"Color is pretty well correlated with the congener content of alcoholic drinks," Patel says.
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In one such study, bourbon—due to its high levels of congener—was shown to be associated with worse hangovers than vodka.
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"At least two studies show more severe hangover symptoms occur when drinking liquors with very high congener content, but more research is needed since, for example, not all bourbon whiskey is made in the same process," Veach said.
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According to the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms, vodka is a spirit "so treated as to be without distinctive character, aroma, or taste," that strives to be as tasteless and odorless as possible—in other words, a spirit that comes as close as possible to pure, congener-free ethanol.
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Lochmaeocles congener is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by James Thomson in 1868. It is known from Brazil.BioLib.cz - Lochmaeocles congener.
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Lestes congener is a species of damselfly in the family Lestidae, the spreadwings. It is known by the common name spotted spreadwing.Lestes congener. Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS).
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It was larger than its only congener, the O'ahu moa-nalo.
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Nordihydrocapsaicin is a capsaicinoid and analog and congener of capsaicin in chili peppers (Capsicum).
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The plant is poisonous and cannot be used as a spice like its congener, star anise.
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Antrocamphin B is a bioactive isolate of Taiwanofungus camphoratus. Antrocamphin B is a congener of antrocamphin A.
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Gemmula congener is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turridae, the turrids.
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Bradycellus congener is a species of ground beetle in the family Carabidae. It is found in North America.
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Their congener, N. eques, is often found associated with them nearby, along with numerous other species of small characins.
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Elaphropus congener is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Trechinae. It was described by Casey in 1918.
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The morphology of the tooth resembles the later species, although the size is much closer to smaller congener P. parvus.
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Paranthaclisis congener is a species of antlion in the family Myrmeleontidae. It is found in Central America and North America.
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It was a congener of the 'ula-'ai-hawane, and therefore probably had similar colors of red, white and black.
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Erbulozole (R55104) is a congener of the microtubule inhibitor tubulozole. It is undergoing phase I clinical trials as a chemotherapeutic agent.
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Alcohol congener analysis of blood and urine is used to provide an indication of the type of alcoholic beverage consumed. The analysis involves investigating compounds called congeners that give the beverage a distinctive appearance, aroma, and flavour, not including water and ethanol.Bonte, W., Congener Analysis, in Encyclopedia of Forensic Sciences. 2000, Academic Press: Duesseldorf, Germany. p. 93-102.
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Amata congener is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by George Hampson in 1901. It is found in Kenya.
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For some time, it also contained the horned curassow taxa as subspecies. Nowadays its southern congener is considered a distinct species P. unicornis.
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Hylobius congener, the seedling debarking weevil, is a species of pine weevil in the beetle family Curculionidae. It is found in North America.
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The superheavy elements from hassium to livermorium inclusive are expected to be "partially very noble metals"; chemical investigations of hassium has established that it behaves like its lighter congener osmium, and preliminary investigations of nihonium and flerovium have suggested but not definitively established noble behavior. Copernicium's behaviour seems to partly resemble both its lighter congener mercury and the noble gas radon.
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It can be distinguished from its closest congener, Aberoptus platessoides, by the lack of setae on the tibiae of the first pair of legs.
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43(1): p. 39-68.González-Arjona, D., et al., Authentication and differentiation of Irish whiskeys by higher-alcohol congener analysis. Analytica Chimica Acta, 1999.
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Pyura dalbyi is named after Dr. James Edward Dalby Jr, who reported distributional, morphometric and ecological differences between this species and its congener P. praeputialis.
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The specific epithet comes from the Latin orarius (of the coast) from its presumed lowland distribution, as opposed to its congener the living kagu R. jubatus.
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The gracile goshawk was smaller and much less robust than its contemporary congener the powerful goshawk, remains of which were also found at the same site.
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This species is widespread throughout North America, in Canada and in the United States except in the southeastern states.NatureServe. 2015. Lestes congener. NatureServe Explorer. Version 7.1.
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Heterachthes congener is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae.Bezark, Larry G. A Photographic Catalog of the Cerambycidae of the World . Retrieved on 22 May 2012.
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Down-core PBDE congener profiles showed that higher concentrations were due to elevated levels of BDE-209. The majority of the sediment records clearly showed a change from mainly lower molecular weight BDEs 47,99, 183, 153 at lower depths to BDE-209 near the surface, a change in congener and homologue group patterns that corresponds to the restrictions of penta- and octaBDE commercial mixtures under EU law in 2004–2006.
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Example of a congener: the number and locations of Cl groups can vary In chemistry, congeners are related chemical substances "related to each other by origin, structure, or function".
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On Macquarie Island the plant is widespread and generally occurs on drier sites than its congener A. magellanica. It flowers from September to January and fruits from January to April.
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The Jepson eFlora 2013. It can be distinguished from its congener by its yellow flowers, leaves no more than 5 millimeters long, and a keel along the valves on the silicle.
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Reischek's parakeet (Cyanoramphus hochstetteri) is a small green parrot confined to 21 km2 Antipodes Island, one of New Zealand’s subantarctic islands, which it shares with a congener, the larger Antipodes parakeet.
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The Vanikoro white-eye differs from its geographically closest congener, the Santa Cruz white-eye (Zosterops sanctaecrucis), by several features including a much longer bill and different eye-ring and leg colouring.
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It mostly inhabits the northern part of Western Sulawesi while bordering its congener Tarsius dentatus along the Palu-Koro fault. This species is strictly endemic to the regions of Central and West Sulawesi.
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Amyema congener, commonly known as the variable mistletoe, is a species of flowering plant, an epiphytic hemiparasitic plant of the family Loranthaceae from eastern Australia. It is found on members of the genera Allocasuarina, Acacia and some exotic species. Franz Sieber first described this species as Loranthus congener in 1829, before Philippe Édouard Léon Van Tieghem gave it its current binomial name in 1894. It grows as shrubby plant, with either an erect or pendant (drooping) habit, from a tree branch or trunk.
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Native bees, honeybees and possibly beetles and flies pollinate the flowers of this species. Melaleuca nodosa has been recorded as a host for the mistletoe species Amyema congener, A. gaudichaudii, Dendrophthoe curvata and D. vitellina.
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Wamba is a genus of comb-footed spiders that was first described by Octavius Pickard-Cambridge in 1896. it contains three species, found in the Americas, including the Caribbean: W. congener, W. crispulus, and W. panamensis.
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Megacyllene congener is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Laporte and Gory in 1835.Bezark, Larry G. A Photographic Catalog of the Cerambycidae of the World . Retrieved on 22 May 2012.
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Laevistrombus turturella is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Strombidae (true conches). There are only two living species within the genus Laevistrombus; the other congener is Laevistrombus canarium, the dog conch.
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Yoshida et al., p. 759. ;Neptunium(III) Np(III) or Np3+ exists as hydrated complexes in acidic solutions, . It is a dark blue-purple and is analogous to its lighter congener, the pink rare-earth ion Pm3+.
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381(2-3): p. 257-264. Alcohol congener analysis can play a crucial role in these cases where the driver is apprehended some time after a motor vehicle incident who, when returning a positive alcohol reading then claim that this is due to drinking an alcoholic beverage only after the incident. This traditional methodology for congener analysis has focused solely on the detection of fermentation by-product congeners that are found in all alcoholic beverages. By comparing the ratios of a set standard of congeners, the ingested alcoholic beverage type is proposed.
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Brandy, rum and red wine have the highest amount of congeners, while vodka and beer have the least. Congeners are the basis of alcohol congener analysis, a sub-discipline of forensic toxicology which determines what a person drank.
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Thelephantins are pigments found in the inedible mushroom Thelephora aurantiotincta. Three variants (thelephantin A, B, C) have been eluciated by high-resolution 2D NMR, MS, IR and UV spectra as well as an acetylated congener of thelephantin A.
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The fur at the top of the head is white, as is a midline stripe that extends from the shoulder to legs. The skull and body size is smaller than the congener C. doriae, and canines are longer.
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This damselfly lives on the banks of permanent and temporary water-filled ponds, on flooded river banks and on slow-moving water, on marshes and on swamps.Lestes congener - Spotted Spreadwing. Wisconsin Odonata Survey. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources.
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Acantholycosa khakassica is a species of wolf spider only known from south- western Khakassia, Russia. This brown spider, up to 9.2 mm in length, can only be separated from its closest congener, Acantholycosa petrophila by details of the genitalia.
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It is native to Southeast Asia. D. graveolens is an edible durian, perhaps the most popular 'wild' species of durian, and it is sold commercially regionally. However, its congener Durio zibethinus is the typical species eaten and dominates sales worldwide.
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A noticeable characteristic is its generally erect ray flowers, in contrast to the more drooping rays of its most similar congener, E. angustifolia (widespread throughout the prairie of the central U.S.) and other common Echinacea species such as E. purpurea.
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The Obi paradise-crow is found on Obi and Bisa islands in the Obi group, south of Halmahera, the home of its congener. They are found in tropical forest and forest edge at 1200 m in altitude on Obi island.
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M. graniger has a wider distribution than its congener; it is found in much of the Carpathians, including the Bihor and Banat mountains, and in the Dinaric Alps and Julian Alps. It is also found in the Caves of Aggtelek Karst in Hungary.
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The black-billed sicklebill (Drepanornis albertisi), also known as buff-tailed sicklebill (leading to easy confusion with the hummingbird of the same name), is a species of bird-of-paradise. It, along with its congener, are the only members of the genus Drepanornis.
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Acantholycosa petrophila is a species of wolf spider only known from the western Sayan Mountains in Khakassia, Russia. This dark grey spider, up to 8.5 mm in length, can only be separated from its closest congener, Acantholycosa khakassica by details of the genitalia.
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Like its lighter congener nickel(II) fluoride, PdF2 adopts a rutile-type crystal structure, containing octahedrally coordinated palladium, which has the electronic configuration t e. This configuration causes PdF2 to be paramagnetic due to two unpaired electrons, one in each eg-symmetry orbital of palladium.
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The complete mitochondrial genome of B. dussumieri was sequenced in 2018 and found to be a characteristic the typical Brama mitochondrial genome. The genome contains 26.21% adenine, 25.65% thymine, 16.83% guanine, and 31.31% cytosine, appearing nearly identical to that of Brama japonica, a congener.
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Uncharted waters: Implementation issues and potential benefits of listing toothfish in Appendix II of Cites. Traffic Intl., 3-35. In 2013, the FDA eliminated market distinctions between the species, meaning that the Antarctic toothfish, like its congener, could also be marketed as Chilean Sea Bass.
