The maps even feature contour lines and terrain details like individual trails.
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Contour lines show the surface deformation rate between May 6, 2007, and Nov.
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Since the contour lines are fairly evenly spaced, it's mostly a straight downhill.
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Except frozen lakes don't exactly come with depth contour lines spray-painted on them.
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The vehicle's sleek proportions and contour lines make it look better than most luxury sedans.
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Once happy with the sketch, Formentera begins filling in the drawing with the cross contour lines.
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Inside the houses, Weaver's spindly figures move around blotty tabletops, each free of pesky contour lines.
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When planted along contour lines, cactus hedges can double the amount of nitrogen in soil, promoting plant growth.
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So does workaday service to sculpture, in studies rather than pictures: hard contour lines popping images off the paper.
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The map's contour lines, however, are taken from a color coded contour map developed by the U.S Geological survey in 2003.
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She has removed volumetric renderings with her graphic contour lines, the ellipses at the tops and bottoms of pitchers, cups, and bowls.
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Then we used the jig saw to cut along the contour lines, shaping a separate sheet of cardboard for each layer of elevation.
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The vehicle's sleek proportions and contour lines make it look like a single, unified object, rather than two or three separate compartments fused together.
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Walking around the piece creates movement in the intersecting layers of mesh, with dark waves projecting across the surface like contour lines on a map.
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Dominated by black pigment and flurries of cut (white) lines and angular contour lines, the woodcuts reveal another side of Coffey's art, inspired by her interest in myth.
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The visual vocabulary of Driskell's paintings extends from realist contour lines to fractured planes to symbols inspired by various religious practices, such as Bahia and Yoruban cosmology and mythology.
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A spiderweb-like, all-over treatment of the windows ensnarls torn pages from a world atlas, in one display, and the black contour lines of a long boat, in others.
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"Crouching Tiger" (1839) amplifies this figurative efficiency spectacularly: Thick lines of brown ink applied with a brush, curving around the tiger's back, serve simultaneously as stripes, contour lines, and shadows, while also suggesting the richly ominous feel of its fur.
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In both there is simplification and abstraction, but for Stevens there is the triumph of discovering the most apt contour lines from a complex notion of reality informed by photography, while for Botticelli, there is a gleeful enthusiasm for maximizing detail within his abstracted aesthetic.
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But just seeing the counters and staring at the contour lines around Metz and Verdun, I found myself flashing back to those long-ago summer vacations where I'd start playing Squad Leader scenarios against myself in an effort to recreate the Battle of Stalingrad on my desk.
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In another work from 1911, "Reclining Nude Girl in Striped Smock," a weepy sexuality is delicately suggested by a flushed pink ear and a soft watery eye topping-off the beautifully colored-in contour lines that adhere to the kind of voluptuous natural forms popular with Art Nouveau: the flowing curvature of seaweed and lilies.
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Numerical marking is the manner of denoting the arithmetical values of contour lines. This can be done by placing numbers along some of the contour lines, typically using interpolation for intervening lines. Alternatively a map key can be produced associating the contours with their values. If the contour lines are not numerically labeled and adjacent lines have the same style (with the same weight, color and type), then the direction of the gradient cannot be determined from the contour lines alone.
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Geologic map of the Adare Basin with 250 meter contour lines highlighted.
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The hypsography layer contains ground surface elevation information in the form of contour lines.
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In any case (parallel or central projection), the contour lines of quadrics are conic sections. See below and Umrisskonstruktion.
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Lines of constant tidal phase are called cotidal lines, which are analogous to contour lines of constant altitude on topographical maps.
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Siegfried map of Bernina Pass (1877) with black, blue and brown contour lines at 30-meter intervals On maps produced by Swisstopo, the color of the contour lines is used to indicate the type of ground: black for bare rock and scree, blue for ice and underwater contours, and brown for earth-covered ground. Swisstopo, Conventional Signs .
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Keyline design is an enhancement of contour farming, where the total watershed properties are taken into account in forming the contour lines.
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In addition to location information, maps may also be used to portray contour lines indicating constant values of elevation, temperature, rainfall, etc.
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Topographic maps are also commonly called contour maps or topo maps. In the United States, where the primary national series is organized by a strict 7.5-minute grid, they are often called topo quads or quadrangles. Topographic maps conventionally show topography, or land contours, by means of contour lines. Contour lines are curves that connect contiguous points of the same altitude (isohypse).
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This map show the relative elevation in 100 meter elevation contour lines (dashed) and 500 meter elevation contour lines (bold) with a total elevation uncertainty of +/- 6 meters. The name was proposed by Stephan Gehrke in 2002, at the time a research associate of the TU Berlin working on cartographic software and a visiting researcher at the United States Geological Survey.
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Trenches can be artificially dug along the contour lines. Water flowing down the hill is retained by the trench, and is infiltrating the soil below.
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The intensities of the peaks in the spectrum can be represented using a third dimension. More commonly, intensity is indicated using contour lines or different colors.
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Hypsography depicts a 3-dimensional landscape and its landforms, with the spatial features of this theme being contour lines, bathymetry lines, form lines, and spot heights.
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When maps with contour lines became common, the idea spread to other applications. Perhaps the latest to develop are air quality and noise pollution contour maps, which first appeared in the United States in approximately 1970, largely as a result of national legislation requiring spatial delineation of these parameters. In 2007, Pictometry International was the first to allow users to dynamically generate elevation contour lines to be laid over oblique images.
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On the Siegfried Map, the colours used were brown for the contour lines on vegetated terrain, blue for water and contour lines on glaciers, and black for the rest. The Siegfried Map projection was a cone equivalent, as for the Dufour Map. The print mode used for the 1:25,000 pages was initially intaglio, and from 1905 a printing plate. The 1:50,000 pages were printed via a lithography process, and from 1910 by intaglio.
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The gradient of the function is always perpendicular to the contour lines. When the lines are close together the magnitude of the gradient is large: the variation is steep. A level set is a generalization of a contour line for functions of any number of variables. Contour lines are curved, straight or a mixture of both lines on a map describing the intersection of a real or hypothetical surface with one or more horizontal planes.
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A map analysis is a study regarding map types, i.e. political maps, military maps, contour lines etc., and the unique physical qualities of a map, i.e. scale, title, legend etc.
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It was deduced from the spacing of the 20-metre-contour lines on the 1:25,000 series topographic map. Its isolation is 300 metres, the Gimpel being the reference summit.
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Alpha 2000 analytical stereoplotter. Kelsh projection stereoplotter. A stereoplotter uses stereo photographs to determine elevations. It has been the primary method to plot contour lines on topographic maps since the 1930s.
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Example of a map used by reservoir engineers to determine where to drill a well. This screenshot is of a structure map generated by contour map software for an 8500 ft deep gas and oil reservoir in the Earth field, Vermilion Parish, Erath, Louisiana. The left-to-right gap near the top of the contour map indicates a fault line. This fault line is between the blue/green contour lines and the purple/red/yellow contour lines.
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Screenshot of a structure map generated by geological mapping software for an 8500ft deep gas & Oil reservoir in the Erath field, Vermilion Parish, Erath, Louisiana. The left-to-right gap, near the top of the contour map indicates a Fault line. This fault line is between the blue/green contour lines and the purple/red/yellow contour lines. The thin red circular contour line in the middle of the map indicates the top of the oil reservoir.
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Geological mapping software displaying a screenshot of a structure map generated for an 8500ft deep gas & Oil reservoir in the Earth field, Vermilion Parish, Erath, Louisiana. The left-to-right gap, near the top of the contour map indicates a Fault line. This fault line is between the blue/green contour lines and the purple/red/yellow contour lines. The thin red circular contour line in the middle of the map indicates the top of the oil reservoir.
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Screenshot of a structure map generated by Contour map software for an 8500ft deep gas & Oil reservoir in the Earth field, Vermilion Parish, Erath, Louisiana. The left-to-right gap, near the top of the contour map indicates a fault. This fault line is between the blue/green contour lines and the purple/red/yellow contour lines. The thin red circular contour line in the middle of the map indicates the top of the oil reservoir.
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Screenshot of a structure map generated by Contour map software for an 8500ft deep gas & Oil reservoir in the Erath field, Vermilion Parish, Erath, Louisiana. The left-to-right gap, near the top of the contour map indicates a Fault line. This fault line is between the blue/green contour lines and the purple/red/yellow contour lines. The thin red circular contour line in the middle of the map indicates the top of the oil reservoir.
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You can use this to get the x, y, or z coordinates of any position on the stereo photographs. This information can be used for the construction of contour lines for topographic maps.
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A horizontal directional drill in operation A structure map generated by contour map software for an gas and oil reservoir in the Erath field, Vermilion Parish, Erath, Louisiana. The left-to-right gap, near the top of the contour map indicates a fault line. This fault line is between the blue/green contour lines and the purple/red/yellow contour lines. The thin red circular contour line in the middle of the map indicates the top of the oil reservoir.
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Contour ploughing, Pennsylvania, 1938 "Contour bunding", Catalonia, 2007 Contour bunding or contour farming or Contour ploughing is the farming practice of plowing and/or planting across a slope following its elevation contour lines. These contour lines create a water break which reduces the formation of rills and gullies during times of heavy precipitation, allowing more time for the water to settle into the soil."Contour Farming for Cropland in the Pacific." University of Hawai‘i - College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources.
