business also included a drainage tile works. In 1859, Aveling invented the traction engine when he modified a Clayton & Shuttleworth portable engine, which had to be hauled from job to job by horses, into a self-propelled one. The alteration was made by fitting a long driving chain between the crankshaft and the rear axle. Aveling later invented the steamroller in 1867.
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There are two definitions of a direct-acting engine encountered in 19th-century literature. The earlier definition applies the term "direct- acting" to any type of engine other than a beam (i.e. walking beam, side-lever or grasshopper) engine. The later definition only uses the term for engines that apply power directly to the crankshaft via the piston rod and/or connecting rod.
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These terms refer to the orientation of the engine cylinder. A vertical cylinder stands vertically with its piston rod operating above (or below) it. A vertical inverted engine is defined as a vertical cylinder arrangement, with the crankshaft mounted directly below the cylinder(s). With an inclined or horizontal type, the cylinder and piston are positioned at an incline or horizontally.
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Engine: the crankshaft now has seven bearings with a larger surface area and the crank pins are now bored to reduce weight. A new higher level air cleaner is fitted. There is a mechanical fuel pump to draw petrol from the tank at the rear, powered by a drive taken from the camshaft. The engine is now mounted on rubber.
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A two-cylinder engine was fitted to the same chassis in 1897 and a second complete car was built alongside it. This led on to the first production cars in 1900, when six were made as demonstrators. These had two-cylinder, 4033 cc, horizontal air- cooled engines, retaining the twin crankshaft design. Steering was by side lever (or tiller) not wheel.
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In a conventional Otto cycle engine, each cylinder performs all four strokes per cycle. This means that two revolutions of the crankshaft are required for each power stroke. The pistons fire every other revolution, while the Scuderi engine fires every revolution. The Otto cycle design convention calls for combustion just before top dead center (BTDC) in order to allow combustion pressure to build.
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Most portable engines are single- cylinder but two-cylinder engines were also built. The slide valve is usually driven by a single eccentric and no reversing gear is fitted. There is usually a belt-driven governor to keep the engine running at constant speed, even if the load fluctuates. The engine may have one or two flywheels mounted on the same crankshaft.
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The second variant utilizes a more muted aluminum tank over black frame and black inverted fork. (See Photo) The Yamaha XSR900 and MT-09 share the same 847cc liquid-cooled DOHC inline 3-cylinder engine with a 120° crankshaft. The engine has a power output of @ 10,000 rpm and @ 8,500 rpm. Motorcyclist got a tested 1/4 mile time of 11.07 seconds at .
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A diaphragm compressor is a variant of the classic reciprocating compressor with backup and piston rings and rod seal. The compression of gas occurs by means of a flexible membrane, instead of an intake element. The back and forth moving membrane is driven by a rod and a crankshaft mechanism. Only the membrane and the compressor box come in touch with pumped gas.
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Unlike the SuperSport, the MHR bikes were not thinly disguised race bikes, but road bikes dressed as racers. The Mille engine was not just an overbore of the 860, but a complete redesign of the engine. It had a one piece forged nitrided crankshaft, with plain big-end bearings and a larger oil pump with the oil pressure at 80 psi.
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These were followed by more De Dion-style vehicles until 1904. In that year, Karl Slevogt-designed vehicles premiered with little, if any, resemblance to the former French-influenced models. These new cars featured an advanced 4-cylinder engine that had a 5-bearing crankshaft and overhead valves. Versions of the engines ranged from 16/20PS to a 6.1L 35/40PS.
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The size of the engine gave the car a centre of gravity that was not just rearward but higher than other cars, due to the height of the upper crankshaft above the ground and the need to have the entire engine raised slightly to make room for the lower set of exhausts which left the engine from underneath the car.
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By 15 July, she was back at Milne Bay for repair and upkeep. On 11 September, she got underway for the assault area off Morotai Island in the Netherlands East Indies. She remained there for 10 days-again providing salvage, fire fighting, and towing services. During that period, she suffered a broken crankshaft and had to put in at Gila Bay for repairs.
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For motorcycles, the use of a particular type depends on the drive: in case of a chain or belt drive a transverse engine is usually used, and with shaft drives a longitudinal engine. Longitudinal engines in motorcycles do have one disadvantage: the "tipping point" of the crankshaft tilts along the entire motorcycle to a greater or lesser degree when accelerating. This is partly resolved by having other components, such as the generator and the gearbox, rotate in the opposite direction to the crankshaft. Most larger, "premium" vehicles use this engine orientation, both front and rear wheel driven, because powerful engines such as the inline-6 and 90° big-bore V8 are usually too long to fit in a FF transverse engine bay, while most mainstream modern vehicles use front wheel drive along with a transverse engine arrangement.
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Same as the C1A but with Bendix 1200 series magnetos. ;IO-360-C1C : at 2700 rpm, Minimum fuel grade 100 or 100LL avgas, compression ratio 8.70:1. Same as the C1B but with a 14-degree fuel injector inlet adapter and an impulse coupling Bendix S4LN-1227 magneto. ;IO-360-C1C6 : at 2700 rpm, Minimum fuel grade 100 or 100LL avgas, compression ratio 8.70:1. Same as the C1C but with a crankshaft with one 6.3 order and one 8th order counterweights. ;IO-360-C1D6 : at 2700 rpm, Minimum fuel grade 100 or 100LL avgas, compression ratio 8.70:1. Same as the C1B but with an impulse coupled magneto and a crankshaft equipped with one 6.3 order and one 8th order counterweights. ;IO-360-C1E6 : at 2700 rpm, Minimum fuel grade 100 or 100LL avgas, compression ratio 8.70:1.
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At the debut year, the drier line-up consisted of Kenny Roberts Jr. and Jean-Michel Bayle and team's sponsor was Marlboro. It was initially thought that the engine’s layout gave the engine good self-balancing inertial forces (of the pistons going up and down and the rotating crankshaft), but the bike frequently underperformed and suffered many breakdowns (expecially crankshaft spreadings frequently broke down) as well as driver DNFs, - 14 tot be exact - archieving a best place finish of eighth, scoring a total of 68 points and ending fifth in the constructor standings. Additionally, there was no controlled-tyre ruling back then, thus the tryes were manufactured to each specific bike in the paddock. New and small teams such as the KR team often had to use old tyres or those designed for other bikes, sometimes even both.
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2CV6 engine compartment, post-1981 (with inboard disc brakes) 2CV ignition system diagram Movement of flat-twin engine pistons, connecting rods and crankshaft 2CV flat-twin engine halved with piston removed—showing connecting rod, crankshaft, crankcase, camshaft, spring-loaded split timing gear and engine oil pickup The engine was designed by Walter Becchia and Lucien Gerard, with a nod to the classic BMW boxer motorcycle engine. It was an air-cooled, flat-twin, four-stroke, 375 cc engine with pushrod operated overhead valves and a hemispherical combustion chamber. The earliest model developed DIN. A 425 cc engine was introduced in 1955, followed in 1970 by a 602 cc one giving at 7000 rpm. With the 602 cc engine, the tax classification of the car changed so that it became a 3CV, but the name remained unchanged.
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An even-firing inline-four engine is in primary balance because the pistons are moving in pairs, and one pair of pistons is always moving up at the same time as the other pair is moving down. However, piston acceleration and deceleration is greater in the top half of the crankshaft rotation than in the bottom half, because the connecting rods are not infinitely long, resulting in a non-sinusoidal motion. As a result, two pistons are always accelerating faster in one direction, while the other two are accelerating more slowly in the other direction, which leads to a secondary dynamic imbalance that causes an up-and-down vibration at twice crankshaft speed. This imbalance is common among all piston engines, but the effect is particularly strong on inline-four because of the two pistons always moving together.
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This 2004 Toyota Prius hybrid has an Atkinson-cycle engine as the petrol-electric hybrid engine The Atkinson Gas Cycle The Atkinson-cycle engine is a type of single stroke internal combustion engine invented by James Atkinson in 1882. The Atkinson cycle is designed to provide efficiency at the expense of power density, and is used in some modern hybrid electric applications. The original Atkinson-cycle piston engine allowed the intake, compression, power, and exhaust strokes of the four-stroke cycle to occur in a single turn of the crankshaft and was designed to avoid infringing certain patents covering Otto-cycle engines. Due to the unique crankshaft design of the Atkinson, its expansion ratio can differ from its compression ratio and, with a power stroke longer than its compression stroke, the engine can achieve greater thermal efficiency than a traditional piston engine.
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TDC. A timing mark is an indicator used for setting the timing of the ignition system of an engine, typically found on the crankshaft pulley (as pictured) or the flywheel, being the largest radius rotating at crankshaft speed and therefore the place where marks at one degree intervals will be farthest apart. On older engines it is common to set the ignition timing using a timing light, which flashes in time with the ignition system (and hence engine rotation), so when shone on the timing marks makes them appear stationary due to the stroboscopic effect. The ignition timing can then be adjusted to fire at the correct point in the engine's rotation, typically a few degrees before top dead centre and advancing with increasing engine speed. The timing can be adjusted by loosening and slightly rotating the distributor in its seat.
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At first glance, 120 degrees might seem to be the optimal V-angle for a V6 engine, since pairs of pistons in alternate banks can share crank pins in a three-throw crankshaft and the combustion forces are balanced by the firing interval being equal to the angle between the cylinder banks. A 120 degree configuration, unlike the 60 degree or 90 degree configurations, would not require crankshafts with flying arms, split crankpins, or seven main bearings to be even-firing. However, the primary imbalance caused by odd number of cylinders in each bank still remains in a 120 degree V6 engine. This differs from the perfect balance achieved by a 90 degree V8 engine with a commonly used crossplane crankshaft, because the inline-four engine in each bank of the V8 engine does not have this primary imbalance.
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This, in turn, provides for relatively good airflow through the engine despite the intake and exhaust ports being on the same side of the head rather than in a crossflow arrangement. It was introduced in two piston displacement sizes in 1960: The "LG" (low-G, referring to the relatively short engine block casting and crankshaft stroke) in the Valiant, and the "RG" (raised-G, referring to the relatively tall engine block casting and crankshaft stroke) in full-size Plymouth and Dodge Dart models. In 1960, the engine was called the "30-D Economy Six" engine by Plymouth marketers, referring to the 30° cylinder block angle. The G-engine was offered in various configurations in the North American market until 1983 in cars, 1987 in trucks, and 1991 for marine, agricultural, and industrial use. Replacement engines were built in Mexico through 2000.
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YAM Range Rover Airport Fire Tender The first-generation Range Rover served as the base for specialist utility vehicles. These included the Carmichaels International six-wheel Fire Tender. This was a two-door model with an extended chassis and a third "lazy" axle added. Designed for small airfield use, it had a water-pump mounted on the front bumper driven directly by the V8's crankshaft.
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In November, she was in Narvik, moving to Tromsø the following month. Operation Einsiedler, which was to establish a weather station on Bear Island, had been delayed by Allied activity off the coast of Norway during this time. Hessen sailed on 7 January but the crankshaft of her engine broke on 10 January. She then drifted for two days before being taken in tow by .
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A reel connected to the crankshaft has a notch in it to put a rope through. The rope is wound around the reel and pulled, starting the engine, but once the end of the pull is reached, it comes free, leaving a loose rope in the person's hand. If the engine fails to start on the first pull, the operator has to re-wind it by hand.
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18; Issue 55214 was also available. It was fitted with a twin-carburettor, a taller alloy head, high-compression expansion controlled pistons, and a nitrided EN19B steel crankshaft engine giving and servo-assisted disc brakes (same as Cresta brakes) on the front wheels. Externally the car was distinguished from the standard car by a coloured stripe down the side, revised grille and larger tail-light clusters.
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Paul Vallely, How Islamic Inventors Changed the World, The Independent, 11 March 2006. He used the crankshaft with a connecting rod in two of his water-raising machines: the crank-driven saqiya chain pump and the double-action reciprocating piston suction pump.Ahmad Y. al-Hassan, The Crank-Connecting Rod System in a Continuously Rotating Machine His water pump also employed the first known crank-slider mechanism.
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The two-stroke engine had a rotary valve and an "overhung" crankshaft with only one main bearing. A kick-starter was added by 1953. The Servi-Cycle was claimed to have a fuel economy of .How Stuff Works: 1956 Simplex Automatic The Servi-Cycle used a magneto of Simplex's own design, providing 6 volt electricity for the dual ignition and for the headlight, taillight and stoplight.
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Of particular importance were his water-raising pumps. The first known use of a crankshaft in a chain pump was in one of al-Jazari's saqiya machines. The concept of minimizing intermittent working is also first implied in one of al- Jazari's saqiya chain pumps, which was for the purpose of maximising the efficiency of the saqiya chain pump.Donald Routledge Hill, "Engineering", in Roshdi Rashed, ed.
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A piston is a component of reciprocating engines. It is located in a cylinder and is made gas-tight by piston rings. Its purpose is to transfer force from expanding gas in the cylinder to the crankshaft via a piston rod and/or connecting rod. In two-stroke engines the piston also acts as a valve by covering and uncovering ports in the cylinder wall.
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IndyCar Series engines were rev-limited to 10,300 rpm + 200 rpm push-to-pass and produce approximately 650 + 40 hp push-to-pass. The valve train is a dual overhead camshaft configuration with four valves per cylinder. The fuel feed of Honda Indy V8 engine was an electronic indirect multipoint port fuel injection. The crankshaft is made of alloy steel, with five main bearing caps.
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The propeller was mounted directly on the camshaft, which was driven from the crankshaft via reduction gearing consisting of spur gears. The lower part of the crankcase served as an oil reservoir. A pressurized oil lubrication system was fed by a gear pump located on the lowest point of the crankcase. The oil pump was driven over a vertical shaft from the camshaft via helical gears.
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Vorreiter 1914, p. 82 The crankshaft was supported by five plain intermediate bearings and two outer ball bearings. Contrary to their V-8 predecessors, the V-12 engines had master-and-slave connecting rods instead of the side-by-side placement of the connecting rods on the same crank journal.L'Aviation et l'automobilisme militaires : revue mensuelle des progrès scientifiques appliqués à la Défense nationale, March 1914, pp.
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The harmonic balancer helps minimize torsional crankshaft harmonics and resonance. The damper is composed of two elements: an inertia mass and an energy dissipating element. Most often made of rubber, this element may be composed of a synthetic elastomer, a clutch, a spring or fluid. The mass counteracts the torsional crank motions and in concert with the energy dissipating element absorbs the harmonics vibrations.
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As with the racing vehicles a strengthened engine block and stroked crankshaft were utilised. The engine was also bored. With the new displacement of 2.8 L and upgraded turbochargers the Z1 engine was rated at at 6800 rpm and of torque at 5200 rpm. The Z-Tune had a 0-100 km/h (62 mph) acceleration time of 3.8 seconds and has a top speed of over .