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Oxymorphone is a congener of morphine. It is metabolized to 6-hydroxy-oxymorphone and oxymorphone-3-glucuronide, and 40% is excreted as metabolites. 6-hydroxy- oxymorphine is active and exists in a 1:1 ratio with the parent drug. Oxymorphone-3-glucuronide's activity is unknown.
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The theory of discovering one's drinking habits has been investigated since the late 1970s, predominantly in Germany, for "hip-flask" defence cases (after-drinking).Iffland, R. and A.W. Jones, Evaluating alleged drinking after driving - the hip-flask defence. Part Congener analysis. Med Sci Law, 2003.
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Juveniles are typically striped, changing in complete black when adult. The black and white snapper is solitary when juvenile, but forms large schools as adults. They feed on crustaceans and small fishes. It is sometimes confused with its congener, the midnight snapper, M. macularis.
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MS/MS spectra of standard dihydrocapsaicin (A) and from sample extract (B). Sample B confirms the compound was found in prehispanic pottery from Mexico. See here for details doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0079013.g005 Dihydrocapsaicin is a capsaicinoid and analog and congener of capsaicin in chili peppers (Capsicum).
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Females are brown with a large cream patch on the forewings. The larvae feed on Amyema congener, Dendrophthoe vitellina, Muellerina celastroides and Muellerina eucalyptoides. The larvae are pinkish brown with dark markings. They are attended by ants from the Crematogaster, Rhytidoponera and Technomyrmex genera, as well as Linepithema humile.
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Homodihydrocapsaicin is a capsaicinoid and analog and congener of capsaicin in chili peppers (Capsicum). Like capsaicin it is an irritant. Homodihydrocapsaicin accounts for about 1% of the total capsaicinoids mixture and has about half the pungency of capsaicin. Pure homodihydrocapsaicin is a lipophilic colorless odorless crystalline to waxy compound.
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Homocapsaicin is a capsaicinoid and analog and congener of capsaicin in chili peppers (Capsicum). Like capsaicin it is an irritant. Homocapsaicin accounts for about 1% of the total capsaicinoids mixture and has about half the pungency of capsaicin. Pure homocapsaicin is a lipophilic colorless odorless crystalline to waxy compound.
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Agabus congener is a species of predatory beetle native to the Palearctic (including Europe) and the Near East. In Europe, it is only found in Andorra, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Great Britain including Shetland, Orkney, Hebrides and Isle of Man, Bulgaria, Croatia, the Czech Republic, mainland Denmark, Estonia, Finland, mainland France, Germany, mainland Greece, the Republic of Ireland, mainland Italy, Kaliningrad, Latvia, Lithuania, Northern Ireland, North Macedonia, mainland Norway, Poland, Russia, Sardinia, Slovakia, mainland Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the Netherlands and Ukraine. Agabus congener can be found in small acidic ponds or mesotrophic fens. This species was identified in samples of organic sediment recovered along with mammoth bones which were excavated in Niederweningen, Switzerland.
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Fruits It can be found in dry and moist forest habitat at elevations of 200 to 2000 feet. Āulu grows up to tall with a trunk diameter of . It has alternately arranged, hairless leaves which have simple blades, unlike its congener, the wingless soapberry (S. saponaria), which has compound leaves.
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The bird did not respond to playback of its own song or a recording of a male. Although female singing among the parulids has long been considered "idiosyncratic," singing by female Canada warblers is supported by observation of female singing in congener Wilson's warbler and the closely related hooded warbler.
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Draco mindanensis is diurnal and arboreal. The stomach contents of D. mindanensis consist of several families of insects. However, this species is not an ant-feeding specialist like its congener, Draco volans. Near Mt. Apo on Mindanao, this species was reported in sympatry with D. bimaculatus, D. cyanopterus, and D. guentheri.
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The Obi paradise-crow (Lycocorax obiensis) is a species of paradise-crow in the family Paradiseaidae along with the birds-of-paradise. This bird was split from its congener, the Halmahera paradise-crow (L. pyrrhopterus) in 2016. The species was first described and named by Heinrich Agathon Bernstein in 1865.
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The long-tailed parakeet (Psittacula longicauda) or Burung Bayan Nuri in Malay is a parakeet endemic to the regions of Andaman and Nicobar islands, Sumatra, Borneo and Peninsular Malaysia (including Singapore). It is allopatric with the congener, the Red-breasted parakeet, Psittacula alexandri, except in the Andaman islands where they occur together.
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This snail has a golden-tan coloration, specially adapted mouthparts, and sensitive chemical receptors. It hunts and feeds in the same fashion as its larger congener, the rosy wolf snail, Euglandina rosea. Euglandina singleyana is typically found in West Texas. It prefers areas of prairie and forest, under substrate of dead wood.
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Radium is the heaviest known alkaline earth metal and is the only radioactive member of its group. Its physical and chemical properties most closely resemble its lighter congener barium. Pure radium is a volatile silvery-white metal, although its lighter congeners calcium, strontium, and barium have a slight yellow tint.Greenwood and Earnshaw, p.
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PMID: 17613064 DOI: 10.1080/02652030701222691Congener-Specific Levels of Dioxins and Dibenzofurans in U.S. Food and Estimated Daily Dioxin Toxic Equivalent Intake. The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS). The most relevant congener is 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran (2,3,4,7,8-PCDF) which is more toxic and based on relative toxicity more prevalent than other PCDFs.
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Potamarcha congener is common through much of its range, which stretches through parts of South Asia, South-East Asia, and Oceania, including in countries such as India, Indonesia, China, Australia, and Vietnam. Owing to its wide distribution, the species has been classified as Least Concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature.
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Pugilina tupiniquim is a species of sea snails, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Melongenidae, the crown conches and their allies. This species and its Eastern Atlantic congener, Pugilina morio, were once thought to be a single, amphiatlantic entity. They have, however, been recognized as distinct taxa based on anatomical and environmental differences.
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Recently, a novel accompanying-alcohol analytic was developed that targets alcoholic-beverage-specific compounds sourced from the ingredients used during the production of the beverage.Rodda, L. N., J. Beyer, D. Gerostamoulos and O. H. Drummer (2013). "Alcohol congener analysis and the source of alcohol: a review." Forensic Sci Med Pathol 9(2): 194-207.
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The Taiwanese flashlight fish has a thick body and relatively small, bulging eyes. Its head has very few scales. It differs from P. rosenblatti, its only congener in that it has a deeper body, shorter snout, smaller light organ, and larger cup under the eye. There are about 260 rows of scales along its body.
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Syngnathus chihiroe is a species of pipefish which was described in 2017 following the collection of a single specimen in the East China Sea off Yakushima, southern Japan, from a depth of . Abstract The specimen has different counts of fin rays and a relatively short snout which distinguished it from the only other congener in the area Syngnathus schlegeli.
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The Australian congener Sutorius australiensis produces somewhat smaller and darker fruitbodies than S. eximius. The violet-grey bolete, Tylopilus plumbeoviolaceus, is found in eastern North America and Korea. This species is somewhat similar in appearance, but can be distinguished by its smoother stipe, less brownish colors, and bitter taste. The Asian and North American black velvet bolete,T.
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197), Mlíkovský (2002: pp. 83–84) While P. miocaenus was the first pseudotooth bird species to be described scientifically, its congener Pelagornis mauretanicus was only named in 2008. It was a slightly distinct and markedly younger species. Its remains have been found in 2.5 Ma Gelasian (Late Pliocene/Early Pleistocene, MN17) deposits at Ahl al Oughlam (Morocco).
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The larvae feed on Amyema species, including A. bifurcata, A. cambagei, A. congener, A. fitzgeraldii, A. linophyllum, A. lucasii, A. mackayensis, A. maidenii, A. melaleucae, A. miquelii, A. miraculosum, A. pendula, A. preissii, A. quandang, A. sanguinea and A. thalassium. Young larvae are green. Later, they become brown with diagonal markings. They are attended by various species of ants.
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Arenophryne xiphorhyncha, the southern sandhill frog, is a fossorial anuran found in a limited range of far western Australia. The only congener to A. xiphorhynca is the northern sandhill frog, Arenophryne rotunda, which was considered the sole species within the genus Arenophryne until this species was discovered about 100 kilometres from Geraldton, Western Australia, in Kalbarri National Park.
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Phenacemide (INN, BAN) (brand name Phenurone), also known as phenylacetylurea, is an anticonvulsant of the ureide (acetylurea) class. It is a congener and ring-opened analogue of phenytoin (a hydantoin), and is structurally related to the barbiturates and to other hydantoins. Phenacemide was introduced in 1949 for the treatment of epilepsy, but was eventually withdrawn due to toxicity.
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There is a very narrow yellowish line border the wings. Male has plumose (feather-like) antennae, female has filiform (thread-like) antennae. It is very similar to other congener species, therefore separation should done through examination of genitalis. In the male, the genitalia possess a long, tongue-like valva basal process and a tongue-like harpe.
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Bivalirudin (Angiomax or Angiox, manufactured by The Medicines Company) is a direct thrombin inhibitor (DTI). Chemically, it is a synthetic congener of the naturally occurring drug hirudin (found in the saliva of the medicinal leech Hirudo medicinalis). Bivalirudin is a DTI that overcomes many limitations seen with indirect thrombin inhibitors, such as heparin. Bivalirudin is a short, synthetic peptide.
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Tryptophol can be found in Pinus sylvestris needles or seeds. It is produced by the trypanosomal parasite (Trypanosoma brucei) in sleeping sickness (African trypanosomiasis). Tryptophol is found in wine and beer as a secondary product of ethanol fermentation (Article in French) (a product also known as congener) by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It is also an autoantibiotic produced by the fungus Candida albicans.
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Adults are on wing from October to December. Bruce spanworm looks very similar and has a similar life cycle to the invasive congener winter moth (O. brumata). Bruce spanworm is known to hybridize with winter moth. The two species look almost identical to one another; however, they can be distinguished morphologically by comparing uncus shape or by using DNA analyses.
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Its amoebicidal properties emerged in the 1990s. The exact mechanism of its biocidal action is unknown, but presumed similar to quaternary ammonium compounds, involving binding to the negatively charged lipid membranes of pathogens. Hexamidine and its shorter congener, propamidine, are used as antiseptics and preservatives in pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. They are particularly used for the topical treatment of acanthamoebiasis (Acanthamoeba keratitis).
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The species was described in 1991 from subfossil material collected by Storrs Olson, Helen James, Aki Sinoto and Eric Komori, from Barbers Point on the island of Oahu. Remains of the bird have also been recovered from Ulupau Head on the same island. It was smaller and less robust than its only congener, the Maui Nui large-billed moa-nalo.
