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301 Sentences With "codeword"

How to use codeword in a sentence? Find typical usage patterns (collocations)/phrases/context for "codeword" and check conjugation/comparative form for "codeword". Mastering all the usages of "codeword" from sentence examples published by news publications.

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How does a platform like Facebook police harassment conducted via codeword?
Eight email chains were Top Secret (TS) and seven TS Codeword/Special Access Program.
These dissociative personalities then carry out the government's dirty business when triggered by a codeword.
There are very few computers that are capable of even accessing the codeword-classified system.
This is a standalone computer system reserved for codeword-level intelligence information , such as covert action.
The title means "chaos" in Arabic and is the commandos' codeword for when an operation goes awry.
The transcript of the phone call was ultimately placed on the NSC's top-secret codeword level server.
On the postcards that summoned the members to operations, the codeword "Arnold" meant all-hands-on-deck.
Each of them was shocked that the Trump administration used the codeword system for a presidential phone call.
"'Gang' becomes a codeword for people of color that don't fit a certain paradigm," Mitchell told me on the phone.
Then, Eisenberg and other NSC lawyers allegedly decided the July 25 call readout would be moved to a codeword server.
His Breitbart is a proud bastion of the "alt-right" — codeword for the racist, white nationalist wing of the Republican Party.
It's not clear if the codeword system was used for the Ukraine call or if access was restricted in some other way.
When BuzzFeed News reached out to Markota for comment Thursday, she said the video was about "cheese pizza" being a codeword for pedophilia.
Eisenberg's decision to move the call record to the codeword system following his conversation with Vindman was first reported by The Washington Post.
They also reveal that nearly 200 top-secret, codeword-protected documents were left in a former senator's office after she was voted out in 2013.
If it had, FEMA would have activated a special dedicated AT&T party line and announced nuclear war using the day's specific emergency authentication codeword.
The White House put out a rough summary of the conversation, but the full transcript is on a top-secret, codeword National Security Council server.
It is also a safe bet that, under Pence, the days of sharing codeword-level intelligence with Russian diplomats in the Oval Office would be over.
The former official with knowledge of the system added that he had never seen transcripts put on that codeword system during his time in the Obama administration.
If hiding politically embarrassing material, rather than protecting national security secrets, was the motive, experts and former officials said, it would be an abuse of the codeword system.
"McMurphy" is the codeword for patients who emerge from the Pill C process in a vegetative state, their minds having been captured in the matrix by GRTA the computer.
Consistent with the whistleblower's complaint, our reporting indicates that the transcript of the Ukraine call is not the only one the White House "locked down" in NSC's codeword system.
After 9/22000, Bush and Vice President Dick Cheney instituted a new system known as "Top Secret Codeword/Threat Matrix," under which they demanded to personally review raw intelligence.
And Vindman said Eisenberg then moved a transcript of the phone call to a top-secret codeword level NSC server typically used to store sensitive information pertaining to national security.
Like phone calls that Trump had with Ukraine, Saudi Arabia and Russia, records of the phone call with Xi were also reportedly transferred to a highly-classified, codeword-protected system.
Kamala Harris, who has been knocked for being "cautious" (also a codeword with race and gender implications), took on the "electability" argument and framed it about race and gender and region.
" Jones said it is impossible to access the codeword-level system outside of the White House, and that any "president wouldn't have the first idea of how to get into it.
The White House has not explained why it selectively put certain head of state calls into the codeword system, even when the content wasn't highly classified, such as the Ukraine call.
One such codeword was "acoustic software," which seems about as far as possible from a program designed to evade standards testing by detecting testing conditions and altering engine settings to feign compliance.
Messages on the latter often centered on the topic of "fruit," a codeword for the high-powered, illegal fireworks the group obtained from the Czech Republic and Poland to make its bombs.
White House lawyers then took the unusual step of moving the transcript of the call to a top-secret, codeword NSC server typically used to house sensitive information pertaining to US national security.
Almost everyone who uses the codeword-classified system (save for, say, the president) is only given access to specific projects on the system; there isn't blanket access to everything classified in this way.
The sender gives money to a shopkeeper in one country, who calls a shopkeeper in another country so that the receiver can collect an equivalent amount there through a codeword provided by the first shopkeeper.
It has blended with another meaning, used as a codeword that bridges from Israel to the wider Jewish world, hinting at the age-old, antisemitic notion of a shadowy, global power, operating behind the scenes.
According to the whistleblower, records of the US-Ukraine phone call were removed from the system that is designated for storing such materials (and that is accessible by cabinet-level officials) and was moved to a highly secure system reserved for "codeword information," intelligence at the highest level of classification there is in the US. The ISIS intelligence Trump shared with the Russians was considered codeword-level information before he declassified it; phone calls with world leaders are rarely, if ever, given that classification.
What they're saying: "In the course of attacking the enemy Lyra McKee was tragically killed while standing beside enemy forces," the New Ira said in its statement, which The Irish News reports used a recognised codeword.
During a standoff over George W. Bush nominees in 2003, Republicans discussed invoking the parliamentary move by using the codeword "The Hulk" since it, like the superhero alter ego, cannot be controlled once it is unleashed.
The cover-up, in which White House officials and lawyers scrambled to bury transcripts of the phone call on a top-secret codeword server because they feared they&aposd just witnessed the president commit a crime.
The lawyers then decided to move the record of the call into the NSC's top-secret codeword system—a server normally used to store highly classified material that only a small group of officials can access.
Eisenberg told Vindman not to tell anyone else about what he heard, and a transcript of the phone call was moved to a top-secret codeword NSC server typically used to house sensitive information pertaining to national security.
Eisenberg also warned officials not to tell anyone about the phone call and had a transcript of the conversation moved to a top-secret, codeword NSC server typically used to house sensitive information pertaining to US national security.
One of those officials with direct knowledge of the system also said the ability to log who accessed specific documents in the codeword system "seems consistent with some of the controls in place" on the system under Obama.
The depositions have also revealed that Eisenberg took steps to conceal the content of the call, by moving it to a top-secret codeword system and instructing Vindman, who listened to the call, not to discuss it with anyone.
And like other calls with the leaders of Ukraine, Russia and Saudi Arabia, records of Trump's call with Xi were moved to a highly-classified, codeword-protected system, greatly limiting the number of administration officials who were aware of the conversation.
In 2014, emails from the Sony hack revealed that the MPAA and six studios were laser-focused on taking down "Goliath" — what appeared in context to be a codeword for Google — through strategies such as collaborating with ISPs and state attorneys general.
It said they took the unusual step of moving the official transcript from the computer system such documents are typically stored in and into a top-secret codeword-level system in the National Security Council that houses information pertaining to US national security.
Vindman testified that John Eisenberg, the NSC's chief lawyer, instructed him not to tell anyone about the call, and that a transcript of it was placed on a top-secret, codeword server typically used to house sensitive information pertaining to US national security.
The Trump White House upgraded the security of the National Security Council's codeword system in the spring of 2018, according to two former Trump White House officials familiar with the matter, as part of an effort to ferret out and deter leaks.
"Most, if not all," officials who would need to have access to call readouts as part of carrying out their regular duties in advising on foreign affairs and implementing the administration's policies, she added, "would not have access" to the codeword system.
What the whistleblower is alleging here, however, is that White House aides deliberately tried to hide the July 25 call by putting it in a "standalone computer system" reserved for what the whistleblower described as "codeword-level intelligence information" — like covert actions.
According to White House officials I spoke with, this was "not the first time" under this Administration that a Presidential transcript was placed into this codeword-level system solely for the purpose of protecting politically sensitive — rather than national security sensitive — information .
The complaint said: "According to White House officials I spoke with, this was 'not the first time' under this Administration that a Presidential transcript was placed into this codeword-level system solely for the purpose of protecting politically sensitive — rather than national security sensitive — information."
"I would LOVE a roadmap like this from the Russians or Chinese," said one former intelligence official, referring to the report's extensive description of how the Crossfire Hurricane team—named after the codeword given to the FBI's Russia probe—determined the authenticity of certain intelligence.
One person familiar with the matter told CNN it was possible Eisenberg ordered the call transcript placed into the codeword system after his initial call with the CIA's top lawyer to "preserve" the record since he realized it could become a matter of a legal issue.
Such a move could undermine the credibility of his testimony -- especially since he was responsible for the staff who moved call readouts to the codeword server and signed off on the memoranda of the President's conversation, as well as the scheduling request for Trump's July 25 call.
Following Trump's July call with Zelensky, Vindman confirmed that there were talks among staff attorneys with the National Security Council regarding "the best way to manage" the readout of the leaders' conversation, which resulted in the rough transcript being stored in a top-secret codeword system.
Each of these must be accessed using a different computer: "Basically, unless the conversation is about codeword-level stuff, it wouldn't be generated and transmitted on that system," Nate Jones, the founder of Culper Partners and the former director of counterterrorism at the NSC told Motherboard.
A whistleblower alleges the Trump administration broke protocol to place notes from a call with Zelensky (in which the president asked his Ukrainian counterpart to investigate the DNC emails and potential presidential rival Joe Biden) in a codeword-level system meant only for top government secrets.
"According to White House officials I spoke with, this was 'not the first time' under this Administration that a Presidential transcript was placed into this codeword-level system solely for the purpose of protecting politically sensitive—rather than national security sensitive—information," the whistleblower complaint adds.
They were apparently unnerved by it, sources told me, so Hill could probably fill in some blanks for Democrats about what was going on in the NSC at the time — including the practice of concealing Trump's calls with foreign leaders on the NSC's top secret codeword system.
It's revealed for the first time in Vindman's testimony that Michael Ellis, a White House lawyer and John Eisenberg's deputy, was the first to suggest placing the record of Trump's July 25 call with Zelensky into a top-secret codeword system that would restrict other officials from accessing it.
The report describes White House officials who were directed to move the call transcript from a place commonly known to be used for storing transcripts of calls with world leaders to a more secure server only known to be used to store "codeword" highly sensitive information, including information about covert operations.
Three of them—two of whom were granted anonymity to discuss the specifics of highly sensitive and potentially classified filing systems—said that they are unaware of even a single instance in which details of a presidential call with a foreign head of state was stored in the codeword-level system.
The material was marked with additional restrictions and assigned a unique codeword, limiting access to a small number of officials who needed to know that U.S. spy agencies had concluded that two Russian intelligence agencies or their proxies were targeting the Democratic National Committee, the central organizing body of the Democratic Party.
Officials told the whistleblower they were "directed" by White House lawyers to remove the electronic transcript from the computer system such documents are typically stored in and to place it in a codeword-level system, a National Security Council server meant to house classified and highly sensitive information pertaining to US national security.
Natasha: I'm curious whether the National Security Council's lawyer, John Eisenberg, will emerge as a scapegoat for the White House, especially as it tries to explain why Trump's call transcripts — including the one documenting his conversation with the Ukrainian president — were placed in an ultrasecret codeword system meant to conceal the records from scrutiny.
Alexander Vindman, a decorated Army officer who served as the National Security Council's director for Ukraine, told lawmakers in October that Ellis and Eisenberg were the ones who decided to move the record of Trump's phone call with Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelensky into the NSC's top-secret codeword system—a server normally used to store highly classified material that only a small group of officials can access.
One White House official described this act as an abuse of this electronic system because the call did not contain anything remotely sensitive from a national security perspective... According to White House officials I spoke with, this was 'not the first time' under this Administration that a Presidential transcript was placed into this codeword-level system solely for the purpose of protecting politically sensitive — rather than national security sensitive — information.
Just a few clicks away from a music video declaring whites the master race I ran into a video created by "fashygamer1488" with the following text: "Hey goys, its [me] here with another video, please write ur comments below, no (((jews))) or googles allowed (Google is a secret alt-right codeword that means the N word lol)…" Again, racial slurs are traded for common, unsearchable words to keep the content just barely underground.
Within a codeword 7-bit characters are packed from left to right (MSB to LSB). The LSB of an ASCII character is sent first (is the MSB in the codeword) as per standard ASCII transmission conventions, so viewed as bits inside a codeword the characters are bit reversed.
In telecommunication, a paired disparity code is a line code in which at least one of the data characters is represented by two codewords of opposite disparity that are used in sequence so as to minimize the total disparity of a longer sequence of digits. A particular codeword of any line code can either have no disparity (the average weight of the codeword is zero), negative disparity (the average weight of the codeword is negative), or positive disparity (the average weight of the codeword is positive). In a paired disparity code, every codeword that averages to a negative level (negative disparity) is paired with some other codeword that averages to a positive level (positive disparity). In a system that uses a paired disparity code, the transmitter must keep track of the running DC buildup the running disparity and always pick the codeword that pushes the DC level back towards zero.
After a precursor EOI study with the codeword Zoster, President Nixon on 23 September 1971 approved the development of an EOI satellite under the initial codeword Zaman. In November 1971, this codeword was changed to Kennen, which is Middle English for "to perceive." Data is transmitted through a network of communications satellites; the Satellite Data System.
Thus, the separation between consecutive inputs = nd symbols. Let the length of codeword \leqslant n. Thus, each symbol in the input codeword will be on distinct delay line. Let a burst error of length \ell occur.
In coding theory, a cyclic code is a block code, where the circular shifts of each codeword gives another word that belongs to the code. They are error- correcting codes that have algebraic properties that are convenient for efficient error detection and correction. If 00010111 is a valid codeword, applying a right circular shift gives the string 10001011. If the code is cyclic, then 10001011 is again a valid codeword.
Note that locally decodable codes are not a subset of locally testable codes, though there is some overlap between the two. Codewords are generated from the original message using an algorithm that introduces a certain amount of redundancy into the codeword; thus, the codeword is always longer than the original message. This redundancy is distributed across the codeword and allows the original message to be recovered with good probability even in the presence of errors. The more redundant the codeword, the more resilient it is against errors, and the fewer queries required to recover a bit of the original message.
The second trial is to seek for a codeword that is itself a prefix of w. In our example, we have w = 10, and the sequence 1 is a codeword. We can thus also continue with w'=0 as the new dangling suffix.
