123 Sentences With "contraventions" | Random Sentence Generator

"In particular, it has enhanced its control functions to prevent similar contraventions from recurring," it said.

Each of the 53,500 alleged contraventions could attract a fine of A$18m, leading to a theoretical total of nearly A$1trn.

" Elizabeth Denham, Information Commissioner, said they consider the contraventions of data protection laws "so serious" that they imposed "the maximum penalty under the previous legislation.

The bank also agreed that it did not adequately adhere to risk assessment requirements for Intelligent Deposit Machines (IDMs), but disputed the number of contraventions.

They found the social network company committed serious contraventions of local laws and failed generally to take responsibility for protecting the personal information of Canadians.

They found that Facebook "committed serious contraventions of local laws and failed generally to take responsibility for protecting the personal information of Canadians," TechCrunch reports.

After receiving the PwC report, the board then instructed internal auditors to probe the matter and they "detected potential contraventions of group policies", FGV said.

"The size of these fines reflects the seriousness with which the DFSA views AIMLs and ACLDs (Abraaj Capital Ltd's) contraventions," DFSA Chief Executive Bryan Stirewalt said.

The agency alleged 53,700 contraventions of the anti-money laundering and counter-terrorism financing Act, particularly with regards to so-called intelligent deposit machines, or IDMs.

"The size of these fines reflects the seriousness with which the DFSA views AIML's and ACLD's (Abraaj Capital Ltd's) contraventions," DFSA Chief Executive Bryan Stirewalt said.

"We considered these contraventions to be so serious we imposed the maximum penalty under the previous legislation," said Elizabeth Denham, head of the Information Commissioner's Office (ICO).

The Chinese Foreign Ministry said that China fully and strictly implements U.N. Security Council resolutions on North Korea, but will investigate if there have been any contraventions.

Foreign buyers can fail the test if officials found they had committed "offenses or contraventions of the law," whether they were convicted of a crime or not.

One only has to look to Call of Duty to see how, once the player's mission becomes "save the world," myriad contraventions of good ethics can go unquestioned.

There is clear evidence not only of contraventions by U.S. forces in Syria and Iraq, but also Western-supplied warplanes, drones and ordinance causing unthinkable horrors in Yemen and elsewhere.

"We considered these contraventions to be so serious we imposed the maximum penalty under the previous legislation," the head of the UK Information Commissioner's Office (ICO) said in a statement.

The Office of the Privacy Commissioner of Canada said it plans to take Facebook to federal court to force the company to correct its "serious contraventions" of Canadian privacy law.

OTTAWA, April 25 (Reuters) - Facebook Inc committed serious contraventions of Canadian privacy law and failed to take responsibility for protecting the personal information of citizens, Canada's federal privacy commissioner said on Thursday.

" Last month, Denham explained the decision to impose the maximum penalty on Facebook by saying: "We considered these contraventions to be so serious we imposed the maximum penalty under the previous legislation.

In the full decision text detailing the reasons for the monetary penalty the ICO also writes that its intent is to "deter further contraventions of this kind, both by Uber and by others".

Canada's federal privacy commissioner on Thursday announced the results of a probe that found Facebook had committed serious contraventions of privacy law and failed to take responsibility for protecting the personal information of citizens.

It detected 227 contraventions, the most common being 62 ships with no records, 38 refusals to comply with inspection requests and 36 cases without permission to work and 54 having no payslips or pay irregularities.

"The alleged contraventions relate to telephone sales of Simple Life insurance products by CMLA in the period October 7, 2014, to December 16, 2014, a practice that ceased at the end of 2014," the statement reads.

The HKMA also ordered the Hong Kong unit of the U.S. bank to have an independent external adviser prepare a report into whether its remedial measures were sufficient to address the "contraventions and other deficiencies" it had identified.

New Zealand's definition of good character is broad, and officials considering whether Mr. Lauer had breached it were allowed to take into account evidence of "offenses or contraventions of the law," even if a crime had not been committed.

"If we were to put more than one (franchise in Europe), the contraventions would potentially be serious enough that we'd then have to change how we operate, which I don't think is likely, or go back to the drawing board," said Kirkwood.

They also point out that their findings are of particular concern given an earlier 2009 investigation of Facebook by the federal commissioner's office — which found similar contraventions with respect to Facebook seeking overly broad, uninformed consent for disclosures of personal information to third-party apps, as well as inadequate monitoring to protect against unauthorized data access by apps.

It would also lay out a process for the President to impose sanctions and travel restrictions on those who are found to be knowingly responsible for threatened or carried out arbitrary detention, torture, forced confession of any individual in Hong Kong, contraventions of the Sino-British Joint Declaration and Hong Kong's autonomy, or other violations of internationally recognized human rights in Hong Kong.

In Brazil, contravention is a sort of penal infraction — not only an administrative offense - which is considered to be less serious than a crime. Since 1941, Brazilian Law has a dual system which separates penal infractions in two main different acts. They are the Código Penal (Brazilian Penal Code) — describing crimes in general — and the Lei de Contravenções Penais (Penal Contraventions Act) — describing the contraventions. Contraventions are punished less severely than crimes in Brazilian Law.

The Contraventions Act (the Act) is a statute enacted by the federal Parliament of Canada. The official long title of the law, which came into force on October 15, 1992, is An Act respecting contraventions of federal enactments (SC 1992, c 47 as amended).Contraventions Act The Act and its associated regulations allow violations of minor federal laws to be prosecuted through a ticketing system rather than a formal criminal charge.ARCHIVED – Contraventions Act - Questions and Answers Where an offence outlined in federal law has been designated by the federal government as a contravention, a police officer may choose to issue a ticket instead of laying criminal charges.

The police tribunals have original jurisdiction over all contraventions (, , ), which are the least serious types of crimes under Belgian law (such as nightly noise nuisance or acts of violence that did not cause any injury). Contraventions can be punished with a maximum prison sentence of 7 days or a maximum fine of 1 to 200 euro (as of January 2017). An important exception to this jurisdiction of the police tribunal are drug offences, over which the correctional division of the tribunal of first instance always has original jurisdiction, irrespective of their severity. In addition, the prosecutor can prosecute delicts (, , ), which is the category of crimes more serious than contraventions under Belgian law (comparable to misdemeanors or lesser felonies), as contraventions through the process of contraventionalisation.

Parking adjudicators hear parking appeals against fixed penalty notices issued for parking, bus lane and various traffic sign contraventions within Greater London.

