138 Sentences With "computer storage" | Random Sentence Generator

Barracuda, a computer storage and security company based in Campbell, Calif.

Filecoin tokens can be used in exchange for computer storage, a scarce resource.

He retired from NetApp, a leading supplier of computer storage, as VP of Corporate Development.

It is owned by Kermit Bryce Eller, a computer storage engineer from Thousand Oaks, Calif.

She did that for each of the systems, including the vehicle's propulsion, power, computer storage, and more.

They are best-known for a computer storage technology that makes it easier to run corporate servers.

Role at SoftBank: Nishar was hands-on with SoftBank's $250 million funding for computer storage company Cohesity.

And if DNA-based computer storage is coming, DNA-based computer attacks may not be so farfetched, he says.

The computer storage services company gave a range of earnings guidance for its second quarter that was somewhat lighter than expected.

If you are looking to expand your computer storage, we have gathered some great deals on WD hard drives, SSDs, and more.

Managing your local computer storage and cloud storage is going to get quite a bit easier with a new update coming to Dropbox.

Thanks to the advances in computer storage and its plummeting cost, laptops are becoming cheaper, mobile phones more versatile, and cloud-computing a reality.

Like selling spare computer storage, the rules for these networks would be set — and the profits made — by the users, not some huge corporation.

The brainchild of a Silicon Valley start-up called Protocol Labs, IPFS aims to give anyone the chance to buy and sell unused computer storage space.

Dwindling computer storage space is a problem most of us have to face from time to time, and here's what you can do to ease the pressure.

The 27 industries include telecommunications and semiconductors as well as aircraft manufacturing, including engines and engine parts, aluminum production, computer storage devices, guided missiles and other military equipment.

Because they have only four kilobytes of computer storage, the spacecraft transmit data 240/19543, but the radio signals take 21954 hours and 217 hours to reach Earth.

"We seized a lot of computer storage data devices, hard drives, computers, laptops SD cards anything that would store data," Longboat Key Police Chief Lieutenant Bob Bourque told ABC.

The biggest going-private transaction ever is Dell's $67 billion deal to acquire and take computer-storage giant EMC private in 2016, according to a 2018 list compiled by PitchBook.

Google founders Larry Page and Sergey Brin are said to have been major fans as children, and even used Lego to hold the company's first computer storage system in 2200.

The bride, 31, who will take her husband's name, works in New York leading a strategy and operations team for Google that supports those selling the company's productivity and computer storage products.

Google Drive is ready to be the answer to all your computer storage needs — and not just the files you create and upload using its cloud-based services like Google Docs and Photos.

By most analysts' estimates, Microsoft is in second place in the most prominent segment of the cloud services market — in which computer storage and other services in data centers are rented to customers — after Amazon.

Other technologies, like DNA sequencing, cell engineering and bioprinting, have led to the creation of animal-free protein products, bio fuels for jet engines, lightweight materials stronger than steel and even memory for computer storage.

Established firms in Silicon Valley like Sequoia and Andreessen Horowitz invested in the highly-touted ICO of Filecoin — a service that's been billed as an Airbnb-style solution for space on servers and extra computer storage.

The computer, storage, and data center services giant reported 9 percent revenue growth centered in servers and networking gear, and Dell's share of the returns from its 80 percent ownership of computing virtualization giant VMware, which also reported surprising results.

Found in his carry-on bag was a computer storage drive containing graphic photos of Islamic State beheadings and a "hit list" of U.S. Defense Department employee names and addresses compiled by the extremist group, according to evidence presented at trial.

Starting in 2005, Cook made investments that would lay the groundwork for the future of the company, including forming critical deals with manufacturers on flash memory, the computer-storage component that would form the basis for the iPhone and iPad.

Previously, Samsung paved the way for smaller and faster computer storage with the XP941, which is over five times larger than the PM971 at 3.15 x 0.87 inches (80 x 22mm) and connects through PCIe slots, which had previously been relegated to things like video, audio and Internet cards.

The allegations were made in a lawsuit set for trial on June 3 in federal court in the Eastern District of Texas, in which CNEX Labs Inc claimed that Huawei engaged in a multiyear conspiracy to steal company's solid-state drive computer storage technology, including with the help of a Chinese university, the WSJ reported.

After the Breakthrough Initiatives were announced, Milner's money quickly got invested into the deployment of cutting-edge technology—such as computer storage and new receivers—at existing radio telescopes, including Green Bank in West Virginia and Parkes in Australia; whether the astronomers using these observatories believed in alien life or not, they welcomed the investment with open arms.

Mini Refrigerator — $79.99 (list price $139.99) NutriBullet Pro 900 — $79.00 (list price $13) George Foreman Electric Grill — $28.01 (list price $35.90) Cuisinart Compact Juice Extractor — $72.99 (list price $99.95) Nespresso VertuoPlus Espresso Maker by De'Longhi — $169.00 (list price $269.00) PicoBrew PICO Model C Beer Brewing Appliance — $189.99 (list price $500.00) Aicook Espresso and Coffee Machine — $99.99 (list price $099.993) COSORI 1.7L Electric Kettle — $39.99 (list price $49.99) COSORI Mini Pressure Cooker — $49.99 (list price $69.99) Get computer storage on the go.

Adaptec was a computer storage company and remains a brand for computer storage products. The company was an independent firm from 1981 to 2010, at which point it was acquired by PMC-Sierra, which itself was later acquired by Microsemi, which itself was later acquired by Microchip Technology.

A persistent object store is a type of computer storage system that records and retrieves complete objects, or provides the illusion of doing so.

CNEX Labs claims that a Huawei executive, with the help of a Chinese university, attempted to steal CNEX's solid-state drive computer storage technology.

In 2011, sales revenue was reported as $88.3 million with about 137 employees. In January 2019, OWC acquired fellow external computer storage products and accessories manufacturer Akitio.

Solid-state drives are one example of a storage device. Non-volatile memory is computer memory that can retain the stored information even when not powered. Examples of non-volatile memory include read-only memory (see ROM), flash memory, most types of magnetic computer storage devices (e.g. hard disk drives, floppy disks and magnetic tape), optical discs, and early computer storage methods such as paper tape and punched cards.

Retrieved 2 June 2013. By extension, an office or organization, as well as the maintenance of computer storage systems."housekeeping" The Collins English Dictionary. Retrieved 2 June 2013.

