The 214th constitutionalized the principles of birthright citizenship and equality before the law.
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United States, which Simon alleges "constitutionalized racial profiling" by letting police stop cars whenever they want as long as there's probable cause for a traffic violation; or Atwater v.
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State Board of Equalization, 23 Cal. App. 4th 1264 (March 1994). which Proposition 218 constitutionalized. As a practical matter, only a city or a county has the power to levy a majority vote general tax under Proposition 218.
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Livy 40.44.2. In effect, a provincial appointment in Spain meant automatic prorogation, resulting in a two-year term. The Lex Baebia thus marks the constitutionalized acceptance of routinely extending commands past the year of the elected magistracy.Brennan, Praetorship p. 626.
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Legislation therefore is pivotal. The Constitution, however, is more pivotal still. Section 23 enshrines the right to "fair labour practices," while section 18 provides that "everyone has the right to freedom of association." The right to strike, furthermore, has been explicitly constitutionalized.
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Walter S. Tarnopolsky and Gérard-A. Beaudoin (Toronto: The Carswell Company Limited, 1982), 465. If those rights are not constitutionalized, the government in question can presumably abolish them at any time. Professor Leslie Green has argued that section 22 also justifies the English and French language rights.
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Association of Parents, the Supreme Court stated that the principle that elected governments can enhance language rights, had been constitutionalized in 1982 under the terms of section 16(3) of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.Beetz, J., Société des Acadiens v. Association of Parents, [1986] 1 S.C.R. 549.
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Hogg, Peter W. Constitutional Law of Canada'. 2003 Student Ed. (Scarborough, Ontario: Thomson Canada Limited, 2003), p. 631. Section 35 of the Constitution Act, which falls outside the Charter, does constitutionalize some aboriginal rights. As Hogg notes, this makes section 25 altogether less important than section 35, but Corbiere leaves open the possibility that rights not constitutionalized by section 35 can have some protection under section 25.
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Bijoy Sankar Barman (b.1980) is an Indian poet, writer and translator who writes in Assamese language. He has been awarded with Yuva Puraskar by Sahitya Akademi Barman was recognized by Indian Express as one of the ten ‘Best Young Writers’ of India in 2012. Apart from English and all other constitutionalized regional languages in India, his poems have been translated into Italian, French, Spanish, Estonian etc.
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While the McClure court reasoned that the text of Title VII could not be construed to allow such suits, later decisions by other lower courts have constitutionalized the exception.Rayburn v. General Conference of Seventh-Day Adventists, 772 F.2d 1164, 1168-69 (4th Cir. 1985). In the years after McClure, with the Supreme Court having yet to weigh in, the constitutional foundations of the exception became widely debated by scholars.
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In Dickerson v. United States, the Court "constitutionalized" the Miranda rule—although the decision did not perforce change the rule concerning the use of a Miranda-defective statement for impeachment purposes. The reason for the strictness is the common law's aversion to the use of coerced confessions because of their inherent unreliability. Further the rights to be free from coerced confession cannot be waived nor is it necessary that the victim of coercive police conduct assert his right.
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Parts IV and V dealt with the court system of Canada, with Part IV discussing the Supreme Court of Canada. Article 22 recognized the existence of the Supreme Court, in contrast to the Constitution Act, 1867, which merely permitted Parliament to create such a court. Articles 24 to 33 dealt with Supreme Court appointments. Article 25 would have constitutionalized the requirement that three judges should come from Quebec, and articles 26 to 30 assigned partial responsibility of appointments to both federal and provincial justice ministers.
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With the anthology Sisterhood is Powerful and other works, such as Sexual Politics, being published at the start of the decade, feminism started to reach a larger audience than ever before. In addition, the Supreme Court's 1973 decision of Roe v. Wade, which constitutionalized the right to an abortion, brought the women's rights movement into the national political spotlight. Gloria Steinem, Betty Friedan, Betty Ford, Shirley Chisholm, Bella Abzug, Robin Morgan, Kate Millet and Elizabeth Holtzman, among many others, led the movement for women's equality.
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Canadian property law, or property law in Canada, is the body of law concerning the rights of individuals over land, objects, and expression within Canada. It encompasses personal property, real property, and intellectual property. Unlike many other first world countries, the right to own property is only included through the Bill of Rights, an ordinary Federal law, rather than constitutionalized through the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Personal property laws are typically governed by provincial legislation such as the provincial Sale of Goods Acts.
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It was founded in April 1961 with the goal of including the institution of referendums in the Norwegian Constitution. The context was the Norwegian "one-party state", which lasted from 1945 to September 1961, and was marked by the continuous majority held by the Norwegian Labour Party in the Norwegian Parliament. The Labour Party did win their majority through a series of free elections, but the opposition wanted to introduce referendums to balance Parliament. In several debates the centre-right opposition (Liberal, Christian Democratic, Centre, Conservative) was unanimous in their demand of constitutionalized referendums.
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All other parties were outlawed following Zamboni's assassination attempt in 1926, though in practice Italy had been a one-party state since 1925 (with either his January speech to the Chamber or the passage of the Christmas Eve law, depending on the source). In the same year, an electoral law abolished parliamentary elections. Instead, the Grand Council of Fascism selected a single list of candidates to be approved by plebiscite. The Grand Council had been created five years earlier as a party body but was "constitutionalized" and became the highest constitutional authority in the state.