Law enforcement duties were many and varied. Annual reports, tabled in Parliament, show that cases of assault, breaches of the peace, contraventions of laws and regulations, drunkenness, loitering, public nuisances, theft, trespassing and vagrancy were routine. Some districts had to contend with stock theft, diamond theft and smuggling (especially in and around Kimberley), and contraventions of the lawAct 22 of 1867 (Cape). which prohibited "native foreigners", i.e.

To settle the proceedings, Cabcharge admitted to three contraventions of the TPA. The company agreed to the issue by the court of declarations, compliance orders, civil penalties of $14 million and costs of $1 million.

Criminal courts of second instance try misdemeanors and contraventions. The Islamic Revolutionary Courts try offenses aimed against the state and its associated institutions. Crimes include smuggling (e. g., of drugs or weapons), terrorism, counterfeiting, and treason.

The tribunal de police consists of a single judge but the court is constituted by a prosecutor and a recording officer. Generally, there are five categories that violate the rules. The tribunal de police hear class five contraventions separately from one to four contraventions, with the fine ranging from 250 francs to 10,000 francs."Police Court Justice in France: Investigations and Hearing in Ten Cases in the Tribunal de Police" In addition, after the trial of the tribunal de police, provided that the suspect refuses to accept the judgements of the court, the suspect can appeal to French Cour d' Appeal.

Grandmaster's Palace. B Company is responsible for security duties in various locations. It carries out land patrols and conducts vehicle checkpoints for traffic contraventions, illegal immigrants' identification and apprehension, and anti-narcotics' searches. It consists of a Company Headquarters and five infantry platoons.

Belgian judicial hierarchy (2018). Court building of the tribunal of first instance of Leuven. The city's police tribunal is also located in this building. The police tribunal (, , ) is the traffic court and trial court which tries minor contraventions in the judicial system of Belgium.

The Traffic Penalty Tribunal decides appeals against parking and bus lane penalties issued in England (outside London) and Wales. It was created by statutary instrument to fulfil provisions of the Traffic Management Act 2004, and it is partly responsible to the PATROL joint committee, a collection of local authorities responsible for enforcing PCNs who make use of the trafic penalty tribunals adjudication process. Decisions of the Traffic Penalty Tribunal can be challenged by judicial review.e.g. The appeal process is governed by the Civil Enforcement of Parking Contraventions (England) Representations and Appeals Regulations 2007 and The Civil Enforcement of Parking Contraventions (England) General Regulations 2007.

A police tribunal is a criminal jurisdiction which judges all classes of contraventions committed by adults. More serious offenses (infractions) are judged by a tribunal correctionnel, correctional tribunal, when they are délits or misdemeanors, or by a cour d'assises (for a crime, analogous to a felony).

A special magistrate is also a full-time magistrate, but is assigned to deal with various kinds of departmental summons including minor offenses such as traffic contraventions. Their sentencing power is limited to a maximum fine of $50,000 or as specified in their warrants of appointment.

The hosting of the two above events had to be reopened as they were affected by the suspension of the All-Russia Athletic Federation as a result of contraventions of the World Anti-Doping Code.Rome and Bydgoszcz to host reallocated 2016 IAAF World Athletics Series events.

The 1810 Penal Code was divided into four books, with the third split into two parts: # Correctional sentences and their effects # Persons punishable, excusable or responsible for crimes or misdemeanors # Crimes, misdemeanors and their punishments ## crimes against public property ## crimes and offenses against individuals # Police contraventions and penalties.

The Traffic Penalty Tribunal is a tribunal in the United Kingdom which manages appeals against penalty charge notices or PCNs, a form of civil penalty, for areas in England outside of London. It was created by statutary instrument to fulfil provisions of the Traffic Management Act 2004, and it is partly responsible to the PATROL joint committee, a collection of local authorities responsible for enforcing PCNs who make use of the trafic penalty tribunals adjudication process. Decisions of the Traffic Penalty Tribunal can be challenged by judicial review. e.g. The appeal process is governed by the Civil Enforcement of Parking Contraventions (England) Representations and Appeals Regulations 2007 and The Civil Enforcement of Parking Contraventions (England) General Regulations 2007.

The implementation of the Act saw the establishment of the Anti-Discrimination Commission Queensland, an independent statutory body to resolve complaints of discrimination, sexual harassment, vilification, victimisation and other contraventions of the Anti-Discrimination Act, as well as to promote an understanding, acceptance, and public discussion of human rights in Queensland.

It is administered by the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) and also gives some rights for private action. Schedule 2 of the CCA sets out the Australian Consumer Law (ACL). The Federal Court of Australia has the jurisdiction to determine private and public complaints made in regard to contraventions of the Act.

After an investigation, a judge released them three days later. When France opened their market for private online gaming in June 2010, bwin became the first operator there. In February 2013, the Australian Communications and Media Authority referred the Bwin arm of bwin.party to the Australian Federal Police for contraventions of the Interactive Gambling Act.

BPPE further decreed that Coding House reimburse every single student who had enrolled in the school. Coding House filed an appeal but discontinued classes in the meantime. BPPE shut the school down because it found Coding House had committed many contraventions of California law. BPPE determined that Coding House had engaged in false advertising.

In 1994, Lady Archer was a non-executive director of Anglia Television at a time when it was the target of a takeover bid. Following reports from the London Stock Exchange, the Department of Trade and Industry appointed inspectors on 8 February 1994 to investigate possible insider dealing contraventions by certain individuals, including her husband. No charges were brought.

In September 2010, to settle the action, Cabcharge admitted a number of contraventions of TPA and the Federal Court imposed a fine of $15 million ($14 million in civil penalties and $1 million in costs), the highest ever penalty imposed for misuse of market power. The judgement was delivered by Justice Raymond Finkelstein on 17 November 2010.

The Office also reviews these individuals' confidential disclosures of their assets, liabilities and activities, and is tasked with making publicly declarable information available through a public registry, investigating possible contraventions of the Act or Members' Code, and reporting to Parliament. The Commissioner is also mandated to provide confidential advice to the Prime Minister about conflict of interest and ethics issues.

Instead of the capital punishment, the most extreme punishment that could be legally enforced was penal labor. Cruel and unusual punishments were prohibited. Based on the Code, crimes were classified under three headings: delicts, misdemeanors and contraventions. The concept of attempted crimes was not mentioned throughout the code; attempting to commit a crime was punished just as harshly as if the crime happened.