In computing a storage violation is a hardware or software fault that occurs when a task attempts to access an area of computer storage which it is not permitted to access.

Structured storage is computer storage for structured data, often in the form of a distributed database. Computer software formally known as structured storage systems include Apache Cassandra, Google's Bigtable and Apache HBase.

Non-volatile memory (NVM) or non-volatile storage is a type of computer memory that can retrieve stored information even after having been power cycled. In contrast, volatile memory needs constant power in order to retain data. Examples of non-volatile memory include flash memory, read-only memory (ROM), ferroelectric RAM, most types of magnetic computer storage devices (e.g. hard disk drives, floppy disks, and magnetic tape), optical discs, and early computer storage methods such as paper tape and punched cards.

Von Kármán swirling flow finds its applications in wide range of fields, which includes rotating machines, filtering systems, computer storage devices, heat transfer and mass transfer applications, combustion-related problems, planetary formations, geophysical applications etc.

Geoplexing is a computer science term relating to the duplication of computer storage and applications within a server farm over geographically diverse locations for the purpose of fault tolerance. The name comes from a contraction of geographical multiplex.

Because of this limit, the technology normally appears as an internal computer storage interface. For many years, ATA provided the most common and the least expensive interface for this application. It has largely been replaced by SATA in newer systems.

Apricorn, Inc.Company home page is an American designer and manufacturer of computer storage products, utilities and accessories. It was established in 1983 as a private company by Mike Gordon and Paul Brown. The company headquarters is located in Poway, California, United States.

It was further asserted that the strategy had been independently verified. As computer storage became cheaper and the internet made it possible, these positions and moves were made available online. The game was solved again by Victor Allis using proof-number search.

A Storage service provider (SSP) is any company that provides computer storage space and related management services. SSPs also offer periodic backup and archiving. Advantages of managed storage are that more space can be ordered as required. Depending upon your SSP, backups may also be managed.

Originally categorized as "capacity optimization" by industry analysts, it later became more widely known as inline "data deduplication.” Unlike most non-archival computer storage products, it went to extreme technical lengths to ensure data longevity (vs. system longevity). Its design goal was to be "the storage of last resort.

Dot Hill Systems Corp was a manufacturer of computer storage area network arrays. Providing computer hardware and software products for small and large computer data storage systems. Dot Hill came into being when Box Hill Systems Corp (based in New York) acquired Artecon, Inc. based in Carlsbad, California.

IPtronics was a fabless semiconductor company headquartered in Copenhagen, Denmark. Its products include integrated circuits for parallel optical interconnect applications intended for the computer, storage and communication industries. IPtronics' design center is certified by STMicroelectronics, which is also their semiconductor foundry partner. In June 2013, IPtronics was acquired by Mellanox Technologies.

Brown, E.W.: Execution Performance Issues in Full-Text Information Retrieval. Computer Science Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Technical Report 95-81, October 1995. ; Storage techniques : How to store the index data, that is, whether information should be data compressed or filtered. ; Index size :How much computer storage is required to support the index.

Input/output operations per second (IOPS, pronounced eye-ops) is an input/output performance measurement used to characterize computer storage devices like hard disk drives (HDD), solid state drives (SSD), and storage area networks (SAN). Like benchmarks, IOPS numbers published by storage device manufacturers do not directly relate to real-world application performance.

Dr. Alan Jay Smith (born April, 1949) is a computer scientist and researcher in the field of development and applications of caching strategies and the measurement and analysis of computer storage systems with many important contributions to the field. He currently is professor emeritus at the EECS faculty of the University of California, Berkeley.

The importance of the mathematical methods' efficiency arises from the large scale of simulated network. It is required that the computation costs of the simulation method be low, this is related to the computation time and computer storage. At the same time the accuracy of the computed values must acceptable for the particular model.

Kilumney was served by Kilumney railway station on the Cork-Macroom Railway from 1866 to 1953. The N22 national primary road (Ballincollig bypass) links Kilumney to Cork City. Dell EMC, a multi-national computer storage company, is based near Kilumney. The nearest school is Ovens National School, which had over 330 pupils as of 2013.

A computer file is a computer resource for recording data discretely in a computer storage device. Just as words can be written to paper, so can information be written to a computer file. Files can be edited and transferred through the internet on that particular computer system. There are different types of computer files, designed for different purposes.

Symmetric Phase Recording is a tape recording (Computer storage media) technology developed by Quantum Corporation packs data across a tape's recording surface by writing adjacent tracks in a herringbone pattern: track 0 = \\\\\\\\\, track 1 = /////, track 2 = \\\\\\\\\, track 3 = /////, etc. This eliminates crosstrack interference and guard bands so that more tracks of data can be stored on a tape.

Among its brands used to be Verbatim computer storage. MCC is co-owner with Oji Paper Company of Yupo brand synthetic paper. Mitsubishi Polyester Film, Mitsubishi Kagaku Imaging, Mitsubishi Chemical FP, MC Research and Innovation (MC-RIC), Mitsubishi Kagaku Iatron, Freecom Technologies, Mitsubishi Kagaku Media, USR Optonix, Laser Technologies, Mitsubishi Chemical Performance Polymers are some of its subsidiaries.

His textbook, Contemporary Logic Design, has sold over 85,000 copies, and has been used at over 200 colleges and universities. He was awarded the IEEE James H. Mulligan, Jr. Education Medal in 2010. Katz, along with David A. Patterson and Garth Gibson, developed the redundant array of inexpensive disks (RAID) concept for computer storage in their 1988 SIGMOD Conference paper.

In this respect, persistent memory resembles more abstract forms of computer storage, such as file systems. In fact, almost all existing persistent memory technologies implement at least a basic file system that can be used for associating names or identifiers with stored extents, and at a minimum provide file system methods that can be used for naming and allocating such extents.

Hard Drives International was founded in 1988 by Eric and Tim Crown. Initially a mail order business selling computer storage, the company expanded into a storefront when credit card companies wouldn't service startup mail order firms. In 1991, the company changed its name to Insight Enterprises, and distribution included a full line of computers and accessories. The company held its initial public offering in January 1995.

The kilobit is a multiple of the unit bit for digital information or computer storage. The prefix kilo- (symbol k) is defined in the International System of Units (SI) as a multiplier of 103 (1 thousand), and therefore, :1 kilobit = = 1000 bits. The kilobit has the unit symbol kbit or kb. Using the common byte size of 8 bits, 1 kbit is equal to 125 bytes.