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This species, as the more common and congener Hemichromis bimaculatus, is a popular aquarium fish and it is widespread commercially for breeding in the aquarium. Reproduction is quite simple and it is carried easily in captivity. Usually, the female lays about 400 eggs on a stone and the male immediately fertilizes them. At a temperature of 25.5 °C, after 48 hours they hatch.
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Oreochromis mortimeri, the Kariba tilapia or kurper bream, is a species of cichlid, formerly classified as a Tilapiine cichlid but now placed in the genus Oreochromis, the type genus of the tribe Oreochromini of the subfamily Pseudocrenilabrinae. It is found in the rivers of south central Africa especially the middle Zambezi where it is endangered by the spread of invasive congener Oreochromis niloticus.
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Described as Hyla serrata by Andersson in 1916, this species was subsequently brought into synonymy with Litoria genimaculata. In 2010, it was removed from synonymy and is regarded as a separate species from its New Guinea congener. The specific epithet, serrata, refers to the serrated skin flaps that are located along its legs. Green-eyed tree frog resting on a leaf.
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Compounds of the noble gases number less than half a thousand, with most of these occurring via oxygen or fluorine combining with either krypton, xenon or radon. The status of the period 7 congener of the noble gases, oganesson (Og), is not known—it may or may not be a noble gas. It was originally predicted to be a noble gasSeaborg 1969, p.
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Adult females are black with a large white patch on each wing, and a faint metallic blue suffusion toward the base. Adult males are plain dull blue. The larvae feed on young shoots and flowers of Amylotheca dictyophleba, Dendrophthoe curvata, Dendrophthoe vitellina, Muellerina celastroides, Amyema congener, Amyema miquelii, Amyema conspicua and Benthamina alyxifolia. They are attended by the ant Technomyrmex sophiae.
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Desert horned lizards have horns that are wide at the base, which isn't true for their congener, the short-horned lizard. Pictured to the left is Blainville's Horned Lizard (Phrynosoma blainvillii), note the colored horns and double row of fringed scales alongside the body. The desert horned lizards' horns also do not come into contact with one another at the base.
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Different types of alcoholic beverages contain different amounts of congeners. In general, dark liquors have a higher concentration while clear liquors have a lower concentration. Whereas vodka has virtually no more congeners than pure ethanol, bourbon has a total congener content 37 times higher than that found in vodka. Several studies have examined whether certain types of alcohol cause worse hangovers.
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Arsenic forms covalent bonds with most other elements. The oxide in its preferred oxidation state (As2O3, +3) is amphoteric, as is the corresponding oxoacid in aqueous solution (H3AsO3) and congener sulfide (As2S3). Arsenic forms a series of anionic arsenates such as Na3AsO3 and PbHAsO4, and Zintl phases such as Na3As, Ca2As and SrAs3. Antimony is a soft (MH 3.0) and brittle semi-metallic element.
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Commercial decaBDE is a technical mixture of different PBDE congeners, with PBDE congener number 209 (decabromodiphenyl ether) and nonabromodiphenyl ether being the most common.Joint Research Centre European inventory of Existing Commercial chemical Substances The term decaBDE alone refers to only decabromodiphenyl ether, the single "fully brominated" PBDE.Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Toxicological Profile for Polybrominated Biphenyls and Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBBs and PBDEs).
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The burnt-tailed barb is closely related to the bala shark (B. melanopterus). It differs from its congener by a shorter snout, grooves which are posteriorly directed at rictus curved (vs. straight in the bala shark), and narrower black margins on the pelvic and anal fins (on distal third or less compared to the bala shark where the black margins are on distal half or more).
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The hoodwinker sunfish is a congener of (in the same genus as) the more widely known ocean sunfish, Mola mola. Mola tecta, like other Mola species, has a flat, almost symmetrical oval shape. It has a smooth body shape, no bump and has a maximum length of 242cm (about 7.9 feet). It does not have spines in its fins nor real caudal fin (tail fin).
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Phendimetrazine functions as a prodrug to phenmetrazine; approximately 30 percent of an oral dose is converted into it. Phendimetrazine can essentially be thought of as an extended-release formulation of phenmetrazine with less potential for abuse. Phendimetrazine is an anorectic drug which acts as a norepinephrine-dopamine releasing agent (NDRA). As an amphetamine congener, its structure incorporates the backbone of methamphetamine, a potent CNS stimulant.
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Bone density increases during maturation, resulting in reduced buoyancy and the transition from pelagic to desmersal swimming behavior. Adults N. coriiceps possess a dense, well-developed skeleton compared to its congener Notothenia rossii, accounting for its reduced buoyancy. Its epithelium is characterized by the presence of fat droplets, which serve as a storage mechanism for dietary lipids. Fat droplets are also stored in bone tissue.
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The red-billed chough's loud, ringing chee-ow call is clearer and louder than the similar vocalisation of the jackdaw, and always very different from that of its yellow-billed congener, which has rippling preep and whistled sweeeooo calls. Small subspecies of the red-billed chough have higher frequency calls than larger races, as predicted by the inverse relationship between body size and frequency.
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The upper sides of the males are white with black tips containing white spots on the forewings, and narrow black margins around the hindwings. The females on top are grey with wide black edges, which contain white spots near the apex of the forewings. The larvae feed on Amyema cambagei, Amyema congener, Amyema miquelii, Amyema quandang, Dendrophthoe curvata, Dendrophthoe glabrescens, Dendrophthoe vitellina, Muellerina celastroides and Muellerina eucalyptoides.
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Potamarcha congener, known as a yellow- tailed ashy skimmer, common chaser, or swampwatcher, is a medium-sized dragonfly with a bluish black thorax and yellow tail with black markings. Face is olivaceous yellow to steel black or brown. Eyes are reddish brown above and bluish grey below. In male adults, the thorax and first four segments of the abdomen are covered with bluish pruinescence.
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S. chrysotaenia reaches sexual maturity at a total length of 195mm for females and 197.1mm for males, usually at 2 years old. An analysis of the parasites of Sphyraena chrysotenia in the Mediterranean showed that the fish, after its invasion of this Sea, lost at least two parasite species, co-introduced three parasite species and acquired six native parasite species from its native congener Sphyraena sphyraena.
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61 and occasionally as a metal. Unlike its lighter congener iodine, evidence for diatomic astatine is sparse and inconclusive.Merinis, Legoux & Bouissières 1972; Kugler & Keller 1985, pp. 110, 116, 210–211, 224; Takahashi & Otozai 1986; Zuckerman & Hagen 1989, pp. 21–22 (21); Takahashi, Yano & Baba 1992 In 2013, on the basis of relativistic modelling, astatine was predicted to be a monatomic metal, with a face-centered cubic crystalline structure.
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The fruit is a small legume pod containing one seed. Though it often co-occurs with its congener Kummerowia striata, it is easily identified by large papery stipules which are especially visible for young leaves. This plant was introduced to the United States when it was intentionally planted in Arlington, Virginia, by the USDA in 1919. This species and Japanese clover were used to revegetate abandoned coal mine sites.
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Lestes congener can reach a length of in males, while females are smaller, reaching a length of . In the western part of their range, these dragonflies are somewhat larger than in the eastern part. The thorax is slaty gray dorsally, with two dark elongated spots (hence the common name) on the latero- ventral surface. The eyes are blue in males, while in the females they are always brown.
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Arsenic has a similar electronegativity and ionization energies to its lighter congener phosphorus and accordingly readily forms covalent molecules with most of the nonmetals. Though stable in dry air, arsenic forms a golden-bronze tarnish upon exposure to humidity which eventually becomes a black surface layer.Greenwood and Earnshaw, pp. 552–4 When heated in air, arsenic oxidizes to arsenic trioxide; the fumes from this reaction have an odor resembling garlic.
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Surprisingly, C. validus is completely absent from surveys in the lowbush blueberry fields of Maine despite the tremendous abundance of host plant and presence of its generalist congener, C. inaequalis. One explanation is that cold springtime soils discourage nesting, but this hypothesis has not been rigorously tested. Clearly, there are other factors besides open, sandy soil and host plant presence determining the nesting of C. validus within its range.
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To avoid the energy-consuming molybdenum-oxygen bond cleavage, an alternative route to the potassium octacyanomolybdate(IV) dihydrate starts from MoCl4(Et2O)2 directly from the oxidation state IV, so no reduction is required. The yield of this route is typically around 70%.G. Handzlik, M. Magott, B. Sielucka, D. Pinkowicz, "Alternative Synthetic Route to Potassium Octacyanidoniobate(IV) and its Molybdenum Congener", Eur. J. Inorg. Chem., 2016, pp. 4872-77.
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Lardoglyphus zacheri is a species of mite first discovered by Dr. Zacher in a dermestid beetle culture. The genus Lardoglyphus was erected by Anthonie Cornelis Oudemans in 1927. The species is known to be a pest to institutional and private dermestid beetle colonies. Lardoglyphus zacheri has been less studied than its congener L. konoi, which is occasionally called the "fish mite" and has been known to threaten supplies of cured fish.
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The Guanian cock-of-the-rock is one of two species of genus Rupicola. It was described by Carl Linnaeus in 1766 as the type species of its genus. Its closest relative and congener, the Andean cock-of-the-rock (Rupicola peruvianus), is similar in body shape and colouration, though the two are wholly allopatric from each other. Their closest family relatives are the Red cotingas (Genus Phoenicircus).
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Among the birds that populate the open Mediterranean forests live two endangered species: the black stork and the Spanish imperial eagle. The black stork, much rarer than its congener the white stork, is of solitary habits and lives far from man. The Spanish imperial eagle nests in the trees and feeds mainly on rabbits, but also birds, reptiles and carrion. Part of the Reserve of European bison in San Cebrián de Mudá, Province of Palencia.
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The long-tailed duck (Clangula hyemalis), commonly known in North America as oldsquaw, is a medium-sized sea duck. It is the only living member of its genus, Clangula. This was formerly used for the goldeneyes, with the long- tailed duck being placed in Harelda, but the latter is the type species of the genus. An undescribed congener is known from the Middle Miocene Sajóvölgyi Formation (Late Badenian, 13–12 Mya) of Mátraszőlős, Hungary.
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They attempted to isolate this nuclide by carrying it with its supposed lighter congener rhenium, but no beta or alpha decay was observed from the rhenium-containing fraction: Nishina and Kimura thus correctly speculated that the half-life of 23793, like that of 231Pa, was very long and hence its activity would be so weak as to be unmeasurable by their equipment, thus concluding the last and closest unsuccessful search for transuranic elements.