Subsequently, an audit was conducted on former Mayor Di Biase's 2006 election campaign funds. This exposed 27 contraventions under the Elections Act, along with a $155,000 anonymous cash payment made to his lawyer to cover his legal fees. Di Biase has refused to disclose who made this payment.Former Vaughan mayor Di Biase faces 27 election-related charges Caroline Grech, Yorkregion.

The Zollfahndungsamt (ZFA) is a German Customs Investigation Office. They are all directly subordinate to the central Zollkriminalamt (Customs Investigation Bureau) which has its headquarters in Cologne. There are currently eight ZFAs (in Berlin, Dresden, Essen, Frankfurt am Main, Hamburg, Hanover, Munich and Stuttgart) with 24 branch offices. They are subdivided into functional areas and investigate embargo contraventions, violations of market regulations, tax evasion and trademark violations.

Played by David Harewood. The director of the CIA's Counterterrorism Center. He has a tense relationship with Carrie, partly due to a past affair with her which led to the end of Estes' marriage. He fires Carrie upon learning of her bipolar disorder and her multiple contraventions of CIA protocols, but later on, he must reinstate her when she is proven to have been right about Brody.

Also, according to Art 33 of Law No. 61/1991 penalising the violation of public order and social standards, parents/legal guardians who fail to take "adequate measures" to prevent children under 16 from engaging in vagrancy, begging, or prostitution are liable to pay a contraventional fine (Law No. 61/1991 on contraventions applies only in cases when the deed of the guilty party does not constitute a criminal offense).

Special Criminal Courts, on the other hand, may process claims involving small criminal offences, which, under Article 60 of Law No. 9,099/1995 are those either set by the Contraventions Law (Decree No. 3,688/1941) or those where the penalty does not surpass 02 (two years). As per Article 54, there are no court fees for the Small Claim Courts. However, if an appeal is filed, court fees shall be applied.

John Temple: American Pain, Chapter 1, Episode Pain Killer Profits of the television series American Greed on CNBC (30 June 2016). Chris was first arrested at the age of 13. Further conflicts with the police followed due to illegal possession of alcohol, brawls, contraventions, obstruction of justice and theft. In 2003 he was arrested for ordering and accepting a package of anabolic steroids for his own use and for friends.

The tribunal de police judges contraventions. The tribunal correctionnel judges délits. The cour d'assises and the criminal tribunal (in Saint-Pierre- et-Miquelon) judge crimes, according to where they were committed. The commercial maritime tribunal is a jurisdiction d'exception, but it has been composed in the same way as jurisdictions of common law such as the correctional tribunal since the decision of the constitutional council of July 2, 2010.

A Principal Magistrate is in charge of each magistracy. The Chief Magistrate, whose chamber is at the Kowloon City Law Courts Building, oversees the work of all magistracies. The most junior judicial role is that of Special Magistrate, typically dealing only with minor offences such as hawking contraventions, traffic offences and other departmental summonses. Appeals against Magistrates’ decisions are heard by a Judge of the Court of First Instance.

The Court also ordered RMIT to pay a civil penalty of $37,000 for two contraventions of the Fair Work Act 2009, as a warning to employers of the risks of using "sham" redundancies as a means for dismissing difficult employees. The case was reported in the national media, in addition to becoming an important case study that is widely discussed on legal websites. Bessant later published a personal account of the case.

While crimes may be punished to reclusão (reclusion) or detenção (detention), the only kind of possible imprisonment for contraventions is prisão simples (simple prison), which is never served under closed conditions (only open and semi-closed conditions may be applied). Fines may also be imposed due to contravention sentencing. In Brazilian Law System, one who is already convicted for a crime is not considered to be recidivist when committing a contravention for the first time, and vice versa.

The appellant was convicted in a regional court on two counts of contravening section 1(1) of the Criminal Law Amendment Act.Act 1 of 1988. The prohibited acts which constituted the contraventions were murder (of one Batandwa Ndalase) and attempted murder (of one Sandasile Nxiki), respectively. Regarding the appropriate punishment, the magistrate applied the provision that a contravention of section 1(1) could attract the same penalty as that which might be imposed for the unlawful act itself.

A safety culture survey or audit may indicate that safe practices are not sufficiently implemented, and may indicate a need for specific or general refresher training, or the personnel may indicate that they feel a need for it. An accident or near miss often points to a deficiency in a safety program, as unsafe practices are more often the consequence of inadequate knowledge and understanding than intentional contraventions by employees, who generally prefer to avoid being injured.

Contraventions of the rules are resolved either by a boat voluntarily taking a penalty during the race, or by protest lodged and heard after the race. The rules of match racing, on the other hand, are normally enforced by umpires issuing penalties during a race. Fleet racing involves fewer strategic and tactical considerations for the sailor than match racing. In fleet racing, the most important factor in the outcome of a race is usually the speed of each boat.

C-46, as amended). Section 91(27) of the Constitution Act, 1867 establishes the sole jurisdiction of Parliament over criminal law in Canada. The Criminal Code contains some defences, but most are part of the common law rather than statute. Important Canadian criminal laws not forming part of the code include the Firearms Act, the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act, the Canada Evidence Act, the Food and Drugs Act, the Youth Criminal Justice Act and the Contraventions Act.

The ACCC instituted proceedings against KLM seeking penalties for alleged price fixing between early 2003 and 2006. The alleged contraventions relate to fuel surcharges applied to international carriage of air cargo during that period.ACCC institutes proceedings against more airlines in alleged air freight cartel, 10 February 2009. Retrieved 18 May 2011 The Federal Court in Sydney ordered pecuniary penalties ($6 million in total with Air France) for breaching the price fixing provisions of the Trade Practices Act 1974.

In Poland, reproductive sterilisation of men or women has been defined as a criminal act since 1997 and remains so , under Article 156 §1, which also covers making someone blind, deaf or mute, of the 1997 law. The original 1997 law punished contraventions with a prison sentence of one to ten years and the updated law sets a prison sentence of at least 3 years. The prison sentence is a maximum of three years if the sterilisation is involuntary, under Art. 156 §2.

The first lawsuit again the magazine was brought in 1994 by an American tax refugee and millionaire dentist living in Stellenbosch, Western Cape, called Dr Robert Milton Hall. The trial was in 1996 in the Cape High Court before Judge Johann Conradie. Noseweek had, inter alia, pointed out Dr Hall's fraudulent claims to be the "inventor of modern-day dentistry", and his ongoing foreign exchange and tax contraventions. The magazine was represented by an attorney and advocates and Welz represented himself.