Population genomics has been of interest to scientists since Darwin. Some of the first methods used for studying genetic variability at multiple loci included gel electrophoresis and restriction enzyme mapping. Previously genomics was restricted to only the study of a low amount of loci. However recent advancements in sequencing and computer storage and power have allowed for the study of hundreds of thousands of loci from populations.

The semiotics of the bite and the color of the logo can also be looked at from a technological viewpoint. The bite is the signified and the computer storage unit, byte, is the signifier. The rainbow color of the logo portrays the message that the its computer monitor could be produce color images. Steve Jobs argued that color was crucial for "humanizing the company" at that time.

The arrival of the microprocessor in the 1970s and the personal computer in the 1980s with their 8-bit architecture led to the 8-bit byte becoming the standard unit of computer storage. Packing 7-bit data into 8-bit storage is inconvenient for data retrieval. Instead, most computers stored one ASCII character per byte. This left one bit over that was not doing anything useful.

She worked under Roger Lazarus in the Computer Division at Los Alamos National Laboratory until she retired in 1990. Her work in the computing department involved the design and maintenance of computer storage, including a project to design a clustered file system. Her work for this project included software development and computerizing weapons data. She adapted the same software in an English weather center database, the Meteorological Archival and Retrieval System.

Irwin Magnetic Systems was a computer storage manufacturer founded in 1979 and based in Ann Arbor, Michigan. At its height, the company employed 600 people in Ann Arbor. The company's primary product line was magnetic tape data storage systems, particularly the proprietary AccuTrak format. This format was widely adopted by Compaq, HP and other OEM manufacturers, and was also incorporated into IBM Personal System 2 (PS2) personal computers as an option.

MAR, which is found inside the CPU, goes either to the RAM (random access memory) or cache. The memory address register is half of a minimal interface between a microprogram and computer storage; the other half is a memory data register. In general, MAR is a parallel load register that contains the next memory address to be manipulated. For example, the next address to be read or written.

The ADAT machine is still a very common fixture in professional and home studios around the world. In the consumer market, tapes and gramophones were largely displaced by the compact disc (CD) and a lesser extent the minidisc. These recording media are fully digital and require complex electronics to play back. Interference colours on a compact disc Digital sound files can be stored on any computer storage medium.

In 2015, he received the Eckert- Mauchly Award for contributions to the design and analysis of high performance processors and computer storage systems. In 2002 he became Hewlett Packard Fellow, in 2003 fellow of the IEEE and in 2007 fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery. The ACM awarded Jouppi its Alan D. Berenbaum Distinguished Service Award in 2013. In 2014 he received the Harry H. Goode Memorial Award.

The volume of fluid method is based on earlier Marker-and-cell (MAC) methods. First accounts of what is now known as VOF have been given by Noh & Woodward in 1976, where fraction function C (see below) appeared, although the first publication in a Journal was by Hirt and Nichols in 1981. Since VOF method surpassed MAC by lowering computer storage requirements, it quickly became popular. Early applications include Torrey et al.

Vision Australia is listed as a member of the DAISY Consortium.DAISY: Member Detail: Australia New Zealand Accessible Information Group One of the issues associated with digitising the existing library is managing the massive amounts of computer storage that it will require. At present Vision Australia has a 40-terabyte library that can be scaled to 100 terabytes. Ultimately the organization's goal is to have its library available as online downloads for its community.

Diagram of the computer memory hierarchy In computer architecture, the memory hierarchy separates computer storage into a hierarchy based on response time. Since response time, complexity, and capacity are related, the levels may also be distinguished by their performance and controlling technologies. Memory hierarchy affects performance in computer architectural design, algorithm predictions, and lower level programming constructs involving locality of reference. Designing for high performance requires considering the restrictions of the memory hierarchy, i.e.

A punched card file disk files of an IBM 305 system The word "file" derives from the Latin filum ("a thread"). "File" was used in the context of computer storage as early as January 1940. In Punched Card Methods in Scientific Computation, W. J. Eckert stated, "The first extensive use of the early Hollerith Tabulator in astronomy was made by Comrie. He used it for building a table from successive differences, and for adding large numbers of harmonic terms".

In computer storage, SAF-TE (abbreviated from SCSI Accessed Fault-Tolerant Enclosure) is an industry standard to interface an enclosure to a (parallel) SCSI subsystem to gain access to information or control for various elements and parameters. These include temperature, fan status, slot status (populated/empty), door status, power supplies, alarms, and indicators (e.g. LEDs, LCDs).SAF-TE IR 1.0 Introduction Practically, any given SAF-TE device will only support a subset of all possible sensors or controls.

Web pages are typically HTML or XHTML documents. Both types of documents consist, at a fundamental level, of characters, which are graphemes and grapheme-like units, independent of how they manifest in computer storage systems and networks. An HTML document is a sequence of Unicode characters. More specifically, HTML 4.0 documents are required to consist of characters in the HTML document character set : a character repertoire wherein each character is assigned a unique, non-negative integer code point.

Red Hat Gluster Storage, formerly Red Hat Storage Server, is a computer storage product from Red Hat. It is based on open source technologies such as GlusterFS and Red Hat Enterprise Linux. The latest release, RHGS 3.1, combines Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL 6 and also RHEL 7) with the latest GlusterFS community release, oVirt, and XFS File System. In April 2014, Red Hat re- branded GlusterFS-based Red Hat Storage Server to "Red Hat Gluster Storage".

Large amounts of sequence data generated from analyzing diverse microbial communities are a challenge to store, organize and analyse. The problem is exacerbated by the short reads provided by the high-throughput sequencing platform that will be the standard instrument used in the EMP project. Improved algorithms, improved analysis tools, huge amounts of computer storage, and access to many thousands of hours of supercomputer time will be necessary. Another challenge will be the large number of sequencing errors that are expected.

In physics, photon-induced electric field poling is a phenomenon whereby a pattern of local electric field orientations can be encoded in a suitable ferroelectric material, such as perovskite. The resulting encoded material is conceptually similar to the pattern of magnetic field orientations within the magnetic domains of a ferromagnet, and thus may be considered as a possible technology for computer storage media. The encoded regions are optically active (have a varying index of refraction) and thus may be "read out" optically.

