71 Sentences With "command line interpreter"

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Wine is usually invoked from the command-line interpreter: `wine program.exe`.
A command that adds command history, macro functionality, and improved editing features to the command- line interpreter. The command is available in MS-DOS versions 5 and later.
NET 4.2, Windows CE 5.0 and Windows Embedded CE 6.0 it is also referred to as Command Processor Shell. The ReactOS implementation of is derived from FreeCOM, the FreeDOS command line interpreter.
It was backwards-compatible with 16-bit Eclipse applications, used the same command-line interpreter as the 16-bit Eclipse, and achieved improved 32-bit performance over the VAX 11/780 while using fewer components.
In computing, a command-line interpreter, or command language interpreter, is a blanket term for a certain class of programs designed to read lines of text entered by a user, thus implementing a command-line interface.
This way the boot disk can be removed without the need to reinsert it after a big application has been stopped. The command line interpreter will be reloaded from the ram disk instead of the boot disk.
Every version of Microsoft Windows for personal computers has included a command line interpreter (CLI) for managing the operating system. Its predecessor, MS-DOS, relied exclusively on a CLI. These are `COMMAND.COM` in MS-DOS and Windows 9x, and `cmd.
One could also start subtasks, using so-called "Son" batch process. This was done using the CLI (Command Line Interpreter). It resulted (de facto) in an online batchprocess. This process would, however be killed as soon as the user would log-off.
It is named in HP MPE/iX. The command is analogous to the Stratus OpenVOS command. is frequently included built directly into a command-line interpreter. This is the case in most of the Unix shells (Bourne shell, tcsh, bash, etc.), `cmd.
Pseudo-pipelines are available as of SpartaDOS X version 4.42. Batch files can contain structured conditionals such as IF ... ELSE ... FI, GOTO, GOSUB, procedures, and loops. The environment variable $COMSPEC may point to an alternative command-line interpreter, to be loaded instead of COMMAND.COM.
Two of the more important registers are CHROMREG and CHROMRES, the chromatographic data registers. Other special registers exist for the UV-vis implementation of the software. ChemStation has a command line interpreter and can run macros. Those macros are files grouping a set of commands.
' or ' is one of the environment variables used in DOS, OS/2 and Windows, which normally points to the command line interpreter, which is by default in DOS, Windows 95, 98, and ME or in OS/2 and Windows NT. The variable name is written in all-uppercase under DOS and OS/2. Under Windows, which also supports lowercase environment variable names, the variable name is inside the DOS emulator NTVDM and for any DOS programs, and under CMD.EXE. The variable's contents can be displayed by typing or at the command prompt. The environment variable by default points to the full path of the command line interpreter.
It provided a simple command line interpreter, a text editor and access to DFS, ADFS or NFS file systems via the I/O processor. Targeted at the academic and scientific user community, it came bundled with compilers for the FORTRAN 77, C, Pascal and LISP programming languages.
From version 2.2 on, Jython (including the standard library) is released under the Python Software Foundation License (v2). Older versions are covered by the Jython 2.0, 2.1 license and the JPython 1.1.x Software License. The command line interpreter is available under the Apache Software License.
The MOS command line interpreter features a rather unusual idea: abbreviation of commands. To save typing a dot could be used after the first few characters, such as for and for . was abbreviated to alone. , the command to catalogue (list) a cassette or disc, can be abbreviated down to .
4DOS is a command-line interpreter by JP Software, designed to replace the default command interpreter `COMMAND.COM` in Microsoft DOS and Windows. It was written by Rex C. Conn and Tom Rawson and first released in 1989. Compared to the default, it has a large number of enhancements.
The AEGIS command interface was similar to Unix, in that it had a command line interpreter which understood pipes, redirection, scripting, etc., and invoked other commands as separate programs, but the actual commands themselves were designed to be easier to remember and use than their sometimes cryptic Unix equivalents, and wildcards were expected to be expanded by individual commands rather than by the command line interpreter itself. One noticeable and very useful feature was the ability to embed environment variables in symbolic links, which, for example, allowed the user to switch between different versions of Unix simply by setting the SYSTYPE environment variable accordingly; symbolic links then pointed to the correct versions of the files.