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The currents in the streams this species occur in can be quite fast during the rainy season and where they are at higher altitude. Where they are sympatric with Vaillantella euepiptera, V. maassi appears to be restricted to higher altitude habitats than its congener. It is a predatory species which hunts for insects, small crustaceans and other small invertebrates in the substrate. It is also known to take small fish and fish fry.
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Palaeeudyptes antarcticus, also referred to as the narrow-flippered penguin, is the type species of the extinct penguin genus Palaeeudyptes. It was a huge species, albeit probably with a large size variation. Although the size range can only be loosely estimated, the birds seem to have stood between high in life (i.e. somewhat larger than an emperor penguin), placing this species and its congener Palaeeudyptes marplesi among the largest penguin species known.
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Thalassoma bifasciatum and its congener, the saddle wrasse (T. duperrey) have become important models for understanding the physiological and neurobiological bases of sex change. Sex change can be induced socially in both species by making large females the largest members of social groups. Sex change in experimental pens by saddle wrasses involves complete gonadal transformation with associated decreases in a key steroid hormones (estradiol and 11-ketotestosterone) and steroid hormone synthesizing enzymes in the gonads.
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Palaeeudyptes gunnari is an extinct species of the extinct penguin genus Palaeeudyptes. It was a bit smaller than its congener Palaeeudyptes antarcticus of New Zealand, standing between 110 and 125 cm high, approximately the size of the emperor penguin. It is known from dozens of fossil bones from Middle or Late Eocene strata (34-50 MYA) of the La Meseta Formation on Seymour Island, Antarctica. Initially, it was described as a separate genus, Eosphaeniscus.
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Agnorhiza bolanderi is a species of flowering plant known by the common name Bolander's mule's ears. It is endemic to California, where it is known only from a narrow section of the Sierra Nevada foothills about 275 kilometers long from Shasta County to Mariposa County.Ayres, D. R. and F. J. Ryan. (1999). Genetic diversity and structure of the narrow endemic Wyethia reticulata and its congener W. bolanderi (Asteraceae) using RAPD and allozyme techniques.
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This compound is not commonly available commercially. It may be prepared by the reaction of tetrachloroauric acid with tetrahydrothiophene: : HAuCl4 \+ 2 SC4H8 \+ H2O → AuCl(SC4H8) + OSC4H8 \+ 3 HCl The complex adopts a linear coordination geometry, which is typical of most gold(I) compounds. It crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pmc21 with a = 6.540(1) Å, b = 8.192(1) Å, c = 12.794(3) Å with Z = 4 formula units per unit cell. The bromide congener is isostructural.
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Once in the body, decaBDE "might leave unchanged or as metabolites, mainly in the feces and in very small amounts in the urine, within a few days," in contrast with "lower brominated PBDEs... [which] might stay in your body for many years, stored mainly in body fat." In workers with occupational exposure to PBDEs, the calculated apparent half-life for decaBDE was 15 days, as opposed to (for example) an octaBDE congener with a half-life of 91 days.
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It's bottled in Frankfort, Kentucky. The Nikolai brand has been marketed primarily as a value-oriented brand, advertised as being priced very reasonably while tasting like more expensive vodka. The brand web site says that the brand is produced using a unique proprietary distillation technique and a special recipe to yield low congener vodka, and that the Sazerac Company has been faithfully adhering to Seagram's original formula for its production process.Great Vodka - Nikolai - Nikolai vodka brand official webpage.
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Parabuthus transvaalicus grows to a length of , and is dark brown or black in colour, so it is also known as the Black Thick-Tailed scorpion. Its pincers are thin, but its tail is thickened, with the sting segment being as wide as the rest of the tail. It is nocturnal, resting in a shallow burrow under rocks during the day. It resembles its congener P. villosus, which is less strictly nocturnal, hairier and has a more westerly distribution.
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The bill of L. hasegawai was notably larger still than that of its congener, whereas its feet were smaller, echoing a pattern found in the extant Fregata species. In 2014, a third species, Limnofregata hutchisoni, was described from the Wasatch Formation, 2 million years older than the Green River Formation. Though the only remains are a coracoid and a humerus, these bones clearly identify it as part of the genus. It is of comparable size to F. magnificens.
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The community of Kettleman City has suspected negative health effects caused by the Waste Facility multiple times. In 2007, the surrounding community in Kettleman City voiced their concerns regarding potential health effects in response to Chemical Waste Management's application for a federal permit renewal in the same year. The permit was to allow the facility to continue storing and disposing PCB waste at the facility. The EPA responded by ordering the facility to conduct a PCB Congener study.
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Dioxins are absorbed primarily through dietary intake of fat, as this is where they accumulate in animals and humans. In humans, the highly chlorinated dioxins are stored in fatty tissues and are neither readily metabolized nor excreted. The estimated elimination half-life for highly chlorinated dioxins (4–8 chlorine atoms) in humans ranges from 4.9 to 13.1 years. The persistence of a particular dioxin congener in an animal is thought to be a consequence of its structure.
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Paratilapia polleni is a medium-sized cichlid endemic to Madagascar. It is also a popular fish for display at public aquaria.Seriously Fish It is sometimes referred to by the common names polleni cichlid and black diamond cichlid, while the name marakely (black fish) is used among locals in Madagascar. This species is probably the only known member of its genus, as its current congener, P. toddi, from the African mainland, is unlikely to belong to this genus.
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One potent congener is methanol. It is naturally formed in small quantities during fermentation and it can be accidentally concentrated by improper distillation techniques. Metabolism of methanol produces some extremely toxic compounds, such as formaldehyde and formic acid, which may play a role in the severity of hangover. Ethanol slows the conversion of methanol into its toxic metabolites so that most of the methanol can be excreted harmlessly in the breath and urine without forming its toxic metabolites.
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The eastern barred bandicoot (Perameles gunnii) is a nocturnal, rabbit-sized marsupial endemic to southeastern Australia, being native to the island of Tasmania and mainland Victoria. It is one of three surviving bandicoot species in the genus Perameles. It is distinguishable from its partially-sympatric congener – the long-nosed bandicoot – via three or four dark horizontal bars found on its rump. It is the only species of bandicoot found on Tasmania, where it is relatively abundant.
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The female is smaller and has greatly reduced wings, so is flightless. =Similar species= This species morphologically resembles its congener Operophtera brumata, but males of O. fagata are slightly larger and do not have the brown underwings characteristic of Operophtera brumata. Microscopically, there are also clear differences in the morphology of the genitalia between the two species. In O. fagata, the uncus is more pointed with a broader and flatter base that is more triangular in O. brumata (Kellner, 2005).
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The only congener, the white-tufted grebe, does not look very similar. The color pattern of the Titicaca grebe is altogether similar to that of the red-necked grebe, but it has a darker belly, and a white (not light grey) throat patch that runs down the neck nearly to the breast. Due to the short wings, the rufous flanks can usually be seen. The ornamental plumes on the head are a vestigial version of those of the white- tufted grebe, but dark.
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Sphex pensylvanicus is a large, black wasp, significantly larger than their congener Sphex ichneumoneus (the great golden digger wasp). Males are smaller than females, at only long compared with typical female sizes of . According to John Bartram, "The sting of this Wasp is painful, but does not swell like others". As well as being larger than S. ichneumoneus, they are also darker, with smoky wings and an entirely black body, where S. ichneumoneus has yellow wings, red legs, and a partly red abdomen.
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The females' shells change colour when they are producing eggs. At a length of up to , Lysiosquillina maculata is the largest mantis shrimp in the world. L. maculata may be distinguished from its congener L. sulcata by the greater number of teeth on the last segment of its raptorial claw, and by the colouration of the uropodal endopod, the distal half of which is dark in L. maculata but not in L. sulcata. There is a small artisanal fishery for this species.
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786; Schwietzer & Pesterfield 2010, pp. 242–3 The oxide PoO2 is predominantly basic in nature.Bagnall 1966, p. 41; Nickless 1968, p. 79 Polonium is a reluctant oxidizing agent, unlike its lightest congener oxygen: highly reducing conditions are required for the formation of the Po2− anion in aqueous solution.Bagnall 1990, pp. 313–14; Lehto & Hou 2011, p. 220; Siekierski & Burgess 2002, p. 117: "The tendency to form X2− anions decreases down the Group [16 elements] ..." Whether polonium is ductile or brittle is unclear.
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PCBs, depending on the specific congener, have been shown to both inhibit and imitate estradiol, the main sex hormone in females. Imitation of the estrogen compound can feed estrogen-dependent breast cancer cells, and possibly cause other cancers, such as uterine or cervical. Inhibition of estradiol can lead to serious developmental problems for both males and females, including sexual, skeletal, and mental development issues. In a cross-sectional study, PCBs were found to be negatively associated with testosterone levels in adolescent boys.
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Carinotetraodon imitator, commonly known as dwarf Malabar puffer, is a species of pufferfish found in rivers in the Western Ghats of India. It resembles the closely related C. travancoricus. It can be distinguished from its congener as the males have brighter yellow coloration than males of C. travancoricus as well as lacking the iridescent blue lines behind the eye. Females are less brightly colored and possess a fine speckling of black spots in place of the larger black blotches of C. travancoricus.
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The winter flounder is one of five species in the genus Pseudopleuronectes along with the Yellow-striped flounder, Cresthead flounder, Marbled flounder, and Dark flounder. It is the only congener to inhabit the Atlantic Ocean. Winter flounder can be differentiated from the commonly co-occurring Summer flounder (Paralichthys dentatus) by their small teeth and eyes nearly always positioned on the right side of their bodies. Meanwhile, Summer flounder have their eyes on the left side of their bodies and possess large, conspicuous teeth.
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While the electronic and solid-state structure of the chloride congener is not known (due to low solubility in common analytical solvents), several studies have been carried out on the bromo and iodo derivatives. The complexes display a temperature-dependent interconversion between square-planar and tetrahedral geometries (diamagnetic and paramagnetic) in polar organic solvents (Keq between 1-3.68, depending on the solvent and temperature). In contrast, dichloro(1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane)nickel adopts a static square-planar (diamagnetic) structure in solution.
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Reston, Va.: U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey. Ceria has also been used as a substitute for its radioactive congener thoria, for example in the manufacture of electrodes used in gas tungsten arc welding, where ceria as an alloying element improves arc stability and ease of starting while decreasing burn-off. Cerium(IV) sulfate is used as an oxidising agent in quantitative analysis. Cerium(IV) in methanesulfonic acid solutions is applied in industrial scale electrosynthesis as a recyclable oxidant.