The gigabit is a multiple of the unit bit for digital information or computer storage. The prefix giga (symbol G) is defined in the International System of Units (SI) as a multiplier of 109 (1 billion, short scale),The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty: SI prefixes and therefore. :1 gigabit = = . The gigabit has the unit symbol Gbit or Gb. Using the common byte size of 8 bits, 1 Gbit is equal to 125 megabytes (MB) or approximately 119 mebibytes (MiB).

Areal density is a measure of the quantity of information bits that can be stored on a given length of track, area of surface, or in a given volume of a computer storage medium. Generally, higher density is more desirable, for it allows more data to be stored in the same physical space. Density therefore has a direct relationship to storage capacity of a given medium. Density also generally affects the performance within a particular medium, as well as price.

Chavan graduated in Mechanical Engineering from the Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani. After graduation in 1967, he won a UNESCO scholarship in Germany and later moved to pursue a Master of Science degree from the University of California, Berkeley. He wrote articles on computer science; engineering design; and also contributed to research in computerization. He also worked briefly in the US as a design engineer, working on defence electronics, anti-submarine warfare, computer storage systems, and computerisation of Indian languages.

Imaging radar provides its light to illuminate an area on the ground and take a picture at radio wavelengths. It uses an antenna and digital computer storage to record its images. In a radar image, one can see only the energy that was reflected back towards the radar antenna. The radar moves along a flight path and the area illuminated by the radar, or footprint, is moved along the surface in a swath, building the image as it does so.

Dynix menu The 1970s can be characterized by improvements in computer storage, as well as in telecommunications. As a result of these advances, ‘turnkey systems on microcomputers,’ known more commonly as integrated library management systems (ILS) finally appeared. These systems included necessary hardware and software which allowed the connection of major circulation tasks, including circulation control and overdue notices. As the technology developed, other library tasks could be accomplished through ILS as well, including acquisition, cataloguing, reservation of titles, and monitoring of serials.

A full-text database or a complete-text database is a database that contains the complete text of books, dissertations, journals, magazines, newspapers or other kinds of textual documents. They differ from bibliographic databases (which contain only bibliographical metadata, including abstracts in some cases) and non-bibliographic databases (such as directories and numeric databases). One of the earliest systems was IBM STAIRS, introduced in 1973. Full-text databases became common about 1990 when computer storage technology made them economic and technologically possible.

Bell was born in Akron, Ohio and attended the Massachusetts Institute of Technology where he earned a degree in chemistry. After graduation, he worked for Intel as an electrical engineer before founding his own computer storage device company, SemiDisk SystemsKaplan, David E., "Terrorism's next wave", U.S. News Online, November 17, 1997 in 1982. When his company closed in 1992, Bell said he developed a "phobia" of financial and tax-related issues. He had been a Libertarian Party member and described his political beliefs as anarcho-libertarian.

An immediate problem was the use of shift codes which caused a difficulty with computer storage of text. If a part of a message, or only one character, was retrieved, it was not possible to tell which encoding shift should be applied without searching back through the rest of the message for the last shift control. This led to the introduction of the 6-bit TeleTypeSetter (TTS) code. In TTS, the additional bit was used to store the shift state, thus obviating the need for shift characters.

SAN-switch Qlogic with optical Fibre Channel connectors installed In the computer storage field, a Fibre Channel switch is a network switch compatible with the Fibre Channel (FC) protocol. It allows the creation of a Fibre Channel fabric, that is the core component of a storage area network (SAN). The fabric is a network of Fibre Channel devices which allows many-to-many communication, device name lookup, security, and redundancy. FC switches implement zoning, a mechanism that disables unwanted traffic between certain fabric nodes.

San Jose State University leads the field in supplying these industries with more engineering graduates than all other colleges combined. Overall, Santa Clara County's scientific/commercial renaissance has, with justification, been compared to the earlier European Renaissance. The creation of lasers, nuclear magnetic resonance, random access computer storage, disk drives, integrated circuits, personal computers, open-heart surgery, inkjet printers, gene- splicing and other advances in such a short span of time has placed Santa Clara County firmly in history as a unique location whose creative energies have changed the world.

In computing, PC Card is a configuration for computer parallel communication peripheral interface, designed for laptop computers. Originally introduced as PCMCIA, the PC Card standard as well as its successors like CardBus were defined and developed by the Personal Computer Memory Card International Association (PCMCIA). It was originally designed as a standard for memory- expansion cards for computer storage. The existence of a usable general standard for notebook peripherals led to many kinds of devices being made available based on its configurability, including network cards, modems, and hard disks.

A Video-Enhanced Grave Marker (VEGM) is a Western-style tombstone equipped with weatherproofed video playback that can be initiated by remote control. The VEGM, invented by Robert Barrows of San Mateo, California, would allow its owner to record messages to be played to any visitor to the site with a remote control. The stones would be equipped with weatherproofed video playback and recording devices plus computer storage and a monitor placed within a weather- proofed, hollowed-out headstone. , Barrows estimated that the costs of the VEGMs might start at about USD$8000 to $10,000.

In computer storage, zone bit recording (ZBR) is a method used by disk drives to optimize the tracks for increased data capacity. It does this by placing more sectors per zone on outer tracks than on inner tracks. This contrasts with other approaches, such as constant angular velocity (CAV) -drives, where the number of sectors per track are the same. On a disk consisting of roughly concentric tracks – whether realized as separate circular tracks or as a single spiral track – the physical track length (circumference) is increased as it gets farther from the centre hub.

Single-level storage (SLS) or single-level memory is a computer storage term which has had two meanings. The two meanings are related in that in both, pages of memory may be in primary storage (RAM) or in secondary storage (disk); however, the current actual physical location of a page is unimportant to a process. It originally meant what is now usually called virtual memory, which was introduced in 1962 by the Atlas system at Manchester.One-Level Storage System, T. Kilburn, D.B.G. Edwards, M.J. Lanigan, F.H. Sumner, IRE Trans.

Interactive TV Web. Broadcast Engineering Basics Broadcast studios and control rooms are now already digital in large part, using non- linear editing and digital signal processing for what used to take a great deal of time or money, if it was even possible at all. Mixing consoles for both audio and video are continuing to become more digital in the 2000s, as is the computer storage used to keep digital media libraries. Effects processing and TV graphics can now be realized much more easily and professionally as well.