Most command-line interpreters support scripting, to various extents. (They are, after all, interpreters of an interpreted programming language, albeit in many cases the language is unique to the particular command-line interpreter.) They will interpret scripts (variously termed shell scripts or batch files) written in the language that they interpret. Some command-line interpreters also incorporate the interpreter engines of other languages, such as REXX, in addition to their own, allowing the executing of scripts, in those languages, directly within the command-line interpreter itself. Conversely, scripting programming languages, in particular those with an eval function (such as REXX, Perl, Python, Ruby or Jython), can be used to implement command-line interpreters and filters.
Windows uses 32-bit unsigned integers as exit codes, although the command interpreter treats them as signed. If a process fails initialization, a Windows system error code may be returned. Exit codes are directly referenced, for example, by the command line interpreter CMD.exe in the `errorlevel` terminology inherited from DOS. .
It has since then gained widespread use and distribution. MSYS (a contraction of "Minimal System") was introduced as a Bourne shell command line interpreter system with the aim of better interoperability with native Windows software. In 2018, following a disagreement with SourceForge about the administration of its mailing lists, MinGW migrated to OSDN.
Often seen as caret notation to show control characters, for instance means the control character with value 1. The command-line interpreter, cmd.exe, of Windows uses the circumflex to escape reserved characters (most other shells use the backslash). For instance to pass a less-than sign as an argument to a program you type .
COM command line interpreter (shell), and core utilities were created by pooling code they had written or found available. There were several official pre-release distributions of FreeDOS before the FreeDOS 1.0 distribution was released on 3 September 2006. Made available under the GNU General Public License (GPL), FreeDOS does not require license fees or royalties.
TUI window for a man page. Another text window for a Unix shell is partially visible. In computing, a shell is a command-line interpreter which exposes access to an operating system's services. In general, operating system shells use either a command-line interface (CLI) or graphical user interface (GUI), depending on a computer's role and particular operation.
Concise Command Language (CCL) was the term used by Digital Equipment Corporation for the Command-line interpreter / User interface supplied on several of their computing systems; its successor was named DIGITAL Command Language (DCL). CCL provides the user with an extensive set of terminal commands."Concise Command Language" (CCL). The first system to include CCL was DEC's PDP-10.
Screenshot of the ReactOS console window after the title was changed to "Wikipedia" using the `title` command In case of Microsoft Windows it is a shell builtin of the command-line interpreter `cmd.exe`. The command is available in Windows 2000 and later. It is compatible with Windows Console and Windows Terminal. The default window title is defined in the %COMSPEC% environment variable.
Qshell is an optional command-line interpreter (shell) licensed program for IBM i operating environment. Qshell is based on POSIX and X/Open standards. The utilities (or commands) are external programs that provide additional functions. To determine if the Qshell Interpreter licensed program is installed on IBM i, from the operating system command line type GO LICPGM and press the Enter key.
The command on Microsoft Windows In Microsoft's command-line interpreter Windows PowerShell, `kill` is a predefined command alias for the `Stop-Process` cmdlet. Microsoft Windows XP, Vista and 7 include the command `taskkill` to terminate processes. The usual syntax for this command is `taskkill /im "IMAGENAME"`. An "unsupported" version of `kill` was included in several releases of the Microsoft Windows Resource Kits available for Windows 98.
AIPS runs under the X Window System with commands entered interactively using a command-line interpreter called POPS. Although relatively primitive, this gives access to a useful collection of e.g. mathematical functions, logical operators and flow control statements. Commands can also be placed in a text file which makes repeating complicated procedures much more convenient and which can be used to create data-reduction pipelines.
These ROMs also held the SuperBASIC interpreter, an advanced variant of BASIC programming language with structured programming additions. This also acted as the QDOS command-line interpreter. Facilities provided by QDOS included management of processes (or "jobs" in QDOS terminology), memory allocation, and an extensible "redirectable I/O system", providing a generic framework for filesystems and device drivers. Very basic screen window functionality was also provided.