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The long-stroke engine's six cylinders and upper half of the crankcase are all in one block, like the detachable cylinder head, of cast-iron. The head carries the valves and rocker gear operated by pushrods from the chain-driven camshaft running in an oil bath within the block below. The pistons are of aluminium alloy. The crankshaft runs in four bearings and has a vibration damper.
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2010 MV Agusta F4 In 2010, the new F4 was introduced. The engine, whilst retaining the bore and stroke and 16 radial valve layout of the previous engines, was extensively redesigned. Changes include a new crankshaft, lighter conrods, shorter inlet tracts, titanium inlet valves, twin injectors, oil pump, deeper sump, cooling system and generator. The new unit produces 186bhp (137 kW) at 12,900 rpm.
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The "Aluminator" is another variant of the Coyote engine utilizing the 5.2 L cylinder block from the GT350. The Aluminator is differentiated from the Voodoo engine by a Cobra Jet intake manifold and throttle body, CNC ported cylinder heads, and a cross-plane crankshaft. The engine has a claimed output of and . Like the "Voodoo" engine, it also features a 12:1 compression ratio and of displacement.
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Following the brand coming under the ownership of Harley Davidson, a redesigned Brutale was introduced in late 2009. The Brutale 990 R model was powered by a new variant of the 4-cylinder engine. Using the crankshaft of the 1078 models and a smaller bore, the 998 cc engine was of a longer stroke than previous models. It featured a balance shaft to reduce vibration.
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Flange- mounted steel barrels were bolted to the crankcase and enclosed with cast aluminium alloy, screwed-on, cylinder head with integral cooling fins. The pistons were also made of aluminium alloy and had floating gudgeon pins. The nine pistons drove the single throw crankshaft via one channel-section master rod and eight circular section auxiliary rods. The master rod had an integral, split type big-end.
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A carburettor fed the mixture into the intake of the supercharger, at the rear of the engine. The Pétrel's output could be left or right handed; a Lorraine patent planet gearset, with six satellite gears, provided an 11:17 reduction of propeller shaft speed. Engine lubrication was by forcing pressurized oil through the crankshaft, with sump scavenging. The supercharger had its own lubrication system.
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The D&H; used the locomotives in freight service until 1978. In 1978 the pair was sold to the Castolite Corporation, a locomotive leasing firm. In 1979, they were leased to their final operator, the Michigan Northern Railway. It was not long before the 1205 suffered a crankshaft failure, and it was sent to be stored out of service at the Escanaba and Lake Superior.
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The engine is fitted with a starter motor, which is mounted on the crankcase at the exhaust side with securing clips. It is a 24 V direct current series- wound motor with a rated power of 4 kW. The three-phase current alternator has an electronic control unit. It is mounted on the exhaust side of the engine and is driven by a belt from the crankshaft.
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Deep rolling is a method of cold work deformation and burnishing of internal combustion engine crankshaft journal fillets to increase durability and design safety factors. Compressive residual stresses can be measured below the surface of a deep-rolled fillet. Other types of fillets on shafts or tubes can also benefit from this method. Cast iron crankshafts will experience the most improvement potentially doubling their fatigue life.
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The fuel injectors are wired in parallel, and are supplied with Constant System Voltage. The ECM switches the earth/ground on and off to control duration. All injectors operate at the same time (simultaneously, rather than sequentially) each crankshaft revolution; two complete revolutions being needed for each cylinder to receive the correct amount of fuel for each combustion cycle. Ignition system control is also digital electronic.
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A diaphragm compressor (also known as a membrane compressor) is a variant of the conventional reciprocating compressor. The compression of gas occurs by the movement of a flexible membrane, instead of an intake element. The back and forth movement of the membrane is driven by a rod and a crankshaft mechanism. Only the membrane and the compressor box come in contact with the gas being compressed.
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These parts were connected by a pivot which allowed 4 degrees of movement controlled by a hydraulic actuator. This mechanism allows the distance between the crankshaft centre line and the cylinder crown to be varied. Unlike the Peugeot design, the effective con-rod length is fixed. A supercharger was chosen in preference to a turbocharger to achieve the necessary response time and high boost pressure.
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The Infiniti VC-Turbo is an in-line four-cylinder turbocharged engine which uses a mechanical linkage to alter the compression ratio. The linkage is actuated by an electric stepping motor, which rotates a lower camshaft. The camshaft moves a linkage-rod that attaches to and rotates a three-hole lever arm. The center hole contains the crankshaft, and the final hole attaches to the connecting rod.
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Brabus begins with the E-class 5.5-liter V8 and replaces it with a 6.3-liter twin-turbo V12. All the extra displacement is courtesy of a longer stroking crankshaft, larger cylinder bore, lager pistons and new piston rods. The air intake and twin turbo system were developed and tuned in house by Brabus. The setup includes custom headers as well as four water-to-air intercoolers.
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A cam engine is a reciprocating engine where, instead of the conventional crankshaft, the pistons deliver their force to a cam that is then caused to rotate. The output work of the engine is driven by this cam. Cam engines have been a success. The first engine to get an airworthiness certificate from the United States government was, in fact, a radial cam engine.
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Rankine cycle systems vaporize pressurised water using a steam generator located in the exhaust pipe. As a result of the heating by exhaust gases, the fluid is turned into steam. The steam then drives the expander of the Rankine engine, either a turbine or pistons. This expander can be directly tied to the crankshaft of the thermal engine or linked to an alternator to generate electricity.
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The Michel engine, being water- cooled, had no such restriction.A similar group of engines were the inline radial engines. A further advantage of the multiple rows was improved dynamic balance. An advantage of the cam engine over the crankshaft is that it is a simple task to provide the cam with multiple lobes per revolution, giving more piston strokes for the same output shaft speed.
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Engine bay of a 1968 Rambler American The company designed an entirely new six-cylinder with a short stroke and seven main bearing crankshaft for 1964. This design was produced in various forms through 2006. The "Torque Command" inline six was AMC's first modern six- cylinder engine. To commemorate the engine's May 1964 introduction, 2,520 "Typhoon" cars were made on the Rambler Classic hardtop body.
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In a Diesel engine, the firing order corresponds to the order in which fuel is injected into each cylinder. Four-stroke engines must also time the valve openings relative to the firing order, as the valves do not open and close on every stroke. Firing order affects the vibration, sound and evenness of power output from the engine. The firing order heavily influences crankshaft design.
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Each cylinder head has two overhead valves per cylinder activated through stamped-steel rocker arms and hydraulic tappets by pushrods that run through tubes below each cylinder barrel. The engine developed a reputation for leaking oil past the seals of the pushrod tubes. New seals of Viton solved the problem. Viewed from the rear, the Corvair engine's crankshaft rotates counter-clockwise; opposite that of most other engines.
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Many of the internal components were strengthened or otherwise revised to deal with the stresses of forced induction. The engine received heavy-duty rod and main bearings, chromed upper piston rings, and nickel/chromium alloy exhaust valves. The crankshaft in the turbocharged engine was made of forged 5140 chrome-steel. The compression ratio was reduced to the 8.0:1 of the original 1960 naturally aspirated engine.
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TWR owner Tom Walkinshaw commissioned a one-off model in 1996 for his ownership based on the Aston Martin DB7. The car was fitted with a 6.4-litre Jaguar-TWR V12 engine based on a 6.0-litre V12 engine. The engine had a revised steel crankshaft and specially designed four-valves per cylinder heads. The twin cam-shafts worked by a unique chain drive mechanism.
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In 1916, the 211 cc vertical two- stroke engine produced . An enclosed chain from the crankshaft drove the Fellows magneto and drive to the rear wheel was by Pedley ‘Vee’ belt. The machine weighed approximately . Their first racing success was in the Lightweight 250 class within the 1920 Isle of Man TT Junior race with a 247 cc machine, repeated in the 1922 TT Lightweight TT race.
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The crankshaft was cross-drilled for improved strength and cooling. The block was modified to allow an oil feed/drain system to the turbocharger, and the cooling system was improved with an 8-bladed viscous fan and integral oil cooler. The engine was fitted with a high-capacity breather system to cope with the greater volumes of gas flow through the engine.Dymock, 2006, p.
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The M-120 was developed by arranging three Klimov M-103A cylinder blocks in an inverted 'Y' configuration, driving a common crankshaft. It began development in 1938 and manufacture of five prototypes began in late 1939. The first prototype was completed on 30 October 1939 and began bench tests the next year. Two M-120TKs were flown in a prototype Ilyushin DB-4 bomber in November 1940.
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This brought the bike up to date with modern rivals. The new model has a 150 bhp 20-valve DOHC engine from the 2004–2006 YZF-R1 tuned for better midrange torque, set in an all-new compact diamond- shaped aluminium frame. Most of this engine is identical to the YZF-R1. The primary internal changes are a 40 percent heavier crankshaft and revised balance shaft.
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The former used a geared drive to the first driving axle, the latter used side rods for this linkage. In the latter case, the reason inferred for using a crankshaft distinct from the driven axles was "to take the shocks of working away from the power shaft."Joseph Tomlinson, Address by the President, Proceedings Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Vol. 41 (1890); pages 181-202.
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The engines built from 1989 through April 1992 have 6-bolt motors. Beginning in May 1992, Mitsubishi revised the engine to a 7-bolt design. The bolts refer to the number of bolts on the flywheel that connect to the crankshaft. The original 6-bolt design is generally regarded as a stronger engine due to the bolt design as well as thicker connecting rods.
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He persuaded Halford to undertake its design and development. The cylinders, pistons, con- rods and gearing were taken from the Renault, with the valve gear based on the Airdisco, and a new five-bearing crankshaft and cast crankcase were designed.Taylor 1999, pp.74-5. It became the first Cirrus engine, and the first air-cooled four-cylinder inline aero engine to go into quantity production.
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The first prototype of the D.IV was destroyed in a flight on 5 January 1918, when the crankshaft broke in flight, creating a fire. The second prototype made it to the first of the D-type fighter competitions at Adlershof, but was lost on 29 January 1918 when the engine caught fire, destroying the aircraft. Because both prototypes were destroyed in crashes, the D.IV program was axed.
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The S-KTRC updated with an added launch control mode, a quickshifter, and engine brake control. Also, optional smarter KIBS cornering ABS. Because of its predictive as opposed to reactive nature, Kawasaki touts this system of S-KTRC as the most advanced of all current traction control systems. Some of the changes mechanically that are now lighter are the slipper clutch, balancer, crankshaft as well as pistons.
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With the success of the strip, he abandoned his teaching career, occasionally returning to the classroom to refresh his sources. He authored two spinoff strips, John Darling, which ran from 1979 through 1990 ending with the death of the title character, and Crankshaft, which began syndication in 1987. These strips sometimes experience crossovers. Over the years, Batiuk's strips have taken on an increasing narrative continuity.
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Although based on the chassis of the H6B, the Dubonnet Xenia uses the upgraded straight-6 engine from the H6C model. This SOHC engine utilized an aluminum block and a billet steel crankshaft for a lighter and stronger construction. The engine produced at 3,050 rpm, able to propel the car to an estimated top speed of around thanks to the slippery aerodynamics of the body.
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The New York Times.'New Army Truck Mechanical Marvel'. October 12, 1917.Liberty Truck Engine, Offset right- side Cut-Away Liberty Truck Engine, Right-side Cut-Awayshowing crankshaft and pistonsRestored Liberty Truck at the National Museum of the USAF in Dayton, OH The engine consumed standard gasoline at a rate of about 3.5 to 7 miles per gallon depending on terrain, speed and driving ability.
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A problem encountered with the AS.5 was that it developed maximum power at high crankshaft speeds (3,000 rpm) but lacked output gearing, so that great care had to be taken with the choice of propellers. The production version did feature a reduction gear.Eves 2001, p. 217. The AS.5 was developed into the AS.6, essentially a tandem-coupled combination of two AS.5 units.
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Frank Gavin and Josef Christiaens of the Sunbeam team also arrived Wednesday. Christiaens' car, however would later suffer a broken crankshaft during a practice run. Despite round the clock work, the team would be unable to rebuild the engine and Christiaens was forced to sit out all three races. On Thursday September 7, Wilbur D'Alene became the first driver to take to the track.
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A third line existed which was called Pocher Truck. This consisted of two Volvo trucks using the same assembly method as Prestige - mainly press fit parts with superb detailing. Four separate engine kits were produced that featured the engines from Ferrari Testarossa, Ferrari F40, Volvo, and Bugatti. Of these four kits the Bugatti was the most complex as it had a moving crankshaft and pistons.
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The Honda CB500T was a Honda motorcycle sold in 1975 and 1976. It bore a close resemblance to the model from which it derived, the 5-speed version of the CB450 which was discontinued in 1974. The engine was a double overhead cam (DOHC) vertical parallel twin with 180° crankshaft angle, dual CV carburetors and torsion bar valve springs. The transmission was a 5-speed.
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In 1925, a 500 cc version with linked front and rear brakes appeared, and the big end bearings were now fed oil through the crankshaft pin. The old 350 cc was dropped in 1926. For 1928 Rudge motorcycles were fitted with saddle tanks, and 8-inch internal expanding drum brakes. Stanley Glanfield designed a Rudge for dirt racing, marketed from 1928 as the Glanfield Rudge.
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Retrieved on 10 January 2009.FAA Lycoming GSO-480 Series Type Certificate. Retrieved on 10 January 2009. There are also numerous engine suffixes, denoting different accessories such as different manufacturers' carburetors, or different magnetos. ;GO-480 :Normally aspirated Opposed engine, equipped with a carburetor and Gearbox at the front end of the crankshaft to drive the propeller at a lower RPM than the engine.
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Internal combustion engine piston, sectioned to show the gudgeon pin. An internal combustion engine is acted upon by the pressure of the expanding combustion gases in the combustion chamber space at the top of the cylinder. This force then acts downwards through the connecting rod and onto the crankshaft. The connecting rod is attached to the piston by a swivelling gudgeon pin (US: wrist pin).
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Their connecting rods from the pistons led to upright 'vibrating levers' that could rock back and forth. These levers rotated a short axle shaft with further levers on it that in turn drove another pair of connecting rods and a shared central crankshaft. These complex engines were the invention of the Swedish-American engineer John Ericsson and were little used outside these two countries.
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The flywheel shaft is mounted below the steam piston, the paired connecting rods driving downwards and backwards. Similar pumping engines were also used in waterworks. Inverted vertical engines had their cylinder at the top and water ram pumps at their base, or in a borehole below them. A crankshaft and flywheels were provided in the space between these, for smoother running rather than rotary power output.
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1984-1991 Ferrari Testarossa mid-mounted engine A flat-twelve engine, also known as a horizontally opposed-twelve, is a twelve-cylinder piston engine with six cylinders on each side of a central crankshaft. Flat-twelve engines are less common than V12 engines, however they have been used in various racing cars during the 1960s and 1970s, and in mid-engined Ferrari road cars from 1973-1996.