Bo Jiang, a researcher working on "source code for high technology imaging" at NASA's Langley Research Center, was arrested for lying to a federal officer on March 16, 2013, at Washington Dulles International Airport before returning to China. Jiang allegedly told the FBI that he was carrying fewer computer storage devices than he was. He was accused of espionage by Representative Frank Wolf, and was investigated for possible violations of the Arms Export Control Act. An affidavit said that Jiang had previously brought a NASA laptop with sensitive information to China.

The Canadian contribution includes the investigation of the genetic basis for pancreatic cancer as well and the computer storage and manipulation of the data for the project. The Multiple Sclerosis Society of Canada announced in 2009 the establishment of a network of five research centres, one each in the five regions of Canada. The centres, each with links to regional teaching hospitals and universities, will search for a cure for that disease. The Canadian Foundation for AIDS Research, established in Toronto in 1987, conducts studies related to finding a cure for this disease.

In the 1960s, the company designed and sold C-System computerized message switching equipment, built an intranet, and began implementing computer storage of design data for circuit boards and assemblies. They had a goal of automating all functions from parts ordering and inventory to factory scheduling to generation of maintenance provisioning. With products technically successful and far ahead of their time in many respects, Mr. Collins continued to invest in development at a rate that could not be supported by sales when a downturn occurred, and began to have financial problems.

In computer storage, a logical unit number, or LUN, is a number used to identify a logical unit, which is a device addressed by the SCSI protocol or Storage Area Network protocols which encapsulate SCSI, such as Fibre Channel or iSCSI. A LUN may be used with any device which supports read/write operations, such as a tape drive, but is most often used to refer to a logical disk as created on a SAN. Though not technically correct, the term "LUN" is often also used to refer to the logical disk itself.

In computer storage, logical volume management or LVM provides a method of allocating space on mass-storage devices that is more flexible than conventional partitioning schemes to store volumes. In particular, a volume manager can concatenate, stripe together or otherwise combine partitions (or block devices in general) into larger virtual partitions that administrators can re-size or move, potentially without interrupting system use. Volume management represents just one of many forms of storage virtualization; its implementation takes place in a layer in the device-driver stack of an operating system (OS) (as opposed to within storage devices or in a network).

The purpose of storing an index is to optimize speed and performance in finding relevant documents for a search query. Without an index, the search engine would scan every document in the corpus, which would require considerable time and computing power. For example, while an index of 10,000 documents can be queried within milliseconds, a sequential scan of every word in 10,000 large documents could take hours. The additional computer storage required to store the index, as well as the considerable increase in the time required for an update to take place, are traded off for the time saved during information retrieval.

Thus, the longer the light has to travel, the lower the temporal resolution. In another context, there is often a tradeoff between temporal resolution and computer storage. A transducer may be able to record data every millisecond,Pierce, D. A Microsecond Response Pressure Transducer for Blast Wave Measurements but available storage may not allow this, and in the case of 4D PET imaging the resolution may be limited to several minutes. In some applications, temporal resolution may instead be equated to the sampling period, or its inverse, the refresh rate, or update frequency in Hertz, of a TV, for example.

The game was influenced by works that Chahi liked at the time. The art and atmosphere were influenced by science fiction books such as Dune, artists such as Michael Whelan, and comic illustrators such as Richard Corben. Manga such as Dragon Ball influenced the way it suggests a lot with very little, character blurring effects, and charging power attacks. In August 1989, Chahi was impressed by the flat-color animations that the Amiga version of Dragon's Lair had and thought that it would be possible to use vector outlines to create a similar effect using much less computer storage.

Wear leveling (also written as wear levelling) is a technique Wear leveling techniques for flash EEPROM systems. for prolonging the service life of some kinds of erasable computer storage media, such as flash memory, which is used in solid-state drives (SSDs) and USB flash drives, and phase-change memory. There are several wear leveling mechanisms that provide varying levels of longevity enhancement in such memory systems. The term preemptive wear leveling (PWL) has been used by Western Digital to describe their preservation technique used on hard disk drives (HDDs) designed for storing audio and video data.

During the late 2000s, due to the influence of computer storage and retrieval systems such as the Internet, some scientific publications, primarily those published by Elsevier, started including graphical abstracts alongside the text abstracts. The graphic is intended to summarize or be an exemplar for the main thrust of the article. It is not intended to be as exhaustive a summary as the text abstract, rather it is supposed to indicate the type, scope, and technical coverage of the article at a glance. The use of graphical abstracts has been generally well received by the scientific community.

The random-access, low- density storage of disks was developed to complement the already used sequential-access, high-density storage provided by tape drives using magnetic tape. Vigorous innovation in disk storage technology, coupled with less vigorous innovation in tape storage, has reduced the difference in acquisition cost per terabyte between disk storage and tape storage; however, the total cost of ownership of data on disk including power and management remains larger than that of tape. Disk storage is now used in both computer storage and consumer electronic storage, e.g., audio CDs and video discs (VCD, standard DVD and Blu-ray).

The sizes, capabilities, and performance of databases and their respective DBMSs have grown in orders of magnitude. These performance increases were enabled by the technology progress in the areas of processors, computer memory, computer storage, and computer networks. The concept of a database was made possible by the emergence of direct access storage media such as magnetic disks, which became widely available in the mid 1960s; earlier systems relied on sequential storage of data on magnetic tape. The subsequent development of database technology can be divided into three eras based on data model or structure: navigational, SQL/relational, and post-relational.

There is some disagreement as to the boundary between data at rest and data in use. Data at rest generally refers to data stored in persistent storage (disk, tape) while data in use generally refers to data being processed by a computer central processing unit (CPU) or in random access memory (RAM, also referred to as main memory or simply memory). Definitions include: > "...all data in computer storage while excluding data that is traversing a > network or temporarily residing in computer memory to be read or updated." Figure 2: Data at Rest vs Data in Use.

A terabit is a multiple of the unit bit for digital information or computer storage. The prefix tera (symbol T) is defined in the International System of Units (SI) as a multiplier of 1012 (1 trillion, short scale),The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty: SI prefixes and therefore :1 terabit = = = 1000 gigabits. The terabit has the unit symbol Tbit or Tb. The terabit is closely related to the tebibit, a unit multiple derived from the binary prefix tebi of the same order of magnitude,The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty: Prefixes for binary multiples which is equal to = , or approximately 10% larger than the terabit.