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Contour lines along which the dip measured at the Earth's surface is equal are referred to as isoclinic lines. The locus of the points having zero dip is called the magnetic equator or aclinic line.
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Topographic map of Stowe, Vermont. The brown contour lines represent the elevation. The contour interval is 20 feet. Contours are one of several common methods used to denote elevation or altitude and depth on maps.
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Nautical charts provide information about the seabed materials at particular locations. Nautical charts also include depth contour lines. It is thus sometimes possible to navigate in poor visibility by noting which contour line one is closest to.
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The exact value is unknown, the prominence given is a minimum, but it could be around 19 m greater. It was estimated from the separation of 20 metre contour lines from the 1:10,000 scale topographic map.
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The historical map of Poughill (in 1945) shows a number of contour lines where land reaches 600 feet above sea level. This variation in relief is shown today, particularly in the image of Poughill towards the Cheriton Fitzpaine.
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For example, if one measures a scale mile along the stream length, and counts three contour lines crossed on a map with ten-foot contours, the gradient is approximately 5.7 feet per 1000 feet, a fairly steep gradient.
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It was estimated from the spacing of the 20 m contour lines on the 1:25,000 scale map of the area. its isolation is 600 metres, the Weiherkopf being the reference summit.Bavarian Survey Department: BayernViewer 2.0 . Retrieved 26 May 2011.
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However, if the contour lines cycle through three or more styles, then the direction of the gradient can be determined from the lines. The orientation of the numerical text labels is often used to indicate the direction of the slope.
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Whistler's stone arch railroad bridges built in 1841 are still in freight and passenger service on the CSX mainline in western Massachusetts. He was the first civil engineer in America to use contour lines to show elevation and relief on maps.
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Painted over frantic scribblings, the brushstrokes show a single face painted in fluid and watery lines. Culwell painted the face over a background of violent red and blue splotches, with sketchy depictions of a scene—probably a battle scene—but the exact subject is unclear. In Living with Torpedoes and other paintings of leisure time however, Culwell's technique relied on thin contour lines and more narrative-oriented description. Culwell rendered a multitude of downtime activities—listening to records, thinking about women, standing on deck, and painting at a desk above a sleeping torpedo—in thin inked contour lines.
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Most of Oreum are asymmetrically inclined, whereas Darangswioreum is arranged with concentric contour lines. There is a village of Darangswi, which was abandoned due to the 4.3 incident. In 1992, eleven of the remains of the victims were unearthed at the Darangswi cave.
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Nicolas F. Shi is an artist in Washington, D.C. He is best known for paintings that create an illusion of depth through contour lines like those on a topographic map, with the space between adjacent ones of the contour lines being filled by a single color. A long-time Washington, DC resident, Shi was born in El Salvador to Chinese parents. In 1980, he left his war-torn country and came to the United States to attend college, receiving a master's degree in architectural engineering from Oklahoma State University in 1986. He practiced architecture and engineering for more than ten years before dedicating himself to painting.
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The term isogloss (Ancient Greek ísos "equal, similar" and glōssa "tongue, dialect, language") is inspired by contour lines, or isopleths, such as isobars. However, the isogloss separates rather than connects points. Consequently, it has been proposed for the term heterogloss ( héteros "other") to be used instead.
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86 pages. Infrared photograph 5: Detail lower arms, revealing pentimenti Pourbus always prepared his overall compositions using long contour lines and long parallel hatching for the shadows. For darker shadows, or growing darker, he used more closely spaced hatching. For the darkest shadows, he used cross hatches.
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Relief shading is used for delineating relief along with contour lines. All scales are metric. Tint for elevation is predominately used in larger scale maps: 1:1,500,000 and higher. The shadows and colours combined give an almost stereo impression, the relief popping up out of the pages.
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Land forms are shown using contour lines. The contour interval is normally 5 metres, but other interval such as 2 or 2.5 metres may be used in sprint maps. Additional symbols are provided to show e.g. earth bank, knoll, depression, small depression, pit, broken ground etc.
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Colby exceeded by large sums the budgets sanctioned by parliament, and forwent his own salary. The survey included a series of tidal observations. Colby during its progress introduced electrotyping, contour lines on the six-inch maps, and the training of picked men of the sappers and miners as surveyors.
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In any case, the intersection curve of a plane and a quadric (sphere, cylinder, cone,...) is a conic section. For details, see.CDKG: Computerunterstützte Darstellende und Konstruktive Geometrie (TU Darmstadt) (PDF; 3,4 MB), p. 87–124 An important application of plane sections of quadrics is contour lines of quadrics.
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For Italy the 1:25,000 Istituto Geografico Militare maps via the Geoportale Nazionale website. Key cols were verified using the SRTM data based contour lines in the terrain view of Google maps. In the list, only the exact location of the culminating point of the mountain is considered.
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319 pp. On a topographic map, the landfroms associated with homoclines exhibit nearly parallel elevation contour lines that show a steady change in elevation in a given direction. In the subsurface, they characterize by parallel structural contour lines.Reynolds, SJ, and GH Davis (1996) Structural geology of rocks and regions.
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Imaginative and > sensitive, he admits only the visual realities that stimulate sensation. He > does not attach significant importance to forms determined by contour lines; > these are, in his eyes, the motif upon which the harmonies of color and > light are arranged. > M. Pinchon is foremost a painter impassioned by light.
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An isopycnal is a line connecting points of a specific density or potential density. Isopycnals are often displayed graphically to help visualize "layers" of water in the ocean or gases in the atmosphere in a similar manner to how contour lines are used in topographic maps to help visualize topography.
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Straight and broad avenues ran along contour lines, while narrower and winding streets lay at right angles, discouraging non-local traffic from entering neighborhoods. Parks and schools were scattered strategically throughout the town. The streets were named after local flora, Canadian politicians and famous scientists such as Rutherford and Darwin.Melvin, Joan. 1995.
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The rest of the precinct's layout was done in a square grid fashion. The cemetery follows the contour lines of the steep site it is located on. As a results, some of the approach paths were built as stairs. The main axis culminates with the pantheon for the priests of the Paul order.
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The watercolor illusion is best when the inner and outer contours have chromaticities in opposite directions in color space. The most common complementary pair is orange and purple. The watercolor illusion is dependent on the combination of luminance and color contrast of the contour lines in order to have the color spreading effect occur.
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The Mississippi map turtle (Graptemys pseudogeographica kohni) is a subspecies of land and water turtle belonging to the family Emydidae. G. p. kohni is endemic to the central United States. Map turtles (genus Graptemys) get their common name from the lines and markings on the carapace which resemble the contour lines of a map.
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Figure 2. Showing two closed contour lines meeting at Peak A's key col. Also called prominence island parentage, this is defined as follows. In figure 2 the key col of peak A is at the meeting place of two closed contours, one encircling A (and no higher peaks) and the other containing at least one higher peak.
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Map of the Kühlung with rivers, forests, and contour lines View from Bastorf Lighthouse towards Kühlungsborn View of the Bastorf Lighthouse from the coast The Kühlung is a forested ridge, up to , in the north German state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. The name is derived from the word Kuhlen (referring to the extensive fissuring of the northern slope).
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Dissociation of color and figure–ground effects in the watercolor illusion. Spatial Vision, 19(2-4), 323-340. doi:10.1163/156856806776923416 Coloration without the figure-ground effect can be acquired by using equal luminance adjacent contours that show a flat and reversible figure-ground organization. This coloration is dependent on the luminance and colors of the inducing contour lines.
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Newlyn is located in western Cornwall, just south of Penzance. It lies along the B3315 road which connects it to Land's End. Paul and Mousehole lie to the south. The Ordnance Survey, the United Kingdom's mapping agency, bases all elevations including mapped contour lines and spot heights on the mean sea level at Newlyn (see Ordnance Datum).
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In Fischer's words, :It appears that the glyphs were incised with a sharpened bone instead of a shark's tooth; this is principally evidenced by the shallowness and width of the contour grooves. It also displays secondary working with obsidian flakes to elaborate details within the finished contour lines. No other rongorongo inscription reveals such graphic extravagance.
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Scientific visualization using computer graphics gained in popularity as graphics matured. Primary applications were scalar fields and vector fields from computer simulations and also measured data. The primary methods for visualizing two-dimensional (2D) scalar fields are color mapping and drawing contour lines. 2D vector fields are visualized using glyphs and streamlines or line integral convolution methods.
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Anstey Hill Park lies between Bureau of Meteorology measured rainfall contour lines that denote an annual average from . It has hot dry summers, as does all of Adelaide, and December to February's average maximum daily temperatures to . Temperatures drop significantly in the wetter winters; July's average maximum temperature is .Department for Environment and Heritage (2006), p. 1.
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Use of colour in British Admiralty charts Depths which have been measured are indicated by the numbers shown on the chart. Depths on charts published in most parts of the world use metres. Older charts, as well as those published by the United States government, may use feet or fathoms. Depth contour lines show the shape of underwater relief.