This codeword was reportedly suggested by Commander Geoffrey Colpoys, RN, who served in the RN OIC.
In the Dutch phonetic radio alphabet, the codeword represents the IJ. This is clearly different from the codeword Ypsilon, which is used to represent the Y. Dutch and Belgian armed forces use the official NATO phonetic alphabet, "Y" is "Yankee" and "IJ" is spelled out "India Juliett".
A constacyclic code is a linear code with the property that for some constant λ if (c1,c2,...,cn) is a codeword then so is (λcn,c1,...,cn-1). A negacyclic code is a constacyclic code with λ=-1. A quasi-cyclic code has the property that for some s, any cyclic shift of a codeword by s places is again a codeword. A double circulant code is a quasi-cyclic code of even length with s=2.
Doctors also internally referred to the fugitive "Koch" patients using the code-letter "K". According to Sacerdoti this was merely and internal code to indicate those who should stay separate. Ossicini attributes the idea of the K codeword to Sacerdoti. Sacerdoti however, remembered it as no more than an anecdote and when asked to identify the source of the codeword, responded: "I don't know, it was something people said" Sacerdoti did not give much significance to the codeword .
Locally decodable codes are error- correcting codes for which single bits of the message can be probabilistically recovered by only looking at a small (say constant) number of positions of a codeword, even after the codeword has been corrupted at some constant fraction of positions. Locally testable codes are error-correcting codes for which it can be checked probabilistically whether a signal is close to a codeword by only looking at a small number of positions of the signal.
If the compressed file uses a variable width encoding it could be present a problem: for example, let “100” be the codeword for a and let “110100” be the codeword for b. If we are looking for an occurrence of a in the text we could obtain as result also an occurrence that is within the codeword of b: we call this event false match. So we have to verify if the occurrence detected is effectively aligned on a codeword boundary. However we could always decode the entire text and then apply a classic string matching algorithm, but this usually requires more space and time and often is not possible, for example if the compressed file is hosted online.
The codeword for symbol i is chosen to be the first l_i binary digits in the binary expansion of c_i.
This shows that adding one in the algorithm above never overflows and creates a codeword that is longer than intended.
In information theory an entropy encoding is a lossless data compression scheme that is independent of the specific characteristics of the medium. One of the main types of entropy coding creates and assigns a unique prefix-free code to each unique symbol that occurs in the input. These entropy encoders then compress data by replacing each fixed-length input symbol with the corresponding variable-length prefix-free output codeword. The length of each codeword is approximately proportional to the negative logarithm of the probability of occurrence of that codeword.
The decoding process interprets a garbled codeword, referred to as simply a word, as the valid codeword "nearest" the n-letter received string. Mathematically, there are exactly qm possible messages of length m, and each message can be regarded as a vector of length m. The encoding scheme converts an m-dimensional vector into an n-dimensional vector. Exactly qm valid codewords are possible, but any one of qn words can be received because the noisy channel might distort one or more of the n letters when a codeword is transmitted.
Local list decoders are another interesting subset of local decoders. List decoding is useful when a codeword is corrupted in more than \delta/2 places, where \delta is the minimum Hamming distance between two codewords. In this case, it is no longer possible to identify exactly which original message has been encoded, since there could be multiple codewords within \delta distance of the corrupted codeword. However, given a radius \epsilon, it is possible to identify the set of messages that encode to codewords that are within \epsilon of the corrupted codeword.
The shortest codeword problem in coding theory is the same problem as Min-RVLS[=] when the coefficients are in GF(2).
FCDCN was developed to provide a form of compensation that provides greater recognition accuracy than SDCN but in a more computationally-efficient manner than the CDCN algorithm. The FCDCN algorithm applies an additive correction that depends on the instantaneous SNR of the input (like SDCN), but that can also vary from codeword to codeword (like CDCN).
In contrast, locally decodable codes use a small number of bits of the codeword to probabilistically recover the original information. The fraction of errors determines how likely it is that the decoder correctly recovers the original bit; however, not all locally decodable codes are locally testable. Clearly, any valid codeword should be accepted as a codeword, but strings that are not codewords could be only one bit off, which would require many (certainly more than a constant number) probes. To account for this, testing failure is only defined if the string is off by at least a set fraction of its bits.
In coding theory, a balanced code is a binary forward error correction code for which each codeword contains an equal number of zero and one bits. Balanced codes have been introduced by Donald Knuth; they are a subset of so-called unordered codes, which are codes having the property that the positions of ones in a codeword are never a subset of the positions of the ones in another codeword. Like all unordered codes, balanced codes are suitable for the detection of all unidirectional errors in an encoded message. Balanced codes allow for particularly efficient decoding, which can be carried out in parallel.
Because any polynomial that is a multiple of the generator polynomial is a valid BCH codeword, BCH encoding is merely the process of finding some polynomial that has the generator as a factor. The BCH code itself is not prescriptive about the meaning of the coefficients of the polynomial; conceptually, a BCH decoding algorithm's sole concern is to find the valid codeword with the minimal Hamming distance to the received codeword. Therefore, the BCH code may be implemented either as a systematic code or not, depending on how the implementor chooses to embed the message in the encoded polynomial.
A CRC-enabled device calculates a short, fixed-length binary sequence, known as the check value or CRC, for each block of data to be sent or stored and appends it to the data, forming a codeword. When a codeword is received or read, the device either compares its check value with one freshly calculated from the data block, or equivalently, performs a CRC on the whole codeword and compares the resulting check value with an expected residue constant. If the CRC values do not match, then the block contains a data error. The device may take corrective action, such as rereading the block or requesting that it be sent again.
Capture and destruction of the canal bridge would be signalled using the codeword 'Jack'; 'Lard' would be used if a similar fate befell the river bridge.
It is also revealed that the codeword and keyword for the serum are "Room V" and "Tyranny" respectively; the Man uses this information to organize a resistance.
There was another chain Indiana using 46.79 MHz but it was not in use by 1943. An emergency frequency (XF) of 50.5 MHz, codeword Zanesville, was allocated.
97; Dennis Wheatley, 1954, The Devil Rides Out, London, Arrow Books, pp. 7, 124-125 and 136; Dennis Wheatley, 1961, Codeword – Golden Fleece, London, Arrow Books, p.
Shannon's method starts by deciding on the lengths of all the codewords, then picks a prefix code with those word lengths. Given a source with probabilities p_1, p_2, \dots, p_n the desired codeword lengths are l_i = \lceil -\log_2 p_i \rceil. Here, \lceil x \rceil is the ceiling function, meaning the smallest integer greater than or equal to x. Once the codeword lengths have been determined, we must choose the codewords themselves.
Any codeword of cyclic code of blocklength n can be represented by a polynomial c(x) of degree at most n - 1. Its encoder can be written as c(x) = a(x)g(x). Therefore in frequency domain encoder can be written as C_j = A_jG_j. Here codeword spectrum C_j has a value in GF(q^m) but all the components in the time domain are from GF(q).
Nigger died on 16 May 1943, the day of the "Dam Busters" raid, when he was hit by a car. He was buried at midnight as Gibson was leading the raid. The dog's name was used as a single codeword whose transmission conveyed that the Möhne Dam had been breached. In the film, the dog was portrayed in several scenes; his name and the codeword were mentioned several times.
SAP documents require special marking to indicate their status. The words SPECIAL ACCESS REQUIRED, followed by the program nickname or codeword, are placed in the document's banner line.
Average number of daily Ultra dispatches to field commanders during the second World War Army- and air force-related intelligence derived from signals intelligence (SIGINT) sources—mainly Enigma decrypts in Hut 6—was compiled in summaries at GC&CS; (Bletchley Park) Hut 3 and distributed initially under the codeword "BONIFACE", implying that it was acquired from a well placed agent in Berlin. The volume of the intelligence reports going out to commanders in the field built up gradually. Naval Enigma decoded in Hut 8 was forwarded from Hut 4 to the Admiralty Operational Intelligence Centre (OIC), which distributed it initially under the codeword "HYDRO". The codeword "ULTRA" was adopted in June 1941.
Another code property is the number of neighbors that a single codeword may have. Again, consider pennies as an example. First we pack the pennies in a rectangular grid.
The decoders described in this section use the BCH view of a codeword as a sequence of coefficients. They use a fixed generator polynomial known to both encoder and decoder.
Lengthening the codeword is needed in that approach to achieve sufficient dynamic range. This approach was implemented in a device from Analog Devices Inc., protected through a 1981 patent filing.
Royal Observer Corps reports following a reading on any BPI were prefixed with the codeword "Tocsin" e.g. "Tocsin Shrewsbury 56 post - (time) oh five fifty five - pressure two point six".
Transmission without interleaving: Error-free message: Transmission with a burst error: Here, each group of the same letter represents a 4-bit one-bit error-correcting codeword. The codeword is altered in one bit and can be corrected, but the codeword is altered in three bits, so either it cannot be decoded at all or it might be decoded incorrectly. With interleaving: Error-free code words: Interleaved: Transmission with a burst error: Received code words after deinterleaving: In each of the codewords "", "", "", and "", only one bit is altered, so one-bit error-correcting code will decode everything correctly. Transmission without interleaving: Original transmitted sentence: Received sentence with a burst error: The term "" ends up mostly unintelligible and difficult to correct.
Decoding via standard array does not guarantee that all vectors are decoded correctly. If we receive the vector 1010, using the standard array above would decode the message as 1110, a codeword distance 1 away. However, 1010 is also distance 1 away from the codeword 1011. In such a case some implementations might ask for the message to be resent, or the ambiguous bit may be marked as an erasure and a following outer code may correct it.
In coding theory, a covering code is a set of elements (called codewords) in a space, with the property that every element of the space is within a fixed distance of some codeword.
This led to further work that made the system much more secure and prefigured modern security engineering techniques. Break-ins became very rare once the second-generation hardware base was adopted; it had hardware support for ring-oriented security, a multilevel refinement of the concept of master mode. A US Air Force tiger team project tested Multics security in 1973 under the codeword ZARF. On 28 May 1997, the American National Security Agency declassified this use of the codeword ZARF.
During World War II, a dog named Nigger, a black Labrador belonged to Royal Air Force Wing Commander Guy Gibson. In 1943, Gibson led the successful Operation Chastise attack on dams in Nazi Germany. The dog's name was used as a single codeword whose transmission conveyed that the Möhne dam had been breached. In Michael Anderson's 1955 film The Dam Busters, based on the raid, the dog was portrayed in several scenes; his name and the codeword were mentioned several times.
EST, but the message's codeword, "HATEFULNESS" again, was incorrect. A cancellation message with the correct codeword, "IMPISH", was not sent until 10:13 a.m. EST After 40 minutes and six incorrect or improperly formatted cancellation messages, the accidental activation was officially terminated. On June 26, 2007, an EAN was accidentally activated for the state of Illinois, when new satellite delivery equipment for the EAS was accidentally left connected to a live network during what was meant to be a closed-circuit test.
The encoding process consists of the following steps: # Converting the source message to a string of bits # Computing the necessary symbol size and mode message, which determines the Reed–Solomon codeword size # Bit-stuffing the message into Reed–Solomon codewords # Padding the message to a codeword boundary # Appending check codewords # Arranging the complete message in a spiral around the core All conversion between bits strings and other forms is performed according to the big-endian (most significant bit first) convention.
Here b(x) defines the pattern and x^i defines the starting point of error. Length of the pattern is given by degb(x) + 1. The syndrome polynomial is unique for each pattern and is given by s(x) = e(x)\mod g(x) A linear block code that corrects all burst errors of length t or less must have at least 2t check symbols. Proof: Because any linear code that can correct burst pattern of length t or less cannot have a burst of length 2t or less as a codeword because if it did then a burst of length t could change the codeword to burst pattern of length t, which also could be obtained by making a burst error of length t in all zero codeword.
A systematic code is one in which the message appears verbatim somewhere within the codeword. Therefore, systematic BCH encoding involves first embedding the message polynomial within the codeword polynomial, and then adjusting the coefficients of the remaining (non-message) terms to ensure that s(x) is divisible by g(x). This encoding method leverages the fact that subtracting the remainder from a dividend results in a multiple of the divisor. Hence, if we take our message polynomial p(x) as before and multiply it by x^{n-k} (to "shift" the message out of the way of the remainder), we can then use Euclidean division of polynomials to yield: :p(x)x^{n-k} = q(x)g(x) + r(x) Here, we see that q(x)g(x) is a valid codeword.
The arrival of any radioactive fallout at the post was reported immediately with the codeword FIRST FALLOUT followed by post designation and the time e.g. "First Fallout - Shrewsbury 56 post - Oh three fifty two".
Sherrie also noticed that the woman's magazines were shipped to the name "Monica Devereaux". Kathy did not believe the woman since she didn't remember much from her childhood, including the inheritance and the codeword "Mohawk".
A Codeword is a single word expressed in CAPITAL letters that follows the security classification to providing security cover for a particular asset or event. They are usually only applied to SECRET and TOP SECRET assets.
The idempotent of C is a codeword e such that e2 = e (that is, e is an idempotent element of C) and e is an identity for the code, that is e c = c for every codeword c. If n and q are coprime such a word always exists and is unique; it is a generator of the code. An irreducible code is a cyclic code in which the code, as an ideal is irreducible, i.e. is minimal in R, so that its check polynomial is an irreducible polynomial.
Bipartite graphs are extensively used in modern coding theory, especially to decode codewords received from the channel. Factor graphs and Tanner graphs are examples of this. A Tanner graph is a bipartite graph in which the vertices on one side of the bipartition represent digits of a codeword, and the vertices on the other side represent combinations of digits that are expected to sum to zero in a codeword without errors.. A factor graph is a closely related belief network used for probabilistic decoding of LDPC and turbo codes., p. 686.
In preparation for the impending invasion of Norway and Denmark, in early April 1940, 31 U-boats were ready for operations between England and Norway. On 6 April, the codeword "Hartmut" was transmitted and German submarines began their designated operations.
Because the decoding algorithm is perfectly smooth, each query q_j is uniformly distributed over the codeword; thus, no individual server can gain any information about the user's intentions, so the protocol is private as long as the servers do not communicate.