In computing, `dir` (directory) is a command in various computer operating systems used for computer file and directory listing. It is one of the basic commands to help navigate the file system. The command is usually implemented as an internal command in the command-line interpreter (shell). On some systems, a more graphical representation of the directory structure can be displayed using the `tree` command.
COM command line interpreter (by Villani and Norman), and core utilities (by Hall) were created by pooling code they had written or found available. For some time, the project was maintained by Morgan "Hannibal" Toal. There have been many official pre-release distributions of FreeDOS before the final FreeDOS 1.0 distribution. GNU/DOS, an unofficial distribution of FreeDOS, was discontinued after version 1.0 was released.
Commands can be entered with the mouse (making extensive use of mouse chording), keystrokes, and with a command line interface. All applications share one command line interpreter implementation, which adapts to various types of usage. The graphical abilities of the window system are based on the PostScript graphics model. The user interface is mostly in monochrome (black and white) since that was what the hardware console typically provided.
The SpartaDOS X default user interface is a command-line interpreter with the same name as the one used by MS-DOS: COMMAND.COM. The SpartaDOS X COMMAND.COM program is less than 4 KB and includes roughly 45 internal commands such as DIR, CD, DEL etc. I/O redirection uses "<<" and ">>" instead of "<" and ">" of UNIX and other systems (this is because the ">" sign is the SpartaDOS native path separator).
Instead of basing the command processor on CP/M's CCP, which was known for some user unfriendliness, a command line interpreter (COMMAND.COM) based on its MS-DOS counterpart was used. Microsoft also chose its own FAT12 file system over CP/M's filing methods. This ensured that MSX-DOS floppies could be used on an MS-DOS machine, and that only one single formatting and filing system would be used.
Command- line completion in PowerShell. In a command-line interpreter, such as Unix's sh or bash, or Windows's cmd.exe or PowerShell, or in similar command line interfaces, autocomplete of command names and file names may be accomplished by keeping track of all the possible names of things the user may access. Here autocomplete is usually done by pressing the key after typing the first several letters of the word.
An rc session rc (for "run commands") is the command line interpreter for Version 10 Unix and Plan 9 from Bell Labs operating systems. It resembles the Bourne shell, but its syntax is somewhat simpler. It was created by Tom Duff, who is better known for an unusual C programming language construct ("Duff's device"). (PDF; 1990 version) A port of the original rc to Unix is part of Plan 9 from User Space.
In a June 29, 1994 post, Hall announced an effort to create a free DOS, called PD-DOS, writing: Within a few weeks, other programmers including Pat Villani and Tim Norman joined the project. A kernel, the COMMAND.COM command line interpreter (shell) and core utilities were created by pooling code they had written or found available. Hall wrote over a dozen of the first DOS utilities for the project, mostly file and batch utilities.
Apple Computer's CommandShell in A/UX 3.0.1 Operating system (OS) command-line interfaces are usually distinct programs supplied with the operating system. A program that implements such a text interface is often called a command-line interpreter, command processor or shell. Examples of command-line interpreters include DEC's DIGITAL Command Language (DCL) in OpenVMS and RSX-11, the various Unix shells (sh, ksh, csh, tcsh, zsh, bash, etc.), CP/M's CCP, DOS' COMMAND.
In CP/M-86, Concurrent CP/M-86, Personal CP/M-86, S5-DOS, DOS Plus, Concurrent DOS, FlexOS, Multiuser DOS, System Manager and REAL/32 as well as by SCP1700, CP/K and K8918-OS, CMD is the filename extension used by CP/M-style executable programs. It corresponds to COM in CP/M-80 and EXE in DOS. The same extension is used by the command-line interpreter CMD.EXE in OS/2 and Windows for batch files.