The ACCC instituted proceedings against Air France seeking penalties for alleged price fixing between early 2003 and 2006. The alleged contraventions relate to fuel surcharges applied to international carriage of air cargo during that period.ACCC institutes proceedings against more airlines in alleged air freight cartel, Australian Competition & Consumer Commission, 10 February 2009. Retrieved 18 May 2011 The Federal Court in Sydney ordered pecuniary penalties ($6 million in total with KLM) for breaching the price fixing provisions of the Trade Practices Act 1974.

To promote rapid modernization of telecommunication systems and telecommunication services. To investigate and adjudicate on complaints and other claims made against licensees arising out of alleged contraventions of the provisions of this Act, the rules made and licenses issued there under and take action accordingly. To make recommendations to the Federal Government on policies with respect to international telecommunications, provision of support for participation in international meetings and agreements to be executed in relation to the routing of international traffic and accounting settlements.

Individual states may classify crimes by other factors, such as seriousness or context. In some civil law jurisdictions, such as Italy and Spain, the term delict is used to describe serious offenses, a category similar to common law felony. In other nations, such as Germany, France, Belgium, and Switzerland, more serious offenses are described as crimes, while misdemeanors or delicts (or délits) are less serious. In still others (such as Brazil and Portugal), crimes and delicts are synonymous (more serious) and are opposed to contraventions (less serious).

As a legislator, she presented a large number of projects to the Legislature of the City of Buenos Aires, including a bill against institutional violence by the security forces, another project for the transfer and assignment of powers to investigate and judge crimes and contraventions committed in the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, and a project for the regulation of assisted reproduction techniques, among others. In April 2015, the anti-discrimination bill for the city was approved, and was promoted together with Deputy Daniel Lipovetzky.

As well as hearing civil cases, the Samedi division of the Royal Court also hears criminal cases. There are three ways in which a case can be tried: by the Inferior Number of the Royal Court, by an assize sitting or (for sentencing only) by the Superior Number. Interior of Royal Court looking from the public gallery The Inferior Number of the Royal Court tries offences (termed 'contraventions') defined in statute law or (where the defendant agrees) offences against customary law. It also deals with bail applications.

In the field of border management, the border police's main purpose is to fight against illegal migration and cross-border crime. In order to fulfill these tasks, the border police finds and examines the contraventions, undertakes the judicial expertise of the documents, performs special investigative measures. The border police performs these duties within the boundaries of the Moldovan borders with Ukraine, and Romania. The basic principles of which the border police follows include: legality, impartiality, respect for human rights, transparency, personal responsibility, and professionalism.

The Act removes reference to an ‘enforcement agency’ in subsection 110(1) of the TIA Act and substitutes the new definition of a ‘criminal law enforcement agency’ in s 110A of the Act. According to the Memorandum, the definition reduces the number of agencies that can apply for stored communication warrants from all enforcement agencies that investigate serious contraventions to only those authorities and bodies recognised under section 110A of the Act as being a ‘criminal law enforcement agency’. Under section 110A, ‘criminal law enforcement agency’ is defined as including the Australian Federal Police, a State Police force, the Australian Commission for Law Enforcement Integrity, Australian Crime Commission, Australia Customs and Border Protection Service, the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, the Crime Commission, the Police Integrity Commission, the Crime and Corruption Commission of Queensland, the Corruption and Crime Commission and the Independent Commissioner Against Corruption. Section 110A(3) enables the Attorney-General to declare, upon request, other authorities or bodies to be ‘criminal law enforcement agencies'. In making such a declaration, the Attorney-General must consider a range of factors, including whether the authority is involved in ‘investigating serious contraventions’.

To a perfect understanding nothing would appear miraculous. This is the first main point that Spinoza makes in his chapter "Of Miracles." His second point is that neither God's nature, nor his existence can be known from miracles; they can be known only from the fixed and immutable order of nature. If we understand miracles as actual interruptions or contraventions of the order of nature, and so of the will of God, then not only are they impossible, but they can provide no basis for knowledge of God.

The ACCC instituted proceedings against Martinair seeking penalties for alleged price fixing between early 2003 and 2006. The alleged contraventions relate to fuel surcharges applied to international carriage of air cargo during that period. The Federal Court in Sydney ordered pecuniary penalties of $5 million for breaching the price fixing provisions of the Trade Practices Act 1974. The ACCC alleged the airline reached understandings with other international airlines in relation to the imposition of fuel surcharges applied to international carriage of air cargo during that period between early 2003 and 2006.

The ACCC instituted proceedings against Cargolux seeking penalties for alleged price fixing between early 2003 and 2006. The alleged contraventions relate to fuel surcharges applied to international carriage of air cargo during that period. The Federal Court in Sydney ordered pecuniary penalties of $5 million for breaching the price fixing provisions of the Trade Practices Act 1974. The ACCC alleged the airline reached understandings with other international airlines in relation to the imposition of fuel surcharges applied to international carriage of air cargo during that period between early 2003 and 2006.

A member of the SS since 1933, on 30 January 1942 Hildebrandt was promoted to SS-Obergruppenführer, and on 16 November he was named Reich Defense Commissioner for his Gau. After World War II ended, he was arrested and interned by U.S. forces, and tried in the Allied Dachau Trials. He was sentenced specifically in the Airmen's Trial, for contraventions of the Hague Conventions by issuing orders to shoot parachuting U.S. aircrewmen. Friedrich Hildebrandt was then put to death by hanging at Landsberg am Lech on 5 November 1948.

In the Brandy case, Harry Brandy and John Bell were both officers of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission (ATSIC). Bell lodged a complaint against Brandy and ATSIC with the HREOC alleging contraventions to the RDA. The HREOC conducted an inquiry and handed down a determination that both Brandy and ATSIC were to pay compensation to Bell and to apologise to him.. This determination was registered with the Federal Court, prompting Brandy to firstly seek a review and secondly to make an application to the High Court for the present case.

In other words all the summary jurisdiction of justices of the peace is the creation of statute. The history of the gradual development of the summary jurisdiction of justices of the peace is stated in Stephen's Hist. Crim. Law, vol. i. ch. 4. The result of legislation is that summary jurisdiction has been conferred by statutes and by-laws as to innumerable petty offences of a criminal or quasi-criminal character (most of which in French law would be described as contraventions), ranging through every letter of the alphabet.

