For the last two years — 50, really — the same circular argument has been going on.
|
|
This is a circular argument that will never be fully decided until the Social Security recipient in question dies.
|
|
Second, House Democrats have made clear they will not accept a circular argument that places the President above the law.
|
|
"Every question that I ask, we go in a circular argument wherein they state 'I don't answer questions,'" the officer explains.
|
|
It's a circular argument — he apparently wants to round up and kill Muggles because the Muggles are rounding up and killing one another.
|
|
" Asked about how tech companies might contribute to the housing crisis because of the high pay they give workers, Stoppelman called it "a circular argument.
|
|
"Depending on how another offer from BATS could be structured, there's a bit of a circular argument here for the value of RAI," Fleck said.
|
|
Mr Rubio offers a circular argument for doing nothing much: there is no point America trying to cut its emissions unless other countries do the same, and even if they say they will, they won't.
|
|
The transition between being the runaway winner of the Republican primary and the hapless loser in the general election has robbed Trump of the lone, circular argument for his candidacy: that he deserves to win because he's a winner.
|
|
The great thing about this puzzle is the visual presentation of the CIRCULAR REASONING flaw, that actually reads, if you start from the shaded/circled letter C and proceed clockwise, "CIRCULAR REASONING MAKES NO SENSE BECAUSE …" and repeats itself ad infinitum, which is precisely what a circular argument does.
|
|
We are faced with the hopeless situation of an infinite regression. # One can stop at self-evidence or common sense or fundamental principles or speaking ex cathedra or at any other evidence, but in doing so the intention to install certain justification is abandoned. # The third horn of the trilemma is the application of a circular argument.
|
|
The Truth Rule states whatever I perceive to clearly and distinctly believe to belong to something truly does belong to it. The Truth Rule is contingent on God’s existence. However, we can only know of God’s existence by being able to clearly and distinctly perceive of this. A circular argument is one in which a premise in an argument includes with the argument’s conclusion.
|
|
He summarized this work in terms of the complexification of the two-form fiber over space-time.Carl Brans Complex Structures and the Einstein Equations J. Math. Phys. 15 1559 (1974). He also worked on certain questions related to the apparently circular argument in proofs of Bell's theorem in which the hidden variables are a priori assumed to not influence detector settings,Carl Brans Bell's Theorem does not eliminate fully causal Hidden Variables Int.
|
|
Advocates of this approach argue that since only quasi-local, essentially classical states survive the decoherence process, einselection can in many ways explain the emergence of a (seemingly) classical reality in a fundamentally quantum universe (at least to local observers). However, the basic program has been criticized as relying on a circular argument (e.g. R. E. Kastner). So the question of whether the 'einselection' account can really explain the phenomenon of wave function collapse remains unsettled.
|
|
Many saw the argument as a weak justification for exploitation and a flimsy example of creating science to reference as proof.Hofstadter, Richard. The American Political Tradition & the Men Who Made It. New York, NY: Knopf, 1974. 86-117. An obvious flaw lies in that there are no indications as to which class or race rightfully belongs to the mudsill other than the pre-supposed regional groups that were already in place at the "bottom," thus causing a circular argument.
|
|
Proponents of the new antisemitism concept, he writes, see an organizing principle that allows them to formulate a new concept, but it is only in terms of this concept that many of the examples cited in evidence of it count as examples in the first place.Klug, Brian. The Myth of the New Anti- Semitism. The Nation, February 2, 2004, accessed January 9, 2006 That is, the creation of the concept may be based on a circular argument or tautology.
|
|
Shakespeare's Life and Stage (1989), the fruit of a lifetime's study, was a major work that included an extended discussion of the bard's education,"Shakespeare's Education, or the Circular Argument" by Christopher Dams in but the poor sales were a great disappointment to the author. He wrote extensively on Devon and Cornwall including three books on Exmoor. His 1952 book of that title was described by his son John as the standard work on the area. His 1953 book on The North Devon Coast.
|
|
Ricardo argued that the simple fact of the pound's depreciation was proof of its over- issue—a circular argument that nevertheless carried the day. Bosanquet never published a reply to Ricardo, and he has consequently been much abused by historians of economic thought. J.K. Horsefield (1941) wrote of “the lamentable decline from the counsels of Samuel Bosanquet in 1783 to the apologia of Charles Bosanquet in 1810,” while R.S. Sayers (1952) observed that “poor Bosanquet is left cutting a very sorry figure.” Ricardo's victory over Bosanquet was in fact far from complete.
|
|
Rather, he maintained, our beliefs are more a result of accumulated habits, developed in response to accumulated sense experiences. Among his many arguments Hume also added another important slant to the debate about scientific method—that of the problem of induction. Hume argued that it requires inductive reasoning to arrive at the premises for the principle of inductive reasoning, and therefore the justification for inductive reasoning is a circular argument. Among Hume's conclusions regarding the problem of induction is that there is no certainty that the future will resemble the past.