COM command line interpreter. The name of the operating system was subsequently officially changed to FreeDOS to reflect the spelling used in the book. Internally, the FreeDOS kernel was still significantly different from MS-DOS, which, while no problem for embedded applications specifically written for FreeDOS, caused various compatibility issues in conjunction with misbehaving DOS applications. Villani and other contributors analyzed and addressed many of these issues over the years for FreeDOS to become much more MS-DOS compatible.
Here are some commands given to a command-line interpreter (Unix shell). The following command changes the user's working position in the directory tree to the directory /home/pete. The utility program is cd and the argument is /home/pete: cd /home/pete The following command prints the text Hello World on the standard output stream, which, in this case, just prints the text on the screen. The program name is echo and the argument is "Hello World".
The original Amiga CLI (Command Line Interface) had some basic editing capabilities, command templates, and other features such as ANSI compatibility and color selection. In AmigaOS 1.3, the program evolved into a complete text-based shell called AmigaShell, with command history and enhanced editing capabilities. Third-party developers created improved shells because the console-handler standard command line device driver (or "handler" in Amiga technical language) is independent of the command-line interpreter. This program controlled text-based interfaces into Amiga.
SuperBASIC is an advanced variant of the BASIC programming language with many structured programming additions. It was developed at Sinclair Research by Jan Jones during the early 1980s. Originally SuperBASIC was intended as the BASIC interpreter for a home computer code-named SuperSpectrum, then under development. This project was later cancelled; however, SuperBASIC was subsequently included in the ROM firmware of the Sinclair QL microcomputer (announced in January 1984), also serving as the command line interpreter for the QL's QDOS operating system.
The Bourne shell (`sh`) is a shell, or command-line interpreter, for computer operating systems. The Bourne shell was the default shell for Version 7 Unix. Unix-like systems continue to have `/bin/sh`—which will be the Bourne shell, or a symbolic link or hard link to a compatible shell—even when other shells are used by most users. Developed by Stephen Bourne at Bell Labs, it was a replacement for the Thompson shell, whose executable file had the same name—`sh`.
However the manufacturers designed the aiming computer with WiFi capabilities, so the shooter could upload video of their shots. Sandvik and Auger found they could initiate a Unix shell command line interpreter, and use it to alter parameters the aiming computer relies on, so that it will always miss its targets. They found that a knowledgeable hacker could use the shell to acquire root access. Acquiring root access allowed an interloper to erase all the aiming computer's software—"bricking" the aiming computer.
Early versions of OS/8 had a very rudimentary command-line interpreter with very few basic commands: GET, SAVE, RUN, ASSIGN, DEASSIGN, and ODT. With version 3 they added a more sophisticated overlay called CCL (Concise Command Language) that implemented many more commands. OS/8's CCL was directly patterned after the CCL found on Digital's PDP-10 systems running TOPS-10. In fact, much of the OS/8 software system was deliberately designed to mimic, as closely as possible, the TOPS-10 operating environment.
COM, as well as the OS/2 and the Windows CMD.EXE programs, the latter groups being based heavily on DEC's RSX-11 and RSTS CLIs. Under most operating systems, it is possible to replace the default shell program with alternatives; examples include 4DOS for DOS, 4OS2 for OS/2, and 4NT / Take Command for Windows. Although the term 'shell' is often used to describe a command-line interpreter, strictly speaking, a 'shell' can be any program that constitutes the user-interface, including fully graphically oriented ones.
These System 3000s used a command-line interpreter, with a three-level hierarchical file system, and utilities such as compilers would resemble "run fortran.pub.sys" rather than allowing programs to be run as keyword commands. Later the systems gained a wide range of languages including COBOL and FORTRAN, Pascal, C, and even a version of RPG to assist in winning business away from IBM. People who used the HP 3000 noticed from the 1970s onward that machines were more reliable compared to other mainframe and minicomputers of the time.