The animals – 6 lions, 3 tigers, 1 African rock python, 3 horses (a mare and her very young foal, plus a stallion), and 7 dogs – had been abandoned. The Mozambique government confiscated all of the animals and placed them in the care of ADI. The python, tigers and lions were confiscated for CITES and import permit contraventions, in addition to welfare reasons. The horses were rehomed in Mozambique and the lions, tigers, pythons and dogs were moved to South Africa where they spent some time in quarantine whilst waiting for a permanent home.

Egypt based its criminal codes and court operations primarily on British, Italian, and Napoleonic models. Criminal court procedures had been substantially modified by the heritage of Islamic legal and social patterns and the legacy of numerous kinds of courts that formerly existed. The divergent sources and philosophical origins of these laws and the inapplicability of many borrowed Western legal concepts occasioned difficulties in administering Egyptian law. The criminal code listed three main categories of crime: contraventions (minor offenses), misdemeanors (offenses punishable by imprisonment or fines), and felonies (offenses punishable by penal servitude or death).

Justice Verma stated that compensation is an acknowledged constitutional remedy for enforcement and protection of fundamental rights. The award of monetary compensation is a justifiable remedy when it is the only practical method of redress available for contraventions of fundamental rights by the state or its servants in purported exercise of its powers. The Supreme Court relied on Article 9 (5) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights as an additional ground in order to award compensation as a mode of enforcement of the fundamental 'right to life' when no other mode of enforcement was available.

A tazir crime is a crime in Sharia law that receives a discretionary sentence by a judge. A deterrent crime is a tazir crime that has a punishment in Iran's Penal Code (mostly based on pre- Revolutionary French civil law). These crimes are divided into felonies, misdemeanors, and contraventions. All criminal acts have a civil code penalty in Iran, and are usually punished as such. A judge can also give a sentence of up to 74 lashes for an individual crime (and possibly more if multiple crimes were committed at once), and up to 99 for sexual crimes.

On June 18, 2008, an audit ordered by a provincial court judge of Jackson's 2006 campaign finances found that she had exceeded her legal spending limit of $120,419 by at least $12,356, or 10 per cent. The auditors, LECG Canada Ltd., said that amount could almost double if what they believed to be unreported contributions in kind at various election events – but couldn't prove – are later verified. They also found other apparent contraventions of the elections act, including at least five instances where associated companies made donations that exceeded the normal $750 donation limit per company.

In June 2009, the Australian Competition & Consumer Commission (ACCC) began proceedings in the Federal Court of Australia against Cabcharge alleging that Cabcharge had breached the Trade Practices Act (TPA) by misusing its market power and entering into an agreement to substantially lessen competition. The action centered on Cabcharge's conduct in refusing to deal with competing suppliers to allow Cabcharge payments to be processed through EFTPOS terminals provided by rival companies and supplying taxi meters and fare updates at below actual cost or at no cost.; . On 24 September 2010, Cabcharge admitted to three contraventions of the TPA to settle the proceedings.

The police tribunals also have original jurisdiction over all traffic-related crimes, from minor parking violations to driving under the influence to serious crimes such as unintentional vehicular homicide. The prison sentences and fines to which one can be sentenced for these crimes strongly exceed the otherwise very limited sentences the police tribunals can impose over contraventions. The police tribunals can also impose traffic-specific penalties, such as a driver's license suspension. Not all traffic-related crimes are immediately brought before the police tribunal; for most minor traffic violations a police officer can issue a traffic ticket which includes a fine to be paid.

Vehicle clamping Vehicle removal Decriminalised parking enforcement (DPE) is the name given in the United Kingdom to the civil enforcement of car parking regulations, carried out by civil enforcement officers, operating on behalf of a local authority. The Road Traffic Act 1991 (c. 40) provided for the decriminalisation of parking-related contraventions committed within controlled parking zones (CPZ) administered by local councils across the UK. The CPZs under the control of the local councils are also referred to as yellow routes and they can be easily identified with yellow lines marked on the roads with relevant time plates. Councils employ parking attendants to enforce their CPZs directly.

Later that year he was one of the delegates a Committee of Insurrection sent to general Charles Pichegru to ask for a speedy invasion by the French to help the revolution in the Netherlands;Schama, pp. 164-165, 173-174 After the January 22, 1798, coup d'état by general Herman Willem Daendels, he was appointed agent for finance and foreign affairs (pro tem)Parlement & Politiek, op. cit. under the new Uitvoerend Bewind. However, the contraventions of the new, democratic, constitution of 1798 by the Vreede regime disaffected him, and he conspired with the other agents and again general Daendels to overthrow that regime in June, 1798.

In response, it has been argued that the legal circumstances surrounding the trial have not been well understood,Barrett, CK 'The Gospel According to St. John: An Introduction with Commentary and Notes', Westminster John Knox Press, 1978, p. 49, 'The alleged contraventions of Jewish law seem to rest upon misunderstandings of Jewish texts' and that Jewish leaders were not always strictly obedient, either to Roman law or to their own.Barrett, CK 'The Gospel According to St. John: An Introduction with Commentary and Notes', Westminster John Knox Press, 1978, pp. 49–50, 'The explanation is that special circumstances were regularly allowed to modify the course of the law.

Ebner's tomb in her old convent. The beatification cause opened in Augsburg in an informative process in 1686 though this seemed to be stalled at some stage until it was later closed centuries later in 1910; theologians had to investigate each of her writings and letters in order to determine those writings adhered to official doctrine. Such contraventions in her writings would have suspended the cause though the theologians approved these on 14 March 1952 having found no fault in them. Historians assigned to the cause also approved it on 12 June 1963 before the Congregation for the Causes of Saints and their consultants approved the cause on 9 May 1978.

The ACCC instituted proceedings against Qantas seeking penalties for alleged price fixing contraventions relating to fuel surcharges applied to international carriage of air cargo between 2002 and early 2006.ACCC launches its first cases in alleged air freight cartel, Australian Competition & Consumer Commission, 28 October 2008. Retrieved 18 May 2011 The conduct concerned collusion between competitors over fuel surcharges which the ACCC alleged and Qantas admitted had the purpose and likely effect of fixing or maintaining a component of the price for air cargo services. The Federal Court in Sydney ordered Qantas to pay $20 million in pecuniary penalties for breaching the price fixing provisions of the Trade Practices Act 1974.