|
|
In this way, 'Foucault's theories of self have been extensively developed by Rose to explore techniques of governance via self-formation...the self has to become an enterprising subject, acquiring cultural capital in order to gain employment',Lisa Adkins, Feminism after Bourdieu (2004) p. 78 thus contributing to self-exploitation. It is suggested by Kohut that for an individual to talk about, explain, understand or judge oneself is linguistically impossible, since it requires the self to understand its self. This is seen as philosophically invalid, being self-referential, or reification, also known as a circular argument.
|
|
Traditionally, compatibilists (defenders of the compatibility of free will and determinism, like A. J. Ayer, Walter Terence Stace, and Daniel Dennett) reject premise two, arguing that, properly understood, free will is not incompatible with determinism. According to the traditional compatibilist analysis of free will, an agent is free to do otherwise when he would have done otherwise had he wanted to do otherwise. Agents may possess free will, according to the conditional analysis, even if determinism is true. Critics point out that compatibilists are making a circular argument here: An agent is free if an agent is free.
|
|
In light of the ruling by the Colorado Supreme Court in Brinkman v. Long staying license issuance in Adams and Denver counties, the defendants also asked Judge Hartman to reconsider his ruling and stay it. Judge Hartman denied the state's request on July 23, 2014; he dismissed the assertion that the state supreme court's stay of Brinkman is binding on Boulder County as "an improper circular argument". Judge Hartman noted that the high court relied on Judge Crabtree's preexisting stay of the Denver and Adams county cases when ruling; however, no such stay exists in the Boulder case.
|
|
A circular reference is not to be confused with the logical fallacy of a circular argument. Although a circular reference will often be unhelpful and reveal no information, such as two entries in a book index referring to each other, it is not necessarily so that a circular reference is of no use. Dictionaries, for instance, must always ultimately be a circular reference since all words in a dictionary are defined in terms of other words, but a dictionary nevertheless remains a useful reference. Sentences containing circular references can still be meaningful: :Her brother gave her a kitten; his sister thanked him for it.
|
|
Closely connected with begging the question is the fallacy of circular reasoning ('), a fallacy in which the reasoner begins with the conclusion. The individual components of a circular argument can be logically valid because if the premises are true, the conclusion must be true, and does not lack relevance. However, circular reasoning is not persuasive because a listener who doubts the conclusion also doubts the premise that leads to it. Begging the question is similar to the complex question (also known as trick question or fallacy of many questions): a question that, to be valid, requires the truth of another question that has not been established.
|
|
Yossarian is Doc Daneeka's only friend on the base. Yossarian, like the other flying officers, continually begs for grounding, although he never successfully accomplishes the number of missions required. Nonetheless, he continues to ask. One day, while Yossarian explains his pitiful circumstances, Doc Daneeka becomes the first in the novel to detail the structured frameworking of what is formally known as "Catch-22"; a circular argument that prevents any of the men from removing themselves from combat: > There was only one catch and that was Catch-22, which specified that a > concern for one's safety in the face of dangers that were real and immediate > was the process of a rational mind.
|
|
In Quine's view, the indeterminacy of translation leads to the inability to separate analytic statements whose validity lies in the usage of language from synthetic statements, those that assert facts about the world. The argument hinges on the role of synonymy in analytic statements, "A natural suggestion, deserving close examination, is that the synonymy of two linguistic forms consists simply in their interchangeability in all contexts without change of truth value". However, Quine argues, because of the indeterminacy of translation, any attempt to define 'analyticity' on a substitutional basis invariably introduces assumptions of the synthetic variety, resulting in a circular argument. Thus, this kind of substitutability does not provide an adequate explanation of synonyms.
|
|
Captain von Trapp anticipates the German annexation of Austria, and argues with Elsa and Max about how to respond to the Nazis, who have begun to overrun the country. While the Captain holds Austrian nationalist views and believes he must stand up to the Nazis, Elsa and Max say there is nothing anyone can do, and that the Captain should be flexible and make the Nazis think that he is on their side. The song shows the three's different motivations and clashes of egos, and becomes a song about Max and Elsa trying to convince Georg to forget about everything going on around him and just to think about himself. The song's circular melody parallels its circular argument.
|
|
This has been criticized on a variety of grounds: it is a vague and abstract term, lacks coherence, is subjective, conflates multiple concepts, is a circular argument that begs the question of equality and has been imbued with undue importance and centrality in equality claims. The human dignity test has notably been criticized for being a vague, abstract, and general term. The concept of human dignity has been characterized as being fundamentally inimical to equality claims analyses and has been deemed "…too abstract and general to demarcate the specific province of section 15 or to assist in resolving equality litigation."Donna Greschner, "The Purpose of Canadian Equality Rights" (2001-2002) 6 Rev Const Stud 291.
|
|
Knowledge is understood as factive, that is, as embodying a sort of epistemological "tie" between a truth and a belief. The JTB account is then criticized for trying to get and encapsulate the factivity of knowledge "on the cheap," as it were, or via a circular argument, by replacing an irreducible notion of factivity with the conjunction of some of the properties that accompany it (in particular, truth and justification). Of course, the introduction of irreducible primitives into a philosophical theory is always problematical (some would say a sign of desperation), and such anti-reductionist accounts are unlikely to please those who have other reasons to hold fast to the method behind JTB+G accounts.