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The specific name is derived from the Latin word esparto, referring to a kind of Spanish grass that was used for its fibre. It was first described by Robert Brown, in 1810, having collected the plants on his visit to King George Sound in 1802. One of the species' common names, native cherry, is given to another congener with an edible fruit, Exocarpos cupressiformis; both of these species are known as sorts of Ballart. The Noongar peoples know the plant as Chukk, Dtulya or Merrin.
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Lanthanum is the first element and prototype of the lanthanide series. In the periodic table, it appears to the right of the alkaline earth metal barium and to the left of the lanthanide cerium. Lanthanum is often considered to be a group 3 element, along with scandium, yttrium, and lanthanum's heavier congener actinium,Greenwood and Earnshaw, p. 1102 although this classification is disputed. The 57 electrons of a lanthanum atom are arranged in the configuration [Xe]5d16s2, with three valence electrons outside the noble gas core.
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The oxidation state +3 originates from the [Rn]6d17s2 electronic configuration of actinium, with three valence electrons that are easily donated to give the stable closed-shell structure of the noble gas radon. The rare oxidation state +2 is only known for actinium dihydride (AcH2); even this may in reality be an electride compound like its lighter congener LaH2 and thus have actinium(III). Ac3+ is the largest of all known tripositive ions and its first coordination sphere contains approximately 10.9 ± 0.5 water molecules.
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18 It is found on the eastern slope of the Andes from southeastern Peru into west- central Bolivia in cloud forest at elevations from . It occurs in the same general area as its congener N. keaysi, but at higher altitudes. In 1902, Oldfield Thomas first described this species, under the name Oryzomys levipes, on the basis of specimens from both Peru and Bolivia. He compared it to the previously described O. keaysi, the current Nephelomys keaysi, of which he considered it to be a "smaller form".
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The Sichuan bush warbler (Locustella chengi) lives primarily in the thick brush and on tea plantations in five mountainous provinces of central China. It is a relatively small bird with a weight of 10 grams and an average length of 13 cm. Unlike its congener the russet bush warbler, which is found in the same mountains and also in the Himalayas, Vietnam, the Philippines, and Indonesia, the Sichuan bush warbler prefers elevations below 7,500 feet. The two species shared a common ancestor about 850,000 years ago.
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A large part of the research involving PCO is now looking into utilising the anion as a synthetic building block to derive phosphorus containing analogues of small molecules. The first major breakthrough in this area came from Goicoechea et al. in 2013; they published the reaction between the PCO anion and ammonium salts which yielded the phosphorus containing analogue of urea in which phosphorus replaces a nitrogen atom. The group predict that this heavier congener could have applications in new materials, anion sensing and coordination chemistry.
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A box jellyfish with smooth exumbrella that has a maximum bell height of 150 mm. Most of the morphological characteristics of the species are similar to its congener such as cock’s comb shaped gastric saccules, smooth and triangular shaped perradial lappets with a single frenulum on each side of the bell, and dome shaped rhopalial niche ostia. The jellyfish carries up to 12 tentacles per pedalium on each corner of the bell. The species was distinguished from the other Chironex by the bulbous shaped pedalial canal.
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The windswept helmet-orchid is a relatively small (30–50 mm tall), terrestrial, tuberous, herbaceous plant that forms clonal colonies. The leaves are flattish, fleshy and solitary, dark green above and silvery-green underneath. The flower is erect, nestling in the leaf base, green with purplish-red markings, 25–30 mm long and 20–25 mm wide. It can be distinguished from its congener and the only other orchid on the island, the grooved helmet-orchid Corybas sulcatus, by its predominantly green flowers, compared with the predominantly dark red ones of C. sulcatus.
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T. montana is widespread throughout a large part of the Palearctic from Western Europe to East Asia and is the most frequently occurring species of Tetragnatha in many parts of Europe. as far north as southern Norway and south to Iran In Great Britain it is widespread in the south, becoming localised in the north. T. montana webs are found on trees, bushes and low vegetation in a variety of mostly lowland habitats. The webs may be found close to water but it is less closely associated with wetland habitats than its congener Tetragnatha extensa.
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In chemistry, a disulfide refers to a functional group with the structure R−S−S−R′. The linkage is also called an SS-bond or sometimes a disulfide bridge and is usually derived by the coupling of two thiol groups. In biology, disulfide bridges formed between thiol groups in two cysteine residues are an important component of the secondary and tertiary structure of proteins. The connection is a persulfide, in analogy to its congener, peroxide (R−O−O−R′), but this terminology is rarely used, except in reference to hydrodisulfides (R−S−S−H compounds).
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SKYY vodka is an American vodka spirit produced by the Campari America division of Campari Group of Milan, Italy, formerly SKYY Spirits LLC. SKYY Vodka is 40% ABV or 80 proof, except in Australia and New Zealand where it is 37.5% ABV / 75 Proof and in South Africa where it is 43% ABV / 86 Proof. Its creator, Maurice Kanbar, claims the vodka is nearly congener-free due to its distillation process. That is why the popular company slogan is "Vodka so filtered - we even took the Russia out of it".
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Mola alexandrini has a relatively small mouth and its teeth fused into a parrot-like beak. It can reach up to in length and 2,300 kg in mass, making it one of the two heaviest bony fish on Earth, only matched by its congener, the ocean sunfish. Their body is flat and round, with large fins that they swish back and forth to propel themselves with as they swim horizontally. Their skin has rough denticles, leathery texture, with brown and gray coloring with pale blotches until death when they turn white.
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It is sympatric with its congener, the King Bird-of-paradise, and hybridization has been noted several times. Over 20 specimens of these hybrids exist in museums, though no wild records have ever occurred. It was once even thought to be a separate species, called King of Holland's Bird-of-paradise ("Diphyllodes gulielmitertii"); this hybrid is scarlet red above, of the King, with the golden mantle cape of the Magnificent, also sporting two long tail wires more resembling the king's, but being partially curved at the tip with no green spirals that the king sports.
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Lacassagne, A. & Lattes, J. (1924) Bulletin d'Histologie Appliquée à la Physiologie et à la Pathologie, 1, 279. More recent evidence suggests that this behavior results from polonium substituting for its congener sulfur, also in group 16 of the periodic table, in sulfur-containing amino-acids or related molecules and that similar patterns of distribution occur in human tissues. Polonium is indeed an element naturally present in all humans, contributing appreciably to natural background dose, with wide geographical and cultural variations, and particularly high levels in arctic residents, for example.
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Consequently, many chemical reactions of Co(C5H5)2 are characterized by its tendency to lose this "extra" electron, yielding a very stable 18-electron cation known as cobaltocenium. Many cobaltocenium salts coprecipitate with caesium salts, and cobaltocenium hydroxide is a strong base that absorbs atmospheric carbon dioxide to form cobaltocenium carbonate. Like the alkali metals, cobaltocene is a strong reducing agent, and decamethylcobaltocene is stronger still due to the combined inductive effect of the ten methyl groups. Cobalt may be substituted by its heavier congener rhodium to give rhodocene, an even stronger reducing agent.
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While Olson had considered it as congener of the Inaccessible Island rail, other scientists regarded it not even as a close relative and so it was renamed as Aphanocrex. The Saint Helena rail was relatively large and reached almost the size of the New Zealand weka (Gallirallus australis). In contrast to the weka it was more slender. Since Saint Helena was predator free until the sixteenth century, the swamphen had lost its ability to fly but its wings were better developed like the wings of the rails from Inaccessible Island and Ascension Island.
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Temnothorax pilagens is an obligatory slave hunter of Temnothorax longispinosus and Temnothorax ambiguus. Raids are performed either by a scout alone or via group recruitment of up to four slavemaking workers forming a raiding column headed by a scout. Slave raids resemble more those of its congener Temnothorax duloticus than that of Protomognathus americanus. This is especially true for the frequent and effective use of the stinger in fights: well-aimed stings from a caudal direction between head and thorax cause paralysis in hosts followed by quick death.
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Nicrophorus vespilloides occurs throughout the northern Palearctic, Alaska and northwestern Canada where it is found in open forest habitats. The restriction of its sister species N. hebes to bogs in North America has been attributed to competition with its closely related congener, N. defodiens which in this area is found in forest habitats. N. hebes reproduces exclusively in bogs in North America and is never found in adjacent (<) forested habitat in the Mer Bleue bog area near Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Beetles Nicrophorus vespilloides and Oiceoptoma thoracicum perusing an unidentified small carcass.
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Kirby et al., p. 8 Radium oxide (RaO) has not been characterized well past its existence, despite oxides being common compounds for the other alkaline earth metals. Radium hydroxide (Ra(OH)2) is the most readily soluble among the alkaline earth hydroxides and is a stronger base than its barium congener, barium hydroxide.Kirby et al., pp. 4–8 It is also more soluble than actinium hydroxide and thorium hydroxide: these three adjacent hydroxides may be separated by precipitating them with ammonia. Radium chloride (RaCl2) is a colorless, luminous compound.
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These values lie between those of its neighbours actinium (10.1 g/cm3) and protactinium (15.4 g/cm3), part of a trend across the early actinides. Thorium can form alloys with many other metals. Addition of small proportions of thorium improves the mechanical strength of magnesium, and thorium-aluminum alloys have been considered as a way to store thorium in proposed future thorium nuclear reactors. Thorium forms eutectic mixtures with chromium and uranium, and it is completely miscible in both solid and liquid states with its lighter congener cerium.
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Proxicromil was developed in the late 1970s as an oral analogue and a successor of anti-allergy drug Intal, whose patent protection period was to expire in 1982. Disodium cromoglycate in the form of an inhaler licensed as Intal (derived from ‘interfere with allergy’) had become the Fisons company's leading product, generating immense income and stimulating further research; thus several attempts at developing a congener were undertaken. Nevertheless, because of its possible carcinogenic properties, Fisons decided to withdraw the drug in 1981, just before it was to be marketed.
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Kleptoparasitic behaviour has been recorded, both intraspecific and from Anoplius concinnus. In the latter case, the A. infuscatus female entered the nest of its congener, destroyed the egg already on the spider and placed one of its own. Interaction with ants can disturb the wasp while it is transporting the prey and this can cause it to hide the prey by placing it higher up in grass. There is also a case of parasitism by the fly of the family Sarcophagidae, probably Sarcophaga socrus, while the spider-wasps Ceropales maculata, Ceropales cribrata and Evagetes argenteodecoratus have been recorded as interspecific kleptoparasites.