The ACCC instituted proceedings against British Airways seeking penalties for alleged price fixing contraventions relating to fuel surcharges applied to international carriage of air cargo between 2002 and early 2006. The Federal Court in Sydney ordered British Airways to pay $5 million in pecuniary penalties for breaching the price fixing provisions of the Trade Practices Act 1974. The ACCC instituted proceedings alleging British Airways reached an understanding with Lufthansa Cargo in relation to the imposition of fuel surcharges on some of its international air cargo services between 2002 and early 2006.Court orders British Airways PLC to pay $5 million for price fixing, Australian Competition & Consumer Commission, 11 December 2008.

The Defence of India Act, 1939 (No.35) was an Act passed by the Central Legislature on the 29th day of September, 1939 which effectively declared martial law in India. Although it was enacted on 29 September 1939 it was deemed to come into force from 3 September 1939, the day when the Second World War began. It provided the Viceroy to make rules for the safety of British India and to provide punishments in case of any contraventions which included that of death or transportation for life if the intent was to assist any State at war with His Majesty or that of waging war against His Majesty.

This was in all likelihood the first time a 'middle' name had been given to a servants child in the parish. William Auld would not have been pleased to baptise a child with these names and duly took his revenge on the servant a few years later. The fund was £6 short and Gavin explained that not all householders in the parish could afford to contribute to it, however he was suspected of embezzlement by William Auld. Gavin was found guilty at the kirk session of various religious contraventions and appealed to the Presbytery of Ayr, having engaged Robert Aiken 'Orator Bob' of Ayr.

The auditors, LECG Canada Ltd., say that amount could almost double if what they believed to be unreported contributions in kind at various election events but couldn't prove are later verified.Vaughan mayor to face election- financing charges CBC News 25 June 2008 They also found other apparent contraventions of the Canada Elections Act, including at least five instances where associated companies made donations that exceeded the normal $750 donation limit per company. On June 24, 2008, Vaughan Council voted unanimously to hire a special prosecutor to consider laying charges against Mayor Linda Jackson under the Municipal Elections Act in reaction to the auditors' report.

The British were disappointed with Wilson over his failure to pursue more drastic actions. Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan advised President Wilson that "ships carrying contraband should be prohibited from carrying passengers ... [I]t would be like putting women and children in front of an army." Bryan later resigned because he felt the Wilson administration was being biased in ignoring British contraventions of international law, and that Wilson was leading the U.S. into the war. A German decision on 9 September 1915 stated that attacks were only allowed on ships that were definitely British, while neutral ships were to be treated under the Prize Law rules, and no attacks on passenger liners were to be permitted at all.

The Law on the Freedom of the Press of 29 July 1881 applies to all procedural acts that are police reports, testimony of witnesses, expert reports, or summons. Tourancheau and July directly violates specifically Article 38, paragraph 1, of the 1881 act. Article 38, paragraph 1, states “it is forbidden to publish indictments and any other criminal or correctional proceedings before they have been read in open court, under the penalty of the fine provided for contraventions of the 40th class.” The case was brought before the Tribunal de Grande Instance by a Paris Court of First Instance prosecutor against Tourancheau and July on the 10th and 15th of April in 1997.

Warren Anderson's company Owston Nominees No 2 was the subject of a court action launched by ASIC, which claims it sold Firepower shares to small investors without giving them a prospectus, making a A$20-million windfall.Klan A "Firepower profit 'not my problem'" The Australian 10 November 2009 (short- term URL) Anderson publicly urged Johnston to face his accusers.Taylor N and Cardy T "Front up Johnson" Perth Sunday Times, 29 November 2009 p.20 On 8 February 2011, ASIC's proceedings against Owston and other respondents were successful, the Federal Court finding that declarations and publicity orders were an appropriate form of relief for the contraventions of s727(1) of the [Corporations] Act.

Subsequently, administrative enforcement actions were brought against three different airlines based on alleged contraventions of these rules, resulting in multimillion-dollar settlements. He showed his intention "absolutely not" to implement racial screenings in reply to the question from Steve Kroft on 60 Minutes right after 9-11. He later recalled his decision "was the right thing (and) constitutional", based on his own experience as one of Japanese- Americans, those who had "lost the most basic human rights" by being discriminated against and interned during the Pacific War. The Norman Y. Mineta San Jose International Airport in San Jose was named after him in November 2001 when Mineta was serving as Secretary of Transportation.

The council chamber can not decide on all types of criminal charges however. It only decides on charges of delicts (, , ), which is the intermediate category of crimes more serious than contraventions but less serious than crimes under Belgian law (comparable to misdemeanors or lesser felonies), as well as on charges of crimes (, , ), the most serious category of crimes under Belgian law (comparable to major felonies) under some conditions. The council chamber can only decide on crimes when these are correctionalised. The process of correctionalisation requires the prosecutor to assume the existence of extenuating circumstances, and results in the crime being tried by the correctional division of a tribunal of first instance instead of a court of assizes.

The Trapped Equity Theory explains the application of cash flows that is freed up and in excess of the company's requirements arising from the over subscription of its shares during a public offer. According to the theory, such 'trapped' excess funds could be invested to guarantee an increase in market value to shareholders over and above their wealth would increase if the 'surplus' funds were to be returned to them. Legally, the law stipulates that all surplus funds arising from over subscription of shares must be returned to the applicant and specifies sanctions for contraventions. According to the applicable law, any delay in the return of these funds must attract interest above the Central bank's re-discount rate.

Over its years of operation—1990–2016—the Trump Taj Mahal was "repeatedly cited for having inadequate money-laundering controls, not an unusual charge in the gaming business". In February 2015, the U.S. Department of the Treasury's Financial Crimes Enforcement Network settled an investigation of Trump Taj Mahal with the assessment of a $10 million civil fine for "significant and long-standing money laundering violations" which were described as "willful and repeated" contraventions of the record-keeping and reporting requirements of the Bank Secrecy Act. It was the highest penalty ever levied by the feds against a casino. The casino agreed to periodic external audits to comply with anti- money laundering statutes, and admitted to multiple violations as part of its settlement.

In addition to this, since 2019, he has been the Beer Club President. In his previous term, Stefanec was a member of the Committee on the Internal Market and Consumer Protection, the Delegation for relations with the countries of South Asia, and the Committee of Inquiry into Emission Measurements in the Automotive Sector. He served as a substitute for the Committee on Budgets, the Delegation to the EU-Ukraine Parliamentary Association Committee, the Delegation to the Euronest Parliamentary Assembly, the Subcommittee on Human Rights, the Committee of Inquiry to investigate alleged contraventions and maladministration in the application of Union law in relation to money laundering, tax avoidance and tax evasion, and the Special committee on financial crimes, tax evasion and tax avoidance.