An upper bound on the size of the set of messages can be determined by \delta and \epsilon. Locally decodable codes can also be concatenated, where a message is encoded first using one scheme, and the resulting codeword is encoded again using a different scheme. (Note that, in this context, concatenation is the term used by scholars to refer to what is usually called composition; see ). This might be useful if, for example, the first code has some desirable properties with respect to rate, but it has some undesirable property, such as producing a codeword over a non-binary alphabet.
Within the active portion of the video, the data words correspond to signal levels of the respective video components. The luminance (Y) channel is defined such that a signal level of 0 mV is assigned the codeword 64 (40 hex), and 700 millivolts (full scale) is assigned the codeword 940 (3AC) . For the chroma channels, 0 mV is assigned the code word 512 (200 hex), -350mV is assigned a code word of 64 (0x40), and +350mV is assigned a code word of 960 (3C0). Note that the scaling of the luma and chroma channels is not identical.
The codeword was only meant to indicate invasion imminent, but with a nation tense with expectation and some Home Guardsmen incompletely briefed, some believed that the invasion had started and this caused great confusion. In some areas, church bells were rung on receipt of the codeword even though this was only supposed to happen when invaders were in the immediate area. Roadblocks were set up, some bridges blown and land mines sown on some roads (killing 3 Guards officers). Home Guard units searched beaches for invasion barges and scanned the skies for approaching German paratroopers, but none came.
Length-limited Huffman coding is a variant where the goal is still to achieve a minimum weighted path length, but there is an additional restriction that the length of each codeword must be less than a given constant. The package-merge algorithm solves this problem with a simple greedy approach very similar to that used by Huffman's algorithm. Its time complexity is O(nL), where L is the maximum length of a codeword. No algorithm is known to solve this problem in O(n) or O(n\log n) time, unlike the presorted and unsorted conventional Huffman problems, respectively.
320; Dennis Wheatley, 1973, The Second Seal, London, Arrow Books, p. 10. His only surviving relative was his daughter Lucretia- José, who married a Polish aristocrat Jan Lubieszów during the Second World War; see Dennis Wheatley, 1961, Codeword – Golden Fleece, London, Arrow Books.
In a systematic comparison, FV outperformed all compared encoding methods (Bag of Visual Words (BoW), Kernel Codebook encoding (KCB), Locality Constrained Linear Coding (LLC), Vector of Locally Aggregated Descriptors (VLAD)) showing that the encoding of second order information (aka codeword covariances) indeed benefits classification performance.
But at certain dimensions, the packing uses all the space and these codes are the so-called perfect codes. There are very few of these codes. Another property is the number of neighbors a single codeword may have. Again, consider pennies as an example.
The number of the clusters is the codebook size (analogous to the size of the word dictionary). Thus, each patch in an image is mapped to a certain codeword through the clustering process and the image can be represented by the histogram of the codewords.
The process of being read into a compartmented program generally entails being approved for access to particularly sensitive and restricted information about a classified program, receiving a briefing about the program, and formally acknowledging the briefing, usually by signing a non-disclosure agreement describing restrictions on the handling and use of information concerning the program. Officials with the required security clearance and a need to know may be read into a covert operation or clandestine operation they will be working on. For codeword–classified programs, an official would not be aware a program existed with that codeword until being read in, because the codewords themselves are classified.
Hamming codes have a minimum distance of 3, which means that the decoder can detect and correct a single error, but it cannot distinguish a double bit error of some codeword from a single bit error of a different codeword. Thus, some double-bit errors will be incorrectly decoded as if they were single bit errors and therefore go undetected, unless no correction is attempted. To remedy this shortcoming, Hamming codes can be extended by an extra parity bit. This way, it is possible to increase the minimum distance of the Hamming code to 4, which allows the decoder to distinguish between single bit errors and two-bit errors.
This is more easily understood geometrically as any closed balls of radius k centered on distinct codewords being disjoint. These balls are also called Hamming spheres in this context. For example, consider the same 3 bit code consisting of two codewords "000" and "111". The Hamming space consists of 8 words 000, 001, 010, 011, 100, 101, 110 and 111. The codeword "000" and the single bit error words "001","010","100" are all less than or equal to the Hamming distance of 1 to "000". Likewise, codeword "111" and its single bit error words "110","101" and "011" are all within 1 Hamming distance of the original "111".
PDF417 uses a base 929 encoding. Each codeword represents a number from 0 to 928. The codewords are represented by patterns of dark (bar) and light (space) regions. Each of these patterns contains four bars and four spaces (where the 4 in the name comes from).
The term had thus become a recurring motif in the esoteric spirituality milieu. Sutcliffe, therefore, expressed the view that while the term New Age had originally been an "apocalyptic emblem", it would only be later that it became "a tag or codeword for a 'spiritual' idiom".
Additionally, if the total number of data bits available in the symbol is not a multiple of the codeword size, the data string is prefixed with an appropriate number of 0 bits to occupy the extra space. These bits are not included in the check word computation.
A discrete Fourier transform can be used for decoding.Shu Lin and Daniel J. Costello Jr, "Error Control Coding" second edition, pp. 255–262, 1982, 2004 To avoid conflict with syndrome names, let c(x) = s(x) the encoded codeword. r(x) and e(x) are the same as above.
A subsequent gun battle with members of the pro-Nazi Romanian Iron Guard resulted in the death of a policeman and an Iron Guard militiaman. The duke was shot several times and only narrowly survived.Dennis Wheatley, 1961, Codeword – Golden Fleece, London, Arrow Books, pp. 256-257, 324-325.
Cyclic codes are a kind of block code with the property that the circular shift of a codeword will always yield another codeword. This motivates the following general definition: For a string s over an alphabet Σ, let shift(s) denote the set of circular shifts of s, and for a set L of strings, let shift(L) denote the set of all circular shifts of strings in L. If L is a cyclic code, then shift(L) ⊆ L; this is a necessary condition for L being a cyclic language. The operation shift(L) has been studied in formal language theory. For instance, if L is a context-free language, then shift(L) is again context-free.
Justesen codes are derived as the code concatenation of a Reed–Solomon code and the Wozencraft ensemble. The Reed–Solomon codes used achieve constant rate and constant relative distance at the expense of an alphabet size that is linear in the message length. The Wozencraft ensemble is a family of codes that achieve constant rate and constant alphabet size, but the relative distance is only constant for most of the codes in the family. The concatenation of the two codes first encodes the message using the Reed–Solomon code, and then encodes each symbol of the codeword further using a code from the Wozencraft ensemble – using a different code of the ensemble at each position of the codeword.
She is also being groomed to become part of Poison Apple, a codeword CIA program made up of singleton operatives like Gentry and Hightower. Through Brewer, she finds out the circumstances surrounding the death of his father Feodor Zakharov, a former head of Russian military intelligence, in Dagestan fifteen years ago.
To their surprise, he let them leave Latveria.West Coast Avengers #35 He stayed the regent until the original infiltrated the Castle and uttered a codeword that reverted Kristoff to his original personality.Fantastic Four vol. 1 #350 Doom reclaimed his throne while Kristoff was sent as a decoy to battle Mr. Fantastic.
Royal Observer Corps reports following a reading on AWDREY were prefixed with the codeword "TOCSIN BANG". The message would also include the three-letter group identifier, followed by the time and yield reading from the AWDREY printout. E.g. "TOCSIN BANG – CAR – 11.06 (hours) – 3 megatons" (with CAR relating to Carlisle control).
To calculate the error values, apply the Forney algorithm. :Ω(x) = S(x) Λ(x) mod x4 = 546 x + 732 :Λ'(x) = 658 x + 821 :e1 = −Ω(x1)/Λ'(x1) = 074 :e2 = −Ω(x2)/Λ'(x2) = 122 Subtracting e1 x3 and e2 x4 from the received polynomial r reproduces the original codeword s.
Both Viterbi and sequential decoding algorithms return hard decisions: the bits that form the most likely codeword. An approximate confidence measure can be added to each bit by use of the Soft output Viterbi algorithm. Maximum a posteriori (MAP) soft decisions for each bit can be obtained by use of the BCJR algorithm.
German troops at the Soviet state border marker, 22 June 1941 At around 01:00 on 22 June 1941, the Soviet military districts in the border area were alerted by NKO Directive No. 1, issued late on the night of 21 June. It called on them to "bring all forces to combat readiness," but to "avoid provocative actions of any kind". It took up to two hours for several of the units subordinate to the Fronts to receive the order of the directive, and the majority did not receive it before the invasion commenced. On 21 June, at 13:00 Army Group North received the codeword Düsseldorf, indicating Barbarossa would commence the next morning, and passed down its own codeword, Dortmund.
For example, the [7,4,3] Hamming code is a linear binary code which represents 4-bit messages using 7-bit codewords. Two distinct codewords differ in at least three bits. As a consequence, up to two errors per codeword can be detected while a single error can be corrected. This code contains 24=16 codewords.
Coset leaders can also be used to construct a fast decoding strategy. For each coset leader u we calculate the syndrome uH′. When we receive v we evaluate vH′ and find the matching syndrome. The corresponding coset leader is the most likely error pattern and we assume that v+u was the codeword sent.
We have received the codeword 1110. Decoding via a standard array is a form of nearest neighbour decoding. In practice, decoding via a standard array requires large amounts of storage - a code with 32 codewords requires a standard array with 2^{32} entries. Other forms of decoding, such as syndrome decoding, are more efficient.
Just in time, Jason's Pyrran lover, Meta, discovers the correct codeword, canceling the self-destruct. It turns out to have been a simple five-letter word in Esperanto: "Haltu" or, "Stop". This short story was featured in Astounding: The John W. Campbell Memorial Anthology which was published after the death of the famed, influential editor.
An original message and an encoded version are both composed in an alphabet of q letters. Each code word contains n letters. The original message (of length m) is shorter than n letters. The message is converted into an n-letter codeword by an encoding algorithm, transmitted over a noisy channel, and finally decoded by the receiver.
When related to the distance of the explosion from the post this pressure would indicate the power of the explosion. Reports following a reading on the BPI were preceded by the codeword "Tocsin". Internal view showing the ‘North Cassette’ which would have held the photosensitive paper. Exterior profile of GZI with two of the four ‘pinholes’ visible.
But block codes rely on more dimensions which cannot easily be visualized. The powerful Golay code used in deep space communications uses 24 dimensions. If used as a binary code (which it usually is), the dimensions refer to the length of the codeword as defined above. The theory of coding uses the N-dimensional sphere model.
Dennis Wheatley, 1957, The Prisoner in the Mask, London, Heron Books, pp. 2, 271, 274; Dennis Wheatley, 1961, Codeword – Golden Fleece, London, Arrow Books, p. 10; Dennis Wheatley, 1963, Vendetta in Spain, London, Arrow Books, pp. 9, 11, 25, 264 and 358. Wheatley erroneously locates Jvanets, or Zhvanets, on the river Prut, about 25 km to the south.
The receiver is designed so that either codeword of the pair decodes to the same data bits. Most line codes use either a paired disparity code or a constant- weight code. The simplest paired disparity code is alternate mark inversion signal. Other paired disparity codes include 8B10B, 8B12B, the modified AMI codes, coded mark inversion, and 4B3T.
If we manage to find two sequences x_2,\ldots,x_p and y_2,\ldots,y_q of codewords such that x_2\cdots x_p = wy_2\cdots y_q, then we are finished: For then the string x = x_1x_2\cdots x_p can alternatively be decomposed as y_1y_2\cdots y_q, and we have found the desired string having at least two different decompositions into codewords. In the second round, we try out two different approaches: the first trial is to look for a codeword that has w as prefix. Then we obtain a new dangling suffix w', with which we can continue our search. If we eventually encounter a dangling suffix that is itself a codeword (or the empty word), then the search will terminate, as we know there exists a string with two decompositions.
Operation Rockingham was the codeword for UK involvement in inspections in Iraq following the war over Kuwait in 1990–91. Early in 1991 the United Nations Special Commission on Iraq (UNSCOM) was established to oversee the destruction of Iraq's weapons of mass destruction. Use of the codeword was referred to in the annual British defence policy white paper "Statement on the Defence Estimates 1991" (published in July that year as Command Paper 1559-I) where at page 28 it states "The United Kingdom is playing a full part in the work of the Special Commission; our involvement is known as Operation ROCKINGHAM." The activities carried out by the UK as part of Rockingham were detailed in the following white paper (published in July 1992 as Command Paper 1981).
The decoders described in this section use the Reed Solomon original view of a codeword as a sequence of polynomial values where the polynomial is based on the message to be encoded. The same set of fixed values are used by the encoder and decoder, and the decoder recovers the encoding polynomial (and optionally an error locating polynomial) from the received message.
In coding theory, a linear code is an error-correcting code for which any linear combination of codewords is also a codeword. Linear codes are traditionally partitioned into block codes and convolutional codes, although turbo codes can be seen as a hybrid of these two types. Linear codes allow for more efficient encoding and decoding algorithms than other codes (cf. syndrome decoding).
If f is a codeword, this will accept f as long as x_i was unchanged, which happens with probability 1-\mu. This violates the requirement that codewords are always accepted, but may be good enough for some needs. Other locally testable codes include Reed-Muller codes (see locally decodable codes for a decoding algorithm), Reed-Solomon codes, and the short code.
One purpose of the three clusters is to determine which row (mod 3) the codeword is in. The clusters allow portions of the symbol to be read using a single scan line that may be skewed from the horizontal., 5.11.1. For instance, the scan might start on row 6 at the start of the row but end on row 10.
The block length n of a block code is the number of symbols in a block. Hence, the elements c of \Sigma^n are strings of length n and correspond to blocks that may be received by the receiver. Hence they are also called received words. If c=C(m) for some message m, then c is called the codeword of m.
At around 14:30, three phone calls were made warning of a bomb in Omagh, using the same codeword that had been used in the Real IRA's bombing in Banbridge two weeks earlier: "Martha Pope".The Queen -v- Sean Hoey [2007] NICC 49. Crown Court for Northern Ireland. The calls were made from telephone boxes many miles away in southern County Armagh.