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A crankpin is a mechanical device in an engine which connects the crankshaft to the connecting rod for each cylinder. It has a cylindrical surface, to allow the crankpin to rotate relative to the "big end" of the connecting rod. The most common configuration is for a crankpin to serve one cylinder. However, many V engines have each crankpin shared by each pair of cylinders.
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Dodge Viper engine A V10 engine is a ten-cylinder piston engine where the cylinders are arranged in a V configuration around a common crankshaft. V10 engines are much less common than V8 and V12 engines. Several V10 diesel engines have been produced since 1965, and V10 petrol engines for road cars were first produced in 1991 with the release of the Dodge Viper.
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Marmon automotive engine. A V16 engine is a sixteen-cylinder piston engine where two banks of eight cylinders are arranged in a V configuration around a common crankshaft. V16 engines are less common than engines with fewer cylinders, such as V8 and V12 engines. The first use of a V16 engine was in the 1910 Antoinette VII experimental aircraft, followed by several cars in the 1930s.
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One upgrade is the use of the aluminum camshaft timing gear from a Chevrolet 250 inline six with the Iron Duke's crankshaft timing gear. Inspection (and replacement, if necessary) of the MAP sensor, and its accompanying vacuum hose, is often a solution to many driveability problems. This sensor largely controls the engine's driveability. Stuck EGR Valves are also very common on the Tech IV.
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The Tatra engine is an air-cooled, OHV, currently 12.7 litre 90° V8 120 x 140 mm diesel engine with direct fuel injection. It is turbocharged by one Holset WasteGate turbocharger, and equipped with an intercooler placed directly over the engine. The engine is equipped with a mechanically controlled in-line Bosch injection pump. Its roller crankshaft bolted together from individual segments belongs among unique technical solutions.
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5 in) Gebauer GKM Machine Gun 1940.M (Gebauer Kenyszermeghajtasu Motorgeppuska, or "Gebauer Positive-Driven Motor- Machine Gun"); these were fixed twin-barrel guns that were driven via the crankshaft of the aircraft's engine. In total, the MKHL ordered 70 CR.42s but, through a barter which included the exchange of a captured Yugoslavian Savoia- Marchetti SM.79, they received an additional two CR.42s during 1941.
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A version was produced from 1968 through 1973. Engine bore and stroke was . All 307s had large journals - the crankshaft is sourced from the 327. Pistons used with the 307 share the same pin height as the 327 but retaining the 283s bore size (prior to 1968 it was possible to stroke a 283 into a 307 where aftermarket pistons had to be used).
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Revised cylinder heads with overhead valves were used, with the compression ratio increased to 8.5:1 from the LE's 7.0:1. A stronger crankshaft with larger bearings was used to handle the increased power, to the LE's . The engine also featured a bigger crankcase and cast iron cylinders with steel pushrod tubes and alloy heads. It was mounted in a duplex frame with a single top tube.
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The controllable-pitch propeller models use a different crankshaft from those intended for fixed-pitch propellers.Christy, Joe: Engines for Homebuilt Aircraft & Ultralights, pages 77-80 TAB Books, 1983. The O-320 uses a conventional wet sump system for lubrication. The main bearings, connecting rods, camshaft bearings, tappets and pushrods are all pressure lubricated, while the piston pins, cylinder walls and gears are all lubricated by spray.
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After the Isle of Man TT, the bore was increased to 71 mm, giving a capacity of 220 cc. A Wet multi-plate was driven by gears from the crankshaft. The machine had five gears and the rear wheel was driven by a chain. The MV Agusta had a double cradle frame that was constructed from chrome molybdenum tubes with a diameter of 25 mm × 1.2 mm.
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Commer 1954 tractor unit The TS3 engine was a two-stroke diesel unit with three cylinders each containing a pair of pistons arranged with the combustion chamber formed between the crown of the piston pair and the cylinder walls. It was designed specifically for the Commer range of trucks. The TS3 and derivative TS4 were unique in using rockers to deliver power to the single crankshaft.
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A Wet multi-plate clutch was driven by gears from the crankshaft, and a four-speed gearbox sent drive to the rear wheel by chain. The MV Agusta had a double cradle frame and girder forks. At the rear there was a swinging arm with friction dampers. Drum brakes were fitted front and back, 190 mm diameter at the front and 160 mm at the rear.
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The S55 engine is the high performance version of the N55 engine. It was introduced in the F80 M3 and F82 M4, replacing the BMW S65 naturally aspirated V8 engine used in the previous generation M3. Differences compared with the N55 include a closed-deck engine block, lightweight crankshaft, strengthened pistons, different valve material, twin turbos, twin fuel pumps, active exhaust and revised intercoolers.
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Reliability of the new engine was at first extremely poor, with problems with crankshaft bearings causing several accidents. The engine problems slowed deliveries, with only 16 aircraft produced in 1942 and a single aircraft delivered in 1943. The engine problems were eventually resolved in 1944. With from the Hispano-Suiza 12Y-51, the speed was boosted to , roughly equivalent to the D.520 or the Hurricane.
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RE5 engine in the Louwman Museum The engine has a single rotor with a capacity of 497 cc. The rotor spins on an eccentric shaft in a peritrochoid (Mazda uses an epitrochoid) chamber, giving three rotations of the crankshaft for every 360° of rotor travel. Compression ratio is 9.4:1. The eccentric shaft runs on plain bearings, which were better than rollers for heat dissipation.
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This sequence repeats through the gear changes. Downshifting is similar to up-shifting but in reverse order. At 600 milliseconds downshifting is necessarily slower, due to the engine's Electronic Control Unit (ECU) needing to 'blip' the throttle so that the engine crankshaft speed can match the appropriate gear shaft speed. A downshift occurs when the ECU senses the car slowing down, or when more power is required.
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When in place a simple coupling provided drive straight from an extension of the engine's crankshaft. This meant that screw propulsion always drove forward. The Schwimmwagen could go up to in the water. For reversing in the water there was the choice of using the standard equipment paddle or running the land drive in reverse, allowing the wheel-rotation to slowly take the vehicle back.
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Steam-, electric-, and gasoline-powered vehicles competed for decades, with gasoline internal combustion engines achieving dominance in the 1910s. Although various pistonless rotary engine designs have attempted to compete with the conventional piston and crankshaft design, only Mazda's version of the Wankel engine has had more than very limited success. All in all, it is estimated that over 100,000 patents created the modern automobile and motorcycle.
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Limited edition racing homologation model. The redesigned engine reverted to the original long-stroke (70 x 48.7 millimeter) configuration. The crankcase, crankshaft connecting rods, and clutch were upgraded to serve as a ready to race platform. The RR also received new 40 millimeter Slingshot carbs and 4-into-1 exhaust pipe, close-ratio gearbox, braced rear swing arm, single- seat unit, and 19 liter aluminum fuel tank.
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The swashplate engine uses a swashplate in place of a crankshaft to translate the motion of a piston into rotary motion. Internal combustion engines and Stirling engines have been built using this mechanism. Duke Engines has been working on such a platform since 1993. The axial piston pump drives a series of pistons aligned parallel with a shaft through a swashplate to pump a fluid.
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Unusually for the time, the wagon was fitted with Timken roller bearings on the crankshaft, countershaft and axles. This design was built under licence as the "Adamov-Garrett" by Adamov of Czechoslovakia from 1925. In 1926 a prototype rigid six-wheeled wagon was produced. In 1927 a poppet valve engine replaced the earlier design, this being used until the end of production in 1932.
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The engines are almost identical externally, the only visible differences being in the cylinder heads and the engine side covers. Inside the engine no major parts were identical to the RC24. The clutch, gearbox, crankshaft, oil pump, connecting rods, water pump, pistons, starter clutch, and the entire valvetrain and cylinder heads are specific to the RC30. There were race kits available from HRC Honda.
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The low power, unsupercharged C.II had offset cylinders with special steel barrels and light alloy cylinder heads. The pistons were light alloy castings; the connecting rods were heat treated chrome-nickel steel, with split big ends. The CN.II had a one piece chrome-nickel steel crankshaft running in two roller bearings, with a ball thrust bearing. The crankcase was a one piece light alloy casting.
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The camshaft was now driven by triple roller chain from the crankshaft. The dynamo had been switched to the left hand side and was now driven by an additional v-belt from the fan pulley. The four-point rubber suspension of the engine had been improved and to meet the higher compression the starter had been made stronger. The full transmission line had also been strengthened.
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The project was, therefore, abandoned. The effort to strengthen the Rover V8 for diesel operation was not, however, completely wasted; the 4.2-litre petrol variant of the engine used crankshaft castings developed in the Iceberg project.As did the 4.45-litre Rover V8 engine for the TVR Tuscan. See Because of the Iceberg failure, it was not until 1986 that Range Rovers gained diesel engines from the factory.
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The Zeta was, in essence, two Gamma R.C.15 V-12 engines coupled to a single crankshaft. The engine consisted of an aluminium crankcase with four cylinder banks, each mounted at 90 degrees, with six cylinders. Each cylinder had a single intake and exhaust valve, driven by dual camshafts, and two spark plugs.Pearce, 2017 The whole engine was designed to be fitted as a replaceable power pack.
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The crankshaft drives a boiler feedwater pump which draws water from a barrel placed alongside the engine. Many engines have a simple, but effective, feedwater heater which works by blowing a small portion of the exhaust steam into the water barrel. The barrel also acts as an oil separator. Oil in the exhaust steam rises to the top of the barrel and can be skimmed off.
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Initially the new engine was plagued with problems, such as failure of the accessory gear trains and coolant jackets, and several different construction methods were tried before the basic design of the Merlin was set.Rubbra 1990, pp. 64–117. Early production Merlins were also unreliable: Common problems were cylinder head cracking, coolant leaks, and excessive wear to the camshafts and crankshaft main bearings.Rubbra 1990, pp. 82–92.
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Seven main bearings and six throws. ;Crankcase :Two aluminium-alloy castings joined together on the horizontal centreline. The upper portion bears the wheelcase, supercharger and accessories; and carries the cylinder blocks, crankshaft main bearings (split mild-steel shells lined with lead bronze alloy), and part of the housing for the airscrew reduction gear. The lower half forms an oil sump and carries the oil pumps and filters.
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The flywheel crankshaft turned the drive shaft via a sprocket and chain, and this turned the two-axis bogies via another sprocket and chain. The boiler was removed in 1913 and was in operation until February 1918. From May 1918, Watson used another locomotive, again with a transportable Ruston & Procter boiler. It probably had a similar structure and was in operation until February 1921.
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Cosworth BDR engine, with timing belt and pulleys Many modern production automobile engines use a timing belt to synchronize crankshaft and camshaft rotation; some engines, particularly cam in block designs, used gears to drive the camshaft, but this was rare for OHC designs. The use of a timing belt or chain instead of gear drive enables engine designers to place the camshaft(s) further from the crankshaft, and in engines with multiple camshafts a timing belt or chain also enables the camshafts to be placed further from each other. Timing chains were common on production automobiles through the 1970s and 1980s, when timing belts became the norm, but timing chains have seen a resurgence in recent years. Timing chains are generally more durable than timing belts—though neither is as durable as gear drive—however, timing belts are lighter, less expensive, and operate more quietly.
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One other aspect that affects drivetrain smoothness is the variation in rotational speed arising from the sharing of piston kinetic energy amongst the different phases. There are only three piston phases in a four stroke inline six and, whilst the nature of the piston motion can never result in a 3rd- order imbalance (the pistons have no oscillation at that rate), it does appear in the kinetic energy exchange between the pistons and crankshaft (mathematically because of the squaring of velocity resulting in a specific intermodulation of frequencies). This means that a constant kinetic energy level for the rotating and reciprocating masses will result in the flywheel rotation speeding up and slowing down three times per revolution. This will in turn result in a cyclic so-called inertial torque being overlaid onto the combustion torque output from the crankshaft, which also has three pulses per revolution.
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The pistons are made of light metal alloy and have three compression rings as well as one oil ring. They are connected to the crankshaft with I-shape connecting rods made of heat treatable steel. The bearings of the connecting rods are made of a lead bronze alloy and are fixed with a pin. Each connecting rod has a small oil pipe for the lubrication of its bearings.
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The 20-hp retained the by now rare engine design of its predecessors having separately cast cylinders. The engine's 3½ inch cylinder bore pistons came from the 15-hp car and the longer stroke or crankshaft and connecting rods, from the 18-24. The other chassis dimensions were very close to those of the 18-24. The gearbox was an improved rendition of that for the old 15 hp car.
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The old crankshaft was fine for the low-compression models made in the 1990s, but it did not endure the higher compression needed to pass United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) standards, and the higher speeds on US highways. In 2004, the company fixed another weak point, the alternator attachment. The alternator is gear-driven off the camshaft. All pre-2007 UK model Urals were fitted with a Russian-designed alternator.
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Same as the A1B but with a crankshaft that has one 6.3 order and one 8th order counterweights. ;IO-360-A1B6D : at 2700 rpm, Minimum fuel grade 100 or 100LL avgas, compression ratio 8.70:1. Same as the A1B6 but with Bendix Series impulse coupling dual magnetos instead of two S-1200 Series magnetos. ;IO-360-A1C : at 2700 rpm, Minimum fuel grade 100 or 100LL avgas, compression ratio 8.70:1.
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Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd. During the Islamic Golden Age (7th to 15th century), Muslim inventors made remarkable contributions in the field of mechanical technology. Al-Jazari, who was one of them, wrote his famous Book of Ingenious Devices in 1206 and presented many mechanical designs. Al-Jazari is also the first known person to create devices such as the crankshaft and camshaft, which now form the basics of many mechanisms.Al-Jazarí.
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To withstand the higher stresses imposed by the diesel conversion, many engine components, including the cooling system, crankshaft, connecting rods, pistons and piston pins, cylinder head and timing belt, were reinforced or otherwise redesigned. Swirl chambers were added to the cylinder head. In the place previously occupied by the ignition distributor was a vacuum pump for the brake booster. The diesel injection pump was driven by the camshaft drive belt.
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In 2012, a "Technical Update" was applied to the N63, resulting in the N63TU variants (also known as N63B44O1). The main upgrade was the addition of Valvetronic. Other changes include revised turbochargers, removal of the blowoff valve, lighter pistons, forged connecting rods and crankshaft, addition of a valve cover labyrinth oil catch/return system, new valve stem seals, revised fuel system and addition of a second coolant pump.
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The first Hotchkiss car, a 17 CV four-cylinder model, appeared in 1903. The engine of the 20 CV type C was heavily based on the Mercedes Simplex except that wherever possible it used ball bearings rather than plain ones (including the crankshaft) and except the Hotchkiss drive. Six-cylinder models, the types L and O followed in 1907. The ball bearing engines lasted until the 30CV type X of 1910.
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Two minor characters have been spun off into their own strips: the bus driver Crankshaft in 1987 and the talk show host John Darling in 1979. The latter caused a sensation in 1990 when Batiuk had Darling murdered in the penultimate strip after a real-life financial dispute with the strip's syndicator. In Funky Winkerbean, Les Moore wrote a book about Darling's murder and solved the case in a 1997 storyline.