Ignatieff's attempt to force a September 2009 election was reported as a miscalculation, as polls showed that most Canadians did not want another election. Ignatieff's popularity as well as that of the Liberals dropped off considerably immediately afterwards. In 2011, Elections Canada laid charges against the Conservative Party, alleging contraventions of the Canada Elections Act five years earlier. This issue, along with the Bloc Québécois announcing its intention to vote against the budget, unless it contained numerous changes including $2 billion in compensation to Quebec for harmonizing PST and GST and funding for a new NHL arena in Quebec City, increased the speculation that there would be an election called soon as the Conservatives rejected the Bloc demands as "blackmail".

The chief rationale behind this provision within the Act was, amongst other reasons, to make sure people didn't end up being criminalised for car parking offences, like one may potentially become with some driving offences. However, some parking offences can still be enforced by the police with fines, failure to comply with which could lead to criminal proceedings and even the adding of points on the driving licence of the offender. Such parking offences enforced by police traffic wardens are parking contraventions committed in red routes (red routes are usually identified with red lines marked on the roads with the relevant time plates). Police traffic wardens can also enforce parked vehicles on pedestrian zig-zags/crossings, whether committed on red or yellow routes.

On April 5, the Minister of Fisheries and Oceans Loyola Hearn announced that charges were being laid against the Farley Mowats DutchPaul Watson INSIGHTS: Sea Shepherd Seal Hunt Protesters Beaten, Arrested, ens-newswire.com, April 1, 2005 captain, Alexander Cornelissen, and Swedish First Officer Peter Hammarstedt.Charges Laid Against the Captain and Chief Officer of the Farley Mowat, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, April 5, 2008 They were charged with contraventions of the Marine Mammal Regulations (MMR) on getting too close to the hunt without an observer permit. Captain Alexander Cornelissen was also charged under the Fisheries Act for obstructing or hindering a Fishery Officer, a fishery guardian, or an inspector. On April 12, armed Royal Canadian Mounted Police officers boarded and seized the Farley Mowat.

The Atmospheric Pollution Prevention Act, the court found, does authorise the Minister of Health and Welfare to apply for an interdict to enforce the provisions of section 9(1) thereof, and to restrain conduct which constitutes the carrying on of a "scheduled process" within a controlled area without a current registration certificate, in contravention of section 9(1). The Minister is not limited, therefore, to the specific criminal penalties provided for contraventions of section 9. The Act provides no specific "remedies" which the Minister or any other interested party can invoke to stop a person from contravening it. In such circumstances the principle does not arise that the Act is exclusive as to what may be done to enforce its provisions.

It not only gave him the control of the police, but also the supervision of the corporations, printing press, and provisioning of Paris. All contraventions of the police regulations came under his jurisdiction, and his authority was arbitrary and absolute. Fortunately, he had, in Saint- Simon's phrase: During the twenty-one years that d'Argenson exercised the office of lieutenant-general of police, he was a party to every private and state secret; in fact, he had a share in every event of any importance in the history of Paris. He was the familiar friend of Louis XIV, who delighted in scandalous police reports; he was patronized by the Philippe, Duke of Orleans; he was supported by the Jesuits at court; and he was feared by all.

380 Preventing access to compulsory public education). Parents/legal guardians have an obligation to ensure that their children do not engage in undesirable behaviors. For example, according to Art 33 of Law No. 61/1991 penalising the violation of public order and social standards, parents/legal guardians who fail to take "adequate measures" to prevent children under 16 from engaging in vagrancy, begging, or prostitution are liable to pay a contraventional fine (Law No. 61/1991 on contraventions applies only in cases when the deed of the guilty party does not constitute a criminal offense). The US Country Reports on Human Rights Practices reports that some children, particularly from the Roma ethnicity, were not registered (although birth registration is mandatory under the law).

Member of the European Parliament In 2014 Petr Ježek and his three colleagues joined the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE) in the European Parliament. He worked in the Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs (ECON) where he was also ALDE Deputy Coordinator, in the Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs (LIBE) and in another five committees including the Special Committee on Terrorism (he was also ALDE rapporteur for the anti-terrorist directive). He was one of two rapporteurs for the Committee of Inquiry to investigate alleged contraventions and maladministration in the application of Union law in relation to money laundering, tax avoidance and tax evasion, created after Panama Papers revelations. Later he was elected chair of the Special Committee on Financial Crimes, Tax Evasion and Tax Avoidance (TAX3).

In recent years, an increasing number of tribunals of a judicial nature (article 133 point 4 B-VG) hade been introduced in a number of areas to improve the review of the conduct of administrative authorities. The most important among them were the Länder independent administrative chambers (Unabhängige Verwaltungssenate - UVS), who decided, amongst other things, on second authority in proceedings relating to administrative contraventions as well as recourses against acts of direct exercise of command and constraint power from administrative authorities. Other such chambers were competent in the area of tax law (Unabhängiger Finanzsenat- UFS), in terms of asylum (Unabhängiger Bundesasylsenat - UBAS), in relation to environmental matters (Unabhängiger Umweltsenat) or in the field of telecommunications (Unabhängiger Bundeskommunikationssenat). Although all these tribunals were formally part of the administrative organization, their members hade guarantees of independence and irremovability and may thus be compared to jurisdictions.

The authorisation of law or regulation reveals a contradiction between a criminal law text and another law text, whether it contains civil, administrative or penal law. Authorisation of regulation can only justify regulatory contraventions and not violations of criminal law, as much because of the hierarchy of norms as because of the separation of the executive, legislative and judicial powers. The liberal principle would have us believe that interdiction is always the exception when it comes to liberty, so authorisation in law must always weigh heavier than the prohibitions of a different law of the same type (valeur=value). The most recent applications of the justifying facts concern use of force by the police and by the gendarmerie, medical acts, which are not qualified as violent if they are the acts of physicians and have a therapeutic motive.