A batch file is a script file in DOS, OS/2 and Microsoft Windows. It consists of a series of commands to be executed by the command-line interpreter, stored in a plain text file. A batch file may contain any command the interpreter accepts interactively and use constructs that enable conditional branching and looping within the batch file, such as `IF`, `FOR`, and `GOTO` labels. The term "batch" is from batch processing, meaning "non-interactive execution", though a batch file may not process a batch of multiple data.
AIPS++ is structured as a library of tools at the lower levels, designed to replace AIPS of more monolithic applications. In general, the counterpart of an AIPS task is an AIPS++ tool function, although the toolkit structure of AIPS++ will generally mean that these functions are more fine-grained, except for the more integrated tools at the higher levels (such as map). The counterparts of AIPS adverbs are the parameters of AIPS++tool functions. The command-line interpreter in AIPS is POPS, while the counterpart in AIPS++ is Glish.
The first operating systems for the GEC 4000 series were COS (Core Operating System) and DOS (Disk Operating System). These were basically single-user multi-tasking operating systems, designed for developing and running Process control type applications. OS4000 was first released around 1977. It reused many of the parts of DOS, but added multi-user access, OS4000 JCL Command-line interpreter, Batch processing, OS4000 hierarchical filesystem (although on- disk format very similar to the non-hierarchical DOS filesystem). OS4000 JCL was based on the Cambridge University Phoenix command interpreter.
16-bit AOS applications ran natively under AOS/VS and AOS/VS II on the 32-bit Eclipse MV line. AOS/VS (Advanced Operating System/Virtual Storage) was the most commonly used DG software product, and included a command-line interpreter (CLI) allowing for complex scripting, DUMP/LOAD, and other custom components. The 16-bit version of the CLI is famous for including an Easter egg taken directly from the Colossal Cave Adventure game. A user typing in the command "xyzzy" would get back a response from the CLI of "Nothing Happens".
Running TeX on this file (for example, by typing `tex myfile.tex` in a command-line interpreter, or by calling it from a graphical user interface) will create an output file called myfile.dvi, representing the content of the page in a device independent format (DVI). A DVI file could then either be viewed on screen or converted to a suitable format for any of the various printers for which a device driver existed (printer support was generally not an operating system feature at the time that TeX was created).
The term command-line interpreter (CLI) is applied to computer programs designed to interpret a sequence of lines of text which may be entered by a user, read from a file or another kind of data stream. The context of interpretation is usually one of a given operating system or programming language. Command-line interpreters allow users to issue various commands in a very efficient (and often terse) way. This requires the user to know the names of the commands and their parameters, and the syntax of the language that is interpreted.
Mirapoint Email Appliance is a Unix-like standards-compliant black-box e-mail server, with built-in anti-spam, anti-virus, webmail, POP, IMAP, calendar, and LDAP routing options available. System configuration and maintenance is done through a web interface, or through SSH or telnet access to a command line interpreter (CLI). Full access to the Unix-like Messaging Operating System (MOS) is not available. Depending on the model and configuration the appliances can be used as email routers, user mail servers, or as an all-in- one server.
SYS SHELL replacing the default COMMAND.COM command line interpreter. On 386 PCs with a minimum of 4 MB of RAM, the floppy would boot the DR-DOS 7.02 based browser operating system complete with memory manager, RAM disk, dial-up modem, LAN, mouse and display drivers and automatically launch into the graphical browser, without ever touching the machine's hard disk in order not to interfere with other systems installed on the machine and to demonstrate its potential usage in diskless workstations. Users could start browsing the web or accessing mails immediately after entering their access credentials.
Later, Bell Labs withdrew from the MULTICS project. In order to go on playing the game, Thompson found an old PDP-7 machine and rewrote Space Travel on it. Eventually, the tools developed by Thompson became the Unix operating system: Working on a PDP-7, a team of Bell Labs researchers led by Thompson and Ritchie, and including Rudd Canaday, developed a hierarchical file system, the concepts of computer processes and device files, a command-line interpreter, pipes for easy inter- process communication, and some small utility programs. In 1970, Brian Kernighan suggested the name "Unix", in a pun on the name "Multics".