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The Kubota OC Series is a single-cylinder, vertical, air/oil-cooled diesel engine. Unlike other Kubota engines, Kubota OC Series engines rely on oil and air to cool the engines. There is a cooling fan connected to the crankshaft, also fan shroud and ducting to optimize the cooling system further. The Kubota OC Series engines are usually used for small/portable gensets and other light power applications.
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Oknuev, drawing on his experience in motorcycles, saw he could eliminate pushrods and raise the top rev limit, to 5,800 from the earlier engine's 4750. The cam was chain-driven, and the block, head, sump, rocker cover, intake manifold, and other parts were aluminum. It weighed only , just more than the previous , but produced . It had removable cylinder liners, with both the aluminum oil pump and distributor driven off the crankshaft.
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Rootes introduced a novel supercharged diesel engine in 1954, based on a Sulzer Brothers concept. This was the Commer TS3 2-stroke 3-cylinder engine, with 2 opposed inward facing pistons per cylinder, which drove the crankshaft through rockers. The 3.25 litre engine developed , equivalent to contemporary 4-stroke diesel engines of more than twice the capacity. The engine was used in Commer trucks as well as an industrial engine.
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1934 Nine Le Mans The Le Mans had a higher tuned version of the 972 cc inline-four, with higher camshafts, bigger and better cooled oil sump, and a counterbalanced crankshaft. Power climbed to and a close-ratio gearbox was fitted. The frame was dropped behind the front wheels and thus underslung at the rear. No running boards, a external fuel tank and twin spare tyres finished the competition appearance.
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The cylinders and cylinder heads were separate cast-iron pieces with cast fins for air-cooling. The cylinder head was tightened to the cylinder with a copper- asbestos washer, and then secured by a cross-shaped clamp which was bolted to the crankcase with four long studs.Angle 1921, p. 414 Airflow for cooling the cylinders was generated with a fan driven from the rear end of the crankshaft.
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Third is the friction type which has clutches and spring acting on the mass inside the outer housing. Fourth is the newest type in which the mass sits over and is attached an elastomer ring which is then attached to the outer housing. The crankshaft and damper together become (in its torsional response) a spring–mass–damper system again which can only occur by the two being interference fit together.
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One of the first engines to avoid the need for house-building was the table engine, from around 1800. This vertical engine placed the cylinder above the crankshaft and the crosshead above that, with a return connecting rod. Although Sadler's first table engine was house- built, Maudslay's patent table engine sat the cylinder upon a cast iron table, giving the engine its name. This table was independent of the engine house.
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The 799 cc engine, originally designed by Ezio Mascheroni and first fitted to the F3, uses a DOHC inline three-cylinder layout with four valves per cylinder. A counter-rotating (reverse) crankshaft is used, which counteracts the centripetal forces of the wheels allowing the bike to turn faster. The bore and stroke are 79 mm and 54.3 mm. The engine hangs from a tubular frame and is a stressed member.
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The 4 cycles of operation of the Pressure Wave Supercharger. The process is controlled by a cylindrical cell rotor driven by the engine crankshaft via a belt or chain. Individual cells alternately open and close the exhaust gas and fresh air apertures. When the aperture on the exhaust gas side is reached, pressurized exhaust gas flows into the cell and compresses the fresh air there (Diagram Stage 2).
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The Cosworth-tuned engine is heavily modified from the stock 2.3 litre Duratec. The cylinder head, block, crankshaft, connecting rods and pistons are upgraded by Cosworth. Cosworth also integrates an advanced dry-sump with an extra internal scavenge pump to distribute the oil. While a dry-sump system requires more oil (more weight), a dry-sump will keep the engine lubricated under hard cornering unlike a wet-sump system.
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Animation with different crankshaft angles TRX with modifications: wavy brake discs, Blue-Spot callipers & Blue-Ray titanium cans The TRX has a half fairing, clip-on handlebars and mildly rear-set footrests. The front forks are conventional telescopics, and the rear suspension is a rising-rate monoshock unit. Effectively a factory-built café racer, there is meagre provision for a pillion passenger.An MCN review declared:"comfort’s not brilliant for the pillion".
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Charlie Merz competed in one William Kissam Vanderbilt, Jr. Cup Race (William Kissam Vanderbilt II), the first major race in the United States on October 30, 1909. Again, the 21-year-old was at the wheel of a National stock car. He ran well in the early going, working his way into third by the halfway point. A bent crankshaft ended his day on lap 12 of the 22 lap race.
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Most engine systems have idle speed control built into the ECU. The engine RPM is monitored by the crankshaft position sensor which plays a primary role in the engine timing functions for fuel injection, spark events, and valve timing. Idle speed is controlled by a programmable throttle stop or an idle air bypass control stepper motor. Early carburetor- based systems used a programmable throttle stop using a bidirectional DC motor.
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Now under Harley Davidson ownership, the Brutale was redesigned for the 2010 model range. Two models were offered, the 990 R and the 1090 RR. Both engine and chassis were redesigned, 85% of the components on these machines had been completely redesigned. The engine was based on the previous 1078 engine and both displacements shared a common crankshaft. The frame was more compact and the swinging arm longer.
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The Gazelle VI, which was introduced in 1965, was the last of the "Audax" Gazelles. The engine was all new, with a five-bearing crankshaft and capacity of 1725 cc at first developing 65 bhp but this was later reduced to 59 bhp. The grille, now rectangular instead of the traditional Singer oval shape, was no longer attached to the opening bonnet but remained fixed to the front panels on opening.
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In 1803, Joseph von Baader replaced these works by more powerful and quieter pumping installations which are still operating. From the canal, small headraces feed two undershot water wheels in the central section of the Green Pump House. The smaller water wheel has a diameter of 4.70 m, a width of 1.27 m and 36 blades. The wheel is connected to a crankshaft operating the pumping works in the adjoining room.
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One of the first self-acting valve gears used for steam engines was the eccentric valve gear. This placed an eccentric on the engine's crankshaft, that in turn drove a strap and a long rod to the valve's actuating spindle. This was a simple valve gear but worked well for rotative engines that ran continuously for long periods, and in only one direction. For early mill engines this was acceptable.
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The Algol was a conventionally laid out radial engine, with nine cylinders in a single row. The crankcase was a barrel-shaped aluminium alloy casting, with an internal integral diaphragm which held the front crankshaft bearing. Forward of the diaphragm there was an integrally cast cam-gear case for the double track cam-ring. The reduction gear was housed under a domed casing attached to the front of the crankcase.
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1989 saw an upgrade to the crankshaft, with a relocated axial thrust bearing back to the number 5 journal, bigger main bearings, rods were enlarged to from in 1990. Also introduced in 1989 were 16 valve, twin-cam variants of the B200 and B230, dubbed the B204 and B234 respectively. The B204 was also available in turbo form in some markets (such as Italy) where large displacement motors were taxed heavily.
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The engine has a 180° crankshaft, resulting in an uneven firing interval of 0° and 540°. The 650R and its naked sibling, the ER-6n, were introduced in 2006. The naked ER-6n was not sold in North America until the 2009 model year. The motorcycle fits above the Ninja 250R and Ninja 500R models, which already existed in Kawasaki's sportbike lineup, which includes the Ninja ZX models.
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Carl Junker won the 1931 Australian Grand Prix with a Type 39 The Type 39 was basically identical to the Type 35C except for its engine. This was modified to be smaller at 1.5 L (1493 cc/91 in³) with a shorter-stroked crankshaft. This brought stroke down from 88 mm to 66 mm, and a mix of regular and ball bearings were used. Ten examples were produced.
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In a conventional Otto cycle engine, each cylinder performs four strokes per cycle: intake, compression, power, and exhaust. This means that two revolutions of the crankshaft are required for each power stroke. The split- cycle engine divides these four strokes between two paired cylinders: one for intake and compression, and another for power and exhaust. Compressed air is transferred from the compression cylinder to the power cylinder through a crossover passage.
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The tail structure was similar to that of the wing, with a metal frame and fabric covering. The engine of the 1919 aircraft was also a Potez design, the A-4. This was a four-cylinder inline built to run with its crankshaft vertical. It was mounted with its exposed cylinders pointing forwards for cooling and had gearing that turned the output through 90° to drive a two- blade propeller.
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The Messenger was noted for its robust construction. A very deep section frame reached the full width of the body – incidentally providing the sill between running boards and body. The body itself was all-steel and its prototype was first in UK to have its whole side pressed in one. Wolseley's postwar engines were all of the single overhead- camshaft type, the camshaft driven by a vertical shaft from the crankshaft.
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Rather than the typical geared drive, as used by the Jumo, there was a triangular coupling rod frame, driven by an overhung crank on the end of each crankshaft. This frame in turn drove the flywheel and output shaft. The frame also drove the fuel injection pump, mounted in the top vee between the cylinders. Being a two-stroke engine, there was also a scavenge blower, operating at 21–25 psi.
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If the weight— or the weight distribution— of moving parts is not uniform, their movement can cause out-of-balance forces, leading to vibration. For example, if the weights of pistons or connecting rods are different between cylinders, the reciprocating motion can cause vertical forces. Similarly, the rotation of a crankshaft with uneven web weights or a flywheel with an uneven weight distribution can cause a rotating unbalance.
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In 1998, he played "Crankshaft" in Eric Koyanagi's Hundred Percent. He has also directed several shorts and documentaries, including the award winning short film, Mad Boy, I'll Blow Your Blues Away. In 2000, Collis directed Sunset Strip, a feature film about the Los Angeles rock 'n roll scene in the early 1970s. The film was produced by Art Linson and starred Simon Baker, Nick Stahl, Jared Leto and Anna Friel.
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The powerplant is a horizontally opposed Lycoming six-cylinder design. It is a direct-drive or geared, air-cooled, and normally aspirated engine. The cylinders have steel barrels with aluminum heads, and the valves are operated by hydraulic lifters. The crankshaft is supported in an aluminum- alloy split case by four main bearings and one ball-thrust bearing, and lubricating oil is supplied from a 12 quart wet sump.
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The Complete Catalogue of British Cars 1895-1975, Veloce, Dorechester UK, 1997, Their H R G car was a small true sports car in the vintage tradition sold at a realistic price. The prototype used a Meadows ED engine with a strengthened crankshaft. It could exceed 85 mph and handled excellently on the road. From 1939 the Meadows engine was replace with a 1½ litre overhead camshaft Singer engine.
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Swiss motorcycle tuner and Royal Enfield distributor Fritz W. Egli made a custom Bullet using Egli's central tube frame constructed from nickel-plated chromium-molybdenum steel, and a longer stroke crankshaft (105 mm) engine with special main bearings, dry clutch, timing belt primary drive, and 36 mm Keihin flat-slide carburettors. Other custom versions of the Bullet are the Musket, made in Ohio, and the Australian designed Carberry.
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Millet's designs had both pedals and a fixed- crankshaft radial engine built into the back wheel. In 1896, E. R. Thomas of Buffalo, New York, began selling gasoline engine kits for propelling ordinary bicycles. After forming the Thomas Motor Company, he began selling complete motor-assisted bicycles under the name Auto-Bi. The Auto-Bi is generally considered to be the first production motorized bicycle made in the United States.
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The cylinder block, the head and camboxes were all produced in the same way, but the crankshaft was built up and the camshafts specially made and carried cams with mild timing. Most other parts were from the triple or twin suitably modified where necessary. It pulled a top gear of 4.2 to 1 and ran to nearly 125mph with the mild cams. (Courtesy "Triumph Twins and Triples" by Roy Bacon).
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Schematic of a rhombic drive stirling engine in operation. In its simplest form, the drive utilizes a jointed rhomboid to convert linear work from a reciprocating piston to rotational work. The connecting rod of the piston is rigid as opposed to a common reciprocating engine which directly connects the piston to the crankshaft with a flexible joint in the piston. Instead, the rod connects to one corner of a rhombus.
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Both the 3502 and 3503 are equipped with dual Bing 34 mm slide carburetors or optionally electronic fuel injection. The cylinder walls are electrochemically coated with Nikasil and the crankshaft is forged from 4130 steel. Standard starting is recoil start with electric start as an option. The reduction drive system available is the G-50 gearbox, with reduction ratios of 2.16:1, 2.29:1, 2.59:1, 3.16:1, or 3.65:1.
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James 1914, pp. 7-8 Besides the aforementioned differences to the contemporary Renault V-8 air cooled aviation engines, the De Dion-Bouton 78 hp engine very closely resembled their design. It had eight cylinders arranged in two rows of four cylinders inclined at 90 degrees to each other. The propeller shaft was geared down from the crankshaft by spur gears and rotated at half the engine speed.
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De Havilland realised that half of this engine would make an air-cooled four-cylinder inline engine of just the right size and at low cost. He persuaded Halford to undertake its design and development. The cylinders, pistons, con-rods and gearing were taken from the Renault, with the valve gear based on the Airdisco, and a new five-bearing crankshaft and cast crankcase were designed.Taylor 1999, pp.74-5.
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One locomotive Crampton designed had an indirect drive arrangement, with a crankshaft between the driving wheels. This locomotive had a 2-2+2-2 wheel arrangement. In 1847, Crampton became a founder member of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, and in 1848, Crampton set up in business as a Civil Engineer in London. In 1850, a Crampton locomotive was exhibited at Birmingham which had balance weights on the driving wheels.
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The first Dominator, the Model 7, had a 497 cc parallel twin engine with iron cylinders and cylinder head and a Lucas K2F magneto. The crankshaft was of 360-degree layout with two main bearings. A single camshaft at the front of the engine was driven by gears and chain. The rocker box was integral with the head, so there were fewer gasket faces to leak and less valve noise.
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A very unusual Dino Quattrovalvole was used in the 1986 Lancia Thema 8.32. It was based on the 308 QV's engine, but used a split-plane crankshaft rather than the Ferrari-type flat-plane. The engine was constructed by Ducati rather than Ferrari, and was produced from 1986 through 1991. The Quattrovalvole was also used by Lancia for their attempt at the World Sportscar Championship with the LC2.
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The crankshaft featured four main bearings. Induction was via three Weber 40 DCN/4 2-barrel carburetors. The 206 GT was the first car sold by Ferrari which used an electronic ignition, a Dinoplex C capacitive discharge ignition system that was developed by Magneti Marelli for the high revving Dino V6 engine (hence the name Dinoplex). It was also the first Ferrari product to have a direct rack-and-pinion steering.
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For some engines it is necessary to provide counterweights for the reciprocating mass of each piston and connecting rod to improve engine balance. These are typically cast as part of the crankshaft but, occasionally, are bolt-on pieces. In 1916, the Hudson Motor Car Company began production of the first engines to use balanced crankshafts, which allowed the engine to run at higher speeds (RPM) than contemporary engines.