A man with an Irish accent telephoned the Press Association with a warning given just six minutes before the device exploded. London police said a recognised IRA codeword was given. The bomb exploded in a corner of Westminster Hall at about 08:30 am on 17 June 1974. The IRA in a telephoned warning said it planted the bomb that weighed around 20 lb (9.1 kg).
Air Vice-Marshal James gave the departing word to personnel of No. 426 Squadron RCAF on July 25, 1950, upon their participation in Operation Hawk, the RCAF codeword for the Korean Airlift. On August 1, 1951, he was promoted to Air Officer Commanding, Air Defence Command, RCAF. He was awarded the Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal on October 23, 1953, while still AOC, ADC.
The total width is 17 times the width of the narrowest allowed vertical bar (the X dimension); this is where the 17 in the name comes from. Each pattern starts with a bar and ends with a space. The row height must be at least 3 times the minimum width: Y ≥ 3 X., 5.8.2. There are three distinct bar-space patterns used to represent each codeword.
It is compressed by choosing the nearest matching vector from a set of n-dimensional vectors [y_1,y_2,...,y_n], with n < k. All possible combinations of the n-dimensional vector [y_1,y_2,...,y_n] form the vector space to which all the quantized vectors belong. Only the index of the codeword in the codebook is sent instead of the quantized values. This conserves space and achieves more compression.
The algorithm works by generating BCH2,log n,ℓ+1, computing its dual (which as a set is an ℓ-wise independent source) and treating each element (codeword) of that source as a truth assignment to the n variables in φ. At least one of them will satisfy at least 1 − 2−ℓ of the clauses of φ, whenever φ is in kCNF form, k = ℓ.
Further, he says that Bazna having passed on "genuine", "important" intelligence and the codeword for Operation Overlord to the Germans supports his theory that Bazna was not a double agent. If he was a double agent, Kaylan believes, he was an agent for the Turkish Security Service, Milli Emniyet Hizmeti. Walter Schellenberg, too, wondered if Bazna passed on intelligence to the Turkish Secret Service.
It is not necessary to delete the starting symbols. Depending on the application sometimes consecutive positions are considered as 0 and are deleted. All the symbols which are dropped need not be transmitted and at the receiving end can be reinserted. To convert (n,k) cyclic code to (n-b,k-b) shortened code, set b symbols to zero and drop them from each codeword.
He inadvertently used the wrong tape, with codeword "HATEFULNESS". This message ordered stations to cease regular programming immediately, and begin an Emergency Action Notification using Message #1.(Timestamp to WCCO white card script instruction) Message 1 states that regular programming has been interrupted at the request of the United States government, but is not specific about the cause. A cancellation message was sent at 9:59 a.m.
In 2003 a doping allegation surfaced in which Museeuw was implicated. Press reports insinuated the use of human growth hormone which he obtained from veterinarian José Landuyt. Police authorities claimed that Museeuw had purchased banned substances in 2003. They recorded phone conversations between Museeuw and Landuyt speaking of wasps as a codeword for Aranesp, a synthetic hormone known to increase red blood cell levels.
The final step for the BoW model is to convert vector-represented patches to "codewords" (analogous to words in text documents), which also produces a "codebook" (analogy to a word dictionary). A codeword can be considered as a representative of several similar patches. One simple method is performing k-means clustering over all the vectors. Codewords are then defined as the centers of the learned clusters.
Alphanumeric messages are encoded in 7-bit ASCII characters packed into the 20 bit data area of a message codeword (bits 30-11). Since three seven bit characters are 21 rather than 20 bits and the designers of the standard did not want to waste transmission time, they chose to pack the first 20 bits of an ASCII message into the first code word, the next 20 bits of a message into the next codeword and so forth. What this means that a 7-bit ASCII character of a message that falls on a boundary can and will be split between two code words, and that the alignment of character boundaries in a particular alpha message code word depends on which code word it is of a message. The side benefit of this is a slightly increased error- correcting code reliability for messages that span more than one POCSAG packet.
The band competed in the Western Australia final of the Australian National Campus Band Competition at the Planet Nightclub in North Perth in 1997. Eskimo Joe won and went on to win the national final, while Red Jezebel came fourth. The band's name comes from an emergency evacuation codeword used by an Australian supermarket chain that a number of the members worked for in the group's early years.
Radio Disney Jams, Vol. 12 is the twelfth entry in the Radio Disney Jams series of compilation albums featuring popular songs played on Radio Disney. Release on March 30, 2010, CDs autographed by Justin Bieber were given out as codeword of the day prizes during the end of March. Radio Disney also had a grand prize in which the winner would go to a concert featuring all the singers.
Francisco and Robot Number 2 were two Robots that we’re created by Sarge to be host body’s for Church and Agent Texas. Francisco was later possessed by Tex, and thereafter appeared to lose any and all self-sustainability. Robot Number 2 was later possessed by Church losing all self-sustainability. Unlike Francisco Robot Number 2 had a function to punch Grif in the head upon hearing the codeword, "Dirtbag".
Two possible decodings of this encoded string are thus given by cdb and babe. In general, a codeword can be found by the following idea: In the first round, we choose two codewords x_1 and y_1 such that x_1 is a prefix of y_1, that is, x_1w = y_1 for some "dangling suffix" w. If one tries first x_1=011 and y_1=01110, the dangling suffix is w = 10.
Topographic map of the alt=The codeword Abmarsch Ost ('departure east', as in 'depart eastwards') was given in the early morning hours of 23 May 1940 and the time of the attack timed for 10:00, as had been established in the radio message to 1st Panzer Division. In the meantime, 2nd Panzer Division was still fighting for control of Boulogne, approaching the cathedral after bypassing the medieval city walls.
Trivial examples of cyclic codes are An itself and the code containing only the zero codeword. These correspond to generators 1 and x^n-1 respectively: these two polynomials must always be factors of x^n-1. Over GF(2) the parity bit code, consisting of all words of even weight, corresponds to generator x+1. Again over GF(2) this must always be a factor of x^n-1.
A fire code can correct all burst errors of length t or less if no two bursts b(x) and x^jb'(x) appear in the same co-set. This can be proved by contradiction. Suppose there are two distinct nonzero bursts b(x) and x^jb'(x) of length t or less and are in the same co-set of the code. So, their difference is a codeword.
An exceptional block design is the Steiner system S(5,8,24) whose automorphism group is the sporadic simple Mathieu group M_{24}. The codewords of the extended binary Golay code have a length of 24 bits and have weights 0, 8, 12, 16, or 24. This code can correct up to three errors. So every 24-bit word with weight 5 can be corrected to a codeword with weight 8.
The goal is still to minimize the weighted average codeword length, but it is no longer sufficient just to minimize the number of symbols used by the message. No algorithm is known to solve this in the same manner or with the same efficiency as conventional Huffman coding, though it has been solved by Karp whose solution has been refined for the case of integer costs by Golin.
Let the transmitted codeword be ( f(\alpha_1), f(\alpha_2),\ldots,f(\alpha_n)),(\alpha_1,\alpha_2,\ldots,\alpha_n) be the support set of the transmitted codeword & the received word be (\beta_1,\beta_2,\ldots,\beta_n) The algorithm is as follows: • Interpolation step For a received vector (\beta_1,\beta_2,\ldots,\beta_n), construct a non- zero bi-variate polynomial Q(x,y) with (1,k)-weighted degree of at most d such that Q has a zero of multiplicity r at each of the points (\alpha_i,\beta_i) where 1 \le i \le n : Q(\alpha_i,\beta_i) = 0 \, • Factorization step Find all the factors of Q(x,y) of the form y - p(x) and p(\alpha_i) = \beta_i for at least t values of i where 0 \le i \le n & p(x) is a polynomial of degree \le k Recall that polynomials of degree \le k are in 1 to 1 correspondence with codewords. Hence, this step outputs the list of codewords.
Gjems- Onstad has authored several books. He wrote about the psychological warfare of the Norwegian resistance movement in DURHAM: hemmelige operasjoner i Trøndelag mot tysk okkkupasjonsmakt 1943-45, released in 1981. Durham was the codeword for the operations which to a large extent consisted of distributing flyers, brochures and posters with the purpose of demoralising the Germans. This was also the topic in Psykologisk krigføring i Norge under Annen Verdenskrig 1940-45, published in 1994.
"Bomb unauthorised says IRA". The Guardian, 19 December 1983.Chalk, Peter. Encyclopedia of Terrorism. ABC-CLIO, 2013. pp.285–287 It was left in a 1972 blue Austin 1300 GT four-door saloon car. At 12:44 a man using an IRA codeword phoned the central London branch of the Samaritans charity. The caller said there was a car bomb outside Harrods and another bomb inside Harrods, and gave the car's registration plate.
Anthony Eastwood is suffering from writer's block with a commission from an editor. He has typed a title – "The Mystery of the Second Cucumber", hoping that it will give him some inspiration but to no avail. He suddenly receives a mysterious telephone call from a girl identifying herself as Carmen. She begs for his help to avoid being killed, gives him an address to go to and tells him the codeword is "cucumber".
The powerful (24,12) Golay code used in deep space communications uses 24 dimensions. If used as a binary code (which it usually is) the dimensions refer to the length of the codeword as defined above. The theory of coding uses the N-dimensional sphere model. For example, how many pennies can be packed into a circle on a tabletop, or in 3 dimensions, how many marbles can be packed into a globe.
When Said was out of the country, she felt anxious about meeting Moreno, imagining that Said would be watching her with binoculars. Amina told Moreno not to call or text her if she sent a codeword to him because she was afraid that her father would go through her phone. Eventually, Said found a note that she had written to Moreno. Amina told him that these notes were to an imaginary boyfriend.
The crowd, which included party members and many SA members fortunate enough to escape arrest, shouted its approval. Hess, present among the assembled, even volunteered to shoot the "traitors". Joseph Goebbels, who had been with Hitler at Bad Wiessee, set the final phase of the plan in motion. Upon returning to Berlin, Goebbels telephoned Göring at 10:00 with the codeword to let loose the execution squads on the rest of their unsuspecting victims.
The Waggener Group was founded in 1983 by Melissa Waggener Zorkin. In 1984, Pam Edstrom joined the firm, which was renamed Waggener Edstrom. Edstrom previously worked for Microsoft, which became one of the agency's first clients. The firm acquired PR.com in 2001, Maloney & Fox in 2003, Shout Holdings in 2004, Patzer PR in 2012, Buchan in 2016, Red Bridge Consulting and WATATAWA in 2017, Avian Media in 2018 and Codeword in 2019.
Remote controls send a digital code word to the receiver. If the receiver determines the codeword is acceptable, then the receiver will actuate the relay, unlock the door, or open the barrier. Simple remote control systems use a fixed code word; the code word that opens the gate today will also open the gate tomorrow. An attacker with an appropriate receiver could discover the code word and use it to gain access sometime later.
By the time they had arrived, de Menezes had entered Stockwell tube station and boarded a Tube train. Although no Kratos codeword had been given, the firearms officers believed him to be a suicide bomber. A surveillance officer seized de Menezes in a bear hug, and two plainclothes armed officers fired a total of nine shots, six of which struck his head from distances of 1 to 8 cm (½" to 3"). Menezes died at the scene.
Omaha beach, 8.30am June 6, 1944 Airborne elements of the Allied Expeditionary Force landed in Normandy from around midnight on 5/6 June. The official notification of the invasion was withheld until the main landings could be confirmed to have commenced. This event began with the American landings at around 6.30am Central European Summer Time (CEST) and was confirmed to SHAEF headquarters by a radioman broadcasting the codeword "TOPFLIGHT". The British and Canadian landings happened around an hour later.
Three Kurdish police officers approach them and ask them questions, and not believing their cover story, they pull out their pistols. The special ops leader, Azizi (Donnie Keshawarz), says the codeword "good night", which signals the soldiers to kill the policemen. Seeing the violence, Brody becomes scared and flees, but Azizi makes him calm down. The operation is being watched over at the White House by Dar Adal and Mike Higgins, the White House Chief of Staff.
During a December 1977 party in Rågsved, a working-class suburb of Stockholm, Thåström, Gurra, and Fjodor formed a band called The Haters. A few days later they changed the name to Ebba Grön after the codeword used by the police in Operation Leo. One of the first songs performed by Ebba Grön was the controversial Skjut en snut (Shoot a cop), which was never officially recorded. They released their first single Antirock on April 21, 1978.
Otherwise let k = floor( log2(n) ) such that 2k < n < 2k+1 and let u = 2k+1 \- n. Truncated binary encoding assigns the first u symbols codewords of length k and then assigns the remaining n - u symbols the last n - u codewords of length k + 1. Because all the codewords of length k + 1 consist of an unassigned codeword of length k with a "0" or "1" appended, the resulting code is a prefix code.
The police took up positions awaiting the codeword "Sunshine", which upon hearing, they were to begin the assault. In the meantime, camera crews filmed the actions of the officers from the German apartments, and broadcast the images live on television. Thus, the terrorists were able to watch the police prepare to attack. Footage shows one of the kidnappers peering from the balcony door while one of the police officers stood on the roof less than from him.
8 March 2009. Retrieved 8 March 2009 A few hours later, the stolen car involved was found abandoned near Randalstown, eight miles from the barracks. A Dublin-based newspaper, the Sunday Tribune, received a phone call from a caller using a recognised Real IRA codeword. The caller claimed responsibility for the attack on behalf of the Real IRA, adding that the civilian pizza deliverymen were legitimate targets as they were "collaborating with the British by servicing them".
As mentioned above, there are a vast number of error- correcting codes that are actually block codes. The first error-correcting code was the Hamming(7,4) code, developed by Richard W. Hamming in 1950. This code transforms a message consisting of 4 bits into a codeword of 7 bits by adding 3 parity bits. Hence this code is a block code. It turns out that it is also a linear code and that it has distance 3.
Received messages are decoded to a message in the codebook which is uniquely jointly typical. If there is no such message or if the power constraint is violated, a decoding error is declared. Let X^n(i) denote the codeword for message i, while Y^n is, as before the received vector. Define the following three events: # Event U:the power of the received message is larger than P. # Event V: the transmitted and received codewords are not jointly typical.