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The bottom part of the diagram shows some contour lines with a straight line running through the location of the maximum value. The curve at the top represents the values along that straight line. A three-dimensional surface, whose contour graph is below. A two-dimensionality contour graph of the three- dimensional surface in the above picture.
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Although Vang Nyman was a children’s book illustrator, she believed that illustrations for children should be of high artistic quality just as illustrations for adults. She was well versed in various printing methods and her illustrations feature fields of bright colour separated by bold contour lines. While some of her illustrations did have shading, Vang Nyman never drew shadows.
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Entrance to BAE Systems, Bridgwater Royal Ordnance Factory (ROF) Bridgwater was a factory between the villages of Puriton and Woolavington in the Sedgemoor district of Somerset, UK that produced high explosives for munitions. It was slightly above sea level, between the 5 and 10 metre contour lines on Ordnance Survey maps. BAE Systems closed it when decommissioning was completed in July 2008.
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With recent advances, resolution has improved dramatically. Raw data can be processed to remove unwanted areas or features. Outputs such as topographic maps with contour lines can also be derived from lidar. Programs to manipulate lidar data include ENVI, ERDAS IMAGINE, ArcInfo, and ESRI ArcView (with 3D analyst ext.) One useful derivation of lidar data is the DEM (Digital Elevation Model).
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Black "ink" outlines and contour lines can be created using a variety of methods. One popular method is to first render a black outline, slightly larger than the object itself. Back-face culling is inverted and the back- facing triangles are drawn in black. To dilate the silhouette, these back- faces may be drawn in wireframe multiple times with slight changes in translation.
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By 1926 40% of the area of Poland was mapped. From 1927 onwards, WIG began to draw a uniform triangulation network and to print its own, original 1: 100,000 map, known as “type two”. These maps were two-coloured (black topographic elements, brown contour lines), some sheets contained two more colours added by overprinting. From 1929 onwards “type three”, i.e.
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This causes a phenomenon similar to thin-film interference. The reflected waves interfere, creating a pattern of interference fringes visible as light and dark bands. The spacing between the fringes is smaller where the gap is changing more rapidly, indicating a departure from flatness in one of the two surfaces. This is comparable to the contour lines one would find on a map.
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Mount Shishaldin () is a moderately active volcano on Unimak Island in the Aleutian Islands chain of Alaska. It is the highest mountain peak of the Aleutian Islands. The most symmetrical cone-shaped glacier-clad large mountain on Earth, the volcano's topographic contour lines are nearly perfect circles above . The lower north and south slopes are somewhat steeper than the lower eastern and western slopes.
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The (rounded) elevation given by the largest scale map is always used in this table. Also, the deepest points in connecting ridges are not always survey points with spot elevations, so that heights have to be estimated from contour lines. For example, maps often provide heights for the place where a route passes over a ridge rather than for the lowest point of that pass.
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Vines are planted against the slope to gain maximum sunlight from southern exposure. After the awful storms in the 1960s, however, Faugères winemakers replanted a lot of vines along the terrain's contour lines. The vines are now adapted to the natural slope of the schist hillsides. Because of this, the erosive effects of heavy autumnal rain are much smaller than in other vineyards in the Languedoc.
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As a general rule, the main roads had not to go through the existing towns and cities. To study the best route possible, Domenico Vandelli had to apply new mathematical models and measures to the topography that led him to draw the first map containing contour lines: the isoipsae Vandellis. A first route was proposed in 1738. This route is following the Via Bibulca route.
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While a TIN may be considered less suited than a raster DEM for certain kinds of GIS applications, such as analysis of a surface's slope and aspect, it is often used in CAD to create contour lines. A DTM and DSM can be formed from a DEM. A DEM can be interpolated from a TIN. TIN are based on a Delaunay triangulation or constrained Delaunay.
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The figure is extensively modeled creating harsh contour lines especially on the knees and abdomen. The muscles are "rendered by grooves, with a decorative intent that is carried to the point of excess and stylisation." The inguinal ligament which creates a triangle shape in the lower abdomen is strongly modeled. Grooves on the abdomen suggest two more abdominal muscles than what is anatomically correct.
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380px The Infant Saint John the Baptist is a c.1521 oil on panel painting by Rosso Fiorentino, now in a private collection in Florence Antonio Natali, Rosso Fiorentino, Silvana Editore, Milano 2006. . Stylistically close to the artist's Volterra Deposition, its nervy contour lines and gaunt brushstrokes are also similar to his Holy Family with the Infant Saint John the Baptist (Walters Art Museum).
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An isotim shows equivalent transport costs from the source of a raw material, and an isodapane shows equivalent cost of travel time. Labor usage is plotted horizontally and physical capital usage is plotted vertically. Contour lines are also used to display non- geographic information in economics. Indifference curves (as shown at left) are used to show bundles of goods to which a person would assign equal utility.
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Topography is the study of terrain, although the word is often used as a synonym for relief itself. When relief is described underwater, the term bathymetry is used. In cartography, many different techniques are used to describe relief, including contour lines and TIN (Triangulated irregular network). Elementary landforms (segments, facets, relief units) are the smallest homogeneous divisions of the land surface, at the given scale/resolution.
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Andrew Kirmse extended this method to find every point on Earth with at least 100 feet of prominence. A note about methodology: when using a topographic map to determine prominence, one often has to estimate the height of the key col (and sometimes, the height of the peak as well) based on the contour lines. Assume for simplicity that only the col elevation is uncertain. There are three simple choices.
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This was superseded by the Richards Box in which an adjustable brass Kendrew molecular model was placed front of a 2-way mirror, behind which were plastic sheets of the electron density map. This optically superimposed the molecular model and the electron density map. The model was moved to within the contour lines of the superimposed map. Then, atomic coordinates were recorded using a plumb bob and a meter stick.
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This software simulates wind farm behavior, most importantly to calculate its energy output. The user can usually input wind data, height and roughness contour lines (topography), turbine specifications, background maps, and define environmental restrictions. Processing this information produces the design of a wind farm that maximizes energy production while accounting for restrictions and construction issues. Packages include Furow, Meteodyn WT, openWind, WindFarm, WindFarmer: Analyst, WindPRO, WindSim and WindStation.
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Contour ploughing orients furrows fellows following the contour lines of the farmed area. Furrows move left and right to maintain a constant altitude, which reduces runoff. Contour ploughing was practiced by the ancient Phoenicians for slopes between two and ten percent.Predicting soil erosion by water, a guide to conservation planning in the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Agricultural handbook no.
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Females of G. p. kohni are considerably larger than males, the adult male being 3.5 to 5 inches (about 9 to 13 cm) in straight carapace length, and the adult female from 6 to 10 inches (about 15 to 25 cm) in straight carapace length. Males have a leaner look, more like juveniles, but females have a larger, bulkier build. Their grey shells are covered in yellow lines resembling contour lines.
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Natural selection drives populations toward maxima, while drift represents wandering and could potentially cause a peak shift. Movement across the landscape represented changes in gene frequencies. This landscape was represented as a series of contour lines, much like a topographical map; while selection kept or moved a biological entity to a peak, genetic drift allowed different peaks to be explored. In 1944, Simpson expanded Wright's landscape to include phenotypes.
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Stratigraphic contour lines, fault lines, strike and dip symbols, are represented with various symbols as indicated by the map key. Whereas topographic maps are produced by the United States Geological Survey in conjunction with the states, geologic maps are usually produced by the individual states. There are almost no geologic map resources for some states, while a few states, such as Kentucky and Georgia, are extensively mapped geologically.
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The Tanaka (relief) contours technique is a method used to illuminate contour lines in order to help visualize terrain. Lines are highlighted or shaded depending on their relationship to a light source in the Northwest. If the object being illustrated would shadow a section of contour line, that contour would be represented with a black band. Otherwise, slopes facing the light source would be represented by white bands.
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An example of use of layers in a GIS application. In this example, the forest-cover layer (light green) forms the bottom layer, with the topographic layer (contour lines) over it. Next up is a standing water layer (pond, lake) and then a flowing water layer (stream, river), followed by the boundary layer and finally the road layer on top. The order is very important in order to properly display the final result.
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Key cols were verified using the SRTM data based contour lines in the terrain view of Google maps. However, heights often conflict on different topographic maps, even when created by the same cartographic institution. For example, the Fletschhorn is indicated to be 3993, 3982, and 3984.5 m high on the 1:100,000, 1:50,000 and 1:25,000 Swisstopo map, respectively. The (rounded) elevation of the latter map is used in this table.
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A map of Europe using elevation modeling In its contemporary definition, topographic mapping shows relief. In the United States, USGS topographic maps show relief using contour lines. The USGS calls maps based on topographic surveys, but without contours, "planimetric maps." These maps show not only the contours, but also any significant streams or other bodies of water, forest cover, built-up areas or individual buildings (depending on scale), and other features and points of interest.
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Pegi stayed in Calgary with the F.G. Garbutt family who were strong supporters of the arts. The Garbutts and Pegi stayed friends for life. While there, Pegi painted a portrait of Alice Garbutt that demonstrates her increasing use of strong contour lines. MacLeod exhibited two of her portrait studies of the Stoney First Nations in the major exhibition, West Coast Art – Native and Modern organized the National Gallery of Canada in December 1927.