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Cooper and Kreis crawled off the line and Morandi's OM would not start. The American cars were very disappointing: Kreis’ Miller did not finish the first lap, retiring with a broken crankshaft. Souders was running in second until he had to retire a dozen laps with rainwater in his fuel. Cooper was finding his car almost undriveable in the wet weather and stopped soon after to be relieved by Kreis.
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The Ducati 998, a successor to the Ducati 996 and the final variation on the Ducati 916, was produced in various models from 2002 to 2004. The new Testastretta engine shared many similarities with the previous Desmoquattro engine in the 996, although it was completely new from the crankshaft up. Testastretta means narrow head and refers to a complete redesign of the cylinder heads. The desmodromic valve actuation method was retained.
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The second type of E engines was a single overhead cam design, used to replace the OHV A series. The SOHC head was a new aluminum alloy design fitted to a cast iron block. It was derived from the A series by simply fitting a belt drive pulley to the nose of the crankshaft. The jackshaft being in place of the OHV camshaft still drove the oil pump as before.
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The third generation of the B10 was built with both six- cylinder and V8 engines. The six-cylinder engines with 3.2 and 3.3 liters displacement were based on the 528i and the 530i. For the 3.3 liter engine the engine block was bored to increase displacement to 3298 cubic centimeters. The cylinder head was machined and a modified crankshaft was added, different pistons and camshafts were also used.
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The EDIS system's relative simplicity, in particular the fact it does not require a cam sensor, makes it a popular choice for custom car builders and classic car owners looking to retrofit a modern ignition system to their vehicle. The crankshaft- mounted trigger wheel, VR sensor, EDIS Module and an ignition control computer can all be easily fitted to most older engines that originally used a traditional distributor for ignition.
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The 1500 version had one of the smallest straight-six engines (). The last Alfa Romeo model using a straight-six was the Alfa Romeo 2600 (1961–1969). Despite the next Alfa Romeo models being rear-wheel-drive, Alfa switched to a V6 engine, partly due to the experience gained with the six- cylinder in-line engine, which had crankshaft torsional problems that limited the performance potential of the engine.
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This was made possible by the gear-reduction version of the Hispano-Suiza V8 SOHC engine first used in that model of SPAD fighter. It offset the now-hollow propeller shaft above the crankshaft axis, and the 37mm cannon was mounted in the V space between the two rows of cylinders. Fonck would later fly the highly successful SPAD XIII, the first SPAD fighter model to use twin Vickers machine guns.
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The GR650 was powered by a four-stroke air-cooled DOHC parallel twin with two valves per cylinder (four valves total). This engine had a 180° crankshaft with a gear-driven counter-balancer and a wet sump. The carburetors were two Mikuni CV BS36SS. To induce swirl in the air-fuel mixture Suzuki added a sub- intake port connecting the carburetor throat to the intake port just above the valve head.
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This engine was the first to locate one balance shaft higher than the other, to counteract the second order rolling couple (i.e. about the crankshaft axis) due to the torque exerted by the inertia caused by increases and decreases in engine speed. In a flat-four engine, the forces are cancelled out by the pistons moving in opposite directions. Therefore balance shafts are not needed in flat-four engines.
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The engineer from the government was probably a safety inspector and particularly interested in the boiler's ability to withstand high steam pressures. The configuration of the Pen-y-Darren engine differed from the Coalbrookdale engine. The cylinder was moved to the other end of the boiler so that the fire door was out of the way of the moving parts. This obviously also involved putting the crankshaft at the chimney end.
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This ignition was developed by Charles Kettering and was considered a wonder in its day. Atwater Kent invented his Unisparker ignition system about this time in competition with the Delco system. By the end of the 20th century mechanical ignitions were disappearing from automotive applications in favor of inductive or capacitive electronic ignitions fully controlled by engine control units (ECU), rather than directly timed to the engine's crankshaft speed.
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Volkswagen Group has produced several 'W engines' based on combining two VR engines on a common crankshaft. The first W engine to reach production was the W12 engine which has been produced since 2001. The W12 engine is constructed from two VR6 engines mated together at an angle of 72 degrees. Although Volkswagen has not produced a VR4 engine, nonetheless it briefly produced a W8 engine from 2001-2004.
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New four-door pillarless hardtop sedans were added to the Tempest Custom line. Under the hood, the Chevy-derived 215 six was replaced by a new 230 in³ Pontiac overhead cam six, the only such engine found in an American production car at that time. This was also the first American-built engine to use a belt to time the camshaft to the crankshaft rather than a chain.
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Rubber timing belt during installation The rotation of the camshaft(s) are driven by the crankshaft. Many 21st century engines use a toothed timing belt made from rubber and kevlar to drive the camshaft. Timing belts are inexpensive, produce minimal noise and have no need for lubrication. A disadvantage of timing belts is the need for regular replacement of the belt; recommended belt life typically varies between approximately .
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Karl Maybach's engine was a long- stroke design, with dimensions of 86×100 mm. The crankshaft had eight main bearings, one being a smaller outrigger at the rear, supporting the camshaft drive gears. In a novel feature for reduced noise, these were made of Novotext, a resin-impregnated fibre composite. A further novel feature was the use of enlarged four-bolt main bearing caps on three of the bearings.
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The three cylinder two-stroke engine used a Drehschieber ("rotary valve", a turning disk, with intake holes for exact timing of the fuel-air mixture intake). The fuel-air mixture was sucked in by the vacuum in the three crankshaft housings as usual. The Drehschieber does the intake timing for all three cylinders. The engine was not a radial engine associated with aircraft and there was no need for a flywheel.
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The need for an improved bearing technology led to the adoption of roller bearings, rather than whitemetal. Although they might be considered esoteric today, ball and roller crankshaft bearings were already in use in the 1920s for such mundane engines as the Austin 7. Roller bearings require one-piece races for both inner and outer bearing tracks. Although split races are possible, they are expensive and difficult to fit.
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90° V6 engines are shorter and wider than 60° engines, allowing lower engine bay hood/bonnet profiles. First-generation PRV engines (1974–1985) featured uneven firing order. Second generation PRV engines (introduced in 1984 in the Renault 25 Turbo) featured split crankshaft journals to create evenly spaced ignition events. Other similar design examples are the odd-fire and even-fire Buick V6 and the Maserati V6 seen in the Citroën SM.
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Captained by Lieutenant commander Joseph L. Day won the Bermuda to New York race in 56 hours and 56 minutes beating the former record by 8 hours and 43 minutes. The race was between six submarine Chasers 90, 129, 131, 217, 224, 351. During the race one ship had mechanical difficulties when USS SC 129 broke a crankshaft and with only two engines was disqualified under the race rules.
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One of these was supplied to the Emperor of Abyssinia. Models offered included two- and four-cylinder ones and one of the first British V-8s; this last had a 7270 cc 35/40 hp engine based on the French Antoinette model (an aero engine for which Adams were agents). The V-8 seems to have been plagued by crankshaft breakages. The last single-cylinder cars were made in 1909.
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Honda Shadow VT 125 motorcycle engine A V-twin engine, also called a V2 engine, is a two-cylinder piston engine where the cylinders share a common crankshaft and are arranged in a V configuration. Although widely associated with motorcycles (installed either transversely or longitudinally), V-twin engines have also been used for industrial engines and in several small cars. The V-twin design dates back to the late 1880s.
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The simplest form of VVT is cam-phasing, whereby the phase angle of the camshaft is rotated forwards or backwards relative to the crankshaft. Thus the valves open and close earlier or later; however, the camshaft lift and duration cannot be altered solely with a cam-phasing system. Achieving variable duration on a VVT system requires a more complex system, such as multiple cam profiles or oscillating cams.
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The combustion chambers also featured a smaller quench design for a higher compression ratio and enhanced flow characteristics. Additionally, high-flow cast exhaust manifolds similar to those on the 289 Hi-Po K-code engine further improved output. Heavy-duty connecting rods with high-strength bolts and a nodular iron crankshaft were also included in this package. Rated power (SAE gross) was estimated at at 6,000 rpm and at 3,800 rpm.
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Cyldon 13/2 steam engine with semi- rotative valve gear The 13/2 is interesting for a couple of reasons. Firstly, the overall layout, with the crankshaft, cylinder, boiler and burner all in line longitudinally, on a long thin wooden base. Secondly, and the most interesting aspect, is the semi-rotative valve gear (see below). The meths burner has three short wick tubes set into a cylindrical fuel tank.
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The New Yorker reported that bin Laden's code name was "Crankshaft". Many Native Americans were offended that Geronimo, the renowned 19th-century Apache leader, was irrevocably linked with bin Laden. The chairman of the Fort Sill Apache Tribe, the successor to Geronimo's tribe, wrote a letter to Obama asking him to "right this wrong." The president of the Navajo Nation requested that the U.S. government change the code name retroactively.
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Team Obsolete have restored a 1954 AJS Porcupine E95, using an ex-Tom Arter MKII motor, which features a unique Jack Williams built up roller bearing crankshaft. They use it for exhibition and historic racing. Tom Arter put a complete 1954 E95 AJS Porcupine up for auction, and it sold for $228,620. A 1954 AJS E95 Porcupine was sold post-auction at Bonhams in 2011, for $675,000 (plus fees).
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Animation of a typical vertical triple-expansion engine A wide variety of reciprocating marine steam engines were developed over the course of the 19th century. The two main methods of classifying such engines are by connection mechanism and cylinder technology. Most early marine engines had the same cylinder technology (simple expansion, see below) but a number of different methods of supplying power to the crankshaft (i.e. connection mechanism) were in use.
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In the 1950s, Nissan of Japan licence-built the Austin A40 and A50 with their B-Series engines. In later years, this engine was fitted to Nissan's own designs of light trucks. The B-series engine was developed further in Japan, particularly to redesign the perennially leaking rear crankshaft seal. This improved engine was known as the 'C Series' or eponymously as the 'Stone engine' after its designer.
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VH Commodore The Blue specification debuted in the 1980 VC Commodore. The blue motor was a development of the earlier red engine, and incorporated several improvements. The biggest of these changes was the complete redesign of the cylinder head; this was now a 12 port design with individual ports for each cylinder. The crankshaft for the 3.3-litre engine now had counterweights on each throw, and stronger connecting rods were used.
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An outgrowth of this may be GE Transportation's second-sourcing of EMD repair parts. The unusually troublesome SD50s have also been rebuilt into the equivalent of SD40-2s, rather than scrapping them. The 645F block and crankshaft are inherently good designs (indeed, the lessons learned with the 645F became part of the 710G); lowering the rating from at 950 rpm to at 900 rpm solved the mechanical and electrical reliability issues.
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The failure was due to a bolt in the central crankshaft bearing having come loose many hours earlier in the race, although many fans placed the blame on driver fatigue. Levegh had refused to let his co-driver take over because he felt only he could nurse the car home. In 1953 he came in eighth, and in 1954 he was involved in an accident in the seventh hour of racing.
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The new crankshaft had an 80 mm stroke, and with the 88 mm bore, gave a 973 cc engine, and a 5% improvement in power. The complete MHR Mille weighed 198 kg dry. The gearbox and final ratios were altered to give a better spread of ratios, so that the performance gain is a little better than the horsepower and weight figures would suggest. A kick- starter was no longer available.
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Like the 210H, it featured a mechanical direct fuel injection system using small pistons driven off the crankshaft, three valves per cylinder, and an inverted V layout. It also had an open-cycle cooling system, working at atmospheric pressure.Christopher, p. 78 Limited production of the 1,000 PS Jumo 211A started in April 1937 at Dessau, with just over 1,000 completed before full production was started at Magdeburg in July.
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Each pair consisted of a high- and low-pressure cylinder lying next to each other, so they could easily exchange steam. Their pistons moved in opposite directions, and drove one crank, which was attached to the crankshaft opposite the crank of the other pair. This gave the optimal balance of driving forces that could be attained for this number of cylinders. Furthermore, the cylinders were 'jacketed' at the top and bottom.
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Motorcycle Mechanics Institute,The Complete Guide to Motorcycle Mechanics, 1984, p. 79-80, Prentice-Hall, Inc., The Swedish motorcycle company Husqvarna produced a two-stroke, 500 cc displacement single cylinder engine with a reed-valve controlled intake, one of the biggest in using this arrangement. Reed valves in two-stroke engines have been placed in the intake ports and also in controlling the intake to the crankshaft space.
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Top half of a failed connecting rod Connecting rod that initially failed through fatigue, then further damaged from impact with the crankshaft During each rotation of the crankshaft, a connecting rod is often subject to large and repetitive forces: shear forces due to the angle between the piston and the crankpin, compression forces as the piston moves downwards, and tensile forces as the piston moves upwards. These forces are proportional to the engine speed (RPM) squared. Failure of a connecting rod, often called "throwing a rod", is one of the most common causes of catastrophic engine failure in cars, frequently driving the broken rod through the side of the crankcase and thereby rendering the engine irreparable. Common causes of connecting rod failure are tensile failure from high engine speeds, the impact force when the piston hits a valve (due to a valvetrain problem), rod bearing failure (usually due to a lubrication problem, or incorrect installation of the connecting rod.
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With a capacity of of fuel, a fully fuelled Panther's range was on surfaced roads and cross country. The HL 230 P30 engine was a very compact tunnel crankcase design, and it kept the space between the cylinder walls to a minimum. The crankshaft was composed of seven "discs" or main journals, each with an outer race of roller bearings, and a crankshaft pin between each disc. To reduce the length of the engine by an inch or so, and reduce unbalanced rocking moment caused by a normal offset- Vee type engine, the two banks of 6 cylinders of the V-12 were not offset – the "big ends" of the connecting rods of each cylinder pair in the "V" where they mated with the crankpin were thus at the same spot with respect to the engine block's length rather than offset; this required a "fork and blade" matched pair of connecting rods for each transversely oriented pair of cylinders.
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The Coroner found the failure of the left engine was caused by a metallurgic defect, present in the broken crankshaft since its manufacture, hence the failures were independent of each other. The inquest was critical that the ATSB had not taken into account as many as 15 similar engine failures leading to Textron Lycoming's recall, including two that occurred in Australia after the accident. Just days before the report was released in December 2001, the Bureau was notified of an incident involving a Sharp Airlines Piper Chieftain which suffered a broken crankshaft in one of its engines. Chivell also accused the ATSB of dismissing the possibility of the engines on flight 904 failing independently of one another simply because it was extremely unlikely, and that the original investigation was flawed because it had tried to make the available evidence fit a theory, instead of exploring all possibilities and described the Bureau's attitude to the investigation as arrogant.
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Originally designed by Edward Turner in 1928, the dry-sump Ariel Square Four was the only British motorcycle engine with four cylinders arranged to form a square. The front two cylinders powered one crankshaft while the rear two drove a second. Unlike contemporary British parallel twins, each crankshaft had a 180° configuration, the two crankshafts being linked by a helical gear so that diagonally opposed pistons moved in unison. The engine had even ignition intervals, and was said to be smooth, with little vibration. Brothers George and Tim Healey were Ariel Square Four enthusiasts who upgraded the big 1000 cc engines for racing throughout the 1960s, tuning the performance and building a supercharged sprint motorcycle which doubled the power output. When Ariel ended production of the Square Four the Healey brothers obtained a large assortment of spare parts, and in 1971 began production of the Healey 1000/4 at a small workshop in Bartlett Road, Redditch, close to the old Royal Enfield factory.