The number 4,294,967,295, equivalent to the hexadecimal value , is the maximum value for a 32-bit unsigned integer in computing. It is therefore the maximum value for a variable declared as an unsigned integer (usually indicated by the codeword) in many programming languages running on modern computers. The presence of the value may reflect an error, overflow condition, or missing value. This value is also the largest memory address for CPUs using a 32-bit address bus.
Codewords referenced vectors of data items, sequences of instructions or other codewords . Storage was accessed by reference to a codeword and this was resolved to a conventional address or program counter giving direct access to store when necessary. The system provided functions to create, manage and update codewords, for example changing them to reflect storage management decisions. It also supported an algebraic programming language (called Genie) which was implemented using object-oriented design concepts in 1961.
As they attempted to recover the bullion, however, Lucretia-José, Richard, Rex and the duke, who had re-joined them, were arrested and only the timely intervention of Simon saved them from certain execution. The four friends then quit Spain in disgust with all factions, expressing a hope that fascist and communist would shoot each other and leave the world in peace. As war threatened to engulf Europe once more, the duke (by now an implacable enemy of the Nazis) reformed the group to undertake a mission Codeword – Golden Fleece in Poland and Romania. They succeeded in disrupting secret negotiations over Poland’s surrender to the Germans in September 1939, which were taking place on Baron Lubieszów’s estate (near Pinsk, and now to be found in Lyubeshiv Raion, Ukraine), between ‘General Mack’, the false name adopted by one of Poland’s “most famous statesmen”, and General Count von Geisenheim and a senior Nazi, Major Bauer.It is possible that Dennis Wheatley based his character ‘General Mack’ on Marshal Edward Rydz-Śmigły; see Dennis Wheatley, 1961, Codeword – Golden Fleece, London, Arrow Books, pp.
Prefix codes are widely referred to as "Huffman codes" even when the code was not produced by a Huffman algorithm. Other examples of prefix codes are country calling codes, the country and publisher parts of ISBNs, and the Secondary Synchronization Codes used in the UMTS WCDMA 3G Wireless Standard. Kraft's inequality characterizes the sets of codeword lengths that are possible in a prefix code. Virtually any uniquely decodable one-to-many code, not necessary a prefix one, must satisfy Kraft's inequality.
In coding theory, the Kraft–McMillan inequality gives a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of a prefix code (in Leon G. Kraft's version) or a uniquely decodable code (in Brockway McMillan's version) for a given set of codeword lengths. Its applications to prefix codes and trees often find use in computer science and information theory. Kraft's inequality was published in . However, Kraft's paper discusses only prefix codes, and attributes the analysis leading to the inequality to Raymond Redheffer.
His work is entitled The Order of the Death's Head: The Story of Hitler's SS. (Der Orden unter dem Totenkopf: Die Geschichte der SS). This work first appeared in 1967, and other works subsequently followed, such as his 1971 study of the Soviet Union's spy network entitled Codeword: Direktor. In 1976, Höhne went on to write Canaris, an interpretation of Hitler's spymaster, who was in charge of the Abwehr.Heinz Höhne, The Order of the Death's Head (New York: Penguin Books, 1971).
Two plans were created, WHITEBIRCH to increase US capability throughout the region but emphasizing South Vietnam, and SABERTOOTH to train ARVN personnel in basic COMINT. Concerns over ARVN security limited the information given them to non- codeword SECRET information. The first step in WHITEBIRCH was the 400th ASA Special Operations Unit (Provisional), operating under the cover name of the 3rd Radio Research Unit (RRU). The 3rd RRU soon had its first casualty, SP4 James T. Davis, killed in an ambush.
Shortened codes: An [n,k] linear code is called a proper shortened cyclic code if it can be obtained by deleting b positions from an (n+b, k+b) cyclic code. In shortened codes information symbols are deleted to obtain a desired blocklength smaller than the design blocklength. The missing information symbols are usually imagined to be at the beginning of the codeword and are considered to be 0. Therefore, n−k is fixed, and then k is decreased which eventually decreases n.
Lorenzen pushed the proposal within the Department of Defense and the Intelligence Community, and full development of the project was approved by President Eisenhower on August 24, 1959. The satellites carried two sets of instruments: an unclassified experiment (called SOLRAD) and a then-classified payload to collect electronic intelligence (ELINT) (originally called Tattletale). The program is also known by the later codeword Canes. The GRAB program cover was developed after the public disclosure of Project TATTLETALE in the New York Times.
Operation Collar was the codeword for the first commando raid, conducted by the British forces, during the Second World War. The location selected for the raid was the Pas-de-Calais department on the French coast. The British Commandos had not long been formed and were not yet trained, so the operation was given to No. 11 Independent Company under the command of Major Ronnie Tod. The raid's objective was the reconnaissance of four locations and the capture of prisoners.
Nimrods at RAF Kinloss, 1999 The Nimrods were often used to enforce Operation Tapestry. Tapestry is a codeword for the activities by ships and aircraft that protect the United Kingdom's Sovereign Sea Areas, including the protection of fishing rights and oil and gas extraction. Following the establishment of a Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) at the beginning of 1977 the Nimrod fleet was given the task of patrolling the area. The aircraft would locate, identify, and photograph vessels operating in the EEZ.
That other set was battery powered, with a range of 600 miles that was passed to Coppi on the instruction of Schulze-Boyson at Kurt and Elisabeth Schumacher's apartment. On 26 June 1941, Coppi sent a message:A thousand greetings to all friends. Moscow replied "We have received and read your test message. The substitution of letters for numbers and vice versa is to be done using the permanent number 38745 and the codeword Schraube", and directing them to transmit at a predefined frequency and time.
NICE (NSC Intelligence Collaboration Environment) is a computer system operated by the United States National Security Council's Directorate for Intelligence Programs. It was created to enable staff to produce and store documents, such as presidential findings or decision memos, on top secret codeword activities. Due to the extreme sensitivity of the material held on it, only about 20 percent of NSC staff can reportedly access the system. The documents held on the system are tightly controlled and only specific named staff are able to access files.
Another approach is to use a dictionary as the codebook. This guarantees that nearly all words will be found, and also makes it much easier to find a word when encoding. This approach was used by George Scovell for the Duke of Wellington's army in some campaigns of the Peninsular War. In Scovell's method, a codeword would consist of a number (indicating the page of the dictionary), a letter (indicating the column on the page), and finally a number indicating which entry of the column was meant.
The idea behind a convolutional code is to make every codeword symbol be the weighted sum of the various input message symbols. This is like convolution used in LTI systems to find the output of a system, when you know the input and impulse response. So we generally find the output of the system convolutional encoder, which is the convolution of the input bit, against the states of the convolution encoder, registers. Fundamentally, convolutional codes do not offer more protection against noise than an equivalent block code.
The only "agreed upon" Simlish phrase with an analog in real English is "sul-sul," (SOOL-sool) which appears to equate to "goodbye." There is no official recognition of this, but it is the only phrase consistently repeated by the Sims, and always as they are departing a building or social situation. It is so prevalent in the "Simmer" community, it gives rise to several memes, jokes and tributes, and is considered the "codeword" in one's social media profiles to indicate that one is a Simmer.
Now, any two vectors that are non zero in the first 2t components must be from different co-sets of an array to avoid their difference being a codeword of bursts of length 2t. Therefore number of such co-sets are equal to number of such vectors which are q^{2t}. Hence at least q^{2t} co-sets and hence at least 2t check symbol. This property is also known as Rieger bound and it is similar to the singleton bound for random error correcting.
Sometimes it is only necessary to decode single bits of the message, or to check whether a given signal is a codeword, and do so without looking at the entire signal. This can make sense in a streaming setting, where codewords are too large to be classically decoded fast enough and where only a few bits of the message are of interest for now. Also such codes have become an important tool in computational complexity theory, e.g., for the design of probabilistically checkable proofs.
The Seeker tells them that fifty other worlds have been destroyed in the same way as Earth, and the Seeker has always arrived too late to observe it; this is the first time he has found survivors. He offers to send them five years into the past (to 2002, the year the series aired), so that they can prevent the disaster. He sends only their consciousnesses back, because physical time travel is impossible. The mission commander learns a codeword associated with the disaster: Leviathan.
The codeword "Odessa"—as used by the Allies—appeared for the first time in a memo dated July 3, 1946, by the American Counterintelligence Corps (CIC) whose principal role was to screen displaced persons for possible suspects. The CIC discovered that the word "ODESSA" was used at the KZ Bensheim-Auerbach internment camp for SS prisoners who used this watchword in their secret attempts to gain special privileges from the Red Cross, wrote historian Guy Walters. Neither the Americans nor the British were able to verify the claims extending any further than that.
The helicopter lands on a Moroccan beach, where Rottmayer reveals he is actually Mannheim and Jessica Miller is his daughter. "Portos" was a codeword to alert Mannheim that Breslin was an ally, and Hobbes was originally unaware that Breslin's cover story was fake. Later, Ross informs Breslin that they discovered Clark was offered a $5 million annual salary to become CEO of the Tomb's security company, should Breslin's imprisonment prove the ship was escape-proof. Hush tracked Clark to Miami and locked him in a shipping container bound for an unknown destination.
As the anticipated enemy was the Soviet Union, the aircraft also required "winterization" to allow them to operate from Arctic bases. On 16 April 1948, the codeword "Gem" was allocated to all modifications and improvements to provide atomic strike capability. The project included 36 B-29s, and the modification of 36 others to have an air refueling capability. With the addition of the 80 Saddletree B-29s, a total of 145 B-29s were modified to carry nuclear weapons, and 117 of these were assigned to operational units.
The basis for compartmentalization is the idea that, if fewer people know the details of a mission or task, the risk or likelihood that such information will be compromised or fall into the hands of the opposition is decreased. Hence, varying levels of clearance within organizations exist. Yet, even if someone has the highest clearance, certain "compartmentalized" information, identified by codewords referring to particular types of secret information, may still be restricted to certain operators, even with a lower overall security clearance. Information marked this way is said to be codeword–classified.
There is a synergy between the two components; there is a saying among cryptologists that no one is qualified to create a cipher unless they have successfully cryptanalyzed a cipher of equivalent complexity. Many US and allied SIGINT activities are considered Sensitive Compartmented Information (SCI), and carry the special security marking, "HANDLE THROUGH COMINT CHANNELS ONLY", which is abbreviated as a suffix to the security classification. SECRET SIGINT material would be marked (S-CCO). For exceptionally sensitive TOP SECRET material, there might be an additional codeword, such as (TS-CCO- RABID).
In preparation for his defection, Lyushkov arranged for his Jewish wife, Inna, to leave the country with his eleven-year-old daughter, for the daughter to receive medical treatment in Poland. The plan was for Inna to embed a secret codeword into a telegram, which would signal to Lyushkov that it was safe for him to leave the Soviet Union. Under unknown circumstances, however, Inna and her daughter were captured. Though the daughter's fate remains unknown, Inna was kept at the Lubyanka prison and tortured for information throughout late 1938 before eventually being executed.
Angel performing in front of a live crowd In 2006, Angel partnered with Cirque du Soleil to produce the stage show Criss Angel Believe (stylized as "Criss Angel BeLIEve"), premiering the show at the Luxor Las Vegas on September 26, 2008. It became the bestselling live magic show in the world. The name of the show was taken from Harry Houdini, for the mythology of Houdini choosing the word "believe" as the codeword for communicating with Houdini after his death. Luxor's parent company, MGM Mirage, financed the show with $100 million.
M12 is the stabilizer of a dodecad, a codeword of 12 1's; M12:2 stabilizes a partition into 2 complementary dodecads. There is a natural connection between the Mathieu groups and the larger Conway groups, because the Leech lattice was constructed on the binary Golay code and in fact both lie in spaces of dimension 24. The Conway groups in turn are found in the Monster group. Robert Griess refers to the 20 sporadic groups found in the Monster as the Happy Family, and to the Mathieu groups as the first generation.
The film was produced by Elmo Williams and directed by Richard Fleischer, Toshio Masuda and Kinji Fukasaku, and stars an ensemble cast including Martin Balsam, Joseph Cotten, Sō Yamamura, E. G. Marshall, James Whitmore, Tatsuya Mihashi, Takahiro Tamura, Wesley Addy, and Jason Robards. It was Masuda and Fukasaku's first English-language film, and first non-Japanese film. The tora of the title is the two-syllable Japanese codeword used to indicate that complete surprise had been achieved. Japanese being a language with many homophones, it is a coincidence that tora also means "tiger" ().
Damien Rogers, former senior adviser to the New Zealand intelligence agency Government Communications Security Bureau (GCSB) said he was surprised to hear that the "Stateroom" codeword and location of associated sites are being published in the media, because such revelations would cause "anxiety and concern" for the directors of the five intelligence agencies of the UKUSA Agreement. Nicky Hager, a New Zealand investigative journalist who exposed the ECHELON surveillance system, confirmed that such surveillance operations have been conducted by the intelligence agencies of the Five Eyes for quite some time.
At the Helsinki Accords in July 1975, held at Finlandia Hall, freelance photographer Franco Rossi was hired to cover the event. Twenty minutes into the speech, Henry Kissinger, the United States Secretary of State at the time, opened his briefcase and took out three folders. Rossi was above him. By the time Kissinger reached a confidential section titled "TOP SECRET SENSITIVE EXCLUSIVELY EYES ONLY CONTAINS CODEWORD", Rossi was shooting on his Canon F-1 with its Canon FL-F 300mm f/2.8 S.S.C. Fluorite equipped with an FD Extender 2X mounted on a tripod.
After bit stuffing, the data string is padded to the next codeword boundary by appending 1 bits. If this would result in a code word of all ones, the last bit is changed to zero (and will be ignored by the decoder as a bit-stuffing bit). On decoding, the padding bits may be decoded as shift and latch codes, but that will not affect the message content. The reader must accept and ignore a partial code at the end of the message, as long as it is all-ones.