The petabit is a multiple of the unit bit for digital information or computer storage. The prefix peta (symbol P) is defined in the International System of Units (SI) as a multiplier of 1015 (1 quadrillion, short scale),The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty: SI prefixes and therefore :1 petabit = = = 1000 terabits. The petabit has the unit symbol Pbit or Pb. The petabit is closely related to the pebibit, a unit multiple derived from the binary prefix pebi of the same order of magnitude,The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty: Prefixes for binary multiples which is equal to = , or approximately 13% larger than the petabit.

The exabit is a multiple of the unit bit for digital information or computer storage. The prefix exa (symbol E) is defined in the International System of Units (SI) as a multiplier of 1018 (1 quintillion, short scale),The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty: SI prefixes and therefore :1 exabit = = = 1000 petabits. The exabit has the unit symbol Ebit or Eb. The exabit is closely related to the exbibit, a unit multiple derived from the binary prefix exbi of the same order of magnitude,The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty: Prefixes for binary multiples which is equal to = , or approximately 15% larger than the exabit.

The zettabit is a multiple of the unit bit for digital information or computer storage. The prefix zetta (symbol Z) is defined in the International System of Units (SI) as a multiplier of 1021 (1 sextillion, short scale),The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty: SI prefixes and therefore :1 zettabit = = = 1000 exabits. The zettabit has the unit symbol Zbit or Zb. The zettabit is closely related to the zebibit, a unit multiple derived from the binary prefix zebi of the same order of magnitude,The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty: Prefixes for binary multiples which is equal to = , or approximately 18% larger than the zettabit.

The yottabit is a multiple of the unit bit for digital information or computer storage. The prefix yotta (symbol Y) is defined in the International System of Units (SI) as a multiplier of 1024 (1 septillion, short scale),The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty: SI prefixes and therefore :1 yottabit = = = 1000 zettabits. The yottabit has the unit symbol Ybit or Yb. The yottabit is closely related to the yobibit, a unit multiple derived from the binary prefix yobi of the same order of magnitude,The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty: Prefixes for binary multiples which is equal to = , or approximately 21% larger than the yottabit.

The impact of surveillance will be increasingly related to the impact of increasing computer storage space and data mining processing speed. A 2005 article by Margaret Papandreou entitled "Is nothing Sacred" also highlights the issue of disequiveillance and how the theft of personal communications with her son undermined her freedom of thought. Mrs Papandreou's personal computer was entered by hackers with malicious intent, with multiple emails, and personal information downloaded and eventually published in book form. The issue of freedom of the press, vs theft of personal property and electronic trespassing, developed into a subsequent legal action against the journalist and member of the Greek Parliament, Liana Kanelli.

In computer storage, the standard RAID levels comprise a basic set of RAID (redundant array of independent disks) configurations that employ the techniques of striping, mirroring, or parity to create large reliable data stores from multiple general-purpose computer hard disk drives (HDDs). The most common types are RAID 0 (striping), RAID 1 (mirroring) and its variants, RAID 5 (distributed parity), and RAID 6 (dual parity). RAID levels and their associated data formats are standardized by the Storage Networking Industry Association (SNIA) in the Common RAID Disk Drive Format (DDF) standard. The numerical values only serve as identifiers and do not signify performance, reliability, generation, or any other metric.

Data scrubbing is an error correction technique that uses a background task to periodically inspect main memory or storage for errors, then corrects detected errors using redundant data in the form of different checksums or copies of data. Data scrubbing reduces the likelihood that single correctable errors will accumulate, leading to reduced risks of uncorrectable errors. Data integrity is a high-priority concern in writing, reading, storage, transmission, or processing of the computer data in computer operating systems and in computer storage and data transmission systems. However, only a few of the currently existing and used file systems provide sufficient protection against data corruption.

In a computer or data transmission system, a reset clears any pending errors or events and brings a system to normal condition or an initial state, usually in a controlled manner. It is usually done in response to an error condition when it is impossible or undesirable for a processing activity to proceed and all error recovery mechanisms fail. A computer storage program would normally perform a "reset" if a command times out and error recovery schemes like retry or abort also fail. Most computers have a reset line that brings the device into the startup state and is active for a short time after powering on.

Data migration is the process of selecting, preparing, extracting, and transforming data and permanently transferring it from one computer storage system to another. Additionally, the validation of migrated data for completeness and the decommissioning of legacy data storage are considered part of the entire data migration process. Data migration is a key consideration for any system implementation, upgrade, or consolidation, and it is typically performed in such a way as to be as automated as possible, freeing up human resources from tedious tasks. Data migration occurs for a variety of reasons, including server or storage equipment replacements, maintenance or upgrades, application migration, website consolidation, disaster recovery, and data center relocation.

Solid-state storage (sometimes abbreviated as SSS) is a type of non-volatile computer storage that stores and retrieves digital information using only electronic circuits, without any involvement of moving mechanical parts. This differs fundamentally from the traditional electromechanical storage, which records data using rotating or linearly moving media coated with magnetic material. Solid-state storage devices typically store data using electrically- programmable non-volatile flash memory, however some devices use battery- backed volatile random-access memory (RAM). Having no moving mechanical parts, solid-state storage is much faster than traditional electromechanical storage; as a downside, solid-state storage is significantly more expensive and suffers from the write amplification phenomenon.

Distributed Processing Technology (DPT) was founded in 1977, in Maitland, Florida. DPT was an early pioneer in computer storage technology, popularizing the use of disk caching in the 1980s and 1990s. DPT was the first company to design, manufacture and sell microprocessor-based intelligent caching disk controllers to the OEM computer market. Prior to DPT, disk caching technology had been implemented in proprietary hardware in mainframe computing to improve the speed of disk access. DPT PM2554 and PM3754112 SCSI RAID disk controllers EISA Fast SCSI Controller PM2022 DPT’s first product: PM3001 caching floppy disk controller DPT's products popularized the use of disk caching in the 1980s.

Dr. Eugen Pavel is a Romanian scientist and the inventor of the Hyper CD-ROM, a 3D optical data storage medium with an initial capacity of 1PB and with a theoretical capacity of 100 EBThe Register, 19 January 2012 Holographic storage's corpse twitches on a single disc. It is considered by some to be the next revolution in computer storage. Dr. Pavel graduated with a physics degree from the University of Bucharest in 1976.Hyper CD-ROM: Three Dimensional Optical Memory with Fluorescent Photosensitive Glass He was awarded the Romanian Academy Prize in 1991 and obtained his doctorate in Physics from the Romanian Institute of Atomic Physics in 1992.

