If you look at the faces of young people, regardless of weight, their faces are full and full of convexities!
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There are both convexities and concavities — mounds of flour or salt — and declivities containing resolutely green leaves and cowrie shells.
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Mendelson's take on it is so covered with convexities that it sometimes seems to be pressing outward, or containing something that is.
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The concave > portions of the indifference curves and their many-dimensional > generalizations, if they exist, must forever remain in unmeasurable > obscurity.: : Following Hotelling's pioneering research on non-convexities in economics, research in economics has recognized non-convexity in new areas of economics. In these areas, non-convexity is associated with market failures, where any equilibrium need not be efficient or where no equilibrium exists because supply and demand differ. Non-convex sets arise also with environmental goods and other externalities,Pages 106, 110–137, 172, and 248: and with market failures, and public economics.Pages 63–65: Starrett discusses non-convexities in his textbook on public economics (pages 33, 43, 48, 56, 70–72, 82, 147, and 234–236): Non-convexities occur also with information economics, and with stock markets (and other incomplete markets).
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Starr first published the Shapley–Folkman lemma on the existence of quasi-equilibria in economies with non-convexities. In addition to publications in economic journals, he wrote the textbook General Equilibrium Theory: An Introduction.
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Panegyra cerussochlaena is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Ghana.Afro Moths The wingspan is about 11 mm. The costal edge of the forewings is broadly bordered white creamy and the inner edge has three convexities.
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Recent research in economics has recognized non-convexity in new areas of economics. In these areas, non- convexity is associated with market failures, where equilibria need not be efficient or where no competitive equilibrium exists because supply and demand differ. Non-convex sets arise also with environmental goods (and other externalities),Pages 106, 110–137, 172, and 248: and with market failures, and public economics.Pages 63–65: Starrett discusses non-convexities in his textbook on public economics (pages 33, 43, 48, 56, 70–72, 82, 147, and 234–236): Non-convexities occur also with information economics, and with stock markets (and other incomplete markets).
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These combinatorial auctions are cleared as bid, rather than at prices based on dual variables. Only recently have researchers found robust means to obtain dual variables from integer programs.O’Neill, R.P., P.M. Sotkiewicz, B.F. Hobbs, M.H. Rothkopf, W.R. Stewart (2005). Effective market-clearing prices in markets with non-convexities.
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Economists have increasingly studied non-convex sets with nonsmooth analysis, which generalizes convex analysis. Convex analysis centers on convex sets and convex functions, for which it provides powerful ideas and clear results, but it is not adequate for the analysis of non-convexities, such as increasing returns to scale.: "Non-convexities in [both] production and consumption ... required mathematical tools that went beyond convexity, and further development had to await the invention of non-smooth calculus": For example, Clarke's differential calculus for Lipschitz continuous functions, which uses Rademacher's theorem and which is described by and ,Chapter 8 "Applications to economics", especially Section 8.5.3 "Enter nonconvexity" (and the remainder of the chapter), particularly page 495: according to .
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Precursors in mathematical economics, 1968 Among his better-known contributions are the theory of contestable markets, the Baumol- Tobin model of transactions demand for money, Baumol's cost disease, which discusses the rising costs associated with service industries, Baumol's sales revenue maximization model and Pigou taxes. His research on environmental economics recognized the fundamental role of non-convexities in causing market failures. with Page 73 (and for other contributions of Baumol pages 42, 68, and 155): Non-convexities also appear in Baumol's theory of contestable markets: Pages 179–181: page 88: William Baumol also contributed to the transformation of the field of finance, and published contributions to the areas of efficiency of capital markets, portfolio theory, and capital budgeting.
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Axial furrows indistinctly defined. Pygidial axis composed of three (or four?) rings and a terminal piece. Pleural fields usually separated by axis; four pairs of pleural or interpleural furrows extend to margin; border broad with uniform convexities; margin entire. Genus Acontheus Angelin, 1851 [= Aneucanthus Angelin 1854 (Obj.); Aneuacanthus Barrande, 1856 (Obj.)].BARRANDE, J. (1856).
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Economists have studied non‑convex sets using advanced mathematics, particularly differential geometry and topology, Baire category, measure and integration theory, and ergodic theory: In "oligopolies" (markets dominated by a few producers), especially in "monopolies" (markets dominated by one producer), non‑convexities remain important.Page 1: () Concerns with large producers exploiting market power in fact initiated the literature on non‑convex sets, when Piero Sraffa wrote about on firms with increasing returns to scale in 1926, after which Harold Hotelling wrote about marginal cost pricing in 1938. Both Sraffa and Hotelling illuminated the market power of producers without competitors, clearly stimulating a literature on the supply-side of the economy.Pages 5–7: Non‑convex sets arise also with environmental goods (and other externalities),Pages 106, 110–137, 172, and 248: Starrett discusses non‑convexities in his textbook on public economics (pages 33, 43, 48, 56, 70–72, 82, 147, and 234–236): with information economics, and with stock markets (and other incomplete markets).