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His paintings use colors and multiple contour lines to define figures and shapes, as opposed to three-dimensional perspective or shading. He works in tempera and watercolor. He has shown his work at the Five Civilized Tribes Museum, Red Earth, and the Creek Indian Council House and Museum, and the Philbrook Museum of Art. He has also contributed his art work for causes such as the Red Cross and Native American bone marrow recruitment.
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Labyrinth Mountain is a prominent mountain summit located north-northeast of Stevens Pass in Chelan County of Washington state. This peak is situated west of Lake Wenatchee, in the Henry M. Jackson Wilderness, on land managed by Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest. Its nearest higher neighbor is Rock Mountain, to the southeast. Labyrinth Mountain was named by Albert Hale Sylvester for the appearance of its complex topographic map contour lines, similar to a Labyrinth.
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It takes the form of a horse's puppet, made from two plastic hoops and covered with white fabric. The hoops are usually cut out from plastic buckets (earlier – flour sieves). Red accents appear on shoelaces, as mask contour lines, on the top of the balaclava, or as symbolic drawings of a horse's head and tail. One of the roles of the Police Officer is to stop passers-by and fine them with "holiday tickets".
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USGS topographic map of Stowe, Vermont with contour lines at 20-foot intervals Terrain cartography or relief mapping is the depiction of the shape of the surface of the Earth on a map, using one or more of several techniques that have been developed. Terrain or relief is an essential aspect of physical geography, and as such its portrayal presents a central problem in cartographic design, and more recently geographic information systems and geovisualization.
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Starting with a topographic map, one can cut out successive layers from some sheet material, with edges following the contour lines on the map. These may be assembled in a stack to obtain a rough approximation of the terrain. This method is commonly used as the base for architectural models, and is usually done without vertical exaggeration. For models of landforms, the stack can then be smoothed by filling with some material.
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The appellation area covers 1800 hectares, and consists mainly of primary, schist soils. The majority of the region's vineyards have full southern exposure and lie on rugged slopes. Some hills in the northern area of the appellation area reach altitudes higher than 500m. The Departmental Director of Agriculture, in collaboration with 'SAFER' (French regional societies for the development of land and rural establishments), have experimented setting up vineyards along contour lines, which serves to limit the effects of erosion.
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It is difficult to relate wetlands maps to rainfall amounts recorded at different points such as airports, television stations, and schools. A GIS, however, can be used to depict two- and three- dimensional characteristics of the Earth's surface, subsurface, and atmosphere from information points. For example, a GIS can quickly generate a map with isopleth or contour lines that indicate differing amounts of rainfall. Such a map can be thought of as a rainfall contour map.
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The total lighting power of a lamp is divided into small solid angular regions. Each region is extended to the surface which is to be lit and the area calculated, giving the light power per unit of area. Where multiple lamps are used to illuminate the same area, each one's contribution is summed. Again the tabulated light levels (in lux or foot- candles) can be presented as contour lines of constant lighting value, overlaid on the project plan drawing.
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Unnamed tributaries of the surrounding creeks run down narrow valleys on the mountain's slopes. The summit ridge continues northeast to an unnamed summit and then Carl Mountain, both higher than Tremper at and respectively. alt=A topographic map with brown contour lines on a green and white background with red, blue and yellow routes overlaid along with black and white icons. Three roads alongside the edge of the map have signs with the numbers 28, 212 and 214.
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Idealised mountain pass represented as the green line; the saddle point is in red. Mountain passes make use of a gap, saddle, col or notch. A topographic saddle is analogous to the mathematical concept of a saddle surface, with a saddle point marking the highest point between two valleys and the lowest point along a ridge. On a topographic map, passes are characterized by contour lines with an hourglass shape, which indicates a low spot between two higher points.
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Typically, posterization is used for tracing contour lines and vectorizing photo- realistic images. This tracing process starts with 1 bit per channel and advances to 4 bits per channel. As the bits per channel increases, the number of levels of lightness a color can display increases. A visual artist, faced with line art that has been damaged through JPEG compression, may consider posterizing the image as a first step to remove artifacts on the edges of the image.
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See also the list of map names in transliteration and translation. Most sections start with a physical map – with contour lines and hypsometric coloring – a political map and a map of the communications in the region in question. The rest of each section consists of physical maps at a larger scale; see the list of maps, inset maps and scale. On the reverse sides of many right-hand pages are enlargements of regions on the 'main map'.
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On hilly land the pits should be placed about 1.5 x 2m apart along the contour lines or trace bunds, while on fertile land the best spacing is 2.5m x 2.5m. Farm yard manure and 10% BHC fertilizer at 10 grams per pit are mixed into the pits before planting the seeds. The plant becomes rather low maintenance after planting. The plant requires to be weeded 3-4 times in the first year and annually in the following years.
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From these contours, a sense of the general terrain can be determined. They are used at a variety of scales, from large-scale engineering drawings and architectural plans, through topographic maps and bathymetric charts, up to continental- scale maps. "Contour line" is the most common usage in cartography, but isobath for underwater depths on bathymetric maps and isohypse for elevations are also used. In cartography, the contour interval is the elevation difference between adjacent contour lines.
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From economics, an indifference map with three indifference curves shown. All points on a particular indifference curve have the same value of the utility function, whose values implicitly come out of the page in the unshown third dimension. In economics, contour lines can be used to describe features which vary quantitatively over space. An isochrone shows lines of equivalent drive time or travel time to a given location and is used in the generation of isochrone maps.
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Hutthal Ditch Control weir on the Dyke Ditch where it discharges into the Große Oker The Upper Harz Ditches () are hillside ditches, running roughly parallel to the contour lines, that were laid out in the Upper Harz in Germany from the 16th to the 19th centuries to supply water power to the silver mines there. They are an important component of the Upper Harz Water Regale, a historical water system that is now a cultural monument.
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Later construction contracts included the addition of more picnic tables and large group picnic areas. Similarly, before 1977, the park only had of improved trails, including sidewalks; of trails were added by 1997, mostly following contour lines to limit path grades and the park could be fully circumnavigated by foot.John McLaren Park Master Plan (1997), p. 17 Even in San Francisco, a city considered hilly, McLaren Park stands out with some of the hilliest terrain in the City.
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All mountain heights and prominences on the list are from the largest-scale maps available.All mountain heights and prominences are from the 1:25,000 Swisstopo topographic maps. Key cols of mountains above 2500 m were verified using the SRTM data based contour lines in the terrain view of Google maps. However, heights sometime conflict on different scales. For example, the Fletschhorn is indicated to be 3993, 3982, and 3984.5 m high on the 1:100'000, 1:50'000 and 1:25'000 Swisstopo map, respectively.
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Topography concerns the shape and character of the Earth's surface and maps were among the first artifacts to record these observations.They are also known as topographical maps. In modern mapping, a topographic map or topographic sheet is a type of map characterized by large-scale detail and quantitative representation of relief, usually using contour lines (connecting points of equal elevation), but historically using a variety of methods. Traditional definitions require a topographic map to show both natural and artificial features.
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MacLauchlan was consulted in 1854 by a commission of the British Parliament which was investigating which scales should be used by the Ordnance Survey for mapping and how best to represent hills on maps. MacLauchlan recommended the use of shading to show hills, considering contour lines to be less informative and aesthetically pleasing. MacLauchlan never married and, when not in the field surveying, resided in Lambeth or Clapham in London. He died at 14 Liston Road, Clapham on 27 January 1882.
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Tools inside the GIS allow for manipulation of data for spatial analysis or cartography.Heightmap of Earth's surface (including water and ice) in equirectangular projection, normalized as 8-bit grayscale, where lighter values indicate higher elevation. A topographical map is the main type of map used to depict elevation, often through use of contour lines. In a Geographic Information System (GIS), digital elevation models (DEM) are commonly used to represent the surface (topography) of a place, through a raster (grid) dataset of elevations.
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Mathematically, the line (or path) of greatest slope from a point is determined by the gradient of height, taken as a potential field with respect to an acceleration from the force of gravity. Lines of greatest slope are analogous to lines of force acting to accelerate an object downward at that point. These lines are orthogonal to contour lines. Discounting inertial forces and terrain roughness, a ball rolling down a slope, or water flowing down, will accelerate in the direction of greatest slope.
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Mapped global geologic provinces A geologic map or geological map is a special-purpose map made to show various geological features. Rock units or geologic strata are shown by color or symbols. Bedding planes and structural features such as faults, folds, are shown with strike and dip or trend and plunge symbols which give three-dimensional orientations features. Stratigraphic contour lines may be used to illustrate the surface of a selected stratum illustrating the subsurface topographic trends of the strata.
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Alternatively, back-faces may be rendered solid-filled, with their vertices translated along their vertex normals in a vertex shader. After drawing the outline, back-face culling is set back to normal to draw the shading and optional textures of the object. Finally, the image is composited via Z-buffering, as the back-faces always lie deeper in the scene than the front-faces. The result is that the object is drawn with a black outline and interior contour lines.
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Bonasone sometimes failed to accurately reproduce the original design when the model was especially complicated, and The Last Judgement illustrates this. Though Bonasone's rendition surpasses all the other contemporary prints of this giant fresco, it is far from being as good as the previously mentioned prints. Even with the large scale that engraving could possibly achieve, each individual figure in the painting had to be shrunk to a tiny size. As a result, most of the winding contour lines had to be removed.