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The masked crimson tanager has been speculated to engage in reverse sexual dominance behavior similar to their congener pair, the silver-beaked tanager. The masked crimson tanagers, who belong to the passerine bird order exhibit this behavior similar to that of their cousin. However, there is no observable evidence to support the hypothesis that the masked crimson tanager are among the rare and unexplained phenomenon of reverse sexual dominance. Under normal circumstances, passerine species of birds exemplify a default hierarchy of dominance wherein larger, heavier birds tend to dominate the smaller, lighter birds and males tend to dominate females.
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The most frequently studied aspect of Acomys russatus is its apparent ability to switch from nocturnal to diurnal activity patterns. Specifically, it is naturally nocturnal, but will become diurnal when sharing a habitat with its congener, another spiny mouse species, Acomys cahirinus. Since the two species share food sources, competition does not allow for both of them to be active at the same time in the same habitat. Because of its tolerance for higher temperatures and significantly greater ability to conserve water by concentrating its urine, A. russatus is the species that is better suited to become day-active to eliminate this competition.
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HOBr is used as a bleach, an oxidizer, a deodorant, and a disinfectant, due to its ability to kill the cells of many pathogens. The compound is generated in warm-blooded vertebrate organisms especially by eosinophils, which produce it by the action of eosinophil peroxidase, an enzyme which preferentially uses bromide. Bromide is also used in hot tubs and spas as a germicidal agent, using the action of an oxidizing agent to generate hypobromite in a similar fashion to the peroxidase in eosinophils. It is especially effective when used in combination with its congener, hypochlorous acid.
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Unbiquadium is the fourth member of the superactinide series and may be a heavier congener of uranium. In the superactinide series, the Aufbau principle is expected to break down due to relativistic effects, and an overlap of the 5g, 6f, 7d, and 8p orbitals is expected. The ground state electron configuration of unbiquadium is thus predicted to be [Og] 6f3 8s2 8p1, in contrast to [Og] 5g4 8s2 derived from Aufbau. This predicted overlap of orbitals and uncertainty in order of filling, especially for f and g orbitals, renders predictions of chemical and atomic properties of these elements very difficult.
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In particular, plutonium and unbihexium are predicted to have similar valence configurations, leading to the existence of unbihexium in the +4 oxidation state. Therefore, should unbihexium occur naturally, it may be possible to extract it using similar techniques for the accumulation of cerium and plutonium. Likewise, unbihexium could also exist in monazite with other lanthanides and actinides that would be chemically similar. Recent doubt on the existence of primordial 244Pu casts uncertainty on these predictions, however, as the nonexistence (or minimal existence) of plutonium in bastnasite will inhibit possible identification of unbihexium as its heavier congener.
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The gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus), or grey fox, is an omnivorous mammal of the family Canidae, widespread throughout North America and Central America. This species and its only congener, the diminutive island fox (Urocyon littoralis) of the California Channel Islands, are the only living members of the genus Urocyon, which is considered to be the most basal of the living canids. Though it was once the most common fox in the eastern United States, and still is found there, human advancement and deforestation allowed the red fox to become more dominant. The Pacific States still have the gray fox as a dominant.
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The Mexican beaded lizard (Heloderma horridum) is a species of lizard in the family Helodermatidae, one of the two species of venomous beaded lizards found principally in Mexico and southern Guatemala. It and its congener (member of the same genus) the Gila monster (Heloderma suspectum) are the only lizards known to have evolved an overt venom delivery system. The Mexican beaded lizard is larger than the Gila monster, with duller coloration, black with yellowish bands. As it is a specialized predator that feeds primarily upon eggs, the primary use of its venom is still a source of debate among scientists.
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Aluminium, like its congener boron, is less electronegative than carbon (Al, 1.61; C, 2.55); thus, aluminium-bound carbons in organoalanes possess partial negative charge and are nucleophilic as a result. Generally, however, organoalanes are not nucleophilic enough to transfer an organic group on their own (the exception being when carbonyl and enone acceptors are used, due to the high oxophilicity of aluminiumCollins, P. W.; Dajani, E. Z.; Bruhn, M. S.; Brown, C. H.; Palmer, J. H.; Pappo, R. Tetrahedron Lett. 1975, 4217.). In most cases, nucleophilic activation of organoalanes is necessary for group transfer to take place.
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In 1999, the Dioxin Affair occurred when 50 kg of PCB transformer oils were added to a stock of recycled fat used for the production of 500 tonnes of animal feed, eventually affecting around 2,500 farms in several countries. The name Dioxin Affair was coined from early misdiagnosis of dioxins as the primary contaminants, when in fact they turned out to be a relatively small part of the contamination caused by thermal reactions of PCBs. The PCB congener pattern suggested the contamination was from a mixture of Aroclor 1260 & 1254\. Over 9 million chickens, and 60,000 pigs were destroyed because of the contamination.
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In Pseudocrenilabrus pyrrhocaudalis the males have a distinctive colour pattern which typically shows some orange colour on the anal fin and on the caudal fin that brightens to orange-red when breeding, this bright colour extends over the parts of anal and caudal fins nearest the body and on to the caudal peduncle. A number of other characteristics distinguish P. pyrrhocaudalis from its sympatric congener Pseudocrenilabrus philander, among these are the white pelvic fins, an orange rear portion of the dorsal fin, thinner lips and a larger eye. The maximum length is 7.3 cm standard length.
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They have similar chemical properties, but palladium has the lowest melting point and is the least dense of them. More than half the supply of palladium and its congener platinum is used in catalytic converters, which convert as much as 90% of the harmful gases in automobile exhaust (hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen dioxide) into less noxious substances (nitrogen, carbon dioxide and water vapor). Palladium is also used in electronics, dentistry, medicine, hydrogen purification, chemical applications, groundwater treatment, and jewelry. Palladium is a key component of fuel cells, which react hydrogen with oxygen to produce electricity, heat, and water.
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The common percarina is distinguished from its congener P. maeotica by having no scales on its cheek, by having nearly transparent membranes on the body and fins, the upper body is milky white in colour with no spots. It also has 8-9 round or irregular markings on the base of both dorsal fins. The dorsal fins are clearly separate in both species of Percarina and in this species the first dorsal fin contains 9-10 spines while the second dorsal fin contains 3 spines and 10-12 soft rays. The anal fin has 2 spines and 8-11 soft rays.
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The Portuguese blenny, like its sympatric congener the tompot blenny, has large pectoral fins with a long a dorsal fin which runs along the whole of the fish's back and an anal fin which is around half the length of the body. It has a square shaped caudal fin. The prominent eyes sit beneath a number of fringed tentacles placed on its head which has a small mouth. Their colour can be a bright red marked with darker and lighter bars and blotches along its flanks, although there are individuals which are duller, brown or orange.
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These have similar chemical properties, but palladium has the lowest melting point and is the least dense of them. The unique properties of palladium and other platinum group metals account for their widespread use. A quarter of all goods manufactured today either contain PGMs or have a significant part in their manufacturing process played by PGMs. Over half of the supply of palladium and its congener platinum goes into catalytic converters, which convert up to 90% of harmful gases from auto exhaust (hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen dioxide) into less- harmful substances (nitrogen, carbon dioxide and water vapor).
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Oriental bittersweet can be found growing in areas that are high and steep. When placed in 10 different sites with varying light intensity and nitrogen concentration, Oriental bittersweet was found to have higher aboveground biomass as well as a lower mortality rate in comparison to its congener species, Celastrus scandens (American bittersweet). This species is able to outcompete other species by more effectively responding to abiotic conditions such as sunlight. In diverse abiotic conditions (such as varying sunlight intensity and nitrogen concentrations), Oriental bittersweet has a mortality rate of 14% in comparison to the American bittersweet, which has a mortality rate of 33%.
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Most of its body is black, but it is marked by a distinct white spot at the upper corner of its preopercle, as well as by a lateral line of reflective scales and white scales in front of its pectoral fins. Its maximum length is , making it one of the smaller members of its family. It is distinguished from its congener, P. steinitzi, in a number of ways, one indicator being the white spot on its preopercle. P. steinitzi has either no white spot or a smaller, darker spot, as well as more ornamented head bones.
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Balanol is a congener of ATP, with distinct regions of its molecular structure able to form bonds like the adenine ring, ribose, and phosphate groups of the ATP molecule. Specifically, balanol's 4-hydroxybenzamide moiety including the amide linker corresponds to the adenine of ATP, the hexahydroazepane moiety to the ribose region, and the benzophenone rings to ATP's triphosphates. Numerous balanol congeners have been synthesized in order to study the effect of chemical modifications on kinase binding and specificity. For example, modifications of the benzophenone rings, analogs of the phosphate groups of ATP, produce unusually potent and specific protein kinase inhibitors.
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Biota of North America Program, 2014 county distribution map, Agnorhiza reticulataCalflora taxon report, University of California @ Berkeley, Wyethia reticulata E. Greene El Dorado County mule ears, El Dorado mule ears, Eldorado wyethia The genetic diversity of the populations is probably low because they are often clonal, spreading via vegetative reproduction with rhizomes rather than sexual reproduction by seed. Some populations are also threatened by development of their habitat.Ayres, D. R. and F. J. Ryan. (1999). Genetic diversity and structure of the narrow endemic Wyethia reticulata and its congener W. bolanderi (Asteraceae) using RAPD and allozyme techniques.
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With the TEFs, the toxicity of a mixture of dioxins and dioxin-like compounds can be expressed in a single number - the toxic equivalency (TEQ). It is a single figure resulting from the product of the concentration and individual TEF values of each congener. The TEF/TEQ concept has been developed to facilitate risk assessment and regulatory control. While the initial and current set of TEFs only apply to dioxins and dioxin-like chemicals (DLCs), the concept can theoretically be applied to any group of chemicals satisfying the extensive similarity criteria used with dioxins, primarily that the main mechanism of action is shared across the group.
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Early interest in possible increased stability led to the first attempted synthesis of unbihexium in 1971 and searches for it in nature in subsequent years. Despite several reported observations, more recent studies suggest that these experiments were insufficiently sensitive; hence, no unbihexium has been found naturally or artificially. Predictions of the stability of unbihexium vary greatly among different models; some suggest the island of stability may instead lie at a lower atomic number, closer to copernicium and flerovium. Unbihexium is predicted to be a chemically active superactinide, exhibiting a variety of oxidation states from +1 to +8, and possibly being a heavier congener of plutonium.