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Compared to Camarasaurus, the teeth at the front of the jaw are more pointed and have taller crowns. There are no well-developed vertical ridges on the outer surface of the teeth, in contrast to its closest relative Moabosaurus. In Mierasaurus, the skull roof is overall flattened, lacking any convexities. Unlike more derived sauropods but also seen in Turiasaurus, the frontal bone of Mierasaurus participates in the margin of the supratemporal fenestra.
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The forewings are yellowish suffused with purplish, the basal area more blue purple. The stigmata form spots of blue-purple suffusion, with the plical somewhat before the first discal. There is a moderately broad clear orange- yellow terminal fascia, narrowed at the apex, the anterior edge forming two convexities with an indentation between them and preceded by dark blue-purple suffusion. There is also a pre-marginal series of small dark fuscous marks along the termen.
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In K. guimarotae, the two halves of the dentary diverge from each other at an angle of 20° near the front, then 40° near the back. It also bears two convexities on the bottom of the jaw, one at the third and fourth teeth and another at the eighth to tenth teeth. The latter convexity is replaced by a concavity in K. langenbergensis. In both species, the top margin of the jaw behind the tooth row slopes upwards in a straight line.
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But biggest Baroque undertaking happened in Dubrovnik in the 17th century after the catastrophic earthquake in 1667 when the almost entire city was destroyed. In Baroque style were rebuilt the church of St Vlaho on the main square (1715), Main Cathedral and Jesuit college with church of St Ignatius. Paolo Passalaqua united several of those baroque masterpieces with his Jesuit Stairway. That beautiful wide stone stairway with series of convexities and concavities and strong balustrade (reminiscent of famous Spain Stairway Square in Rome) actually connected two separate baroque parts of the city - the Jesuit church above and Ivan Gundulić Square below.
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The Galor-Zeira model is the first macroeconomic model to explore the role of heterogeneity in the determination of macroeconomic behavior. In contrast to the representative agent approach that dominated the field of macroeconomics till the early 1990s and argued that heterogeneity has no impact on macroeconomic activity, the model demonstrates that in the presence of capital markets imperfections and local non-convexities in the production of human capital, income distribution affects the long run level of income per-capita as well as the growth process. The model was developed by Oded Galor and Joseph Zeira in 1988, and it was published in the paper “Income Distribution and Macroeconomics”, 1993.
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In the Baroque style were rebuilt the church of St Vlaho on the main square (1715), Main Cathedral and Jesuit house with church of St Ignatius. Paolo Passalaqua united several of those baroque masterpieces with his Jesuit Stairway. This beautiful wide stone stairway with series of convexities and concavities and a strong balustrade (reminiscent of the famous Spanish Steps in Rome) actually connected two separate Baroque parts of the city - the Jesuit church above and Ivan Gundulić Square below. During the Baroque period, numerous churches of enchanting size and form were built in of all Croatia, thus becoming a crown in every town or city.
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Paolo Passalaqua united several of those baroque masterpieces with his Jesuit Stairway. The wide stone stairway was built with a series of convexities, concavities and a strong balustrade (reminiscent of famous Spain Stairway Square in Rome) thereby connecting two parts of the city, using Baroque style, which were the Jesuit church above and the Ivan Gundulić Square below. During the Baroque numerous Catholic churches crowned most towns in cities due to their large size and opulence. The Roman Catholic monastery churches often had an enclosing wall with inner porches lavishly decorated, like in the Franciscan monastery in Slavonski Brod where the columns are thick showing baroque abundance.
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The economist Joseph Stiglitz argues that markets suffer from informational inefficiency and the presumed efficiency of markets stems from the faulty assumptions of neoclassical welfare economics, particularly the assumption of perfect and costless information and related incentive problems. Neoclassical economics assumes static equilibrium and efficient markets require that there be no non- convexities, even though nonconvexities are pervasive in modern economies. Stiglitz's critique applies to both existing models of capitalism and to hypothetical models of market socialism. However, Stiglitz does not advocate replacing markets, but instead states that there is a significant role for government intervention to boost the efficiency of markets and to address the pervasive market failures that exist in contemporary economies.