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One of the purposes of the Official Languages Act of 1988 was to remedy this omission. The Charter of Rights and Freedoms includes similar constitutional obligations making New Brunswick the only officially bilingual province in Canada. Section 21 ensured that the new Charter of Rights and Freedoms would be read as supplementing, rather than replacing any rights of the English and French languages, which had been constitutionalized prior to 1982. Section 22 ensured that the new Charter of Rights and Freedoms would not be interpreted by the courts as placing any new restrictions on non- official languages.
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Municipal law may not conflict with provincial law, and may only be exercised within its defined territory. […] Yet we are [in] danger [of] missing the reach of municipal law: '[e]ven in highly constitutionalized regimes, it has remained possible for municipalities to micro-manage space, time, and activities through police regulations that infringe both on constitutional rights and private property in often extreme ways' (Vaverde 2009: 150). While liberalism fears the encroachments of the state, it seems less worried about those of the municipality. Thus if a national government proposed a statute forbidding public gatherings or sporting events, a revolution would occur.
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From 2003 to 2015 the Supreme Court of Canada "constitutionalized" those rights and in doing so extensively cited Adams's work. For his human rights scholarship and activism, he was appointed Ariel F. Sallows Chair of Human Rights on the Faculty of Law at the University of Saskatchewan for 2009-2010. In 2015 Adams was named a Fellow of the U.S.-based Labor and Employment Relations Association for "contributions of unusual distinction to the field and profession." In 2016 he initiated the Canadian Freedom of Association Award, to be granted annually to a person or organization for promoting knowledge and compliance with international standards regarding the rights to organize and bargain collectively.
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These provisions allowed for Kim Jong-il to assume the positions of supreme commander of the Korean People's Army on 24 December 1991 and chairman of the National Defense Commission on 9 April 1993. The amendment's introduction was also a response to the collapse of Communism in Eastern Europe and the dissolution of the Soviet Union. It removed mentions of Marxism–Leninism in the constitution, and constitutionalized the philosophical principle of Juche with the Workers' Party of Korea being stated to have a leading role in the country's activities. It also removed the foreign policy clause of international cooperation with socialist states and adopted independence, peace and solidarity as the basis for North Korea's foreign policy.
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The new constitution established a "partyless" Panchayat system which King Mahendra considered to be a democratic form of government, closer to Nepalese traditions. As a pyramidal structure, progressing from village assemblies to the Rastriya Panchayat, the Panchayat system constitutionalized the absolute power of the monarch and kept the King as head of state with sole authority over all governmental institutions, including the cabinet (council of ministers) and the parliament. One-state-one-language became the national policy in an effort to carry out state unification, uniting various ethnic and regional groups into a singular Nepali nationalist bond. The Back to Village Campaign () launched in 1967, was one of the main rural development programs of the Panchayat system.
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This happened as Calvin Coolidge died on January 5, 1933, as he did in our timeline, but in this instance, as the Democratic president-elect. Herbert Hoover, as the vice-president elect, became the president-elect (because the Electoral College had met January 4, which made the election results official) and was inaugurated on February 1, 1933. (In our timeline, the Twentieth Amendment was ratified shortly after the 1932 election, and set the inauguration date as January 20.) There does not seem to ever have been constitutionalized prohibition of alcohol, though a number of states and localities, north and south, are dry. In addition, there was an amendment to the U.S. Constitution passed sometime before the Great War that allowed for Senators to be elected by popular vote (the Seventeenth Amendment of our timeline); this was never done in the Confederate States.
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Since the Canadian Bill of Rights was an ordinary statute, it was not until 1982 when the term fundamental justice was first constitutionalized. The phrase was included in section 7 of the new Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, which asserted that "Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of the person and the right not to be deprived thereof except in accordance with the principles of fundamental justice." To limit the rights to life, liberty and security of the person, the authors of the Charter specifically chose the term "fundamental justice" over "due process" because they believed the term "fundamental justice" would still be interpreted to mean conventional "natural justice". "Due process" was rejected because in the United States, use of that term in the constitution led to judges expanding its meaning (see Lochner era) in ways the Canadian government felt would be undesirable.
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The 50th Anniversary of Hanolgyo - Spreading the Hanol spirit based on humanitarian aims Power Korea. February 2015 issue, P. 71~77 In accordance with the founder’s last will, he succeeded in persuading the board and the Hanol spiritual committee to officially make religious conversion unnecessary and constitutionalized religious multiplicity: Hanol-gyo allows its participants and adherents to practice other religions as well.Hanol-gyo Encyclopedia of Korean Culture According to the guidance to Hanol-gyo, he expressed the essence of the transcendental teachings on enlightenment and awakening - the self-liberation of consciousness.Hanol-gyo official website He officially proclaimed that the symbolic function of the regional chapels of HANOL could be replaced by the “Art and Architecture of Enlightenment”, and allowed particular traditional ceremonies and the formality of rituals to be substituted by a simple contemplation on the Enlightenment Art or meditation on self-awareness. He attempted to transform the existing belief system by integrating ‘Art and Spirituality’.
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Martínez de la Rosa, first person to carry out officially the title of President of the Council of Ministers. After the death of King Ferdinand VII and during the regency of María Christina, in an attempt to win the support of the Liberals, the Queen Regent appointed Secretary of State to Martinez de la Rosa, who due to the tradition already created, received the title of President of the Council of Ministers with the approval of the Royal Statute and with this title, he has been considered the first real Prime Minister of Spain. It was precisely this statute, which for the first time constitutionalized the body of the Council of Ministers but without specifying their formation and powers. Although the Royal Statute affirmed that the monarch freely appoints and separates the ministers, the parliamentary practice obliged the sovereign to elect the ministers among the members of the Cortes Generales who had the confidence of these ministers, in clear imitation of the European systems in which the Government should have the confidence of the Crown and Parliament.
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