This processor would then be excluded from the system, and the computer would restart. In continuous operation mode the fault-checking pairs were duplicated, so that if an error occurred the second pair could immediately take over the calculations. Also of historical note was that the operating system (OSIRIS), applications, development tools, and every other piece of BiiN software was written exclusively in Ada — perhaps the largest non-military use of that programming language. There was a command line interpreter CLI, that resembled a lot command shells' functionality only a couple of years later, like editable history and so forth.
Otherwise, UniFLEX was very similar to Unix Version 7, though some command names were slightly different. There was no technical reason for the renaming apart from achieving some level of command-level compatibility with its single-user sibling FLEX. By simply restoring the Unix style names, a considerable degree of "Unix Look & Feel" could be established, though due to memory limitations the command line interpreter (shell) was less capable than the Bourne Shell known from Unix Version 7. Memory management included swapping to a dedicated portion of the system disk (even on floppies) but only whole processes could be swapped in and out, not individual pages.
The command-line shell may offer features such as command-line completion, where the interpreter expands commands based on a few characters input by the user. A command-line interpreter may offer a history function, so that the user can recall earlier commands issued to the system and repeat them, possibly with some editing. Since all commands to the operating system had to be typed by the user, short command names and compact systems for representing program options were common. Short names were sometimes hard for a user to recall, and early systems lacked the storage resources to provide a detailed on-line user instruction guide.
Take Command Console (TCC), formerly known as 4DOS for Windows NT (4NT), is a command-line interpreter by JP Software, designed as a substitute for the default command interpreter in Microsoft Windows, CMD.EXE."Take Command is a powerful Windows GUI command interpreter", todaysoftware.net"Review: Take Command 14 command line utility is easier to use than PowerShell" by Erez Zukerman, PC World, 30 November 2012 Take Command was the name that JP Software used for their GUI command-line interpreters for Windows 3.1 (TC16), Windows 32-bit (TC32) and later OS/2 Presentation Manager (TCOS2). These were released concurrently with version 4DOS 5.5, 4NT 2.5 and 4OS2 2.52.
Development not finished, stopped with version 0.9. ; ScriptBasic : Cross platform (ANSI C) Open source embeddable interpreter/API. The ScriptBasic project is primarily an embeddable scripting API with examples of a command line interpreter and multi-threaded HTTP application server running as a service. ; sdlBasic : Free, multiplatform, based on core of wxBasic, but uses the SDL library. ; SEGA BASIC : SEGA version of BASIC dedicated to SEGA SC-3000 computer ; Sharp BASIC : (Sharp pocket computers) ; Simons' BASIC : A cartridge-based utility that added 114 additional keywords to the standard BASIC 2.0 on the Commodore 64 computer ; Simple BASIC : for Windows R3 Intermedia Language version Traditional BASIC, made for scientific purpose.
Bash session in GNOME Terminal 3, Fedora 15 Windows PowerShell 1.0, running on Windows Vista A command-line interface (CLI) processes commands to a computer program in the form of lines of text. The program which handles the interface is called a command-line interpreter or command-line processor. Operating systems implement a command-line interface in a shell for interactive access to operating system functions or services. Such access was primarily provided to users by computer terminals starting in the mid-1960s, and continued to be used throughout the 1970s and 1980s on VAX/VMS, Unix systems and personal computer systems including DOS, CP/M and Apple DOS.
One of the new features of GoLive version 5 was Dynamic Link, which was a method of creating dynamic, database-driven web content without the need to know a server-side language and with full WYSIWYG support in the GoLive user interface. GoLive had a powerful set of extensibility API which could be used to add additional functionality to the product. The GoLive SDK provided interfaces which allowed developers to use a combination of XML, JavaScript and C/C++ to create plugins for the product.Adobe GoLive SDK The extensibility API allowed developers access to custom drawing and event handling using JavaScript, as well as a full JavaScript debugger and command line interpreter.