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Raised beds lend themselves to the development of complex agriculture systems that utilize many of the principles and methods of permaculture. They can be used effectively to control erosion and recycle and conserve water and nutrients by building them along contour lines on slopes. This also makes more space available for intensive crop production. They can be created over large areas with the use of several commonly available tractor-drawn implements and efficiently maintained, planted and harvested using hand tools.
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756-757 By around 1843, when the Ordnance Survey started to regularly record contour lines in Great Britain and Ireland, they were already in general use in European countries. Isobaths were not routinely used on nautical charts until those of Russia from 1834, and those of Britain from 1838.C. Close, The Early Years of the Ordnance Survey, 1926, republished by David and Charles, 1969, , pp. 141-144.T. Owen and E. Pilbeam, Ordnance Survey: Map Makers to Britain since 1791, HMSO, 1992, .
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A structure map, looking downward, generated by contour map software for an 8,500-ft-deep gas and oil reservoir in the Erath field, Erath, Louisiana. The left-to-right gap near the top indicates a fault line between the blue and green contour lines and the purple, red, and yellow lines. The thin red circular line in the middle indicates the top of the oil reservoir. Because gas rises above oil, this latter line marks the gas-and-oil contact zone.
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Hypanartia lethe has a wingspan of about .Butterflies of Sangay National Park Forewings are black with orange-brown spots and an orange-brown fascia composed by a few blotches. Hindwings are orange brown, with a row of black spots in the marginal area and a black narrow strip in the submarginal area near the apex. The underside of the wings shows an ornate pattern and a pale brown coloration resembling the contour lines of a topographic map (hence the common name orange mapwing).
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In 1892 they worked west to Field, British Columbia, having surveyed . McArthur and Drewry were able to draw topographical maps from the photographs showing mountain elevations, although they could not add contour lines. While surveying the CPR route McArthur was the first European to climb Mount Stephen (9 September 1887 with T. Riley), Mount Field and Mount Andromache (1887 with T. Riley), Mount Odaray (1887), Mount Rundle (1888), Mount Aylmer (1889), Mount Bourgeau (1890), Mount King (1892), Mount Owen (1892) and Mount Burgess (1892 with Henrietta Tuzo).
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In the concentric castles of the military orders, such as Krak des Chevaliers or Belvoir, the inner bailey resembled a cloistered monastery, while the outer bailey was little more than a narrow passage between the concentric enceintes. In general, baileys could have any shape, including irregular or elongated ones, when the walls followed the contour lines of the terrain where the castle was sited. Rectangular shapes are very common (as in castra and quadrangular castles). A particularly complex arrangement of baileys can be found at Château Gaillard.
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Pollution at the ghats of Varanasi. Ganga Dashahara in 2005 brought throngs of bathers to the riverfront in Haridwar. (Religious association of Ganga also accounts for an appreciable degree of pollution.) Wastes and left overs of tours and picnics flowing in Ganges. Timeline of retreat of Gangotri glacier. (Note that the blue contour lines drawn here to show the recession of the glacier’s terminus over time are approximate.) Ganges is the largest and the most sacred river of India with enormous spiritual, cultural, and physical influence.
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The principle of Trident's operation is known as Continuous At-Sea Deterrence (CASD), which means that at least one submarine is always on patrol. Another submarine is usually undergoing maintenance and the remaining two are in port or on training exercises. During a patrol, the submarine is required to remain silent and is allowed to make contact with the United Kingdom only in an emergency. It navigates using mapped contour lines of the ocean floor and patrols a series of planned "boxes" measuring several thousand square miles.
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A topographic map is primarily concerned with the topographic description of a place, including (especially in the 20th and 21st centuries) the use of contour lines showing elevation. Terrain or relief can be shown in a variety of ways (see Cartographic relief depiction). In the present era, one of the most widespread and advanced methods used to form topographic maps is to use computer software to generate digital elevation models which show shaded relief. Before such software existed, cartographers had to draw shaded relief by hand.
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Graphics Layout Engine (GLE) is a graphics scripting language designed for creating publication quality graphs, plots, diagrams, figures and slides. GLE supports various graph types such as function plots, histograms, bar graphs, scatter plots, contour lines, color maps and surface plots through a simple but flexible set of graphing commands. More complex output can be created by relying on GLE's scripting language, which is full featured with subroutines, variables, and logic control. GLE relies on LaTeX for text output and supports mathematical formula in graphs and figures.
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To maximize readability of contour maps, there are several design choices available to the map creator, principally line weight, line color, line type and method of numerical marking. Line weight is simply the darkness or thickness of the line used. This choice is made based upon the least intrusive form of contours that enable the reader to decipher the background information in the map itself. If there is little or no content on the base map, the contour lines may be drawn with relatively heavy thickness.
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New York: Oxford University Press, 1996. p. 344. It is a plane section of the three-dimensional graph of the function f(x, y) parallel to the (x, y)-plane. In cartography, a contour line (often just called a "contour") joins points of equal elevation (height) above a given level, such as mean sea level.Merriam Webster – contour line A contour map is a map illustrated with contour lines, for example a topographic map, which thus shows valleys and hills, and the steepness or gentleness of slopes.
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The alternative is to use a geoid-based vertical datum such as NAVD88 and the global EGM96 (part of WGS84). When referring to geographic features such as mountains on a topographic map, variations in elevation are shown by contour lines. The elevation of a mountain denotes the highest point or summit and is typically illustrated as a small circle on a topographic map with the AMSL height shown in metres, feet or both. In the rare case that a location is below sea level, the elevation AMSL is negative.
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Gat was enamoured of colours containing “Oriental” characteristics such as is prominent in Islamic decorative art. In the years following, though he continued to show his work in the exhibitions of the Group of Ten, his paintings became dark and monochromatic, composed of controlled light and dark contrasts. The forms were now delineated by heavy contour lines and the composition was based on a plastic rhyming of lines and a repetition of vectors. Lines used in two planes, unifying near and far, emphasized the flatness of the depicted space.
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A topographic map with contour lines Satellite imagery illustrating topography of the urban core of the New York City Metropolitan Area, with Manhattan Island at its center. Topography is the study of the shape and features of land surfaces. The topography of an area could refer to the surface shapes and features themselves, or a description (especially their depiction in maps). Topography is a field of geoscience and planetary science and is concerned with local detail in general, including not only relief but also natural and artificial features, and even local history and culture.
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While not officially "topographic" maps, the national surveys of other nations share many of the same features, and so they are often called "topographic maps." Existing topographic survey maps, because of their comprehensive and encyclopedic coverage, form the basis for much derived topographic work. Digital Elevation Models, for example, have often been created not from new remote sensing data but from existing paper topographic maps. Many government and private publishers use the artwork (especially the contour lines) from existing topographic map sheets as the basis for their own specialized or updated topographic maps.
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A topographic map of Rosendale, showing Joppenbergh's contour lines (upper left) Sources differ on whether Joppenbergh is or . Both measurements give Joppenbergh a lower elevation than the highest point in the town of Rosendale, a peak of the Shawangunk Ridge. The bedrock underlying the mountain is composed of limestone and dolomite members of the Helderberg Group, laid during the Paleozoic era. Most of the Helderberg carbonates in Rosendale are located north of the Rondout Creek, and have given Rosendale a karst topography, resulting in "sink holes, disappearing streams, caves, and springs".
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Wind farm modeling software aims to simulate the behavior of a proposed or existing wind farm, most importantly to calculate its energy production. The user can usually input wind data, height and roughness contour lines, wind turbine specifications, background maps, and define objects that represent environmental restrictions. This information is then used to design a wind farm that maximizes energy production while taking restrictions and construction issues into account. There are several wind farm modeling software applications available, including ZephyCFD, Meteodyn WT, Openwind, Windfarmer, WindPRO, WindSim, and WAsP.
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Map of Hogland. The contour lines are drawn at 30-metre intervals. One of the two points of the Struve Geodetic Arc that are situated on Hogland North lighthouse on Hogland Hogland island visible on the horizon as seen from Haukkavuori observation tower in Kotka Gogland or Hogland (; ; , , ) is an island in the Gulf of Finland in the eastern Baltic Sea, about 180 km west from Saint Petersburg and 35 km from the coast of Finland (near Kotka). Hogland has an area of approximately ; its highest point is .
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Lines are marks moving in a space between two points whereby a viewer can visualize the stroke movement, direction and intention based on how the line is oriented. Lines describe an outline, capable of producing texture according to their length and curve. There are different types of lines artists may use, including, actual, implied, vertical, horizontal, diagonal and contour lines, which all have different functions. Lines are also situational elements, requiring the viewer to have knowledge of the physical world in order to understand their flexibility, rigidity, synthetic nature, or life.
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By adjusting the tilt, which adds a controlled phase gradient to the fringe pattern, one can control the spacing and direction of the fringes, so that one may obtain an easily interpreted series of nearly parallel fringes rather than a complex swirl of contour lines. Separating the plates, however, necessitates that the illuminating light be collimated. Fig 6 shows a collimated beam of monochromatic light illuminating the two flats and a beam splitter allowing the fringes to be viewed on-axis. The Mach–Zehnder interferometer is a more versatile instrument than the Michelson interferometer.