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A study in 1976 by a group of American researchers from several universities proposed that primordial superheavy elements, mainly livermorium, unbiquadium, unbihexium, and unbiseptium, could be a cause of unexplained radiation damage (particularly radiohalos) in minerals. Unbiquadium was then suggested to exist in nature with its possible congener uranium in detectable quantities, at a relative abundance of 10−11. Such unbiquadium nuclei were thought to undergo alpha decay with very long half-lives down to flerovium, which would then exist in natural lead at a similar concentration (10−11) and undergo spontaneous fission. This prompted many researchers to search for them in nature from 1976 to 1983.
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Relativistic effects on the electron orbitals of superheavy elements is predicted to influence the molecular geometry of some compunds. For instance, the 6d5/2 electrons in nihonium play an unexpectedly strong role in bonding, so NhF3 should assume a T-shaped geometry, instead of a trigonal planar geometry like its lighter congener BF3. In contrast, the extra stability of the 7p1/2 electrons in tennessine are predicted to make TsF3 trigonal planar, unlike the T-shaped geomtry observed for IF3 and predicted for AtF3; similarly, OgF4 should have a tetrahedral geometry, while XeF4 has a square planar geometry and RnF4 is predicted to have the same.
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The northern subspecies (Reithrodontomys raviventris halicoetes) is lighter in color and inhabits the northern marshes of the bay, and the southern subspecies (Reithrodontomys raviventris raviventris) lives in the East and South Bay marshes. They are both quite similar in appearance to their congener species, the [Western harvest mouse, R. megalotis], to which they are not closely related. Genetic studies of the northern subspecies have revealed that the salt marsh harvest mouse is most closely related to the plains harvest mouse, R. montanus, (Presentation by Sarah Brown: Conservation genetics of salt marsh harvest mice (Reithrodontomys raviventris). Presented at College of Science and Math Symposium, California State University, San Luis Obispo.
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The plant's strong response to sunlight parallels its role as an invasive species, as it can outcompete other species by fighting for and receiving more sunlight. Although growth ratios decrease when Oriental bittersweet is exposed to 2% sunlight (due to a decrease in photosynthetic ability), it still exhibited a 90% survival rate. Experimental data has indicated that Oriental bittersweet has a strong ability to tolerate low light conditions “ranging on average from 0.8 to 6.4% transmittance ”. In comparison to its congener American bittersweet, when placed in habitats with little light, Oriental bittersweet was found to have increased height, increased aboveground biomass, and increased total leaf mass.
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As the bird is not very well distinguished except in size from its contemporary congener Archaeospheniscus lowei and the size range, an estimated 85–120 cm, is in the upper range of the variation found in modern penguins, it is probable that A. lopdelli is a synonym of A. lowelli. As the recent finds in Antarctica suggest, this is far from certain, however, and there remains much to be learned about the systematics and biogeography of the two larger Archaeospheniscus species. The species' binomen honors J. C. Lopdell, who assisted Marples in recovering the fossils of this bird and others found in the Duntroon excavations.
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Radium nitrate (Ra(NO3)2) is a white compound that can be made by dissolving radium carbonate in nitric acid. As the concentration of nitric acid increases, the solubility of radium nitrate decreases, an important property for the chemical purification of radium. Radium forms much the same insoluble salts as its lighter congener barium: it forms the insoluble sulfate (RaSO4, the most insoluble known sulfate), chromate (RaCrO4), carbonate (RaCO3), iodate (Ra(IO3)2), tetrafluoroberyllate (RaBeF4), and nitrate (Ra(NO3)2). With the exception of the carbonate, all of these are less soluble in water than the corresponding barium salts, but they are all isostructural to their barium counterparts.
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Lysiosquillina maculata, the zebra mantis shrimp, striped mantis shrimp or razor mantis, is a species of mantis shrimp found across the Indo-Pacific region from East Africa to the Galápagos and Hawaiian Islands. At a length up to 40 cm, L. maculata is the largest mantis shrimp in the world. L. maculata may be distinguished from its congener L. sulcata by the greater number of teeth on the last segment of its raptorial claw, and by the colouration of the uropodal endopod, the distal half of which is dark in L. maculata but not in L. sulcata. A small artisanal fishery exists for this species.
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The Ethiopian big-eared bat was described in 2000 and represents the farthest south that the genus Plecotus reaches in Africa, to the south of the two widespread Palearctic species brown long-eared bat Plecotis auritus and grey long-eared bat Plecotus austriacus . It forms a clade with the Canary big-eared bat Plecotus teneriffae which is clearly monophyletic and represents an ancient lineage within Plecotus. Christi's big-eared bat is its closest congener in a geographical context but there is a subspecies of the Canary big-eared bat P.t. gaisleri in Cyrenaica, with populations of the Mediterranean long-eared bat Plecotus kolombatovici found between them.
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It is most likely to be confused in British Columbia with Polia richardsoni, which has wings of a similar colour and is in flight at the same month as this moth. That species has a different wing pattern, hair on its eyes and a much thinner antenna. They can be distinguished from their congener Gynaephora groenlandica in the larvae by the form of their hairs, which are finer and feather-like (plumose) in contrast to stiffer and un-branched (spinulose) hairs. G. rossii imagos (adults) have more patterned wings than G. groenlandica and G. groenlandica lack the broad, dark band along the edge of their hind wings characteristic of G. rossii.
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Hygromia cinctella was described as new to Britain by writer Alex Comfort based on specimens he had found in the Paignton area of Devon in April 1950. Subsequently, it was realised that specimens of this species had actually been found in the area from 1945 onwards, but these had been misidentified as the related species and close congener Hygromia limbata, itself a non-native species only discovered in Britain in 1919. It remained predominantly confined to the south-east of England until the mid 1970s, at which point it began to extend its range dramatically. It now has a scattered distribution which extends as far north as Scotland, the first Scottish record being in Glasgow in 2008.
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354 Copernicium is expected to be a liquid at room temperature, although experiments have so far not succeeded in determining its boiling point with sufficient precision to prove this. Like its lighter congener mercury, many of its singular properties stem from its closed-shell d10s2 electron configuration as well as strong relativistic effects. Its cohesive energy is even less than that of mercury and is likely only higher than that of flerovium. Solid copernicium is expected to crystallise in a close-packed body-centred cubic structure and have a density of about 14.7 g/cm3, decreasing to 14.0 g/cm3 on melting, which is similar to that of mercury (13.534 g/cm3).
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The flavouring whiskies are most typically rye whiskies, blended into the product to add most of its flavour and aroma. While Canadian whisky may be labelled as a "rye whisky" this blending technique only necessitates a small percentage (such as 10%) of rye to create the flavour, whereas much more rye is required if it were added to a mash bill alongside the more readily distilled corn. The base whiskies are distilled to between 180 and 190 proof which results in few congener by-products (such as fusel alcohol, aldehydes, esters, etc.) and creates a lighter taste. By comparison, an American whisky distilled any higher than 160 proof is labelled as "light whiskey".
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The closeness in energy levels of the 5f, 6d, and 7s energy levels of thorium results in thorium almost always losing all four valence electrons and occurring in its highest possible oxidation state of +4. This is different from its lanthanide congener cerium, in which +4 is also the highest possible state, but +3 plays an important role and is more stable. Thorium is much more similar to the transition metals zirconium and hafnium than to cerium in its ionization energies and redox potentials, and hence also in its chemistry: this transition-metal-like behaviour is the norm in the first half of the actinide series. Thorium dioxide has the fluorite crystal structure.
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The composition brings together several figures, highlighting a magnificent deer in an alert attitude to start the fight with another congener that appears with the low antlers. Between both figures a female doe can be seen, in a lower position, and there is also a fourth figure, quite lost, which is possibly another doe. Various remains of paint on the far right of the composition seem to correspond to the figure of an archer. The great demographic and cultural emergence of Caspe took place around the 8th century BC with the appearance of innumerable towns and tumular necropolises of Indo-European, Celtic hallstatt from the first Iron Age, which correspond to populations mainly from the Segre basin and the high Ebro basin, especially from Navarra and Álava.
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It belongs to the subfamily Symmocinae, which is sometimes included in the case-bearers (Coleophoridae) or united with the concealer moth subfamily Autostichinae. Originally described as Recurvaria quadripuncta by A.H. Haworth in 1828, the four-spotted yellowneck is the type species of the genus Oegoconia, which in turn is the type genus of the symmocid subfamily Oegoconiinae (or tribe Oegoconiini, if the symmocids are merged into another family).Pitkin & Jenkins (2004), ABRS (2008), ToL (2008), FE (2009) This species has been confused with its extremely similar but reproductively isolated congener O. deauratella. This is because O. quadripuncta has a junior synonym Oecophora deauratella (established by H.T. Stainton in 1849), while the actual O. deauratella was described (as Lampros deauratella) by G.A.W. Herrich-Schäffer only in 1854.
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Despite several searches, unbiquadium has not been synthesized, nor have any naturally occurring isotopes been found to exist. It is believed that the synthesis of unbiquadium will be far more challenging than that of lighter undiscovered elements, and nuclear instability may pose further difficulties in identifying unbiquadium, unless the island of stability has a stronger stabilizing effect than predicted in this region. As a member of the superactinide series, unbiquadium is expected to bear some resemblance to its possible lighter congener uranium. The valence electrons of unbiquadium are expected to participate in chemical reactions fairly easily, though relativistic effects may significantly influence some of its properties; for example, the electron configuration has been calculated to differ considerably from the one predicted by the Aufbau principle.
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Atomic weight worked well enough to allow Mendeleev to accurately predict the properties of missing elements. Mendeleev took the unusual step of naming missing elements using the Sanskrit numerals eka (1), dvi (2), and tri (3) to indicate that the element in question was one, two, or three rows removed from a lighter congener. It has been suggested that Mendeleev, in doing so, was paying homage to ancient Sanskrit grammarians, in particular Pāṇini, who devised a periodic alphabet for the language. Henry Moseley (1887–1915) Following the discovery of the atomic nucleus by Ernest Rutherford in 1911, it was proposed that the integer count of the nuclear charge is identical to the sequential place of each element in the periodic table.
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Tulrampator (developmental code names S-47445, CX-1632) is a positive allosteric modulator (PAM) of the AMPA receptor (AMPAR), an ionotropic glutamate receptor, which is under development by RespireRx Pharmaceuticals (formerly Cortex Pharmaceuticals) and Servier for the treatment of major depressive disorder (as an adjunct), Alzheimer's disease, dementia, and mild cognitive impairment. As of 2016, it is in phase II clinical trials for depression and Alzheimer's disease and phase I trials for dementia and mild cognitive impairment. Tulrampator is a "high-impact" AMPAR potentiator, unlike "low-impact" AMPAR potentiators like CX-516 and its congener farampator (CX-691, ORG-24448), and is able to elicit more robust increases in AMPAR activation. In animals, high-impact AMPAR potentiators enhance cognition and memory at low doses, but produce motor coordination disruptions, convulsions, and neurotoxicity at higher doses.