|
|
Keynes's diagram of the investment schecule lacks the step shape which can be seen as part of the classical theory. He objects that > the functions used by classical theory... do not furnish material for a > theory of the rate of interest; but they could be used to tell us... what > the rate of interest will have to be, if the level of employment [which > determines income] is maintained at a given figure.p181. Later (p. 184) Keynes claims that "it involves a circular argument" to construct a theory of interest from the investment schedule since > the 'marginal efficiency of capital' partly depends on the scale of current > investment, and we must already know the rate of interest before we can > calculate what this scale will be.
|
|
At that juncture of their dialogue, Euthyphro does not understand what makes his definition of "piety" a circular argument; he agrees with Socrates that the gods like an action because it is pious. Socrates then argues that the unanimous approval of the gods is merely an attribute of "piety", that divine approval is not a defining characteristic of "piety". That divine approval does not define the essence of "piety", does not define what is "piety", does not give an idea of "piety"; therefore, divine approval is not a universal definition of "piety". ;Linguistic note Socrates' argument is convoluted not only because of its structure but because of the language used, and is said to have "reduced translators to babble and driven commentators to despair".
|
|
Malus, encouraged by Pierre-Simon Laplace, then sought to explain this law in corpuscular terms: from the known relation between the incident and refracted ray directions, Malus derived the corpuscular velocity (as a function of direction) that would satisfy Maupertuis's "least action" principle. But, as Young pointed out, the existence of such a velocity law was guaranteed by Huygens's spheroid, because Huygens's construction leads to Fermat's principle, which becomes Maupertuis's principle if the ray speed is replaced by the reciprocal of the particle speed! The corpuscularists had not found a force law that would yield the alleged velocity law, except by a circular argument in which a force acting at the surface of the crystal inexplicably depended on the direction of the (possibly subsequent) velocity within the crystal.
|
|
This Ain Hanaziv coin hoard spanned hundreds of years, starting from the Seleucid era and ended with the same kind of coins from the reign of Septimius Severus in 210. Therefore, according to Lönnqvist, claiming an earlier date for the silver hoards is untenable and contradicts the first complete recording of the Qumran silver hoards made by him in 2007, which includes the first photographic evidence of the coin hoards, and the regional coin evidence from other hoards. It has already been shown that de Vaux's dating system of Qumran and the silver coin hoards was based on what is generally known as a circular argument; the end of the first major settlement period was dated after the assumed date of hiding of the coin hoards, which in turn dated the coin hoards themselves. Nevertheless, Lönnqvist's theories have been criticized by Farhi and Price.
|
|
In May 2009 The Rage Against God was anticipated by Michael Gove, who wrote in The Times: Hitchens first referred to The Rage Against God in August 2009, in one of his weekly columns: "Above all, I seek to counter the assertion, central to my brother's case ... that the Soviet regime was in fact religious in character. This profound misunderstanding of the nature of the USSR is the key to finding another significant flaw in what is in general his circular argument". Then, a week before the book's publication, Hitchens wrote: "...it is obvious much of what I say [in The Rage Against God] arises out of my attempt to debate religion with him [Christopher Hitchens], it would be absurd to pretend that much of what I say here is not intended to counter or undermine arguments he presented in his book, God Is Not Great...".
|
|
Jean Froissart described Blanche (following her death) as "jone et jolie" ("young and pretty"). Geoffrey Chaucer described "White" (the central figure in his Book of the Duchess, believed to have been inspired by Blanche: see below) in such terms as "rody, fresh, and lyvely hewed", her neck as "whyt, smothe, streght, and flat", and her throat as "a round tour of yvoire": she was "bothe fair and bright", and Nature's "cheef patron [pattern] of beautee". Gaunt and Blanche's marriage is widely believed to have been happy, although there is little solid evidence for this. The assumption seems to be based on the fact that Gaunt chose to be buried with Blanche, despite his two subsequent marriages, and on the themes of love, devotion and grief expressed in Chaucer's poem (see below)a rather circular argument, as it is partly on the basis of these themes that the couple's relationship is identified as the inspiration for the poem.
|
|
Existential nihilists will refute this as a play on words by critics to blur the distinction between universal truth and the entire conception of truth. They would argue that the fact that a person edited an article about nihilistic paradoxes is objectively true (though epistemological nihilists and metaphysical nihilists would both question this) since the article was edited by someone, but that the editor and action itself has no more "universal" meaning than the existence of disease or the creation of life via sex. It is unfair, existential nihilists would argue, to denigrate a philosophy which simply denies the absence of universal truth in a moral sense (the idea that there is a moral God or Gods who designed the world and people with an innate morality and purpose) as one that happily rejects meaning without consideration for the logic of the universe. Secondly, it isn't a paradox in the sense that all truths result in the Münchhausen trilemma, and every truth claim can be traced back to an axiom, circular argument, or infinite regress.
|
|