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A Medmont E300 topographer The corneal topograph owes its heritage to the Portuguese ophthalmologist Antonio Placido, who, in 1880, viewed a painted disk (Placido's disk) of alternating black and white rings reflected in the cornea. The rings showed as contour lines projected on the corneal tear film. Javal L., a pioneer in the field in the 1880s incorporated the rings in his ophthalmometer and mounted an eyepiece which magnified the image of the eye. He proposed that the image should be photographed or diagrammatically represented to allow analysis of the image.
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Also, for many forms of contours such as topographic maps, it is common to vary the line weight and/or color, so that a different line characteristic occurs for certain numerical values. For example, in the topographic map above, the even hundred foot elevations are shown in a different weight from the twenty foot intervals. Line color is the choice of any number of pigments that suit the display. Sometimes a sheen or gloss is used as well as color to set the contour lines apart from the base map.
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Contour lines are often given specific names beginning "iso-" () according to the nature of the variable being mapped, although in many usages the phrase "contour line" is most commonly used. Specific names are most common in meteorology, where multiple maps with different variables may be viewed simultaneously. The prefix "iso-" can be replaced with "isallo-" to specify a contour line connecting points where a variable changes at the same rate during a given time period. The words isoline and isarithm ( ' "number") are general terms covering all types of contour line.
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Waves nearing the coast change wave height through different effects. Some of the important wave processes are refraction, diffraction, reflection, wave breaking, wave–current interaction, friction, wave growth due to the wind, and wave shoaling. In the absence of the other effects, wave shoaling is the change of wave height that occurs solely due to changes in mean water depth – without changes in wave propagation direction and dissipation. Pure wave shoaling occurs for long- crested waves propagating perpendicular to the parallel depth contour lines of a mildly sloping sea-bed.
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The use of color, shape, and line in Vision After the Sermon is appreciated for its bold manner of handling paint. Finding inspiration in Japanese woodblock prints from Hiroshige and Hokusai, which he owned, Gauguin developed the idea of non-naturalistic landscapes. He applies large areas of flat color to the composition, and the red ground departs from conventional representation of earth, field, or grass. In portraying the watching figures Gauguin experiments with the distortion of shapes, exaggerating features, and use of strong contour lines rather than gradual shifts in tone that most painters practiced.
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The lower western slope is outside the Catskill Park Blue Line, and private tracts are at the base of its slopes in the other two counties. The nearest settlements are the small communities of Fleischmanns and Pine Hill a short distance to the southwest and south and smaller West Kill further away to the north. alt=A topographic map with green and white background behind brown contour lines with a semicircle of brown dots in the middle beginning at a black and white "P" sign on the right. Below it is a sign with the number 42.
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Crossing it east to west was a series of hills and a sudden drop in elevation known as Andram, the Long Wall. The river sank into the ground at the Fens of Sirion, and re-emerged below the Andram at the Gates of Sirion. To the east of the Long Wall, was the River Gelion and its six tributaries draining the Ered Luin, in an area known as Ossiriand, "Land of Seven Rivers". In volume IV of the History of Middle-earth are the early maps of Beleriand, then still called Broseliand, showing the elevation of the land by use of contour lines.
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An example of how indifference curves are obtained as the level curves of a utility function A graph of indifference curves for several utility levels of an individual consumer is called an indifference map. Points yielding different utility levels are each associated with distinct indifference curves and these indifference curves on the indifference map are like contour lines on a topographical graph. Each point on the curve represents the same elevation. If you move "off" an indifference curve traveling in a northeast direction (assuming positive marginal utility for the goods) you are essentially climbing a mound of utility.
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Contour lines of the effective potential illustrate the five Lagrange points of the Sun–Earth system The L1 position is useful for solar observations since it is near Earth but in constant sunlight. It could also be useful for collecting solar power. Conversely, the L2 point is perpetually in the shadow of Earth, and as such offers a prime location for observing the outer planets or deep space. L4 and L5 colonies could be used as waypoints in space travel, to expand the practical launch window for travel to and from Earth and the other planets.
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Bathymetry () is the study of underwater depth of ocean floors or lake floors. In other words, bathymetry is the underwater equivalent to hypsometry or topography. The name comes from Greek βαθύς (bathus), "deep",βαθύς, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus and μέτρον (metron), "measure".μέτρον, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek- English Lexicon, on Perseus Bathymetric (or hydrographic) charts are typically produced to support safety of surface or sub-surface navigation, and usually show seafloor relief or terrain as contour lines (called depth contours or isobaths) and selected depths (soundings), and typically also provide surface navigational information.
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Cadets learn how to navigate using a map and compass. Cadets learn to use Ordnance Survey maps plot and find six-figure grid references, calculate distances between points, and to recognise various conventional signs. The two-star map and compass course then introduces cadets to the Silva (Expedition 4) and Suunto (M-5N) lightweight protractor compasses. Cadets learn to use and plot grid and magnetic bearings to understand the three different types of north, to account for deviation of the grid-magnetic angle, to understand contour lines and more advanced conventional signs and the preparation of route cards.
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In addition, it is the most common route to the rest of Greene County for residents of the Town of Halcott to the west, isolated from the rest of the county by mountains along its eastern and northern border. alt=A topographic map with brown contour lines on a green background showing a steep cleft with a road at its bottom. The words "Deep Notch" run along the road All of Deep Notch is within the Hudson River watershed. Bushnellville Creek drains into Esopus Creek to the south, and the north side feeds the West Kill, a Schoharie Creek tributary.
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The line of greatest slope has practical significance in map reading. On the terrain it is often far more discernible, even intuitively obvious, rather than accurately picking out the consistent height level on what is likely the undulating uneven ground along the ground represented on the contour line. But knowing that a greatest slope vector is orthogonal to the contour line, one can readily deduce the direction of the contour lines from the line of greatest slope. The extent and overall direction of the contour line to a map scale can only be found on the topographic map.
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Apart from François Leguat's rather simple depiction, the life appearance of the Rodrigues solitaire is only known from a handful of descriptions; no soft-tissue remains survive. Leguat devoted three pages of his memoirs to the Rodrigues solitaire, and was clearly impressed by the bird. He described its appearance as follows: Wing bones, including carpal knobs (87–90) in the middle right, 1869 Several of Leguat's observations were later confirmed through study of subfossil Rodrigues solitaire remains. The curved contour lines of the pelvis also support the roundness of its hind parts, which he compared to that of a horse.
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483)) Nautical charts display the water's "charted depth" at specific locations with "soundings" and the use of bathymetric contour lines to depict the submerged surface's shape. These depths are relative to a "chart datum", which is typically the water level at the lowest possible astronomical tide (although other datums are commonly used, especially historically, and tides may be lower or higher for meteorological reasons) and are therefore the minimum possible water depth during the tidal cycle. "Drying heights" may also be shown on the chart, which are the heights of the exposed seabed at the lowest astronomical tide.
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Loch Lubnaig from the Radio Mast Loch Lubnaig differs from the other lochs in the neighbourhood in that it does not constitute a single basin. The bottom is apparently very irregular; the contour lines of depth do not follow the contour of the loch. Hollows and ridges alternate with each other and in some placed comparatively deep water is found close to the shore, while in other places shallow water extends a considerable distance from shore. The loch is also comparatively speaking, very narrow and shallow considering its size, nearly two-thirds of the area being under in depth.
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First developed in France in the 18th Century, contour lines (or isohypses) are isolines of equal elevation. This is the most common way of visualizing elevation quantitatively, and is familiar from topographic maps. Most 18th- and early 19th-century national surveys did not record relief across the entire area of coverage, calculating only spot elevations at survey points. The United States Geological Survey (USGS) topographical survey maps included contour representation of relief, and so maps that show relief, especially with exact representation of elevation, came to be called topographic maps (or "topo" maps) in the United States, and the usage has spread internationally.
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During the Second World War, following the defeat of the Polish army, Caziel went into hiding in Aix-en-Provence, where he found himself at the centre of the milieu of Cézanne. As a tribute to the great modern master, Caziel painted a series of nudes, shaped by strong contour lines, placed in unusual compositions of depth and perspective and painted with simple colours. He also followed Cézanne in making the Mont Sainte Victoire his subject for a series of small oils. Back in Paris in 1947 Caziel developed an individual and colourful form of cubist abstraction.
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The coloration effect is one of the phenomenal effects of watercolor illusions. Pinna and Reeves, (2006) identified thirteen properties of the coloration effect through experiments of the water color illusion. All of the main properties can be seen with any pair of complementary (opposite in color space) contour lines. However, from the experiment described above, purple and orange have been found to produce the strongest effects. The thirteen properties are: the stimulus (1) is uniform, (2) solid and (3) can be perceived on a white, black or, colored background (the background does not affect the experiment as the color spread effect is superimposed on it without any mixing).