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The latent sling-jaw wrasse is similar to its sole congener, the sling-jaw wrasse (Epibulus insidiator) but can be distinguished by the absence of a black stripe on the head, its comparatively, duller colouration in the males, in having black colouration on the fins in the majority of the females, its slightly longer pectoral fins and its smaller size. This species has 9 spines and 10 soft rays in its dorsal fin and 3 spines and 8 soft rays in its anal fin. It has long jaws, the rearmost part of the jaw extends almost to the base of the pelvic fins, which it can protrude. The male latent sling-jaw wrasse is brown with a yellow throat, yellowish lobes of the tail and a yellow marking at the gill slit.
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One of Oriental bittersweet's invasive characteristics is its effective utilization of energy to increase plant height, thus giving it a competitive advantage over similar plants. A study conducted in 2006 showed that, in comparison to its congener American bittersweet, Oriental bittersweet had increased height, increased aboveground biomass, and increased total leaf mass. This is not to say that Oriental bittersweet outperformed American bittersweet in all criteria: in comparison to Oriental bittersweet, “American bittersweet had increased stem diameter, single leaf area, and leaf mass to stem mass ratio,” suggestive that American bittersweet focused growth on ulterior portions of the plant rather than plant characteristics emphasized by Oriental bittersweet such as stem length. This is significant as height plays a major role in allowing Oriental bittersweet to outcompete surrounding vegetation.
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Palaeeudyptes klekowskii, also known as the colossus penguin, was a species of the extinct penguin genus Palaeeudyptes. It was until recently thought to have been approximately the size of its congener Palaeeudyptes antarcticus, which would mean it was somewhat larger than the modern emperor penguin, but a new study shows it was in fact almost twice as tall. Knowledge of it comes from an extensive collection of fossil bones from the Late Eocene (34-37 MYA) of the La Meseta Formation on Seymour Island, Antarctica. P. klekowskii was at first not recognized as a distinct species, and despite the coexistence of two so closely related species of similar size as Palaeeudyptes gunnari and P. klekowskii seeming somewhat improbable, the amount of fossil material suggests that the two species are indeed diagnosably different.
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Levels of methanol, present as a congener in alcohol, have been correlated with severity of hangover and methanol metabolism to the highly toxic formate via formaldehyde coincides with the rate of appearance of hangover symptoms.Ylikahri RH, Huttunen M, Eriksson CJ, Nikkila EA. Metabolic studies on the pathogenesis of hangover. Eur J Clin Invest 1974;4:93–100 As both ethanol and methanol are metabolised by alcohol dehydrogenase – and ethanol is a much better substrate for this enzyme – drinking more of the former then effectively prevents (or delays) the metabolism of the latter. As pure ethanol consumption has also been found to increase endogenous levels of methanol, presumably for this reason, this suggests that if "hair of the dog" works in this way it effects a temporary hiatus rather than a cure.
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It was named by scientists John W. Daly and Bernhard Witkop, who separated the potent toxic alkaloids fraction and determined its chemical properties. They isolated four major toxic steroidal alkaloids including batrachotoxin, isobatrachotoxin, pseudobatrachotoxin, and batrachotoxinin A. Due to the difficulty of handling such a potent toxin and the minuscule amount that could be collected, a comprehensive structure determination involved several difficulties. However, Takashi Tokuyama, who joined the investigation later, converted one of the congener compounds, batrachotoxinin A, to a crystalline derivative and its unique steroidal structure was solved with x-ray diffraction techniques (1968). When the mass spectrum and NMR spectrum of batrachotoxin and the batrachotoxinin A derivatives were compared, it was realized that the two shared the same steroidal structure and that batrachotoxin was batrachotoxinin A with a single extra pyrrole moiety attached.
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Unbihexium is expected to be the sixth member of a superactinide series and possibly a heavier congener of plutonium. In the superactinide series, the Aufbau principle is expected to break down due to relativistic effects, and an overlap of the energy levels of the 7d, 8p, and especially 5g and 6f orbitals is expected, which renders predictions of chemical and atomic properties of these elements very difficult. The ground state electron configuration of unbihexium is thus predicted to be [Og] 5g2 6f3 8s2 8p1, in contrast to [Og] 5g6 8s2 derived from Aufbau. As with the other early superactinides, it is predicted that unbihexium will be able to lose all eight valence electrons in chemical reactions, rendering a variety of oxidation states up to +8 possible. The +4 oxidation state is predicted to be most common, in addition to +2 and +6.
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Unbibium is predicted to be a heavier congener of cerium and thorium and thus to have a similar chemistry to them, although it may be more reactive. Additionally, unbibium is predicted to belong to a new block of valence g-electron atoms, although the g-block's position left of the f-block is speculative and the 5g orbital is not expected to start filling until element 125. The predicted ground-state electron configuration of unbibium is [Og] 7d1 8s2 8p1, in contrast to the expected [Og] 5g2 8s2 in which the 5g orbital starts filling at element 121. In the superactinides, relativistic effects might cause a breakdown of the Aufbau principle and create overlapping of the 5g, 6f, 7d and 8p orbitals; experiments on the chemistry of copernicium and flerovium provide strong indications of the increasing role of relativistic effects.
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"Breeding Coral Red Pencilfish and other Pencilfishes" by Dr. Stanley H. Weitzman and Marilyn Weitzman, "Tropical Fish Hobbyist", February, 2002 Males will establish and defend small territories. Unlike its congener, N. eques, which prefers the upper strata of the aquarium, N. unifasciatus tends to congregate in the mid to lower reaches. This is the only species of Nannostomus in the aquarium trade for which there is no recorded account of a successful spawning in captivity to date, this despite it being a widely kept and much admired aquarium species since the 1920s. Two reports of purported successful spawnings in the 1950s, published in aquarium literature—one in the Belgian magazine, "Notre Aquarium," and the other in the American magazine, "The Aquarium"—involved misidentification of the species, the spawnings having occurred for N. eques and N. harrisoni respectively, not N. unifasciatus.
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Juveniles also have a detailed pattern on their periostracum consisting of 2 apical and 3 body whorl rows of hairs with long hooks on the ends, distinct ridges and many other hairs with short hooks. The shell of Cipangopaludina chinensis grows allometrically (the height increasing faster than the width) and does so at a decreased rate in comparison with Cipangopaludina japonica, such that the adult shell is less elongate than that of its congener. The radula also may differ between Cipangopaludina japonica and Cipangopaludina chinensis, but there is so much variation even within one species that it is not a good diagnostic characteristic. However, as a general guide, in one North American population, the radula of Cipangopaludina chinensis had seven small cusps on the marginal tooth and a large central cusp with four small cusps on either side.
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P. algidus is 13–28 mm in length with females usually larger than males and in some areas it is a mainly black wasp with a red spot on the metasoma. However, the wasps of the genus Poecilopompilus may be Müllerian mimics of other wasps and that the variation in appearance of P.algidus over its range is due to it mimicking other sympatric wasps with painful stings, for example it resembles the paper wasps in the genus Polistes in the south, and thus be difficult to distinguish from its congener Poecilopompilus interruptus, but in the northern part of its range, it mimics the spider wasps of the genus Anoplius. To identify the two species, the observer needs to examine the spines on the front tarsi of females and the inner margin of the eyes, P. algidus females have 3 strong spines and the species shows convergent inner eye margins, while P. interruptus shows four weak spines on the front tarsi in females and parallel inner eye margins.
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11-COOH-THC is formed in the body by oxidation of the active metabolite 11-hydroxy-THC (11-OH-THC) by liver enzymes. It is then metabolized further by conjugation with glucuronide, forming a water-soluble congener which can be more easily excreted by the body. 11-COOH-THC has a long half-life in the body of up to several days (or even weeks in very heavy users), making it the main metabolite tested for blood or urine testing for cannabis use. More selective tests are able to distinguish between 11-OH-THC and 11-COOH-THC, which can help determine how recently cannabis was consumed; if only 11-COOH-THC is present then cannabis was used some time ago and any impairment in cognitive ability or motor function will have dissipated, whereas if both 11-OH-THC and 11-COOH-THC are present then cannabis was consumed more recently and motor impairment may still be present.
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Verulux solmaculata, the sunspot cardinalfish, is a species of ray-finned fish from the cardinalfish family Apogonidae. It was first described in 2016 and it occurs in the Timor Sea off New Guinea and northern Western Australia. It is a small, almost transparent cardinalfish which has three black stripes on the anterior part of the body one from the tip of the snout to the front of the eye, one from the preopercular margin to the middle of the operculum, and one from the back edge of the eye to the angle of the preoperculum. It can be distinguished from its only congener, Verulux cypselurus, by there being an obvious black blotch at the base of the caudal fin, while this is lacking in V. cypselurus, and in having a, a broader black longitudinal band on each caudal fin lobe which covers 3–5 rays in this species as compared to 1–3 rays in V. cypselurus.
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The white-shouldered ibis is morphologically similar to its Indian congener the black or red-naped ibis Pseudibis papillosa, but lacks the red tubercles on the nape; and is slightly larger, more robust and has a longer neck and legs. The tail also appears to be shorter and spreads downwards in contrast to straight in the black ibis. The juvenile has dull-brown plumage along with a tuft of brown feathers on the bluish-white nape, a grey-brown iris, pale yellow legs and dull white feet. Its vocalisations generally consist of loud, mournful calls that have been described as “weird and unearthly screams”. The hoarse calls of territorial individuals have been described as “errrrh” or “errrrrroh”. It also utters honking screams of “errrrh owk owk owk owk owk” and more subdued “ohhaaa ohhaaa” and “errrrrah”. It makes a loud, harsh “klioh klioh” call during copulation, resembling that of the black woodpecker.
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The existence of a second inner transition series, in the form of the actinides, was not accepted until similarities with the electron structures of the lanthanides had been established;. Bohr suggested that the filling of the 5f orbitals may be delayed to after uranium. It was only with the discovery of the first transuranic elements, which from plutonium onward have dominant +3 and +4 oxidation states like the lanthanides, that it was realised that the actinides were indeed filling f-orbitals rather than d-orbitals, with the transition-metal-like chemistry of the early actinides being the exception and not the rule. In 1945, when American physicist Glenn T. Seaborg and his team had discovered the transuranic elements americium and curium, he proposed the actinide concept, realising that thorium was the second member of an f-block actinide series analogous to the lanthanides, instead of being the heavier congener of hafnium in a fourth d-block row.
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