Many of these were founded by entrepreneurs who had emerged from the two companies of which he had been CEO: D & N Systems / SQL Solutions and from Epoch Systems. Since D & N Systems / SQL Solutions was an early strong player in the relational database field and Epoch Systems was in a similar position in hierarchical storage management, they were both natural breeding grounds from which strong startups would emerge. Incidentally, one of Davoli's greatest investment successes, Vignette Corporation, was founded by two ex-Epoch Systems employees, Ross Garber and Neil Webber, but had nothing to do with computer storage. Garber and Webber sought out Davoli to provide seed investment funds to start their company but did not even really know what they were going to do.

Although Mamer has developed mainly as a residential area, it has also experienced substantial progress in industry and commerce. Its most successful private company, Ceratizit (formerly Cerametal), now with some 950 employees,Télécran, Luxembourg: Cératizit aus Mamer, 6/2007, 3 February 2007 has become a world player in hard materials for wear protection and cutting tools. There are also a number of construction companies in the area, a laundry, a company specializing in computer storage and data protection , a branch of the huge GlaxoSmithKline pharmaceuticals company as well as a private investment bank and some smaller financial institutions and consultants. In addition, the commercial development area between Mamer and Capellen has attracted a number of sophisticated stores and a substantial amount of new office space.

A PCI-attached IO Accelerator SSD An mSATA SSD with an external enclosure 512 GB Samsung 960 PRO NVMe M.2 SSD A solid-state drive (SSD) is a solid-state storage device that uses integrated circuit assemblies to store data persistently, typically using flash memory, and functioning as secondary storage in the hierarchy of computer storage. It is also sometimes called a solid-state device or a solid-state disk, even though SSDs lack the physical spinning disks and movable read–write heads used in hard disk drives (HDDs) and floppy disks. Compared with the electromechanical drives, SSDs are typically more resistant to physical shock, run silently, and have quicker access time and lower latency. SSDs store data in semiconductor cells.

From a computational point of view, working with band matrices is always preferential to working with similarly dimensioned square matrices. A band matrix can be likened in complexity to a rectangular matrix whose row dimension is equal to the bandwidth of the band matrix. Thus the work involved in performing operations such as multiplication falls significantly, often leading to huge savings in terms of calculation time and complexity. As sparse matrices lend themselves to more efficient computation than dense matrices, as well as in more efficient utilization of computer storage, there has been much research focused on finding ways to minimise the bandwidth (or directly minimise the fill-in) by applying permutations to the matrix, or other such equivalence or similarity transformations.

On this hard disk drive, the controller board contains a RAM integrated circuit used for the disk buffer. A 500 GB Western Digital hard disk drive with a 16 MB buffer In computer storage, disk buffer (often ambiguously called disk cache or cache buffer) is the embedded memory in a hard disk drive (HDD) acting as a buffer between the rest of the computer and the physical hard disk platter that is used for storage. Modern hard disk drives come with 8 to 256 MiB of such memory, and solid-state drives come with up to 4 GB of cache memory. Since the late 1980s, nearly all disks sold have embedded microcontrollers and either an ATA, Serial ATA, SCSI, or Fibre Channel interface.

In 1988, he accepted a position at Yale University and in 2000, he was named the Percey F. Smith Professor of Mathematics at Yale University from 2000 until his death in 2011. Orszag has won numerous awards including Sloan Fellowship and Guggenheim Fellowship, the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Fluid and Plasmadynamics Award, the Otto Laporte Award of the American Physical Society, and the Society of Engineering Science's G. I. Taylor Medal. Orszag specialized in fluid dynamics, especially turbulence, computational physics and mathematics, electronic chip manufacturing, computer storage system design, and other topics in scientific computing. His work included the development of spectral methods, pseudo-spectral methods, direct numerical simulations, renormalization group methods for turbulence, and very-large-eddy simulations.

On October 14, 2014, Barry Freundel, a Jewish scholar, Rabbi, and religious studies and philosophy professor at Towson University was suspended after being arrested in connection to allegations that he secretly videotaped women as they used a religious bath known as a mikvah near his Georgetown synagogue. One victim was a student of Freundel's at Towson, and was encouraged by the professor to take “practice dunks” in the mikvah, though she was not Jewish and had no intention of converting. Authorities reported dozens of students may have also been taken on these “dunking field trips.” After serving a search warrant on Freundel's Towson office, police found a number of computer storage devices, hidden cameras concealed in items such as tissue boxes and a clock radio, and a list of handwritten names.

Percentage difference between decimal and binary interpretations of the unit prefixes grows with increasing storage size Despite standardization efforts, ambiguity still exists in the meanings of the SI (or metric) prefixes used with the unit byte, especially concerning the prefixes kilo (k or K), mega (M), and giga (G). Computer memory has a binary architecture in which multiples are expressed in powers of 2. In some fields of the software and computer hardware industries a binary prefix is used for bytes and bits, while producers of computer storage devices practice adherence to decimal SI multiples. For example, a computer disk drive capacity of 100 gigabytes is specified when the disk contains 100 billion bytes of storage space, which is the equivalent of approximately 93 gibibytes using the binary prefix gibi.

The number of notes and file sizes that could be played back have grown with the rising amount of processing and 64-bit programs computers are able to handle, and while Black MIDIs of Japanese video game music and anime are still common, the genre has also begun spilling into modern-day pop songs, such as "Wrecking Ball" by Miley Cyrus. Despite this increased computer storage, there are still Black MIDI files that could cause an operating system to slow down. The three largest black MIDIs are "Armageddon v3," "TheTrueEnd," and "Ashes," all of which contain the maximum number of notes allowed in the MIDI standard (about 93 trillion). Due to the nature of their creation and their sheer size, they are unable to be played back and recorded.

Logical block addressing (LBA) is a common scheme used for specifying the location of blocks of data stored on computer storage devices, generally secondary storage systems such as hard disk drives. LBA is a particularly simple linear addressing scheme; blocks are located by an integer index, with the first block being LBA 0, the second LBA 1, and so on. The IDE standard included 22-bit LBA as an option, which was further extended to 28-bit with the release of ATA-1 (1994) and to 48-bit with the release of ATA-6 (2003), whereas the size of entries in on-disk and in-memory data structures holding the address is typically 32 or 64 bits. Most hard disk drives released after 1996 implement logical block addressing.