Its greatest importance during the war was that it allowed access to communications between naval attachés in Berlin, Madrid, Washington, Buenos Aires, Peking, and Constantinople. In 1917 naval officers switched to a new code with a new key Nordo for which only 70 messages were intercepted, but the code was also broken. For other purposes VB continued in use throughout the war. Re-ciphering of the code was accomplished using a key made up of a codeword transmitted as part of the message and its date written in German.
Operation Musketoon was the codeword of a British–Norwegian commando raid in the Second World War. The operation was mounted against the German-held Glomfjord power plant in Norway from 11 to 21 September 1942. The raiders consisted of two officers and eight men from No. 2 Commando and two men of the Norwegian Armed Forces in exile who were part of the Special Operations Executive. Crossing the North Sea by submarine, on arrival in Norway they attacked and damaged the plant, which was closed for the rest of the war.
Marc Ambinder, In Released Docs, Government Reveals A Classified Term, September 1, 2009 The full codeword was revealed in the 2013 book Deep State, Inside the Government Secrecy Industry by Marc Ambinder and D.B. Grady. It says that the GREYSTONE compartment contains more than a dozen sub-compartments, which are identified by numbers (shown like GST-001). This makes sure that these sub-programs are only known to those people who are directly involved.Marc Ambinder & D.B. Grady, Deep State, Inside the Government Secrecy Industry, 2013, p. 166-167.
In "The Mothballed Spaceship", a hostile armada is heading towards Earth, and its government contracts Jason and the Pyrrans to reactivate an ancient mothballed battleship. It is cheaper to use the battleship, a relic from the First Galactic War, than it is to build a fleet from scratch. Unfortunately, when the ship was deactivated for storage, or "mothballed", it was programmed to destroy any approaching object so it could not be stolen by Earth's enemies. The only way it can be used is if it receives the correct codeword.
The attacker knows \hat G which is the generator matrix of an (n,k) code \hat C which is combinatorially able to correct t errors. The attacker may ignore the fact that \hat C is really the obfuscation of a structured code chosen from a specific family, and instead just use an algorithm for decoding with any linear code. Several such algorithms exist, such as going through each codeword of the code, syndrome decoding, or information set decoding. Decoding a general linear code, however, is known to be NP-hard, however, and all of the above-mentioned methods have exponential running time.
The crowd, which included party members and many SA members fortunate enough to escape arrest, shouted its approval. Joseph Goebbels, who had been with Hitler at Bad Wiessee, set the final phase of the plan in motion. Upon returning to Berlin, Goebbels telephoned Göring at 10:00 with the codeword ("hummingbird") to let loose the execution squads on the rest of their unsuspecting victims. Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler commander Sepp Dietrich received orders from Hitler to form an "execution squad" and go to Stadelheim prison in Munich where Röhm and other SA leaders were being held under arrest.
The main corridor of the Paddock bunker Paddock is the codeword for an alternative Cabinet War Room bunker for Winston Churchill's World War II government located in Brook Road, Dollis Hill, northwest London under a corner of the Post Office Research Station site. The name derives from the nearby Paddock Road NW2, in turn named for a nineteenth-century stud farm, the Willesden Paddocks, situated nearby. The bunker was constructed in total secrecy in 1939 but only rarely used during the war, with only two meetings of the War Cabinet being held there. It was abandoned in 1944.
A series of telephone warnings were then sent from a phonebox in Forkhill, County Armagh, Northern Ireland, with the caller using a recognised IRA codeword and stating "[there's] a massive bomb… clear a wide area". The first warnings were sent about one hour before the bomb detonated. Two police officers were already making inquiries into the truck when the warnings were received, and police began evacuating the area. An Iveco tipper truck, the type used to carry the bomb The bomb exploded at 10:27 am, causing extensive damage to buildings along a significant stretch of Bishopsgate.
By October 6 the Egyptian naval task force was at Bab-el-Mandeb where they broke radio silence. When Operation Badr began at 14:00, Rear Admiral Fuad Abu Zikry authorized the fleet to proceed with the blockade via a codeword. Egyptian submarines and destroyers intercepted ships traveling through Bab-el-Mandeb destined for Eilat, and all Israeli maritime navigation in the Red Sea ceased. The blockade was a strategic success for Egypt, while the Israeli Navy and Air Force were incapable of lifting the blockade due to the long distance between Israel and Bab-el-Mandeb.
In Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs, she and Manny are mates and Ellie is pregnant with their first child. When they find the Dinosaur World under their feet, they have to go in and search for Sid in Lava Falls. Despite being pregnant, she bravely went on the journey, and at one point had to save her mate and friends when they were trapped in the chasm of death. When very close to Lava Falls, Ellie goes into labour, and gives birth to Peaches (who was named after the codeword that was used if Ellie went into labor on the trip).
The following conditions comprise the classification theorem for Min Ones problems. # If setting all variables false satisfies all clauses, it is in PO. # If each clause can be written as a CNF of Horn subclauses, it is in PO. # If it is an instance of 2-X(N)OR-SAT, it is in PO. # If it is an instance of 2-CNF-SAT, it is APX-complete. # If all clauses are the OR of O(1) variables, it is APX-complete. # If it is an instance of X(N)OR-SAT but not 2-X(N)OR-SAT, it is Nearest Codeword-complete.
It also provided a legal grounding for the Nazis, as the German courts and cabinet quickly swept aside centuries of legal prohibition against extrajudicial killings to demonstrate their loyalty to the regime. The Night of the Long Knives was a turning point for the German government. It established Hitler as the supreme administrator of justice of the German people, as he put it in his July 13 speech to the Reichstag. Before its execution, its planners sometimes referred to the purge as Hummingbird (German: ), the codeword used to send the execution squads into action on the day of the purge.
Fans were required to obtain a codeword from the newspaper, then submit it online to download the tracks. The first single from Dream Days at the Hotel Existence was "Lost and Running" and the video clip, which was directed by Damon Escott and Stephen Lance of Head Pictures, began showing in Australia on 21 April 2007. The single made its Australian radio debut on 16 April 2007, but had been available for several days beforehand on the Powderfinger's MySpace web page. An exclusive early release of the song was played by Triple J on 13 April 2007.
Abramson received the novel of the year Whitney award in 2017 for Safe House. Abramson received the best mystery/suspense Whitney Award in 2017 also for Safe House, in 2015 for Failsafe, in 2013 for Deep Cover, and in 2012 for Codeword Six other of her books have been finalists for the award: The Deep End in 2007, Royal Target and Freefall in 2008, Lockdown in 2009, Crossfire in 2010, and Smokescreen in 2011. Smokescreen was on Deseret Book's bestseller list for the end of 2010, and Code Word was a Deseret Book top-10 bestseller in 2012.
For bar patrons who are feeling uncomfortable with the behavior of their date, such as a person who is getting touched without their consent, some venues have a safety code system that enables patrons to alert staff. Some bars have posters in washrooms and drink coasters informing patrons that if they need to signal a bartender that they feel unsafe with their date (or any other bar patron), they can use a codeword (a fictional mixed drink name, for example), and then bar staff will escort the patron out of the venue to make sure they get safely to their taxi.
In India, Siddhant prepares a trap to rescue Anu. Anu's husband dies, but Anu is saved and the mole, Roy, is detained and commits suicide instead of suffering the indignity of going to prison, but not before revealing the codeword for the entire operation, "JEET". An enraged Siddhant learns from Altaf that the latter had been hired by Jamwaal to kill Asif and Irfan in Canada before the 10th. Siddhant decides to go to Canada, while his colleague and love interest, Aditi (Shilpa Shetty) decides to use Altaf as a bait to track down people in league with Jamwaal.
Cain's specific directive to "terminate Adama's command, starting with Adama" is an homage to a line delivered by Harrison Ford's character in Apocalypse Now referring to Kurtz. Adama's code word "Downfall" for Starbuck to kill Cain refers to the German film of that name or possibly Operation Downfall, the planned Allied invasion of Japan at the end of the Second World War.Although in his podcast commentary Moore explicitly cites the film Downfall as the reference for Adama's codeword, other obvious references would include Operation Downfall, the planned Allied invasion of the Japanese home islands at the end of the Second World War.
Once the fixed string R has been calculated, it can be used for example for key agreement between a user and a server based only on a biometric input. Historically, the first biometric system of this kind was designed by Juels and Wattenberg and was called "Fuzzy commitment", where the cryptographic key is decommitted using biometric data. Later, Juels and Sudan came up with Fuzzy vault schemes which are order invariant for the fuzzy commitment scheme but uses a Reed–Solomon code. Codeword is evaluated by polynomial and the secret message is inserted as the coefficients of the polynomial.
Under EFM rules, the data to be stored is first broken into eight-bit blocks (bytes). Each eight-bit block is translated into a corresponding fourteen-bit codeword using a lookup table. The 14-bit words are chosen such that binary ones are always separated by a minimum of two and a maximum of ten binary zeroes. This is because bits are encoded with NRZI encoding, or modulo-2 integration, so that a binary one is stored on the disc as a change from a land to a pit or a pit to a land, while a binary zero is indicated by no change.
That fails when s(x) \equiv 0, but that is the case when the input word is a codeword, so no error correction is necessary. v(x) is reduced to polynomials a(x) and b(x) using the extended euclidean algorithm, so that a(x) \equiv b(x)\cdot v(x) \mod g(x), while \deg(a)\leq\lfloor t/2 \rfloor and \deg(b)\leq\lfloor (t-1)/2 \rfloor. Finally, the error locator polynomial is computed as \sigma(x) = a(x)^2 + x\cdot b(x)^2. Note that in binary case, locating the errors is sufficient to correct them, as there's only one other value possible.
In later years some women became battalion adjutants or company commanders and a few were attached to brigade staffs throughout Northern Ireland. Accommodation for changing and toilet facilities was another problem faced early on and it took several years for the all-male environments of UDR bases to adapt to suit female needs. The name Greenfinch applied to the women's UDR comes from the system of radio "appointment titles" (codewords) used by the army to identify certain people or branches of the service. Male soldiers in the regiment were identified as "Greentop" and women were given the codeword "Greenfinch" with female commanders being referred to as "Goldfinch".
"Death and What Comes Next" is a fantasy short story by British writer Terry Pratchett, part of his Discworld series. It tells the story of a discussion between Death and a philosopher, in which the philosopher attempts to use the many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics to argue that death is not a certainty. The story was written in 2002 for the now-defunct online puzzle game TimeHunt and the text contains a hidden word puzzle, also devised by Pratchett, which provided a codeword for the game. Like "Theatre of Cruelty", another of his short stories, Pratchett allowed it to be put on the L-Space Web.
Operation Manna was the codeword for a Second World War operation by the British and Greek forces in Greece in mid-October 1944, following the gradual withdrawal of the German occupying forces from the country. The operation included an airborne element, which was conducted by the British 2nd Independent Parachute Brigade on 12 October, when elements of the 4th Parachute Battalion parachuted onto the Megara airfield outside of Athens. The prevailing weather conditions forced the abandonment of further parachute operations and it was not until 14 October that the rest of the brigade, less the 5th Parachute Battalion, arrived. After landing, the 4th and 6th Parachute Battalions marched on Athens.
Error-correcting codes are used to reliably transmit digital data over unreliable communication channels subject to channel noise. When a sender wants to transmit a possibly very long data stream using a block code, the sender breaks the stream up into pieces of some fixed size. Each such piece is called message and the procedure given by the block code encodes each message individually into a codeword, also called a block in the context of block codes. The sender then transmits all blocks to the receiver, who can in turn use some decoding mechanism to (hopefully) recover the original messages from the possibly corrupted received blocks.
The following conditions comprise the classification theorem for Min CSP problems. # If setting all variables false or all variables true satisfies all clauses, it is in PO. # If all clauses, when converted to disjunctive normal form, have two terms, one consisting of all positive (unnegated) variables and the other all negated variables, it is in PO. # If all clauses are the OR of O(1) variables, it is APX-complete. # If it is an instance of 2-X(N)OR-SAT, it is Min UnCut-complete. # If it is an instance of X(N)OR-SAT but not 2-X(N)OR-SAT, it is Nearest Codeword-complete.
Questions were even asked in parliament. Writing just after the war, the Chief Press Censor, Rear Admiral George Pirie Thomson said that "... in the whole course of the war there was no story which gave me so much trouble as this one of the attempted German invasion, flaming oil on the water and 30,000 burned Germans." On 7 September 1940 the Battle of Britain was still raging, but the German Air Force (Luftwaffe) changed its tactics and started to bomb London. With the accumulation of invasion barges and favourable tides the authorities were convinced that invasion was imminent, the codeword Cromwell was passed to the Army and Home Forces.
This differs from the input dependent model by having errors that depend on both the input w and the secure sketch, and an adversary is limited to polynomial time algorithms for introducing errors. Since algorithms that can run in better than polynomial time are not currently feasible in the real world, then a positive result using this error model would guarantee that any errors can be fixed. This is the least restrictive model the only known way to approach Shannon’s bound is to use list-decodable codes although this may not always be useful in practice since returning a list instead of a single codeword may not always be acceptable.
Which means that if one bit is flipped or two bits are flipped, the error can be detected. If three bits are flipped, then "000" becomes "111" and the error can not be detected. A code C is said to be k-errors correcting if, for every word w in the underlying Hamming space H, there exists at most one codeword c (from C) such that the Hamming distance between w and c is at most k. In other words, a code is k-errors correcting if, and only if, the minimum Hamming distance between any two of its codewords is at least 2k+1.
Report of Board of Inquiry at HMS Nelson 7 June 1982 into loss of HMS Sheffield, May 1982, Released by CIC Fleet Northwood, Sept 1982 The Glasgow immediately went to action stations, and communicated the warning codeword 'Handbrake' by UHF and HF to all task force ships. The radar contacts were also seen in Invincible, which directed Sea Harriers on combat patrol to investigate, but they detected nothing. The AAWC on Invincible declared the radar contacts as false and left the Air Warning at yellow, instead of raising it to red. In response to Glasgows warning, an order to stand to was issued to the crews of the 4.5 inch gun, Sea Dart and 20 mm guns.