Unix systems are characterized by various concepts: the use of plain text for storing data; a hierarchical file system; treating devices and certain types of inter-process communication (IPC) as files; and the use of a large number of software tools, small programs that can be strung together through a command-line interpreter using pipes, as opposed to using a single monolithic program that includes all of the same functionality. These concepts are collectively known as the "Unix philosophy". Brian Kernighan and Rob Pike summarize this in The Unix Programming Environment as "the idea that the power of a system comes more from the relationships among programs than from the programs themselves".Kernighan, Brian W. Pike, Rob.
After studying physics at the University of New Hampshire (1978–1982), Snover worked as architect and development manager for Tivoli NetView at Tivoli Software (IBM), and as a consulting software engineer in the DEC management group at Apollo Computer, where he led various network and systems management projects. He also worked at Storage Technology Corporation, and various start-up companies. Snover joined Microsoft in 1999 as divisional architect for the Management and Services Division, providing technical direction for Microsoft's management technologies and products. Snover is known primarily as the "father" and chief architect of Microsoft's object-oriented command line interpreter Windows PowerShell, whose development began under the codename "Monad" (msh) at the beginning of 2003.
Using the monitor and keyboard, modern operating systems like Linux and the BSD derivatives feature virtual consoles, which are mostly independent from the hardware used. When using a graphical user interface (or GUI) like the X Window System, one's display is typically occupied by a collection of windows associated with various applications, rather than a single stream of text associated with a single process. In this case, one may use a terminal emulator application within the windowing environment. This arrangement permits terminal-like interaction with the computer (for running a command-line interpreter, for example) without the need for a physical terminal device; it can even allow the running of multiple terminal emulators on the same device.
While he still had access to the Multics environment, he wrote simulations for the new file and paging system on it. He also programmed a game called Space Travel, but it needed a more efficient and less expensive machine to run on, and eventually he found a little-used Digital Equipment Corporation PDP-7 at Bell Labs. On the PDP-7, in 1969, a team of Bell Labs researchers led by Thompson and Ritchie, including Rudd Canaday, implemented a hierarchical file system, the concepts of computer processes and device files, a command-line interpreter, and some small utility programs, modeled on the corresponding features in Multics, but simplified. The resulting system, much smaller and simpler than Multics, was to become Unix.
However, most DOS applications are not aware of this extension and will consequently discard such directory paths as invalid. JP Software's command line interpreter 4DOS supports floating drives on operating systems also supporting it. In a similar feature, Concurrent DOS, Multiuser DOS, System Manager and REAL/32 will dynamically assign a drive letter L: to the load path of a loaded application, thereby allowing applications to refer to files residing in their load directory under a standardized drive letter instead of under an absolute path. This load drive feature makes it easier to move software installations on and across disks without having to adapt paths to overlays, configuration files or user data stored in the load directory or subsequent directories.
Lazzara, 273 McIDAS accepted data from a number of sources. Cloud imagery was buffered on tape and then fed in as needed, data from the Synchronous Meteorological Satellite could be fed in directly from a satellite feed at 1.7 MB a second, FAA data at 75 bit/s, or National Weather Service radar at 1200 bit/s. All of this data could be overlaid on hand-drawn vector maps. The system was later extended to support data from the Earth Resources Technology Satellite and the Mariner planetary probes.Lazzara, 274 A command line interpreter allowed the user to call up data with short commands, `YK T 500 1200 USA` would generate a display of the 500 mb temperature data from the 1200 UTC measurements over the USA.
Version 2.0 adds support for truecolor images, alpha channels, resampling (for smooth resizing of truecolor images), and many other features. GD supports numerous programming languages including C, PHP, Perl, Python, OCaml, Tcl, Lua, Pascal, GNU Octave, REXX, Ruby and Go. In addition, the "Fly" command line interpreter allows for image creation ("on the fly") using GD. GD scripts can thus be written in potentially any language and run using this tool. GD is extensively used with PHP, where a modified version supporting additional features is included by default as of PHP 4.3 and was an option before that. As of PHP 5.3, a system version of GD may be used as well, to get the additional features that were previously available only to the bundled version of GD.

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