A solution was found in flash memory, which is an electronic non- volatile computer storage media that can be electrically erased and reprogrammed. Solid-state storage typically uses the NAND type of flash memory, which may be written and read in chunks much smaller than the entire size of the storage device. The size of a minimal chunk (page) for read operations is much smaller than the minimal chunk size (block) for write/erase operations, resulting in an undesirable phenomenon called write amplification that limits the random write performance and write endurance of flash-based solid-state storage devices. Another type of solid-state storage devices uses volatile random-access memory (RAM) combined with a battery that allows the contents of RAM to be preserved for a limited amount of time after the device's power supply is interrupted.

Large StorageTek Powderhorn tape library, showing tape cartridges with barcodes packed on shelves in the front and a robot arm moving in the back ADIC Scalar 100 tape library, showing a robot visible on the bottom with two IBM LTO2 tape drives behind it In computer storage, a tape library, sometimes called a tape silo, tape robot or tape jukebox, is a storage device that contains one or more tape drives, a number of slots to hold tape cartridges, a barcode reader to identify tape cartridges and an automated method for loading tapes (a robot). Additionally, the area where tapes that are NOT currently in a silo are stored is also called a tape library. Tape libraries can contain millions of tapes. One of the earliest examples was the IBM 3850 Mass Storage System (MSS), announced in 1974.

The GUID Partition Table (GPT) is a standard for the layout of partition tables of a physical computer storage device, such as a hard disk drive or solid-state drive, using universally unique identifiers, which are also known as globally unique identifiers (GUIDs). Forming a part of the Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) standard (Unified EFI Forum- proposed replacement for the PC BIOS), it is nevertheless also used for some BIOS systems, because of the limitations of master boot record (MBR) partition tables, which use 32 bits for logical block addressing (LBA) of traditional 512-byte disk sectors. All modern personal computer operating systems support GPT. Some, including macOS and Microsoft Windows on the x86 architecture, support booting from GPT partitions only on systems with EFI firmware, but FreeBSD and most Linux distributions can boot from GPT partitions on systems with either firmware interface: the legacy BIOS or the modern EFI.

Literally shredding paper documents prior to their disposal is a commonplace physical information security control, intended to prevent the information content - if not the media - from falling into the wrong hands. Digital data can also be shredded in a figurative sense, either by being strongly encrypted or by being repeatedly overwritten until there is no realistic probability of the information ever being retrieved, even using sophisticated forensic analysis: this too constitutes a physical information security control since the purged computer storage media can be freely discarded or sold without compromising the original information content. The two techniques may be combined in high-security situations, where digital shredding of the data content is followed by physical shredding and incineration to destroy the storage media. Many organizations restrict physical access to controlled areas such as their offices by requiring that people present valid identification cards, proximity passes or physical keys.

If a comparable digital source is copied without returning to the analogue domain, then the DAT will produce an exact clone, unlike other digital media such as Digital Compact Cassette or non-Hi-MD MiniDisc, both of which use a lossy data reduction system. Like most formats of videocassette, a DAT cassette may only be recorded and played in one direction, unlike an analog compact audio cassette, although many DAT recorders had the capability to record program numbers and IDs, which can be used to select an individual track like on a CD player. Although intended as a replacement for analog audio compact cassettes, the format was never widely adopted by consumers because of its expense, as well as concerns from the music industry about unauthorized high-quality copies. The format saw moderate success in professional markets and as a computer storage medium, which was developed into the Digital Data Storage format.

A NetApp FAS is a computer storage product by NetApp running the ONTAP operating system; the terms ONTAP, AFF, ASA, FAS are often used as synonyms. "Filer" is also used as a synonym although this is not an official name. There are three types of FAS systems: Hybrid, All-Flash, and All SAN Array: # NetApp proprietary custom-build hardware appliances with HDD or SSD drives called hybrid Fabric-Attached Storage (or simply FAS) # NetApp proprietary custom- build hardware appliances with only SSD drives and optimized ONTAP for low latency called ALL-Flash FAS (or simply AFF) # All SAN Array build ontop of AFF platform, and provide only SAN-based data protocol connectivity. ONTAP can serve storage over a network using file-based protocols such as NFS and SMB, also block-based protocols, such as the SCSI over the Fibre Channel Protocol on a Fibre Channel network, Fibre Channel over Ethernet (FCoE), iSCSI, and FC- NVMe transport layer.

Multipath access to a RAID using Linux DM Multipath (Legend: "HBA" = Host bus adapter, "SAN" = Storage area network) In computer storage, multipath I/O is a fault-tolerance and performance-enhancement technique that defines more than one physical path between the CPU in a computer system and its mass-storage devices through the buses, controllers, switches, and bridge devices connecting them. As an example, a SCSI hard disk drive may connect to two SCSI controllers on the same computer, or a disk may connect to two Fibre Channel ports. Should one controller, port or switch fail, the operating system can route the I/O through the remaining controller, port or switch transparently and with no changes visible to the applications, other than perhaps resulting in increased latency. Multipath software layers can leverage the redundant paths to provide performance-enhancing features, including dynamic load balancing, traffic shaping, automatic path management, and dynamic reconfiguration.

LaCie began life as two separate computer storage companies: in 1989 as électronique d2 in Paris, France, and in 1987 as LaCie in Tigard, Oregon (later Portland, Oregon), USA. In 1995, électronique d2 acquired La Cie, and later adopted the name 'LaCie' for all of its operations. At the early founding stages of both companies, both focused their businesses on IT storage solutions, based on the SCSI interface standard for connecting external devices to computers. SCSI was adopted by Apple Computer as its main peripheral interface standard and the market for both LaCie and d2 became closely, but not exclusively, associated with the Macintosh platform. In Europe, the French company électronique d2 was founded in 1989 by Pierre Fournier and Philippe Spruch, working from their apartment in the 14th arrondissement of Paris. d2's main activity was assembling hard drives in external SCSI casings and selling them as peripheral devices. By 1990, the company had outgrown its small beginnings and moved to new 900 square meter premises in rue Watt, also in Paris. By this stage, designing casings was no longer sufficient for d2 to maintain a competitive edge, and so the company began to develop its own products and invest in R&D.