Derbyshire reviewed the book harshly in the New English Review, and Ponnuru replied on National Review Online. Though Derbyshire broadly agreed with other writers at National Review Online on immigration, he encountered strong opposition from former NRO blogger John Podhoretz, who described Derbyshire's comments on restricting immigration to maintain "ethnic balance" in severe terms: "But maintaining 'ethnic balance' is not fine. It is chillingly, horrifyingly not fine." In response, fellow Corner contributor Jonah Goldberg, who described himself as philosophically "in the middle" of the two, noted: > I should say that I think JPod is getting too hung up on the phrase "ethnic > balance" as a codeword for all sorts of unlovely things.
In April 1994 a Sea Harrier was shot down on a mission near Gorazde; the pilot ejected safely and was recovered UNPROFOR deployments in October 1995. Operation Grapple was the codeword used to cover UK defence operations in support of the UN peacekeeping missions in the former Yugoslavia (authorised by UNSCR 776 of September 1992); including the deployment of British forces in Bosnia and Croatia from October 1992 until December 1995 as part of the United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR). UNPROFOR would eventually hand over the peacekeeping mission in Bosnia to NATO's Implementation Force (IFOR) in winter 1995. The British participation in the IFOR was called Operation Resolute; the whole NATO mission was called Operation Joint Endeavour.
Many who refute the underclass concept suggest that the underclass term has been transformed into a codeword to refer to poor inner-city blacks. For example, Hilary Silver highlights a moment when David Duke, former Grand Wizard of the KKK, campaigned for Louisiana Governor by complaining about the "welfare underclass". The underclass concept has been politicized, with those from the political left arguing that joblessness and insufficient welfare provided are causes of underclass conditions while the political right employ the underclass term to refer to welfare dependency and moral decline. Many sociologists suggest that this latter rhetoric – the right-wing perspective – became dominant in mainstream accounts of the underclass during the later decades of the twentieth-century.
This program codeword by the end of the decade was being used to describe the U.S. reconnaissance along the Chinese coastline, while Taiwanese missions into the Chinese country would be known as the IDEALIST program By the next U-2 flight, in October 1960 over Cuba, the previously informal procedure in which the president personally approved or disapproved each flight after discussion with advisors was replaced by the National Security Council Special Group. The expansion of satellite intelligence partly compensated for the overflights' end but, because U-2 photographs remained superior to satellite imagery, future administrations considered resumption at times, such as during the Berlin Crisis of 1961.Pedlow and Welzenbach 1992, pp. 181–182, 187–188, 195–197.
Instead of basing the architecture on a single linear address space, the BLM offered segmented memory addressing, enabling automatic storage management and access within precise security boundaries. Iliffe took the engineering view that it should be possible to offer a way, based on the memory management techniques already demonstrated in the Rice R1 to ensure the integrity of concurrent programs without resorting to relatively expensive mechanisms involving the frequent swapping of process state vectors seen in most other systems. He developed a design based on the use of codewords to represent all memory references. A codeword included a base address, a limit specifying the length of a data object and some type information.
The exact format of a dictionary entry is not prescribed, and implementations vary. However, certain components are almost always present, though the exact size and order may vary. Described as a structure, a dictionary entry might look this way: structure byte: flag \ 3bit flags + length of word's name char-array: name \ name's runtime length isn't known at compile time address: previous \ link field, backward ptr to previous word address: codeword \ ptr to the code to execute this word any-array: parameterfield \ unknown length of data, words, or opcodes end-structure forthword The name field starts with a prefix giving the length of the word's name (typically up to 32 bytes), and several bits for flags. The character representation of the word's name then follows the prefix.
The Highjump Archipelago is a group of rocky islands, rocks and ice rises in Antarctica, about long and from wide, lying generally north of the Bunger Hills and extending from the Taylor Islands, close northwest of Cape Hordern, to a prominent group of ice rises which terminate close west of Cape Elliott. It was delineated from aerial photographs taken by U.S. Navy Operation Highjump 1946–47 and so named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names. The codeword "highjump" was used for identifying the U.S. Navy Task Force 68, 1946–47. This task force was divided into three groups which completed photographic flights covering approximately 70 per cent of the coastal areas of Antarctica, excluding the Antarctic Peninsula, as well as significant portions of the interior.
Departing for the South Atlantic on 10 April, Sheffield reached Ascension Island on 14 April, accompanied by HMS Arrow, HMS Brilliant, HMS Coventry, HMS Glasgow to be later joined by RFA Appleleaf. They joined other vessels of the Task Force 317 and commenced operations in the Total Exclusion Zone around the Falklands on 1 May 1982. It was British policy that any Royal Navy vessel that suspected itself to be under missile attack turn toward the threat, accelerate to maximum speed and fire chaff to prevent the ship being caught defenceless. The codeword used to start this procedure was 'handbrake', which had to be broadcast once the signal of the Super E Agave radar of Super Étendard aircraft was picked up.
At 07:20 Moscow time (05:20 German time) Soviet artillery commanders received the codeword "Siren", prompting an 80-minute artillery bombardment directed almost entirely against the non-German Axis units protecting the German flanks. At 7:30, the Katyusha rocket-launchers fired the first salvos and were soon joined in by the 3,500 guns and mortars stretching along the few breakthrough sectors in front of the Third Romanian Army and the northern shoulder of the German Sixth Army's flank. Although thick fog prevented the Soviet artillery from correcting their aim, their weeks of preparation and ranging allowed them to lay down accurate fire on enemy positions along the front. The effect was devastating, as communication lines were breached, ammunition dumps destroyed and forward observation points shattered.
On appeal, the decision was overturned on procedural grounds and the lawsuit was dismissed without addressing the merits of the claims, although one further challenge is still pending in the courts. On January 17, 2007, Attorney General Alberto Gonzales informed U.S. Senate leaders by letter that the program would not be reauthorized by the president, but would be subjected to judicial oversight. "Any electronic surveillance that was occurring as part of the Terrorist Surveillance Program will now be conducted subject to the approval of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court", according to his letter.bad link as of Aug 19, 2007 On June 6, 2013, it was revealed that the Terrorist Surveillance Program was replaced by a new NSA program, referred to by its codeword, PRISM.
When Marcos was ready to declare martial law, copies of the plan for its implementation were distributed to key officials within the Armed Forces. As a way of assuring that any whistleblowers would be easily accounted for, the copies of the plan were distributed with codeword titles taken from the signs of the Zodiac. The copy marked "Sagittarius" was given to General Marcos "Mark" Soliman who commanded the National Intelligence Coordinating Agency. Thus, when Senator Benigno Aquino Jr. exposed the existence of "Oplan Sagittarius" a week before martial law was declared, other generals were able to deny that they had heard of any operation under the said code title, and it was easy for Marcos to pinpoint Soliman as the whistleblower who gave the information to Aquino.
Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) operates "Tempora" Tempora is the codeword for a formerly-secret computer system that is used by the British Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ). This system is used to buffer most Internet communications that are extracted from fibre-optic cables, so these can be processed and searched at a later time.GCHQ report on the technical abilities of the powerful spying program TEMPORA, which allows for a "full take", released by Der Spiegel on 18 June 2014 It was tested since 2008 and became operational in late 2011. Tempora uses intercepts on the fibre- optic cables that serve as the backbone of the Internet to gain access to large amounts of Internet users' personal data, without any individual suspicion or targeting.
In 1932, the American Psychiatric Association created a definition that used legality, social acceptability, and cultural familiarity as qualifying factors: In 1966, the American Medical Association's Committee on Alcoholism and Addiction defined abuse of stimulants (amphetamines, primarily) in terms of 'medical supervision': In 1973, the National Commission on Marijuana and Drug Abuse stated: > ...drug abuse may refer to any type of drug or chemical without regard to > its pharmacologic actions. It is an eclectic concept having only one uniform > connotation: societal disapproval. ... The Commission believes that the term > drug abuse must be deleted from official pronouncements and public policy > dialogue. The term has no functional utility and has become no more than an > arbitrary codeword for that drug use which is presently considered > wrong.
Although married, Reinhard Heydrich enjoyed a number of visits to Salon Kitty Salon Kitty became even more popular when selected guests in the military and diplomatic corps were told the "secret codeword" and monitors made thousands of recordings during their visits. One of the customers was Galeazzo Ciano, son-in-law of Italian dictator Benito Mussolini and Foreign Minister of Fascist Italy, whose forthright opinions about the Führer were not particularly positive. Another visitor, SS General Sepp Dietrich, wanted all the 20 special girls for an all-night orgy, but he revealed no secrets. Additionally, propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels has been marked as a client; he enjoyed "lesbian displays" that were otherwise considered anti-social acts outside of that context.
The first whistleblower's report said that "senior White House officials had intervened to 'lock down' all records of the phone call", an act that indicated those officials "understood the gravity of what had transpired". They performed the "lock down" by placing the record of the call on a top-secret server intended for the most highly classified material, under the direction of John Eisenberg. It was later confirmed that on orders from National Security Council attorneys, the call with Ukraine was moved from TNet, the regular NSC computer system, to the top- secret codeword NICE system, reserved for closely guarded secrets. On September 27, it was reported that records of calls with the leaders of Saudi Arabia and Russia had also been stored on NICE.
The U.S. plan has been implemented once (other than tests) since its inception, and even then, it was a modified version. On September 11, 2001, the codeword was broadcast ordering that all U.S. air traffic be grounded, after the September 11 attacks. Even in that instance, the emergency plan was only partially implemented as the Defense Department left command and control of the air traffic system with the FAA and intentionally allowed all radio navigational aids to remain in operation to aid in the process of controlling and landing the thousands of planes which were aloft in domestic airspace. The 9/11 Commission Report never refers to SCATANA directly, but it does discuss this unprecedented order and commends the air traffic controllers who carried it out.
The National Program OfficeNARA: Mandatory Declassification Review Request #M455 (NPO) was an office of the United States Government, established to ensure continuity of government in the event of a national disaster.NY Times: "Pentagon Book For Doomsday Is to Be Closed," 18 April 1994Cable News Network: "CNN Special Investigations: NPO & COG, Part 1", 1992 The NPO was established by a secret executive order (National Security Decision Directive 55) signed on 14 September 1982 by President Ronald Reagan during the Cold War in preparation for a nuclear war, presumably with the Soviet Union.NARA: Freedom of Information Act Request 2009-1442-F, Inventory of Project 908 Documents The NPO plan was classified as Top Secret, codeword Pegasus. It was also referred to as Project 908 (also known as "Nine Naught Eight").
On 20 April 2005, the "fruit affair", named as such because of the "fruit" (a codeword for prostitutes) which was used in tapped phone calls, involving FC Porto's chairman Pinto da Costa offering prostitutes to referee Jacinto Paixão before the match between FC Porto and Estrela da Amadora, was dropped. In January 2006, the Apito Dourado affair proceeded in Gondomar, and the public prosecution filed charges against 27 people, including Valentim Loureiro, José Oliveira and Pinto de Sousa. By December, Carolina Salgado, former partner of Pinto da Costa, published the book Eu, Carolina ("Me, Carolina"), in which she revealed new data about the case, mainly sports corruption situations, tax fraud, breach of judicial secrecy, assaults, perjury and obstruction to justice. This caused the court to reopen several court cases.
The Annihilation Score is the sixth novel in the Laundry series, published in 2015. The protagonist is Dr. Dominique "Mo" O'Brien, the wife of Bob Howard, the protagonist of previous books in the series and also an agent for the intelligence agency known as the Laundry. As the world lurches toward the potentially apocalyptic forces that will probably bring about CASE NIGHTMARE GREEN (the Laundry's codeword for an inevitable worldwide awakening of Lovecraftian horrors, "the stars coming right"), regular humans have started developing superpowers. Mo is promoted to management, tasked to create an inter-agency department to coordinate between The Laundry and the police; two of the Laundry personnel assigned to her team are Ramona (from The Jennifer Morgue) and Mhari (The Rhesus Chart), women who have history with her estranged husband Bob Howard.
A week before Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos declare martial law in September 1972, copies of the plan for its implementation were distributed to key officials within the Armed Forces. As a way of assuring that any whistleblowers could be easily identified, the copies of the plan were distributed with codeword titles taken from the different signs of the Zodiac. The copy marked "Sagittarius" was given to General Soliman, who commanded the National Intelligence Coordinating Agency at the time. When Senator Benigno Aquino Jr. exposed the existence of "Oplan Sagittarius" a week before martial law was declared, other generals were able to deny that they had heard of any operation under the said code title, and it was easy for Marcos to pinpoint General Soliman as the whistleblower who gave the information to Aquino.
The SHADO codeword "sub smash" refers to an emergency at sea involving one of the vessels. In the episode "Sub-Smash" Skydiver One is unable to surface after a UFO attack and sinks to the bottom of the sea. Sky 1 is barely able to launch, allowing Captain Waterman to notify SHADO of the vessel's location, but several crewmembers, including SHADO Commander Ed Straker, Paul Foster, and Nina Barry, are trapped below the surface. The episode reveals that emergency evacuation can be accomplished through the docking hatch, although only one or two crewmembers can use it at a time and the hatch must be cleared of water each time (a slow process should the pumps become damaged); use of this exit is also dependent upon the amount of battery power remaining with which to operate the pumps.
Exp-Golomb coding is used in the H.264/MPEG-4 AVC and H.265 High Efficiency Video Coding video compression standards, in which there is also a variation for the coding of signed numbers by assigning the value 0 to the binary codeword '0' and assigning subsequent codewords to input values of increasing magnitude (and alternating sign, if the field can contain a negative number): 0 ⇒ 0 ⇒ 1 ⇒ 1 1 ⇒ 1 ⇒ 10 ⇒ 010 −1 ⇒ 2 ⇒ 11 ⇒ 011 2 ⇒ 3 ⇒ 100 ⇒ 00100 −2 ⇒ 4 ⇒ 101 ⇒ 00101 3 ⇒ 5 ⇒ 110 ⇒ 00110 −3 ⇒ 6 ⇒ 111 ⇒ 00111 4 ⇒ 7 ⇒ 1000 ⇒ 0001000 −4 ⇒ 8 ⇒ 1001 ⇒ 0001001 ... In other words, a non-positive integer x≤0 is mapped to an even integer −2x, while a positive integer x>0 is mapped to an odd integer 2x−1. Exp-Golomb coding is also used in the Dirac video codec.