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The intercrural fibers (intercolumnar fibers) are a series of curved tendinous fibers, which arch across the lower part of the aponeurosis of the Obliquus externus, describing curves with the convexities downward. They have received their name from stretching across between the two crura of the subcutaneous inguinal ring, and they are much thicker and stronger at the inferior crus, where they are connected to the inguinal ligament, than superiorly, where they are inserted into the linea alba. The intercrural fibers increase the strength of the lower part of the aponeurosis, and prevent the divergence of the crura from one another; they are more strongly developed in the male than in the female.
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He is a co-author of the Galor–Zeira model—the first macroeconomic model to explore the role of heterogeneity in the determination of macroeconomic behavior. In contrast to the representative agent approach that dominated the field of macroeconomics till the early 1990s and argued that heterogeneity has no impact on macroeconomic activity, the model demonstrates that in the presence of capital markets imperfections and local non-convexities in the production of human capital, income distribution affects the long run level of income per-capita as well as the growth process. The Review of Economic Studies named the paper among the 11 most path-breaking papers published in The Review of Economic Studies in the past 60 years.
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The articular surface of the lower end of the femur occupies the anterior, inferior, and posterior surfaces of the condyles. Its front part is named the patellar surface and articulates with the patella; it presents a median groove which extends downward to the intercondyloid fossa and two convexities, the lateral of which is broader, more prominent, and extends farther upward than the medial. The lower and posterior parts of the articular surface constitute the tibial surfaces for articulation with the corresponding condyles of the tibia and menisci. These surfaces are separated from one another by the intercondyloid fossa and from the patellar surface by faint grooves which extend obliquely across the condyles.
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107–115): and of public economics.Pages 63–65: These results are described in graduate-level textbooks in microeconomics, Page 628: general equilibrium theory,Page 169 in the first edition: In Ellickson, page xviii, and especially Chapter 7 "Walras meets Nash" (especially section 7.4 "Nonconvexity" pages 306–310 and 312, and also 328–329) and Chapter 8 "What is Competition?" (pages 347 and 352): game theory,Theorem 1.6.5 on pages 24–25: mathematical economics,Pages 127 and 33–34: and applied mathematics (for economists).Pages 93–94 (especially example 1.92), 143, 318–319, 375–377, and 416: Page 309: Pages 47–48: The Shapley–Folkman lemma results establish that non‑convexities are compatible with approximate equilibria in markets with many consumers; these results also apply to production economies with many small firms.
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Levallois pointBeuzeville There is disagreement when it comes to defining Levallois technology. Archeologists question which attributes and dimensions are specifically associated with Levallois, and argue that there are other techniques with similar cosmetic and functional aspects. Due to these disagreements, there is now a more precise set of criteria that outlines Levallois technology from a geometric standpoint. These criteria are: # Exploitation of the volume of raw material is organized in terms of two intersecting planes, or flaking surfaces; # The two surfaces are hierarchically related, one constituting the striking platform and the other the primary reduction surface; # The primary reduction surface is shaped such that the morphology of the product is pre- determined, which is fundamentally a function of the lateral and distal convexities of the surface; # The fracture plane for removing primary products is sub-parallel to the plane of intersection of the two surfaces; and # The striking platform size and shape is adjusted to allow removal of flakes parallel to this plane, usually through retouch or faceting.
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These JPE-papers stimulated a paper by Lloyd Shapley and Martin Shubik, which considered convexified consumer-preferences and introduced the concept of an "approximate equilibrium".: The JPE-papers and the Shapley–Shubik paper influenced another notion of "quasi-equilibria", due to Robert Aumann.: builds on two papers: Taking the convex hull of non-convex preferences had been discussed earlier by and by , according to . Non-convex sets have been incorporated in the theories of general economic equilibria,.Pages 392–399 and page 188: Pages 52–55 with applications on pages 145–146, 152–153, and 274–275: Theorem C(6) on page 37 and applications on pages 115-116, 122, and 168: These results are described in graduate-level textbooks in microeconomics, Page 628: general equilibrium theory,Page 169 in the first edition: In Ellickson, page xviii, and especially Chapter 7 "Walras meets Nash" (especially section 7.4 "Nonconvexity" pages 306–310 and 312, and also 328–329) and Chapter 8 "What is Competition?" (pages 347 and 352): game theory,Theorem 1.6.5 on pages 24–25: mathematical economics,Pages 127 and 33–34: and applied mathematics (for economists).Pages 93–94 (especially example 1.92), 143, 318–319, 375–377, and 416: Page 309: Pages 47–48: The Shapley–Folkman lemma establishes that non-convexities are compatible with approximate equilibria in markets with many consumers; these results also apply to production economies with many small firms.
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