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Due to the geometry of the wrist pins, connecting rods and crankshaft journals a piston descending from top dead center will always move quicker through the first 30 degrees of crankshaft travel than a piston moving upward from bottom dead center, meaning that more mass is moving downward than is moving upward, causing a shaking in the vertical plane. Modern engines larger than tend to have twin counter-rotating balance shafts to counteract these vibrations, but balance shafts were not commonly used until the mid-1970s. The Trophy 4 was instead cushioned by flexible rubber engine mounts designed to isolate the engine from the rest of the car, and its forces were further damped by the Tempest's unusual drivetrain that distributed these forces through the torque tube to the rear- mounted transaxle. The timing chain in the Trophy 4 was originally the same as the 389, but was prone to stretch and break from engine vibration; a special high-strength version was developed as a replacement.
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The Integra is powered by a single overhead camshaft parallel-twin engine that is essentially the 1.3 L Honda Fit engine chopped in half -- it even retains the same bore and stroke dimensions -- tilted 62° forward to provide a low centre of gravity, with near uniform weight distribution. The undersquare engine has programmed fuel injection, separate timing profiles for each cylinder, and is tuned to deliver powerful torque in the low- to mid-speed range. The engine was designed to deliver a "pleasant throbbing feel" of a V-twin through the use of a 270° crankshaft, which Honda "deliberately designed with a uniaxial primary balancer" even though the primary vibration of the crankshaft could have been balanced perfectly using a biaxial balance shaft. The fuel consumption figure of has been attributed to the low number of moving parts in the engine: The oil pump is driven by the balance shaft, while the camshaft also drives the water pump.
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A minibike is a two wheeled, off-highway recreational vehicle popularized in the 1960s and 1970s, but available continuously from a wide variety of manufacturers since 1959. Traditionally, minibikes have a four-stroke, horizontal crankshaft engine, single- or two-speed centrifugal clutch transmissions with chain final-drive, 4" or 6" wheels and a low frame/seat height with elevated handlebars. Commercially available minibikes are usually equipped with engines commonly found elsewhere on utilitarian equipment.
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The J-series was designed for transverse mounting. It has a shorter bore spacing (), shorter connecting rods and a special smaller crankshaft than the C-series to reduce its size. All J-series engines are gasoline-powered SOHC 4-valve designs with VTEC variable valve timing except for the J30AT, which has dual overhead cams, a turbocharger, and VTEC. One unique feature of some J-family engine models is Honda's Variable Cylinder Management (VCM) system.
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A Yanmar 2GM20 marine diesel engine, installed in a sailboat. The center pulley is the crankshaft, the lower left one the seawater pump, the upper right one the alternator. The Yanmar 2GM20 is a series of inboard marine diesel engine manufactured by the Japanese company Yanmar Co. Ltd.. It is used in a wide range of sailboats and motorboats. The 2GM20 is out of production and has been superseded by the newer Yanmar 2YM20 series.
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World's Fastest Motorcycles. John Cutts, Michael Scott. Book Sales, 1 Aug 1991 Despite the extra cylinders, the Sei's width was kept to a minimum by siting the alternator (which, on the Honda, is at the left-hand end of the crankshaft) behind the cylinders. Cooling was improved by having air passages between the cylinders; the Sei had three Dell'Orto VHB 24 mm carburetors (the Honda CB 500 had four, for four cylinders).
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The engine had one crankshaft and is very similar in concept to the EcoMotors OPOC engine design, except using a camshaft and valves, and not in opposed-cylinder configuration. The OPOC engine can be moduled with two, or more, engines coupled via an electric clutch between engines. When more power is needed the second engine is clutched in. When clutched out of service there are no friction or pumping losses from the second engine module.
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The Model 20 was equipped with a side-valve, in-line 2,704cc four- cylinder engine developing 22 bhp. The engine was installed in the front, driving the rear wheels through a transmission shaft. The gearbox had three forward gears, with the gearshift lever positioned to the right of the driver. The brake pedal came into contact with the engine's crankshaft, while the parking brake came into contact with a brake drum on the rear wheels.
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The SP8 is Mamod's first beam engine. Introduced in 2013, it uses the same double-acting piston valve cylinder (as used in other recent models) which is mounted vertically under one end of the beam connected to it, using a simulated Watts linkage. The crankshaft and flywheel are mounted under the other end; the valve gear is controlled via a second smaller beam. The SP8 is offered with optional gas or solid fuel burner.
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The Cobras had been running very well – at 2am the two Shelby-entered cars were running 4th and 5th, Johnson ahead of Gurney. But the head-gasket problem in the Fords also affected two of the Cobra engines including Johnson's. The French entry had been afflicted with clutch issues. Coming up to half-time, the Gurney/Grant car's motor mounts began to crack and the strain of the engine vibration eventually broke the crankshaft.
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The working cycle of both spark-ignition and compression-ignition engines may be either two-stroke or four-stroke. A four-stroke spark-ignition engine is an Otto cycle engine. It consists of following four strokes: suction or intake stroke, compression stroke, expansion or power stroke, exhaust stroke. Each stroke consists of 180 degree rotation of crankshaft rotation and hence a four-stroke cycle is completed through 720 degree of crank rotation.
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The next engine designed by Atkinson in 1887 was named the "Cycle Engine" This engine used poppet valves, a cam, and an over-center arm to produce four piston strokes for every revolution of the crankshaft. The intake and compression strokes were significantly shorter than the expansion and exhaust strokes. The "Cycle" engines were produced and sold for several years by the British Engine Company. Atkinson also licensed production to other manufacturers.
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The Motus MST was a sport touring motorcycle produced from 2014 to 2018 by Motus Motorcycles of Birmingham, Alabama. Motus was the newest motorcycle manufacturer in the United States. Motus' partner in developing the MST was race car manufacturer Pratt & Miller, who were credited with product engineering, development, testing and validation for the MST. The MST was powered by a 90° pushrod V4 engine that was mounted longitudinally, with its crankshaft aligned fore-and-aft.
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Roots type supercharger on an AMC V8 engine for drag racing. A supercharger is an air compressor that increases the pressure or density of air supplied to an internal combustion engine. This gives each intake cycle of the engine more oxygen, letting it burn more fuel and do more work, thus increasing power. Power for the supercharger can be provided mechanically by means of a belt, gear, shaft, or chain connected to the engine's crankshaft.
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Stone cladding was erected around the extension by Trust members. By April 2011 the foundations for the Bradley engine were completed and both main bed castings were installed and levelled. Anchors to tie the engine to its foundations were manufactured by Trust members and design work undertaken on replacement piston rod bearing/seals and bearing shells. The engine crankshaft is carried in bronze bearings, one on the bed casting and the other as an "outrigger".
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A basket clutch Motorcycles typically employ a wet clutch with the clutch riding in the same oil as the transmission. These clutches are usually made up of a stack of alternating friction plates and steel plates. The friction plates have lugs on their outer diameters that lock them to a basket that is turned by the crankshaft. The steel plates have lugs on their inner diameters that lock them to the transmission input shaft.
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The engine was cast in light alloy around the cylinder liner, and had an integral cylinder head. The crankshaft was suspended on only one side. The power output of the engine was at 5,800 rpm, which was considered a high output at the time. Contemporary engines of comparable size typically made about , and 4.5 PS was expected from 125 cc engines such as those used in the DKW RT 125 and the later Hoffmann Vespa.
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Also F7R is coupled to uprated gearbox (JC5) instead of JB3(1.8 16V). Highly tuned F7R engine was used in Renault's rally car Clio Williams Maxi with power output ranging from 250 to . This version was coupled with Sadev 6-speed manual or 7-speed Hewland sequential gearbox (stock Williams 5-speed manual). Later evolutions of rally engine had destroked crankshaft with stroke and bore diameter to keep the 1998 cc capacity.
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The naturally aspirated V12 engine T-930 was created by adding four additional cylinders to the existing T-928 75° V8 engine, used in the Tatra T138. The crankshaft consisted of six individual journals bolted together with front and rear pins all running on the main roller bearings and located on the axial friction thrust washers. The military version was multi-fuel capable, running on any mixtures of diesel fuel, petrol and kerosene aviation fuel.
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Sludge is usually caused by a poorly designed or defective crankcase ventilation system, low engine operating temperatures, the presence of water in the oil or crankshaft-induced cavitation, and can accumulate with use. Oil sludge that causes an engine to run poorly or even seize is a rare occurrence and typically happens only when oil changes have been neglected or if the car has been driven extensively with an extremely low oil level.
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The Bedford Vehicles engine was effectively two engines in horizontally opposed configuration ("flat twelve") on a common crankshaft. There were four Solex carburettors each on a separate manifold that fed three cylinders formed as a single cylinder head. The elements of the engine and ancillary components were laid out so they could be reached for maintenance through the engine deck covers. Air for the engine was drawn from the fighting compartment through air cleaners.
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The name Ford Consul 315 was used for export markets.The Consul Classic, www.oldclassiccar.co.uk Retrieved on 10 November 2014 The Ford Consul Capri was a 2-door coupé version of the Classic, and was available from 1961 until 1964. The four-cylinder pre-crossflow Kent engine was replaced in August 1962 by an over-square engine with a new five-bearing crankshaft and a new gearbox with synchromesh on all four forward ratios.
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This was common on German designs but relatively rare on UK engines. The handing of internal parts to achieve this was a considerable complication that was later abandoned in favour of an idler gear arrangement for the Merlin propeller reduction gear.Rubbra 1990, p. 53. Four Kestrel/Peregrine cylinder banks attached to one crankcase and driving a common crankshaft would produce the contemporary Rolls-Royce Vulture, a X-24 which would be used for bombers.
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The K1 differed from the K100 in engineering terms, being designed for high speed and hence with many components either replaced or upgraded. Retaining the K100's bore and stroke of , the K1 was BMW's first 16-valve engine,Falloon, The BMW Story, pp. 111 using four valves per cylinder, with the camshafts acting directly on the bucket tappets. Other improvements over the K100 included higher compression pistons, lighter conrods and a lighter crankshaft.
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The new engine has a Lanchester vibration damper on the front end of its crankshaft. Its camshaft and valves are overhead, the valves being set at an angle of 45 degrees on either side of the spark plug. At the back of the engine there is a vertical shaft to drive the camshaft. The camshaft works the inlet valves through rockers and by horizontal pushrods works the exhaust valves on the opposite side.
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The CX series feature a crankshaft configuration aligned longitudinally with the axis of bike, similar to the Moto Guzzi layout. Unlike a "boxer" flat-twin, the cylinders protrude at an angle above the horizontal. The included angle of the CX is 80°, and the heads are twisted 22° so that the inlet tracts do not interfere with the rider's legs. A camshaft nestles at the base of the V between the cylinders.
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The pumping installation in the eastern part of the pump house is driven by the large water wheel with a diameter of 5.30 m, a width of 1.50 m and 48 blades. Its crankshaft activates two beams and four pumps in the adjoining room. The cylinders have a diameter of 38 cm, the pistons' stroke length is 68 cm. There are two pressure vessels which also serve as support for the beams.
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The most widely used of Junkers' series of six-cylinder inline four-stroke aircraft engines was the L5, first run in 1922. This engine was used in 1927 as the basis of the 665 hp L55, which had two banks of six cylinders aligned at 60°. These banks had the same bore, stroke, camshaft operated twin pairs of valves per cylinder, watercooling etc. as the L5, driving new a common crankshaft in a revised crankcase.
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It was later widely adopted in Europe, where it was adapted into the spinning jenny, a key device during the Industrial Revolution. The crankshaft was invented by Al-Jazari in 1206, and is central to modern machinery such as the steam engine, internal combustion engine and automatic controls.Paul Vallely, How Islamic Inventors Changed the World, The Independent, 11 March 2006. The camshaft was also first described by Al-Jazari in 1206.Georges Ifrah (2001).
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During the 1930s Société Lorraine, which in 1937 was nationalised into the Société Nationale de Construction de Moteurs (SNCM), continued its tradition of building large water-cooled aeroengines. These later engines were named after birds: Eider, Courlis (en:curlew), Pétrel and Sterna. The last two remained in production in 1938. The Pétrel was an upright V-12 engine with two banks of six cylinders, arranged at 60° to each other, driving a common crankshaft.
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The new bearing arrangement permitted an equal cylinder spacing. The type FA was a type F with an extended crankshaft, mounted in a very prominent, conical crankcase extension. The type T, discussed below, had a similar extension, which in that case at least allowed a larger diameter thrust bearing to be used. Though heavy, the E.N.V. models A and C provided some of the earliest European fliers with a relatively powerful engine.
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All of the parts – block, crankcase, head, transmission housing, etc. – should be inspected for cracks or other damage. All moving parts – pistons, crankshaft, camshaft, oil pump, bearings and bushings, flywheel, water pump and all others – must be cleaned and measured against factory specifications and, if necessary, machined or re- manufactured to bring them within specifications. The same goes for the transmission, clutch, differential and all other moving parts of the power line and driveline.
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A long block is an engine sub-assembly that consists of the assembled short block, crankshaft, cylinder head, camshaft (usually), and valve train. A long block does not include fuel system, electrical, intake, and exhaust components, as well as other components. A long block may include the timing cover, oil pan and valve covers. A long block engine replacement typically requires swapping out parts from the original engine to the long block.
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In total, there were nine gears required to transmit power from the crankshaft to all four camshafts. The camshafts were altered in relation to the ones found on the "F" model in order to provide more power. This arrangement added to the weight of the engine when compared to the chain driven arrangement present in the "F" model. Gear noise is one of the major drawbacks of using a geartrain to drive cams.
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This required that the piston connecting rods be shortened , and the crankshaft was also redesigned. A new intake manifold improved breathing while a redesigned cylinder head featured larger valves and a higher compression ratio. The result was and , better fuel economy, and lighter overall weight (to ). This 3800 weighs only more than the all-aluminum High Feature V6 that currently dominates GM's six-cylinder applications, despite being an all cast- iron design.
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In March 2019 Bentspoke won two medals at the International Brewing Awards in London, a gold medal for their "Barley Griffin" Pale Ale and a silver medal for their "Crankshaft" IPA. This was the second time in a row that Bentspoke had been awarded a gold and a silver medal at the show. In May 2019 Bentspoke's "Barley Griffin" Pale Ale was also awarded the "Small Pack Ale Champion's Trophy" at the International Brewing Awards.