The field of channel coding is concerned with sending a stream of data at the highest possible rate over a given communications channel, and then decoding the original data reliably at the receiver, using encoding and decoding algorithms that are feasible to implement in a given technology. Shannon's channel coding theorem shows that over many common channels there exist channel coding schemes that are able to transmit data reliably at all rates R less than a certain threshold C, called the channel capacity of the given channel. In fact, the probability of decoding error can be made to decrease exponentially as the block length N of the coding scheme goes to infinity. However, the complexity of a naive optimum decoding scheme that simply computes the likelihood of every possible transmitted codeword increases exponentially with N, so such an optimum decoder rapidly becomes infeasible.
Horan tries to distance himself from the two hoodlums, but Egan confesses to the blackmail and implicates Horan as well. Egan reveals that Birch was one of the ringleaders of the operation, but that he in turn took orders from an unknown woman. This confirms to Wolfe a flawed assumption made by the police: that the driver of the car that killed Pete was a man, when in fact it was a woman disguised as a man. With the principals and several police officers assembled in his office, Wolfe reveals the identity of the murderer: Fromm’s secretary Jean Estey. Estey was the true mastermind of the blackmail ring, but Fromm had begun to suspect her and, after overhearing the codeword she used - “said a spider to a fly” - had given the spider earrings to Estey as a subtle way of confronting her.
Recording of the order made May 28 for broadcast on D-Day Omaha beach, 8.30am June 6, 1944 Eisenhower recorded a version for radio broadcast on 28 May, at which point the invasion was intended for 31 May or 1 June (poor weather delayed the landings until June 6). The recording has been described by Timothy Rives, Deputy Director of the Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library, Museum and Boyhood Home, as "[ringing] with confidence", with Eisenhower sounding "reminiscent of the actor Clark Gable". Airborne elements of the Allied Expeditionary Force landed in Normandy from around midnight on 5/6 June but official notification of the invasion was withheld until the naval landings were known to have begun. This event began with the American landings at around Central European Summer Time (CEST) and was confirmed to SHAEF headquarters by a radioman transmitting the codeword TOPFLIGHT.
The codeword 'SUBMISS' was sent to all ships in the NATO navies to notify them of the fact the Affray was missing and all other Amphion-class boats were confined to port pending investigation as to what happened to their missing sister. At the time Affray went missing it was such big news in Britain it relegated the first events that culminated in the Suez Crisis to page two of the national newspapers. There was some urgency in the initial 48 hours of the search as it was estimated the crew would not survive much longer than this if they had survived whatever had sunk the submarine in the first place. During the search a Morse code signal (via tapping on the submarine hull) had been received by two of the searching ships, reading "We are trapped on the bottom", but this did not help in locating the sub.
According to the algorithm, the process of codeword search continues to move forward along a code path, as long as the Fano metric along the code path remains non-decreasing. # Once all the successor path metrics are smaller than , the algorithm moves backward to the predecessor path if the predecessor path metric beats ; thereafter, threshold examination will be subsequently performed on another successor path of this revisited predecessor. # In case the predecessor path metric is also less than , the threshold is one-step lowered so that the algorithm is not trapped on the current path. # For the Fano algorithm, if a path is revisited, the presently examined dynamic threshold is always lower than the momentary dynamic threshold at the previous visit, guaranteeing that looping in the algorithm does not occur, and that the algorithm can ultimately reach a terminal node of the code tree, and stop.
According to the NSA's BULLRUN Classification Guide, BULLRUN is not a Sensitive Compartmented Information (SCI) control system or compartment, but the codeword has to be shown in the classification line, after all other classification and dissemination markings. Furthermore, any details about specific cryptographic successes were recommend to be additionally restricted (besides being marked Top Secret//SI) with Exceptionally Controlled Information labels; a non- exclusive list of possible BULLRUN ECI labels was given as: APERIODIC, AMBULANT, AUNTIE, PAINTEDEAGLE, PAWLEYS, PITCHFORD, PENDLETON, PICARESQUE, and PIEDMONT without any details as to what these labels mean. Access to the program is limited to a group of top personnel at the Five Eyes (FVEY), the NSA and the signals intelligence agencies of the United Kingdom (GCHQ), Canada (CSE), Australia (ASD), and New Zealand (GCSB). Signals that cannot be decrypted with current technology may be retained indefinitely while the agencies continue to attempt to decrypt them.
Hergé was inspired to develop the plot for The Red Sea Sharks after reading a magazine article detailing the continued existence of the slave trade within the Arab world, in which it was claimed that African pilgrims headed to Mecca were being enslaved during the journey. Hergé included a reference to this slave trade in the story's original French title, Coke en Stock ("Coke on Board"), which referred to the slave smuggler's use of "coke" as a codeword for the enslaved people. The Treasury (Al Khazneh) in Petra depicted in the book Prior to writing the story, Hergé had read Balzac et son monde ("Balzac and His World"), a 1955 book written by his friend Félicien Marceau. Intrigued by the work of Honoré de Balzac, Hergé was inspired by the way in which Balzac kept reusing characters from his previous stories and he subsequently adopted this trait for The Red Sea Sharks, in which a wide range of characters from The Adventures of Tintin make a reappearance.
There are two slightly differing, but related, etymologies for the origin of the term: One common etymology is that BIGOT is a reversal of the codewords "TO GIB", meaning "To Gibraltar". The context of this etymology is the Allied invasion of North Africa in November 1942: "TO GIB" was stamped on the orders of military and intelligence staff travelling from Britain to North Africa to prepare for the operation. The majority of personnel made a dangerous journey by sea, through areas patrolled by German U-boats, however certain individuals whose contribution to the campaign or whose mission was vital were classified "BIGOT", and were flown to Africa on a safer route via Gibraltar. Several sources state that BIGOT was a codeword for Operation Overlord, the Western Allies' plan to invade German-occupied western Europe during World War II, and that the term was an acronym for "British Invasion of German Occupied Territory".
According to a restricted file prepared by the British Army's 'Q' Movements Transport Control in Belfast, the British would not have crossed the border "until invited to do so by the Éire Government", but the document added that although most people in the State probably would have helped the British Army, "there would have been a small disaffected element capable of considerable guerrilla activities against us." Sir John Loader Maffey, the British representative to Ireland since 1939, was to transmit the code word "Pumpkins" (later replaced by "Measure") to begin the troop movement of the 53rd Division onto Irish soil.All British troops entering Ireland were to be issued with the Irish flag to ensure a friendly reception from the locals, and religious symbols and motifs were banned from use, an image of an Irish Gate was finally chosen as the symbol of their intention to bar the way of the German invader. This codeword would be received by Huddleston and Lieutenant General Harold Franklyn, the BTNI commander.
Real IRA graffiti in Bogside, Derry On 8 November 2007 two RIRA members shot an off-duty PSNI officer as he sat in his car on Bishop Street in Derry, causing injuries to his face and arm. On 12 November another PSNI member was shot by RIRA members in Dungannon, County Tyrone. On 7 February 2008, the RIRA stated that, after experiencing a three-year period of reorganisation, it intended to "go back to war" by launching a new offensive against "legitimate targets". It also, despite having apologised for the Omagh bombing, denied any large scale involvement with the attack and said that their part had only gone as far as their codeword being used. On 12 May 2008 the RIRA seriously injured a member of the PSNI when a booby trap bomb exploded underneath his car near Spamount, County Tyrone. On 25 September 2008 the RIRA shot a man in the neck in St Johnston, near the County Londonderry border.
The Gilbert–Varshamov bound, proved independently in 1952 by Gilbert and in 1957 by Rom Varshamov, is a mathematical theorem that guarantees the existence of error-correcting codes that have a high transmission rate as a function of their length, alphabet size, and Hamming distance between codewords (a parameter that controls the number of errors that can be corrected). The main idea is that in a maximal code (one to which no additional codeword can be added), the Hamming balls of the given distance must cover the entire codespace, so the number of codewords must at least equal the total volume of the codespace divided by the volume of a single ball. For 30 years, until the invention of Goppa codes in 1982, codes constructed in this way were the best ones known. The Gilbert–Elliott model, developed by Gilbert in 1960 and E. O. Elliot in 1963, is a mathematical model for the analysis of transmission channels in which the errors occur in bursts.
Greystone or GREYSTONE (abbreviation: GST) is the former secret codeword of a Sensitive Compartmented Information compartment containing information about rendition, interrogation and counter-terrorism programs of the CIA,Marc Ambinder, The 5 secret code words that define our era, February 26, 2013 operations that began shortly after the September 11 Attacks. It covers covert actions in the Middle East that include pre-military operations in Afghanistan and drone attacks. The abbreviation GST was first revealed in December 2005, in a Washington Post-article by Dana Priest, which says that GST includes programs for capturing suspected Al-Qaeda terrorists, for transporting them with aircraft, for maintaining secret prisons in various foreign countries and for the use of special interrogation methods which are held illegal by many lawyers.Dana Priest, Covert CIA Program Withstands New Furor, December 30, 2005 In 2009, the GST-abbreviation was accidentally confirmed in a declassified document written by the Justice Department's Office of Legal Counsel in 2004.
The court decision which convicted lower division referees to fines has been subject of controversies. One of them is the justification it gave for not considering golden object offers to referees as relevant evidence. A wide debate has also been sparked between the right to privacy (invoked in this case as part of a claim that the unauthorized wiretaps were unusable evidence) and the demand for a more severe justice, regardless of the privacy rights of crime suspects. The codewords used in the wiretaps have since become common Portuguese football jargon, expressions such as "fruta para dormir" ("fruit to sleep with", an alleged codeword for prostitutes), "dark coffee" and "latte" (referring to the skin tone of the prostitutes), "rebuçado" (literally translated as "candy") being used by both supporters and club officials to mock and attack clubs related to the Apito Dourado wiretaps, such as FC Porto, Boavista FC, CD Nacional and Gondomar SC. CMTV started a series about Apito Dourado in 2013, regarding the 10th anniversary of the scandal, by airing the already known wiretaps as well as releasing previously unknown ones.
Stiffler in the 1980s Stiffler was author or coauthor of numerous papers and books, and was awarded several hundred patents. His thesis, "Self-synchronizing binary telemetry codes", supervised by Solomon Golomb, combined the ideas of binary orthogonal codes (in which codewords are completely uncorrelated with one other) and self-synchronizing codes (in which there is no ambiguity about the positions of the boundaries between code words); he found constructions of self- synchronizing binary orthogonal codes for all codeword lengths greater than or equal to four, and proved nonexistence for all shorter lengths. In 1964 he developed the puncturing technique (and proved the Solomon–Stiffler bound) with Gustave Solomon, and coauthored Digital Communications with Space Applications with Golomb, Andrew Viterbi and two others. His 1971 book Theory of Synchronous Communications grew out of NASA's need for highly power- efficient synchronous serial communication during data transmissions for its deep space program; a review called it "unparalleled in its comprehensive treatment of the synchronization problems of time-discrete communications" and "a landmark in the theoretical development" of the subject.
A bullet wound to his left lung left him unable to play fast games or run long distances.Dennis Wheatley, 1961, Codeword – Golden Fleece, London, Arrow Books, pp. 154-155; Dennis Wheatley, 1962, The Golden Spaniard, London, Arrow Books, p. 121; Dennis Wheatley, 1958, The Second Seal, London, Arrow Books, pp. 44-45 and 101. He returned to the Balkans in May 1914 on a secret mission for the British government to penetrate the Serbian nationalist organization known as the Black Hand. The duke reported to Sir Pellinore Gwaine-Cust, whom he had met in April 1914 along with an unnamed man (who is plainly meant to be Winston Churchill) at a party in London.The unnamed man was introduced to the duke as ‘Mr. Marlborough’; Dennis Wheatley, 1958, The Second Seal, London, Arrow Books, p. 30. Greatly concerned at the prospect of a general European war, Sir Pellinore had invited de Richleau to a meeting at his house in Carlton House Terrace, the first of several such meetings they were to have over the years.
Map of Kenya The origin of the term Mau Mau is uncertain. According to some members of Mau Mau, they never referred to themselves as such, instead preferring the military title Kenya Land and Freedom Army (KLFA).. Some publications, such as Fred Majdalany's State of Emergency: The Full Story of Mau Mau, claim it was an anagram of Uma Uma (which means "get out get out") and was a military codeword based on a secret language-game Kikuyu boys used to play at the time of their circumcision. Majdalany also says the British simply used the name as a label for the Kikuyu ethnic community without assigning any specific definition.. Akamba people say the name Mau Mau came from Ma Umau meaning 'Our Grandfathers'. The term was first used during a pastoralists revolt against de-stocking that took place in 1938 led by Muindi Mbingu during which he urged the colonists to leave Kenya so that his people (the kamba) could live freely like the time of 'Our Grandfathers' (Twenda kwikala ta maau mau maitu, tuithye ngombe ta Maau mau maitu, nundu nthi ino ni ya maau mau maitu).
Tachibana went to Manchukuo in 1932, proclaiming that the theory of the "five races" working together was the best solution to Asia's problems and argued in his writings that only Japan could save China from itself, which was a complete change from his previous policies, where he criticized Japan for exploiting China. Other left- wing activists like Ōgami Suehiro did not undergo Tenkō, but still went to work in Manchukuo, believing it was possible to effect social reforms that would end the "semi-feudal" condition of the Chinese peasants of Manchukuo, and that he could use the Kwantung Army to effect left-wing reforms in Manchukuo. Ōgami went to work in the "agricultural economy" desk of the Social Research Unit of the South Manchurian Railroad company, writing up reports about the rural economy of Manchukuo that were used by the Kwantung Army and the Manchukuo state. Ōgami believed that his studies helped ordinary people, citing one study he did about water use in rural Manchukuo, where he noted a correlation between villages that were deprived of water and "banditry" (the codeword for anti-Japanese guerrillas), believing that the policy of improving water supply in villages was due to his study.

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