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Hailed from East Punjab, he was educated at the DAV College and went on to attend the Aligarh Muslim University (AMU) where he gained his bachelor's and master's degree in mathematics. After AMU, he moved to Lahore to attend the Government College University, where he gained a PhD in mathematics from the Government College University and briefly served as postdoctoral researcher at the Aligarh Muslim University. He joined the British Geological Survey (BGS) and opted for Geological Survey of Pakistan in 1947 where served as research scientist there. At the GSP, his work was mainly involved in extensive studying of Contour lines maps of Pakistan.
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From about 1460–1490 two styles developed in Florence, which remained the largest centre of Italian engraving. These are called (although the terms are less often used now) the "Fine Manner" and the "Broad Manner", referring to the typical thickness of the lines used to produce shading within the main contour lines. The terms are somewhat compromised by a division of the Broad Manner into two groups with a different technique, both found in the works probably by Francesco Rosselli. He appears to have not only introduced to Florence the German-style burin with a lozenge-shaped section that the technique requires, but to have subsequently reinvented his technique.
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Triangulated irregular network TIN overlaid with contour lines A triangulated irregular network (TIN)Also known as a "Triangular Irregular Network". is a representation of a continuous surface consisting entirely of triangular facets, used mainly as Discrete Global Grid in primary elevation modeling. The vertices of these triangles are created from field recorded spot elevations through a variety of means including surveying through conventional, Global Positioning System Real-Time Kinematic (GPS RTK), photogrammetry, or some other means. Associated with three-dimensional data (x, y, and z) and topography, TINs are useful for the description and analysis of general horizontal (x and y) distributions and relationships.
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From the 16th and 17th centuries, several examples survive of maps focused on cultural information. Gridlines are not used on either Yu Shi's Gujin xingsheng zhi tu (1555) or Zhang Huang's Tushu bian (1613); instead, illustrations and annotations show mythical places, exotic foreign peoples, administrative changes and the deeds of historic and legendary heroes. Also in the 17th century, an edition of a possible Tang Dynasty map shows clear topographical contour lines. Although topographic features were part of maps in China for centuries, a Fujian county official Ye Chunji (1532–1595) was the first to base county maps using on-site topographical surveying and observations.
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Bures railway station is in the parish. The civil Parish of Bures Hamlet rises from the west bank of the River Stour, in the County of Essex – the ancient Kingdom of the East Saxons, although it remains in the ecclesiastical Parish of Bures St. Mary, Suffolk – land of the South Folk of the East Angles. This anomaly was first recorded in the footnotes to the Domesday Book of 1086 which correct the allocation of Bures lands between the Counties. The most populated part of the Parish is the Hamlet itself, which flanks the river between the 20m and 25m (65’ and 81’) contour lines.
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Changes of coordinates between different charts of the same region are required to be smooth. Just as contour lines on real-life maps encode changes in elevation, taking into account local distortions of the Earth's surface to calculate true distances, so the Riemannian metric describes distances and areas "in the small" in each local chart. In each local chart a Riemannian metric is given by smoothly assigning a 2×2 positive definite matrix to each point; when a different chart is taken, the matrix is transformed according to the Jacobian matrix of the coordinate change. The manifold then has the structure of a 2-dimensional Riemannian manifold.
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The summit, a small bump, is at the south end of a narrow ridge in length with a slight dip between it and the false summit on the northern end. alt=A green topographic map with brown contour lines showing Balsam Mountain with Big Indian Hollow on the east. Winding red and blue lines intersect below the summit, and a short yellow line connects them in the upper left quadrant On its east the slopes drop generally steeply down to Big Indian Hollow, the valley of the headwaters of Esopus Creek, around above sea level. There some more gently sloped areas at mid-mountain level, around , on the southeast side.
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The additional path length is equal to twice the gap between the surfaces. In addition, the ray reflecting off the bottom surface undergoes a 180° phase reversal, while the internal reflection of the other ray from the underside of the optical flat causes no phase reversal. The brightness of the reflected light depends on the difference in the path length of the two rays: If the gap between the surfaces is not constant, this interference results in a pattern of bright and dark lines or bands called "interference fringes" being observed on the surface. These are similar to contour lines on maps, revealing the height differences of the bottom test surface.
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On topographic maps, stream gradient can be easily approximated if the scale of the map and the contour intervals are known. Contour lines form a V-shape on the map, pointing upstream. By counting the number of lines that cross a certain segment of a stream, multiplying this by the contour interval, and dividing that quantity by the length of the stream segment, one obtains an approximation to the stream gradient. Because stream gradient is customarily given in feet per 1000 feet, one should then measure the amount a stream segment rises and the length of the stream segment in feet, then multiply feet per foot gradient by 1000.
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Earth is assumed to be an infinite source of equal amounts of positive and negative charge, and is therefore electrically uncharged—and unchargeable. Electric potential is a scalar quantity, that is, it has only magnitude and not direction. It may be viewed as analogous to height: just as a released object will fall through a difference in heights caused by a gravitational field, so a charge will 'fall' across the voltage caused by an electric field. As relief maps show contour lines marking points of equal height, a set of lines marking points of equal potential (known as equipotentials) may be drawn around an electrostatically charged object.
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Most commonly contour lines are drawn in plan view, or as an observer in space would view the Earth's surface: ordinary map form. However, some parameters can often be displayed in profile view showing a vertical profile of the parameter mapped. Some of the most common parameters mapped in profile are air pollutant concentrations and sound levels. In each of those cases it may be important to analyze (air pollutant concentrations or sound levels) at varying heights so as to determine the air quality or noise health effects on people at different elevations, for example, living on different floor levels of an urban apartment.
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In geography, the word isopleth (from or plethos, meaning 'quantity') is used for contour lines that depict a variable which cannot be measured at a point, but which instead must be calculated from data collected over an area. An example is population density, which can be calculated by dividing the population of a census district by the surface area of that district. Each calculated value is presumed to be the value of the variable at the centre of the area, and isopleths can then be drawn by a process of interpolation. The idea of an isopleth map can be compared with that of a choropleth map.
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A heterogram (from hetero-, meaning 'different', + -gram, meaning 'written') is a word, phrase, or sentence in which no letter of the alphabet occurs more than once. It is not clear who first coined or popularized the term. The concept appears in Dmitri Borgmann's 1965 book, Language on Vacation: An Olio of Orthographical Oddities, though he uses the term isogram, and in a 1985 article, Borgmann claims to have "launched" the term isogram then. In the 1985 article, he suggests an alternative term, asogram, to avoid confusion with lines of constant value such as contour lines, but continues to use the term isogram in the article itself.
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French Impressionist theme and composition techniques are noticeable not only in his preferred method of operation, the plein-air painting, which from this point on the artist applied in all weather conditions, but also in the treatment and application of colour. These alternate between the fluent, almost sketchy application of colour with thinned oil paints and a paste-like, relieflike flow, deliberately trying to reveal the artistic facture. Eisner applied pure, mostly unmixed colours next to each other in quick brushstrokes, creating a vibrant structure of bright tones and developing an original picture-intrinsic dynamic. He painted mostly without fixed contour lines or preparatory drawings, since the capturing of elusive lighting effects required swift work.
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Five sunning with a midland painted turtle, Ottawa, Ontario The northern map turtle gets both its common and scientific names from the markings on its carapace, which resemble contour lines on a map or chart.: Status Report of the Northern Map Turtle Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada These lines are usually shades of yellow, tan, or orange, and are surrounded by dark borders, with the rest of the carapace being olive or greyish brown. However, the carapace markings tend to fade as the animal matures, and in older individuals are usually only visible when the shell is wet. The carapace has a hydrodynamic appearance and is broad with a moderately low keel.
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EVG has played a role in gaining access to and then marketing original geospatial information from China and Russia, pertaining in particular to Asia, South America, and Africa, areas of the world for which the United States of America does not have tactical maps at the 1:50,000 or better level, with contour lines. In 2003, East View Cartographic formed a partnership with Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI) to provide data sets for ESRI's Mapshop web application. In 2006, East View acquired perhaps the first comprehensive private collection of worldwide geologic maps from the Telberg Geologic Map Service.GIS Development web site In 2012, East View Cartographic changed its name to East View Geospatial.
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Also, the deepest points in connecting ridges are not always survey points with spot elevations, where heights have to be estimated from contour lines. For example, maps often provide heights for the place where a route passes over a ridge rather than for the lowest point of that pass. Finally, many height indications on these maps are from quite old measurements, while glacier and firn melt has decreased the height of both peaks and key cols, sometimes quite dramatically. For example, in 1930, glacier-capped Cima Tosa was the highest mountain of the Brenta Dolomites at 3,173 m, but now is around 3,140 m high and some 10 m lower than its rocky neighbor Cima Brenta (3,151 m).
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In 1899 Picasso rejected academic study and joined a circle of avant-garde artists and writers known as Modernistes (or decadentes). Meeting at Els Quatre Gats in Barcelona, they assimilated trends such as symbolism and Art nouveau, characterized by contour lines, simplified form and unnatural colors. Yet, in addition to the influence of Théophile Steinlen and Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, that of Francisco GoyaGoya and Modernism, Bienal Internacional de São Paulo Retrieved 27 July 2007 and El Greco can be seen in Picasso's work of the period. A significant innovation of El Greco's later works is the interweaving of form and space; a reciprocal relationship is developed between the two that unifies the painted surface.
