South Korea has a centralised system in which public-school students also use private crammers to get through a high-stakes exam at 18.
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He is particularly concerned about the high suicide rate among schoolchildren, partly blaming the ubiquitous hakwon, or private crammers, which he says 60% of South Korean students attend.
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"They are judges, they are professors, they went from RSS-run crammers to pass the civil-service exam, or RSS military academies into the army," says Pragya Tiwari, author of a forthcoming book on the RSS.
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In just the last few years, the company has been fined $18.6 million for helping rip off programs for the hearing impaired; fined $10.4 million for ripping off a program for low-income families; and fined $105 million for helping "crammers" by intentionally making fraudulent charges more difficult to see on customer bills.
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Terence Rattigan's 1936 play French Without Tears is set in a language crammer typical of the period. These civil service crammers did not survive the Second World War. Tutorial colleges in the United Kingdom are also called "crammers", and are attended by some who want to attend the most prestigous universities. They have been around since the early 20th century.
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Crammers first appeared in Britain after 1855 when the Civil Service Commission created the Administrative class of government employees, selected by examination and interview rather than patronage. Crammers offered to prepare men of 18 to 25 years old for these examinations, mainly in classics, economics and foreign languages, which would provide entry to civil service or diplomatic careers. The opening scenes of Benjamin Britten's 1971 television opera Owen Wingrave, and the 1892 novella by Henry James on which it is based, are set in a military crammer; its master plays an important role in both. Retrieved from archive.org.
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Retrieved 29 October 2016. She was educated at Manor House School, Surrey, and then at crammers before entering Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford University, in 1933 where she read English. She then spent a year at the Liverpool City School of Art after which she worked in stage design at the Westminster Theatre."Alison Kelly", The Times, 26 October 2016, p. 56.
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In other respects he did not fit in, lacking social graces and choosing to converse little, he was nicknamed "the camel", as like the beast he neither drank nor spoke.Lyall 1976:p. 177 It was during this period of his life in India that he took up reading. His first choice was for biographies, particularly of British heroes, and he kept the long hours he spent reading unobtrusive, but in so doing succeeded in providing himself with an education where the service crammers had failed.
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In the autumn of 1917, he went to a 'crammers' at Ashlawn in Kent to be prepared for Eton, which he entered on 1 May 1918. Among his contemporaries at Eton were Eric Blair (the writer George Orwell), Cyril Connolly, Robert Byron, Alec Douglas-Home, Ian Fleming, Brian Howard, Oliver Messel, Anthony Powell, Steven Runciman, and Henry Yorke (the novelist Henry Green). In his final years at school, Acton became a founding member of the Eton Arts Society, and eleven of his poems appeared in The Eton Candle, edited by his friend Brian Howard.
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In the UK all the UK mobile operators have a third party direct to bill scheme (chargetomobile 'payforit') controlled by the Payforit Scheme Rules which prevent unauthorised charging. In the USA an effort to prevent instances of cramming, some members of the third party billing industry have implemented screening and monitoring measures to identify and eliminate crammers. Some companies offer consumer protection websites to help consumers better understand their phone bill and detect cramming as soon as it occurs. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) estimates that cramming has impacted tens of millions of American households.
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G. Wyman Bury (3 January 1874 – 23 September 1920) was a naturalist, explorer, author, Arabist, and political officer in the British army. Born in Mancetter Manor House near the town of Atherstone, Bury was educated at Atherstone Grammar School and then by tutors ("Army crammers") who specialized in preparing students for the examinations that were part of Army Officer Selection. In 1894 he received a commission in the 3rd Battalion Royal Warwickshire Regiment. In 1895 Bury joined one of the rebel tribes in southern Morocco. In 1896 in the Aden littoral desert, he worked in archaeology and natural history, as well as intelligence gathering among the mountain tribes of Aden.
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It stood in a peaceful road in north Calcutta > with a deaf-and-dumb school on one side and a private school on the other > which was no doubt typical of the crammers that Rabindranath Tagore tells us > he spent his childhood years trying to escape in the 1860s and 70s. In the > heat of midday, when Calcutta traffic of all kinds came to a stop, Satyajit > would hear the chant of multiplication tables, of reading out loud and, > sometimes, the shouts of angry masters. The building had three storeys and a > fine flat roof, which Upendrakishore had used for his astronomy. The > printing machinery was housed at the front of the building on the ground > floor and directly above that were the block-making and typesetting rooms.
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The tension arising in the profession between the systems followed by the university law schools and those of the tutorial firms had sometimes led them to be dismissed as "crammers". It was a tension reflected in Gibson and Weldon's own 1905 advertisement stating that their "system of student preparation is as far as possible that of a Law School and all idea of preparing students on a 'cram' system is disregarded."Quoted in Leighton (2014) p. 14 Over 60 years after the firm's founding, the British jurist R. M. Jackson wrote in The Machinery of Justice in England: > I was in my time a pupil of Gibson and Weldon and I received better training > from Mr. Weldon than I ever had in Cambridge, and by that I do not mean just > the know-how to pass examinations but a real insight into the ways of > lawyers and the courts.
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