Tribunal correctionnel de Paris, at quai des Orfèvres In France, the tribunal correctionnel is the first-instance tribunal (en première instance) that governs in penal matters over offenses classified as misdemeanorsArticle L221-9 of the Code de l'organisation judiciaire Article 381 of the Code de procédure pénale and committed by an adult. Article 1 paragraph 1 of the ordonnance no 45-174 du 2 février 1945, modifiée, relative à l'enfance délinquante In 2013, French correctional tribunals rendered 576,859 judgments on 'action publique, pronounced 501,171 verdicts and homologué 67,983 compositions pénales. Les chiffres-clés de la Justice 2014 Lesser offenses called contraventions are judged by the tribunal de police Article L121-10 of the Code de l'organisation judiciaire or the juridiction de proximité.Article 521 of the Code de procédure pénale Article L231-6 of the Code de l'organisation judiciaire More serious wrongdoing such as felonies (crimes) are judged by the cour d'assises.

SPECS average speed cameras above a motorway Temporary roadside speed limit enforcement Road speed limit enforcement in the United Kingdom is the action taken by appropriately empowered authorities to attempt to persuade road vehicle users to comply with the speed limits in force on the UK's roads. Methods used include those for detection and prosecution of contraventions such as roadside fixed speed cameras, average speed cameras, and police- operated LIDAR speed guns or older radar speed guns. Vehicle activated signs and Community Speed Watch schemes are used to encourage compliance. Some classes of vehicles are fitted with speed limiters and intelligent speed adaptation is being trialled in some places on a voluntary basis. During 2006/7 a total of 1.75 million drivers had their licenses endorsed with 3 penalty points and £114 million was raised from fines; an 'e-petition' to ban speed cameras during 2007 received 28,000 signatures.

School of the Americas Watch is an advocacy organization founded by former Maryknoll Father Roy Bourgeois and a small group of supporters in 1990 to protest the training of mainly Latin American military officers, by the United States Department of Defense, at the School of the Americas (SOA). Most notably, SOA Watch conducts a vigil each November at the site of the academy, located on the grounds of Fort Benning, a U.S. Army military base near Columbus, Georgia, to protest human rights abuses committed by some graduates of the academy or under their leadership, including murders, rapes and torture and contraventions of the Geneva Conventions. Military officials state that even if graduates commit war crimes after they return to their home country, the school itself should not be held accountable for their actions. Responding to "mounting protests" spearheaded by SOA Watch, in 2000 the United States Congress renamed the School of the Americas the Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation (WHINSEC), rather than closing the academy.

Appleton was the manager of Huddart, Parker & Co at the time. The other shipping companies initially involved were Adelaide Steamship, Howard Smith Co and McIlwraith McEacharn & Co, each of which had colliery interests. Moorehead was an officer of Customs who wanted the answer to questions concerning an alleged arrangement that: # Huddart, Parker would only purchase or ship coal from certain mining companies; # those mining companies would only use 5 listed shipping companies, Huddart, Parker, Adelaide Steamship Co, Howard Smith Co, McIlwraith McEacharn Pty Ltd and Union Steam Ship Company of NZ; and #Huddart, Parker had entered into various price fixing agreements about coal and shipping. There was a subtle difference between the requests in that Huddart, Parker was told it was suspected of contravening subsections 5(1) and 8(1) of the Act while Appleton, the manager of Huddart, Parker was told that the contraventions were of subsections 4(1)(a) and 7(1) of the Act.

They are legitimatized in terms of > institutional values. These imperatives , transmitted by precept and example > and reenforced by sanctions are in varying degrees internalized by the > scientist, thus fashioning his scientific conscience or, if one prefers the > latter-day phrase, his super-ego... [This scientific ethos] can be inferred > from the moral consensus of scientists as expressed in use and wont, in > countless writings on the scientific spirit and in moral indignation > directed toward contraventions of the ethos. > > An examination of the ethos of modern science is only a limited > introduction to a larger problem: the comparative study of the institutional > structure of science. Although detailed monographs assembling the needed > comparative materials are few and scattered, they provide some basis for the > provisional assumption that “science is afforded opportunity for development > in a democratic order which is integrated with the ethos of science.” This > is not to say that the pursuit of science is confined to democracies.

In December 2005 the ACCC commenced a civil penalty proceeding against Visy companies, Pratt, and others, for alleged involvement in a cartel in the packaging industry.. On 10 October 2007, Pratt was formally accused of price fixing, cheating customers and companies out of approximately A$700 million in the nation's biggest-ever cartel case. The ACCC alleged "very serious contraventions" of the law and that these had been "carefully and deliberately concealed" by Visy senior executives. The ACCC counsel further stated: > "There can be no suggestion that Visy acted in ignorance of its obligations > under the act" and further added that the deliberate use of pre-paid mobile phones that could not be traced and the holding of meetings in private homes, motel rooms and suburban parks > "...provides a strong indication that Visy was fully aware that the conduct > was illegal". After more than a year of denials Pratt subsequently admitted his guilt, acknowledging he and his company, and "rival" company Amcor deliberately broke the law.

In the 2014 European elections, Auštrevičius was elected as a member of European Parliament, where he was appointed as vice-president of the ALDE (Group of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe) political faction for the period 2014-2017. He also serves on the Committee on Foreign Affairs (AFET), acts as a coordinator for ALDE in the Subcommittee on Human Rights (DROI), and is chairing the delegation for relations with Afghanistan. In addition to these positions, he is a substitute member for each the Committee on Regional Development (REGI), Committee of Inquiry to investigate alleged contraventions and maladministration in the application of Union law in relation to money laundering, tax avoidance and tax evasion (PANA), the Delegation to the EU- Moldova Parliamentary Cooperation Committee, and the Delegation to the Euronest Parliamentary Assembly. As a member of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, Auštrevičius was charged with assessing the European Union Association Agreement with Moldova for the Parliament.

However, at the end of the century, after the death of the childless Charles II (1700), the Crown of Spain went to his chosen successor, Philip V of the House of Bourbon. The Grand Alliance of Austria, England and the United Provinces gave military support to a Habsburg claimant of the crown, Archduke Charles as Charles III of Spain. Catalonia initially accepted Philip V following prolonged negotiations between Philip V and the Catalan Courts between 12 October 1701 and 14 January 1702, which resulted in an agreement where the Principality of Catalonia retained all its previous privileges and gained a Court of Contraventions (Tribunal de Contrafaccions), the status of free port (Port Franc) for Barcelona as well as the limited right to commerce with America, but this did not last. In 1705 the Archduke entered Barcelona, which recognized him as King in 1706; thus breaking an oath of loyalty to the Bourbon claiment, which had negative repercussions for Catalonia when Philip V eventually lost the war - he ceded Belgium and Southern Italy to the Austrians - but retained the Catalan territory.