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One advantage is that the bearing surface area can be larger than for a crankshaft. In the early days of bearing material development, the reduced bearing pressure this allowed could give better reliability. A relatively successful swashplate cam engine was developed by the bearing expert George Michell, who also developed the slipper-pad thrust block. The Michel engine (no relation) began with roller cam followers, but switched during development to plain bearing followers.
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Unlike a crankshaft, a cam may easily have more than one throw per rotation. This allows more than one piston stroke per revolution. For aircraft use, this was an alternative to using a propeller speed reduction unit: high engine speed for an improved power-to-weight ratio, combined with a slower propeller speed for an efficient propeller. In practice, the cam engine design weighed more than the combination of a conventional engine and gearbox.
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A second version of the engine retained the cam drive from the pistons, but now had the cylinder block fixed in place with the cam ring rotating in the function of a crankshaft. This is illustrated in the NACA report, but not described in the text. The original roller followers for each piston were later replaced by plain bearings. The engine was targeted at output powers between 120 bhp to 1,000 bhp.
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The core of the engine was formed by the crankcase rack. In the rack was mounted the nine-piece crankshaft, assembled in six bearing blocks using roller bearings, as well as the spur gears in the control tower for driving the two camshafts. After loosening twelve nuts, the units mounted on the rack could be lifted out. Bore was increased by 2 mm over the 750 S models to increase capacity to 789cc.
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The only difference between the DB 604A and the DB 604B - as with the similarly suffixed A and B versions of the DB 606 and 610 "coupled" power system engines - was the direction in which the DB 604's crankshaft turned. The DB 604A/B was equipped with a two-speed supercharger, achieving 1,835 kW (2,500 hp) whilst testing. Development of this promising engine was canceled by the Reich Air Ministry (RLM - ) in September 1942.
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When the Honda of America Manufacturing (HAM) plant in Marysville, Ohio produced its 500,000th vehicle in 1991, it was a Gold Wing Aspencade. The claimed dry weight for the GL1500A '91 was . Honda began offering extra cost paint options, and Honda Canada inaugurated Canadian Edition Gold Wings in '92. Beginning in 1993, all GL1500 rocker arms pivoted on needle bearings, and the cruise control was updated to directly read crankshaft speed for enhanced precision.
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Eventually Yamaha came out with a cooler of their own, mounted low in the air-stream. Yamaha recalled the bikes, a first for the industry, and sent techs out to dealerships to install the oil coolers. Problems specific to the balance system also occurred. The chain driving the counterbalance shafts would stretch, resulting in the counterweights being out of phase with the crankshaft and the engine vibrating more severely than a regular twin would.
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The 2009 Yamaha YZF-R1 motorcycle uses a crossplane crankshaft, employing a crank-speed balance shaft to counter the inherent rocking vibration (primary rocking couple) described above. This was inspired by Yamaha's M1 MotoGP racing models, which continue to use crossplane cranks to this date because of their significant inertial torque advantage at the extreme high rpm operation these engines see. Yamaha claims advances in metal forging technologies made this a practical production sportbike.
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The C-451 was the result of modifications made to the ageing C-45 in 1954. These changes included simplified operation, a more efficient fan, surface-hardened crankshaft, headlight, hydraulic lift, and starting gasoline fuel injection. A metal frame was fixed to the windscreen, rear fenders were fitted, and a canvas cab was added. The production of the C-451 in Warsaw was completed in 1959, with a total construction of 50,000 units.
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The engine was reworked substantially in 2000 in order to meet increasing emission requirements; with the 2.5 and 3.0 being replaced by lower compression 2.6 and 3.2 units. While displacement was changed the bore centers and deck height were retained. These later power plants had a revised engine management system setup, which used quad lambda sensor control, coil per plug ignition system and drive by wire throttles. The 3.2 also received a stronger steel crankshaft.
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The boiler feed-pump was often driven from the crankshaft as well because many Cramptons were built before the injector was invented. Another peculiarity on some Crampton locomotives was the use of a boiler of oval cross-section, to lower the centre of gravity. It would nowadays be regarded as bad engineering practice because the internal pressure would tend to push the boiler into a circular cross-section and increase the risk of metal fatigue.
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Lotus Esprit V8 In 1996, Lotus launched the Esprit V8. The car came equipped with Lotus' own Type 918 V8 engine. The engine is an all-aluminium 90° DOHC 4 valves per cylinder with a flat-plane crankshaft and two Garrett T25/60 turbochargers but with no Chargecooler. The transaxle used was the same Renault unit as before but upgraded by Lotus racing driver Derek Bell with a much thicker single piece input shaft.
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In British service known as Lee V, or Lee IV for M3A3s with the Continental radial petrol engine (with which this variant was never equipped). 322 built, some with UK Grant turret. ;M3A4 (Lee VI) :Stretched riveted hull, 1 x Chrysler A57 multibank engine, made up of five 4.12 litre displacement, 6-cyl L-head car engines (block upwards) mated to a common crankshaft, displacement 21 litres, at 2,700 rpm. Side doors eliminated.
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The supercharger, fuel injection pump, and other auxiliaries also changed sides. Although the crankshaft always rotated the same way within the block, this was the equivalent of offering left and right-handed rotation engines (the C6SFR variant). For a diesel at its introduction date of 1951, the engine operated at relatively high speed, up to 1,800 rpm. This was assisted by a viscous torsion damper at the opposite end to the flywheel.
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On 30 September 1899, having completed his triplane, he had intended to demonstrate it to a group of onlookers and potential sponsors in a field near Stanford Hall. However, days before, the engine crankshaft had broken and, so as not to disappoint his guests, he decided to fly the Hawk instead. The weather was stormy and rainy, but by 4 pm Pilcher decided the weather was good enough to fly.'Mr Leicester'. 2008.
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The engines were installed in Talbot's boat, named the Miss Los Angeles II. As installed, the crankshaft rotation of one engine was opposite that of the other. Miss Los Angeles II finished second in the 1929 Harmsworth. Afterwards the engines were bought by the Cragar Corporation with the intention that they would power a car called America 1 in an attempt on the world land speed record, but the car was never built.
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Four hours after engine 4 failed, engine no. 2 (aft port) was shut down, as one of two bearing cap bolts for the engine crankshaft failed and the cap fell into the crank case. The cap was removed and the engine was run again, but when the ship was off Cape Juby the second cap broke and the engine was shut down again. The engine was not run again to prevent further damage.
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The 912E uses a Porsche-designed revision of the engine (2.0 liters) with a longer 71mm stroke crankshaft, new rod bearings and new pistons to increase the cylinder bore to 94mm. The 912E's Bosch L-Jetronic / Air Flow Controlled system was later adapted for the 911. The cost for a good rebuild of the 911 flat six is $10,000 while the cost of the 912E flat four rebuild is less than half that.
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The flat-plane crankshaft ran in three bearings. Engine bore was , and stroke was ; total displacement was . Induction was boosted by means of a centrifugal supercharger driven by straight-cut gears and running at 5.35 times engine rpm, delivering up to of boost. Since it was intended to be installed in a front-drive chassis, the camshaft drive was at the flywheel end of the engine, while the supercharger was mounted at the opposite end.
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The motorcycle did however retain the long BSA prop stand that hinged under the seat and clipped to the rear mudguard when not in use -- so it looked like a stock M20. In October 1995 an M20 fitted with a BSA Gold Star crankshaft sprocket and running on a 95% methanol / 5% acetone mix ridden by Pat Jeal achieved a terminal speed of 112 mph at the disused airfield of RAF Elvington, Yorkshire.
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140 cu in (2.3 L) 1 bbl. I-4, 90 hp (1971) The Vega engine is a inline-four with a die-cast aluminum alloy cylinder block, cast-iron cylinder head and single overhead camshaft (SOHC). The block is an open-deck design with siamesed cylinder bores. The outer case walls form the water jacket, sealed off by the head and head gasket, and the block has cast-iron main bearing caps and crankshaft.
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The engine, called the Gurgel Enertron, was developed by Gurgel themselves. This is a water-cooled gasoline engine with two opposed piston cylinders. Essentially a halved VW boxer-four engine, it was developed with either 650 cc or 800 cc displacements, generating and respectively. It had a very simple and robust design, eliminating totally the V-belt by using the crankshaft for activating the alternator, and the camshaft for water and oil pump.
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Table engines place the cylinder above and between the crankshaft and the crosshead. They saw widespread manufacture by Maudslay from around 1805 and were used to supply power to small engineering workshops. They were especially popular for driving lineshafting, as they could operate at a higher speed than beam engines. Like the smaller grasshopper beam engines, an advantage for Maudslay's table engines was that they could be made in factories as a complete unit.
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BMW's earlier inline-four motorcycles were mounted horizontally along the frame, but all current four-cylinder BMW motorcycles have transverse engines. The modern Triumph company has offered inline-four-powered motorcycles, though they were discontinued in favour of triples. The 2009 Yamaha R1 has an inline-four engine that does not fire at even intervals of 180°. Instead, it uses a crossplane crankshaft that prevents the pistons from simultaneously reaching top dead centre.
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184 Ivan Bubnov recommended fitting Andreis ram with a scoop-shaped fairing, which was intended to decrease bow-wave height from to and eliminate flooding, but the NTC shelved the proposal.Melnikov 2003, pp. 27, 28, 34, 35; Melnikov 2005, pp. 16–19. The powerplants of both ships performed well at the speed trials, but post-trial examination of Imperator Pavel I revealed unacceptable defects of its boilers, engine cylinders and crankshaft bearings.
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De Dion-Bouton cycle which featured a revolutionary universally jointed driveshaftYates, p.47. and a three-speed gearbox with reverse, with the third gear in direct drive (which he patented a year later). Renault called his car the Voiturette. On 24 December 1898, he won a bet with his friends that his invention with an innovative crankshaft could beat a car with a bicycle-like chain drive up the slope of Rue Lepic in Montmartre.
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Argus As 10 inverted engine Some airplanes of the 1920s and 1930s used inverted engines, whereby the crankshaft is located at the top of the engine and the cylinder heads are at the bottom. Advantages include better visibility in a single-engined airplane, a higher thrust line, and resultant increased ground clearance for the propeller. Examples include the 1928 Argus As 10 V8 engine and the 1935 Daimler-Benz DB 601 V12 engines.
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The target was to produce more than at the crankshaft, and they delivered , an 11 or 12 percent increase over the previous output. When the new Hayabusa was released, independent tests bore this out, with @ 10,100 rpm measured at the rear wheel. Suzuki's Koji Yoshiura designed the look of the new Hayabusa. He had previously styled the first generation Hayabusa, as well as the Suzuki Bandit 400, RF600R, TL1000S and the SV650.
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A W8 engine is an eight-cylinder piston engine with four banks of two cylinders each, arranged in a W configuration. In practice, the W8 engine is created from two narrow-angle (15 degree) VR4 engines mounted at an angle of 72 degrees from each other on a common crankshaft. W8 engines are much less common than V8 engines, and the only W8 engine to reach production was manufactured by Volkswagen from 2001–2004.
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In 1952/53 he provided significant input to the development of the Porsche Type 547 engine, which became known as the "Fuhrmann engine". This four-cylinder boxer engine has two overhead camshafts per cylinder bank, driven by bevel gears, and a built-up Hirth-type crankshaft. In 1956 Fuhrmann left Porsche and took over responsibility for development with the car parts company Goetze. In 1962 he was appointed to the board of directors.
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Flat-eight engines are seldom used in marine applications, with the 1957 Fageol VIP 88 outboard engine being a rare example of a production engine. The VIP 88 consisted of two Crosley engine blocks joined on a common crankshaft. Another marine engine was the one-off Miller 148 marine engine which was built in 1928 and used in the racing boat Miss Rioco III. The Miller 148 had dual overhead camshafts and a displacement of .
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This 1967 Moto Guzzi V7 with the original Carcano engine has been continuously developed into the 1,200 cc, versions offered today (2006). Lino Tonti redesigned the motor for the 1971 Moto Guzzi V7 Sport. This engine is the basis of the currently used 750 cc, 1,100 cc and 1,200 cc Guzzi engines. The longitudinal crankshaft and orientation of the engine create a slight gyroscope effect, with a slightly asymmetrical behavior in turns.
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Multiple-expansion engines typically had the cylinders arranged in-line, but various other formations were used. In the late 19th century, the Yarrow-Schlick-Tweedy balancing 'system' was used on some marine triple-expansion engines. Y-S-T engines divided the low-pressure expansion stages between two cylinders, one at each end of the engine. This allowed the crankshaft to be better balanced, resulting in a smoother, faster-responding engine which ran with less vibration.
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The pistons are connected to a Scotch Yoke mechanism in place of the more usual crankshaft mechanism, thus the piston acceleration is perfectly sinusoidal. This causes the pistons to spend more time at top dead center than conventional engines. The incoming charge is compressed in a chamber under the pistons, as in a conventional crankcase-charged two-stroke engine. The connecting-rod seal prevents the fuel from contaminating the bottom-end lubricating oil.
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The Jaguar was developed from the Royal Aircraft Factory RAF.8 design proposal of 1917, and was engineered to use a gear-driven supercharger. First run on 21 June 1922 initial performance was not as expected; as a result the stroke was increased to 5.5 in (139.7 mm) on all variants after the Jaguar I. Throughout its career the Jaguar suffered from vibration due to a lack of a crankshaft centre bearing.Lumsden 2003, p. 63.
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German MV importer Michael Hansen and his mechanic Roland Schneider commissioned Magni to build a 900 cc model, the 900 S Cento Valli. The engine used a 70 mm bore and a German crankshaft with a 2 mm increase in stroke, giving 892 cc. The standard MV frame and shaft drive were retained. About 10 of these models were made, which was also known as the 900 S Arturo Magni Cento Valli.
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Meanwhile, the dark horse Kokusai team had been inexorably moving up the board. While others spun or pitted, it never missed a beat, and through the night JJ Lehto and Dalmas put in a hard chase getting up to 2nd. The Jaguar gave up with a broken crankshaft at 5am by which time the Courage was back up to third (but 4 laps down), the Jacardi McLaren 4th and Bellm's remaining Gulf McLaren in 5th.
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In April 2011 Porsche revealed the final evolution of the 997, the 911 GT3 RS 4.0. It featured a 4.0-litre engine utilizing the crankshaft from the GT3 RSR with increased stroke dimensions (from 76.4 mm to 80.4 mm). This increased the power to output to at 8,250 rpm and of torque at 5,750 rpm. Chassis development was influenced by the GT2 RS and uses parts sourced from other RS 911 models.
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Ferrari started the season with a 65-degree Dino engine, then replaced by a new engine with the V-angle increased to 120-degrees and designed by Carlo Chiti. A V-6 engine with 120-degree bank is smoother at producing power because every 120-degree rotation of engine crankshaft produces a power pulse. This change increased the power by . Bore and stroke were with a displacement of and a claimed at 9500 rpm.