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Schiehallion viewed across the River Tummel Schiehallion's isolated position and regular shape led it to be selected by Charles Mason for a ground-breaking experiment to estimate the mass of the Earth in 1774. The deflection of a pendulum by the mass of the mountain provided an estimate of the mean density of the Earth, from which its mass and a value for Newton's gravitational constant G could be deduced. Mason turned down a commission to carry out the work and it was instead coordinated by Astronomer Royal, Nevil Maskelyne. He was assisted in the task by mathematician Charles Hutton, who devised a graphical system to represent large volumes of surveyed heights, later known as contour lines.
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Cardinal directions or cardinal points may sometimes be extended to include elevation (altitude, depth): north, south, east, west, up and down, or mathematically the six directions of the x-, y-, and z-axes in three-dimensional space. Topographic maps include elevation, typically via contour lines. In astronomy, the cardinal points of an astronomical body as seen in the sky are four points defined by the directions towards which the celestial poles lie relative to the center of the disk of the object in the sky. A line (a great circle on the celestial sphere) from the center of the disk to the North celestial pole will intersect the edge of the body (the "limb") at the North point.
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Carl Jacobi (1804-1851) Contour lines tracking the motion of points on a fixed curve moving along geodesics towards a basepoint Once a metric is given on a surface and a base point is fixed, there is a unique geodesic connecting the base point to each sufficiently nearby point. The direction of the geodesic at the base point and the distance uniquely determine the other endpoint. These two bits of data, a direction and a magnitude, thus determine a tangent vector at the base point. The map from tangent vectors to endpoints smoothly sweeps out a neighbourhood of the base point and defines what is called the "exponential map", defining a local coordinate chart at that base point.
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The Darland Banks, the northern slopes of the valley above these valleys, are unimproved chalk grassland. The photograph (3), taken from the Banks and looking south, shows the village in the centre, with the rows of Victorian terraced housing, which unusually follow the contour lines. The opposite slopes are the ‘’Daisy Banks'’ and ‘’Coney Banks'’, along which some of the defensive forts were built (including Fort Luton, in the trees to the left) Until the start of the 20th century, most of the south part of the borough was entirely rural, with a number of farms and large tracts of woodland. The beginning of what is now Walderslade was when a speculative builder began to build the core of the village in Walderslade Bottoms.
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If the aquifer has recharging boundary conditions a steady-state may be reached (or it may be used as an approximation in many cases), and the diffusion equation (above) simplifies to the Laplace equation. : 0 = \alpha abla^2 h This equation states that hydraulic head is a harmonic function, and has many analogs in other fields. The Laplace equation can be solved using techniques, using similar assumptions stated above, but with the additional requirements of a steady-state flow field. A common method for solution of this equations in civil engineering and soil mechanics is to use the graphical technique of drawing flownets; where contour lines of hydraulic head and the stream function make a curvilinear grid, allowing complex geometries to be solved approximately.
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Journeys of Frodo: An Atlas of J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings by Barbara Strachey is an atlas based on the fictional realm of Middle-earth, which traces the journeys undertaken by the characters in Tolkien's epic. The book comprises 51 two-colour maps (a general map of Middle-earth and 50 numbered maps) at various scales, all based on the original The Lord of the Rings maps drawn by Christopher Tolkien from his father's sketches. Each map is on a right-hand page in landscape format and depicts physical features in black and contour lines in red. Routes taken by characters on roads and paths are shown in dashed black and red; routes off-road are in red only.
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Three more editions were issued up to World War II. After the war the atlas maintained the same character with relief in the style of the great classic atlases (hachuring), in contrast to newly published works, that used isohypses (contour lines) to indicate altitudes. This, side by side with the superior typography of the hand-drawn type in the Atlante Internazionale, the lettering, gave the maps a very attractive appearance. The seventh edition was issued 1955/56, the last and eighth edition in 1968: an atlas of 50 x 32 centimetres with 94 tables, in total 173 pages of cartographic material, and an index, covering 250,000 geographical names; the map surface consisted of about 18 square metres! The eighth edition was finally reprinted in 1977.
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For example, the function f(x,y) = x^2 + y^3 has a critical point at (0, 0) that is a saddle point since it is neither a relative maximum nor relative minimum, but it does not have a relative maximum or relative minimum in the y-direction. The name derives from the fact that the prototypical example in two dimensions is a surface that curves up in one direction, and curves down in a different direction, resembling a riding saddle or a mountain pass between two peaks forming a landform saddle. In terms of contour lines, a saddle point in two dimensions gives rise to a contour graph or trace in which the contour corresponding to the saddle point's value appears to intersect itself.
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In some cases where results must be refereed (such as legal cases), model validation may be needed with field test data in the local setting; this step is not usually warranted, because the best models have been extensively validated over a wide spectrum of input data variables. The product of the calculations is usually a set of isopleths or mapped contour lines either in plan view or cross sectional view. Typically these might be stated as concentrations of carbon monoxide, total reactive hydrocarbons, oxides of nitrogen, particulate or benzene. The air quality scientist can run the model successively to study techniques of reducing adverse air pollutant concentrations (for example, by redesigning roadway geometry, altering speed controls or limiting certain types of trucks).
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Timbered cottage in Jablonec nad Jizerou An already medieval built-up area, which is probably to be found in the vicinity of the St. Procopius Church (originally wooden, from bricks since 1777 thanks to the support of Ernst Adalbert von Harrach) had more diffusive character, also the area from the second half of the 18th century was almost out of order on the slope of the valley. The only organizational factors were contour lines and parcels of land, a completely non-agricultural dwelling were chaotically centered on the link between the church and the mill. Thanks to the large reconstruction of the market town connected with the construction of the railway (1899) and the textile factories along the Jizera, Jablonec nad Jizerou gained the character of a modern mountainous town.
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Isohyetal map of precipitation Meteorological contour lines are based on interpolation of the point data received from weather stations and weather satellites. Weather stations are seldom exactly positioned at a contour line (when they are, this indicates a measurement precisely equal to the value of the contour). Instead, lines are drawn to best approximate the locations of exact values, based on the scattered information points available. Meteorological contour maps may present collected data such as actual air pressure at a given time, or generalized data such as average pressure over a period of time, or forecast data such as predicted air pressure at some point in the future Thermodynamic diagrams use multiple overlapping contour sets (including isobars and isotherms) to present a picture of the major thermodynamic factors in a weather system.
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In the 1970s G.M. Nijssen developed "Natural Language Information Analysis Method" (NIAM) method, and developed this in the 1980s in cooperation with Terry Halpin into Object-Role Modeling (ORM). However, it was Terry Halpin's 1989 PhD thesis that created the formal foundation on which Object-Role Modeling is based. Bill Kent, in his 1978 book Data and Reality, compared a data model to a map of a territory, emphasizing that in the real world, "highways are not painted red, rivers don't have county lines running down the middle, and you can't see contour lines on a mountain". In contrast to other researchers who tried to create models that were mathematically clean and elegant, Kent emphasized the essential messiness of the real world, and the task of the data modeller to create order out of chaos without excessively distorting the truth.
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Although some of the similarities are undeniably striking and might be attributed to following a template, the degree of sophistication in the Nativity far surpasses the other two painters, according to Ainsworth. She writes that Bouts and van der Weyden "merely expand the narrative" in their use of the archway motif, whereas Christus shows a strong cause and effect between sin and redemption, innovations which almost certainly evolved later in his career, placing the date no earlier than the mid-1450s.Ainsworth (1994), 158–160 Detail of the painting before it was cleaned and restored in the early 1990s, when the gold paten on Mary's gown and the faint halo around her head were removed. The underdrawing is visible through modern technical analysis, revealing the main group of figures and contour lines in the folds and drape of the clothing.
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Equipotential lines are shown here, which can be compared with the contour lines on a map of a mountainous region: the nearer these lines are to each other, the steeper the slope and the greater the danger, in this case the danger of an electrical breakdown. The equipotential lines can also be compared with the isobars on a weather map: The denser the lines, the more wind and the greater the danger of damage. In order to control the equipotential lines (that is to control the electric field) a device is used that is called a stress cone, see figure 3.Kreuger 1991 Vol. 1, pp. 147-153 The crux of stress relief is to flare the shield end along a logarithmic curve. Before 1960, the stress cones were handmade using tape—after the cable was installed.
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It then moves in a zig-zag toward the northwest along Duboce Avenue, Steiner, Waller, Pierce, Haight, Scott, and Fell Streets to the Panhandle Bikeway, above sea level. After climbing 50 more feet, the peak of The Wiggle is reached near Stanyan Street at the peninsular drainage divide, i.e., the dividing point between surface water flowing to the San Francisco Bay on the east side and flowing to the Pacific Ocean on the west.Map of The Wiggle (with terrain and elevation contour lines at 40-foot intervals) in Google Maps Bicyclists can travel The Wiggle between major eastern and central neighborhoods (such as Downtown, SoMa, The Mission District, The Castro) and major western neighborhoods (including the Panhandle, Haight-Ashbury, Golden Gate Park,MapMyRide charted popular route to the De Young Museum of Art in Golden Gate Park from near Market Street and The Richmond and Sunset Districts).
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