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The seven- bearing crankshaft was milled from a steel billet to become a sturdy unit, while the block used screwed-in steel liners, and the water passages were enamelled to prevent corrosion.Browne, T.C. p.119. One of the most notable features of the H6 was its brakes. They were light-alloy drums on all four wheels with power-assist the first in the industry, driven with a special shaft from the transmission.
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19 Everyone got away smoothly and at the end of the first lap Elford led Siffert and Rodriguez, then the Ferraris of Merzario and Vaccarella. They started lapping tail-enders after only three laps. But after only seven laps Vaccarella's Ferrari was in the pits, its crankshaft broken. It was followed on the 23rd lap, after the first pitstops, by the JWA 917K of Pedro Rodríguez, who stopped at Arnage with a cooling fan failure.
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There is not a single documented incident of a Stanley boiler exploding. The engine had two double-acting cylinders, side-by-side and equipped with slide-valves, and it was a simple-expansion type. Drive was transmitted directly by the crankshaft to a rear-mounted differential through using a chain. Owners often modified their Locomobiles by adding third-party accessories, including improved lubricators, condensers, and devices which eased the laborious starting procedure.
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Those used round tooth cambelts while the later used square (with a plastic pre-tensioner). There are also subtle differences between the crankshaft, and visible difference in the pattern of the SFi airbox. In its last version before production ended, the C20XE came with a new engine management system which included a distributorless ignition system, namely Bosch Motronic 2.8. The last version was called C20LN (Low Noise) and has a stronger engine block.
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The M100 featured a cast iron block, aluminum alloy heads, and aircraft-style sodium-filled valves operating against hardened valve seats. As in all Mercedes-Benz automobile engines, the crankshaft, connecting rods and pistons were forged instead of cast. Each hand-built unit was bench-tested for 265 minutes, 40 of which were under full load. As introduced, it utilized a mechanical fuel injection system designed and built in-house by Daimler-Benz.
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Nissan VG30E 60-degree engine A V-angle of 60 degrees is the optimal configuration for V6 engines regarding engine balance. When individual crank pins are used for each cylinder (i.e. using a six-throw crankshaft), an even firing interval of 120 degrees can be used. This firing interval is a multiple of the 60 degree V-angle, therefore the combustion forces can be balanced through use of the appropriate firing order.
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The fuel is now injected into the cylinder and the fuel ' burn' or expansion is started at this point by the high temperature of the, now compressed, air. As the fuel burns it expands exerting pressure on the piston, which in turn develops torque at the crankshaft. It can be seen that the diesel engine is operating at constant pressure. As the gas expands the piston is also moving down the cylinder.
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The GTA 1300 Junior (1968–1975) had a 1300 cc engine that was based on the 1600 engine but with a short stroke crankshaft. The GTA Junior in stradale form did not have many of the light weight features of the 1600 GTA, such as the plastic windows, magnesium engine components and alloy wheels. At the start the engine produced but was soon raised to . Autodelta prepared fuel injected racing cars had .
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The standard Pacer had a 2-barrel carburettor and produced . Option E31 produced and included a two-barrel carburettor, higher-performance camshaft, smaller fan, and windage tray. Option E34 produced and included a 4-barrel carburettor, high-performance camshaft, dual-plate clutch, manual choke, modified instrument cluster, torque-limiting engine mount strut, larger radiator, smaller fan, windage tray, premium engine bearings, shot-peened crankshaft and connecting rods, and high-capacity oil pump.
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The iron engine block is cast in one unit with the crankcase. It has been given a crankshaft with nine bearings which makes the strongest contribution to the engine's smooth running, even at high speed. The overhead valves have been given double springs and the cup-and-ball joints on the rockers are fed with oil forced up to the rocker shaft. The cast-iron cylinder head may be removed without disturbing valve settings.
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The Compressed Air Engine (CAE) utilizes air expansion as an energy source by releasing compressed air from tanks with an extremely cold internal temperature and high pressure, about 300 Bar. The resulting air expansion is used to move a piston or turbine and turn the crankshaft. The Eolo car would use electricity and the air around the car to re-fill the compressed air tanks, which could take up to two hours.
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The J12 was powered by a 60° V12 engine with pushrod-operated overhead valves and a seven-bearing crankshaft. The engine initially displaced with bore and stroke both being and with a compression ratio of 5.0:1, delivered 220 hp at 3000 rpm. Two cars were fitted with long-stroke engines displacing and delivering 250 hp, and several J12s were later upgraded to the larger engine. Each engine block was machined from a single billet.
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The 8061 had an 8-channel event-capture system for measuring and timing pulsed inputs. A 16-bit timer value was captured in a FIFO along with the new state of all 8 pins whenever a transition was detected on an enabled pin. The FIFO was implemented in a small dynamic RAM. The HSI was used, for example, for recording times of crankshaft-position-sensor events, which were used for determining engine speed.
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The rotary screw compressor has low leakage levels and low parasitic losses vs. Roots type. The supercharger is typically driven directly from the engine's crankshaft via a belt or gear drive. Unlike the Roots type supercharger, the twin-screw exhibits internal compression which is the ability of the device to compress air within the housing as it is moved through the device instead of relying upon resistance to flow downstream of the discharge to establish an increase of pressure.
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Their tentacles can be sucked into water intakes. In extremes, it is possible for the rubber exhaust hose to catch fire, the plastic silencer to melt and the head-gasket to fail. In colder waters, boats are far less likely to meet such problems. The solution is to have a large basket-type water strainer and overheat alarms (standard on most Yanmar engines) The seawater pump is rotated by a short belt linked to the crankshaft.
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Rated at . ;AM-34NF :Prototype with a geared centrifugal supercharger and a TK-1 supercharger. Flight-tested in a TB-3. Compression ratio of 6.6:1 and rated at . ;M-34N2B :A prototype with a supercharger, two turbochargers, and four K-4 carburetors. Rated at . ;AM-34FRN :F for Forsirovanniy or boosted. Development began in 1934, but development was not completed until 1938. The crankshaft, crank case, gearing, and the side joints of the connecting rods were reinforced.
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They led, however, to Anzani's two-row radial engines, beginning with the 6-cylinder radials, two Ys on a common crankshaft. In the 21st century a restored Bleriot XI bearing the French Blériot factory serial number 56 — said to be the oldest flyable aircraft in the Western Hemisphere, bearing the American registration N60094 — is still flown in the United States on summer and early autumn weekends with one of these 120° cylinder angle "Y-type" radial engines.
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In 1935, at the Olympia Show, the Bert Collier designed air-cooled 495cc sohc AJS 50° V4 was first displayed. It was a fully equipped road going version, which did not make it into production. This first version used a common crankcase with four individual cast iron cylinders and separate alloy heads, with exposed hairpin valve springs, and a 180° crankshaft with forked conrods. There was a central carburettor for each pair of cylinders, and fore and aft exhausts.
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It was announced in July 2016 that she had obtained the funding which allowed her to take part in the Rally Finland. Cook survived an intermittent engine misfire caused by a damaged crankshaft sensor and this prompted a mid-rally engine switch. She eventually finished 53rd overall. Cook turned to crowdfunding and sold more of her trophies to enable her to pay for her entry fees for WRC-3 in 2017 after some of her major sponsors pulled out.
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The engine marked a departure from earlier Argus engines in that it had new construction techniques which gave the engine greater operating speeds and power. The engine featured smaller 105 mm x 115 mm cylinders with deep finned steel cooling slots, aluminum heads, geared supercharger, a steel alloy crankshaft and a magnesium alloy crankcase. The engine weighed approximately 315 kg and produced 465 PS (459 hp, 342 kW) at 3,100 rpm. Approximately 28,700 engines were produced.
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An even more serious restriction is de-coking and re- grinding valve seats, a regular task on older engines. Rather than removing the cylinder head from above, the mechanic must remove pistons, connecting rods and the crankshaft from beneath. One solution to this for side-valve engines was to place a screwed plug directly above each valve, and to access the valves through this (illustrated). The tapered threads of the screwed plug provided a reliable seal.
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The company made this decision based on detonation problems found in some XP-400 engines that could not be resolved. Due to parts commonality, the decision was made to buy-back the Superior Air Parts XP-382 engines as well. In February 2020, Superior settled a lawsuit regarding the 2016 fatal crash of a Van's Aircraft RV-8A for US$5M. The crash was due to the failure of the crankshaft in the installed XP-400 engine.
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The motive part – a double expansion steam engine – had a central high-pressure cylinder with a 450 mm diameter and two lateral low-pressure cylinders of 600 mm diameter. A system of crankshaft rods ensured the correct timing of the three cylinders. Hydraulic pressure was kept constant by means of hydraulic accumulators. Two of them were located in the towers of the plant and one was situated in the tower near the port gates, in a more central position.
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Despite a 20% increase in displacement, engine weight grew by only along with a decrease in diameter for easier packaging. The connecting rods, pistons and crankshaft were all entirely new, while the 4-valve cylinder head, valves and intake trumpets were directly retained from Formula 1 engines, for ideal volumetric efficiency. The F430 has a top speed in excess of and can accelerate from 0 to in 3.6 seconds, 0.6 seconds quicker than the old model.
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This coincided with upgrades to various key components including a redesign of the crankshaft. This increased power from to and improved the engine's free revving abilities without compromising torque at lower engine speeds. At the same time, compression ratios were progressively raised as, little by little, the octane ratings of available fuel was raised in major markets during the 1950s and 1960s. In 1955, the separate brake lights were discontinued and were combined into a new larger taillight housing.
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The new Albatros fighters of late 1916 were fitted with twin guns synchronized with the Albatros-Hedtke Steuerung gear, which was designed by Albatros Werkmeister Hedtke.Volker 1992, pt. 6, p. 33. The system was specifically intended to overcome the problems that had arisen in applying the Fokker Stangensteuerung gear to in-line engines and twin gun installations, and was a variation of the rigid push-rod system, driven from the rear of the crankshaft of the Mercedes D.III engine.
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This combined with digital Motronic engine management system resulted in a gain over the K100, producing at the crankshaft at 8,000 rpm; and increased torque of versus the K100's . The stronger tubular steel chassis was mounted on wide FPS front wheels, 18s in the back, with low profile radial tyres. The rear suspension was a Bilstein shock absorber acting on a single-sided Paralever swingarm, which pushed the wheelbase out to . On the front were twin Marzocchi forks.
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The engine was designed by Federico Martini, head of Powertrain at Piaggio, and was modelled after the Ducati 1198. Both motors have the same bore, and stroke (106mm, 67.8mm). The position of the front and rear cylinders were reversed on the crankshaft, compared to the 750, this allowed the final motor to be 2mm narrower than the 750. The engine is fed by two 57mm throttle bodies controlled by a Marelli IAW 7SM ride-by-wire system.
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In 1954 Chicago inventor Charles Denker patented a system whereby the exhaust from a conventional four-stroke diesel engine was directed into a large- diameter steam cylinder. There was no boiler: instead a pump, operated by a cam driven from the common crankshaft, injected water (warmed by the diesel cylinder water jacket) into the steam cylinder so that it was instantly evaporated by the hot exhaust gases, powering the piston by expansion. Again, no operational examples are known.
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The Scoupe GT (LS Turbo in the USA 115 HP) was Hyundai's first attempt at a sports car and featured South Korea's first domestically designed engine with a cast-iron block and crankshaft. The engine contains an aluminum head, aluminum pistons and titanium connecting rods. A special compact heatproof ceramic combustion chamber design with central spark plug location was incorporated to optimize engine efficiency. The engine utilizes a Robert Bosch GmbH electronic engine control system and a knock sensor.
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Each car also has special 25th anniversary logo scuff plates on the door sills, a Dark Red hand painted decoration panel on the dash, Brilliant Black roll-over bar covers, and drilled aluminum pedals. This model went on sale on August 1, 2014 in the UK; it sold out in the U.S. within 10 minutes. It has the following engine enhancements: matched pistons, a lightened flywheel and forged crankshaft. Suspension includes Bilstein shock absorbers on manual versions only.
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The crank appears in the mid-9th century in several of the hydraulic devices described by the Banū Mūsā brothers in their Book of Ingenious Devices. These devices, however, made only partial rotations and could not transmit much power, although only a small modification would have been required to convert it to a crankshaft. Al-Jazari (1136-1206) described a crank and connecting rod system in a rotating machine in two of his water- raising machines.Ahmad Y Hassan.
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Volvo Penta sold the OHC redblocks as marine engines as well, just like the older OHV engines. Depending on the model the displacement was (as B21), (same as B23/B230 automotive) or . The engines with displacement, identified as the Volvo Penta AQ151 (8 valve) and AQ171 (dohc 16 valve) models, got a forged crankshaft with a longer stroke of together with pistons with a lower compression height. The blocks still had B230 cast in the block.
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It was the first British 8 hp family car to feature ifs. At the same time, an updated Flying Ten and a Flying Twelve were introduced, incorporating the same chassis features. The engine was a development of the previous Flying Nine/Ten, but now with a counterbalanced crankshaft and an aluminium cylinder head. The bore was reduced to 57 mm in order to get into the 8 hp class, while the stroke remained at 100 mm.
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The buck (body) has been restored and resized according to photographs of the original taken in 1929, and the gear ratio between the windshaft and crankshaft has been adjusted, with a new gear wheel cut. An easily removable roof has been installed and new sails have been designed and constructed. The visually restored windpump was unveiled on Sunday 11 May 2008, during National Mills Weekend. Errors in construction resulted in a set of rebuilt sails that rotated clockwise.
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Four-bolt bearing caps— Napier Deltic diesel locomotive engine In a piston engine, the main bearings are the bearings which hold the crankshaft in place and allow it to rotate within the engine block. Main bearings are usually plain bearings or journal bearings, held in place by the engine block and bearing caps. The number of main bearings per engine varies between engines, often in accordance with the forces produced by the operation of the engine.
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1997 saw the Standard replaced with the Spirit with more chrome on the engine but the same basic engine as the standard. An ACE Tourer was also introduced based on the 1100 Spirit engine but the ACE styling. The ACE Tourer came with a two-into-one- into-two exhaust system, a counterbalanced with a dual crank pin crankshaft, and hard, color-matched saddlebags. The last of the 6,000+ Tourer models was produced in January 2001.
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The engine's design concentrated on the reduction of moving parts. The cooling fan and dynamo were built integrally with the one-piece crankshaft, removing the need for drive belts. The use of gaskets, seen as another potential weak point for failure and leaks, was also kept to a minimum. The cylinder heads are mated to the cylinder barrels by lapped joints with extremely fine tolerances, as are the two halves of the crankcase and other surface-to-surface joints.
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Josef's Sunbeam failed to start the race due to a broken crankshaft.'Aikens Sweeps Indianapolis Card', Motor Age, 14 September 1916. When Henri Farman flew the Voisin-designed biplane and took Ernest Archdeacon for a 1241-metre flight at Ghent, Belgium on 30 May 1908, he was immediately captivated and inspired by the spirit of flying. In March 1910 Josef met Géo Chavez at Camp de Châlons, France and learnt to fly on a Farman plane from him.
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