Homidia cingula is a species of slender springtail in the family Entomobryidae.
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Cingula is a genus of minute sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks or micromollusks in the family Rissoidae.
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Onoba aculeus, common name the pointed cingula, is a species of minute sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family Rissoidae.
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Below the suture there are numerous, oblique, small plicae. The keel is nodulose and the granulose cingula are alternately smaller sculpted. The last base tapers gradually. The outer lip is thin.
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Skull of P. africanus. Proconsul africanus had a dental formula of 2.1.2.3 on both the upper and lower jaws. The molars of this species had thin enamel and there was a prominent molar cingula.
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Chrysocetus is similar to Zygorhiza except that it lacks the denticles on the cingula of the upper premolars characteristic of Zygorhiza. The premolars of Chrysocetus have smoother enamel than other dorudontines and are more gracile than those of Dorudon.
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They do not look like typical mammalian teeth, which do occlude precisely and have distinct cingula and cusps offset from a single longitudinal row. Indeed, precise occlusion is thought to have evolved very early in the evolution of mammals, in Morganucodon itself.
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Other sources classify all enlarged cingula as talon cusps and classify them according to the degree of enlargement. The incidence has been found to range from 1% to 6% of the population.Neville, B.W., D. Damm, C. Allen, J. Bouquot. Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology.
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The molars were low and the first premolars elongated.T. F. Flannery, E. Hoch, and K. Aplin. 1989. Macropodines from the Pliocene Otibanda Formation, Papua New Guinea. Alcheringa 13(1-2):145-152 Cristids obliqua and posterioor cingula are missing on the lower molars.
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The sutural cingula are elevated, subundulate, spirally striate, and pallidly tessellate. The base of the shell is a little convex. It is covered with about 16 subgranose alternately larger and more delicate riblets. The umbilicus is narrow, surrounded by a white plate.
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The permanent dental formula for Zygorhiza is , the deciduous dental formula is . The cingula at the base of the tooth crowns on P2–4 are strongly developed but do not meet on the medial side. P2, the largest upper tooth, has four accessory denticles on the anterior and posterior cutting edges. P3–M2 form a closed series.
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Sinoconodon is known only from the skull and lower jaws. It is younger geologically than some Morganucodon, but Sinoconodon has many features which are more primitive than Morganucodon. Particularly significant is the dentition of Sinoconodon, in which the postcanine tooth row consists of five multicuspid trenchant teeth with only the vestiges of cingula. These teeth do not precisely occlude with one another.
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There is also a talon-like platform anterior to the prominent cusps. The tooth also has a strong and wide lingual and buccal cingula. There are wear facets on the molar to suggest occlusion with the lower molars. In Tikitherium, the wear facets are found on the lingual side unlike with Woutersia where the wear facets are found only on the anterior face.
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This is very unusual in modern mammals and contrasts to extant toothed whales that only develop a single set of teeth. It might indicate that Zygorhiza represents a stage in archaeocete evolution where skeletal maturation was delayed like in modern cetaceans. Zygorhiza differs from all other dorudontines in the presence of well-developed cuspules on the cingula of the upper premolars.
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In the first lower molar (m1), a large tooth, the cusp complex at the front (the trigonid) is high and the one at the back (the talonid) is lower. Among the cusps of the trigonid, the protoconid is highest and the metaconid and paraconid are lower and about equally high.Samonds, 2007, p. 52 The cingula (shelves) at the front and the back are low.
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44–49 The flexi and flexids (valleys between the cusps and crests) at the labial (outer) side of the molars are closed by cingula (ridges). On the first and second upper molars, the flexi do not extend to the midline of the molars.Weksler, 2006, p. 44 The anterocone, the front cusp of the upper first molar, is not divided in two by an indentation at its front (anteromedian flexus).
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Megazostrodon is an extinct Mammaliaform from South Africa that is widely accepted as being one of the first mammals. It is approximately 200 million years old.Fur and Fangs: Mammal Origins . Palaeobiology and Biodiversity Research Group, University of Bristol. Megazostrodon rudnerae means, literally, ‘Rudner’s large girdle tooth’ (from the Greek mega-large, zostros- girdle and don-tooth -- referring to the founder, Ione Rudner, and the large external cingula, or ridges of the upper molars).
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The nasal opening was retracted and large, indicating a large trunk. The rostrum was long and the rostral fossa broad. The mandibular symphyses (the lower jaw-bone) were very long and curved downward, which, with the backward- curved tusks, is a distinguishing feature of the group; it possessed no upper tusks. Deinotherium is distinguished from its predecessor Prodeinotherium by its much greater size, greater crown dimensions, and reduced development of posterior cingula ornamentation in the second and third molars.
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Review by Martin Henig of Ancient Jewelry and Archaeology by Adriana Calinescu; The Jewellery of Roman Britain: Celtic and Classical Traditions by Catherine Johns, American Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 101, No. 4 (Oct., 1997), p. 809 (re the Johns book), Published by: Archaeological Institute of America, Article DOI: 10.2307/506863, JSTOR In late Roman Gaul and Britain cingula or belts decorated with metal fittings were worn as signs of rank by both soldiers and civilian officials.
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Indolophus can be distinguished from other tapiromorphs in the characteristics of the upper dentition; it is distinguished from other basal tapiromorphs in having a more developed molar and protolophid and hypolophid. Indolophus is more primitive than tapiroids due to the lophodont dentiton and the absence of lingual and buccal cingula and molar metaconule.Tsubamoto, T., Soe Thura Tun, Egi, N., Takai, M., Shigehara, N., Aung Naing Soe, Aye Ko Aung, and Tin Thein. 2003. Reevaluation of some ungulate mammals from the Eocene Pondaung Formation, Myanmar.
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Cingula are often incomplete ridges that pass around the base of the crown. Mammalian, multicusped cheek teeth probably evolved from single-cusped teeth in synapsids, although the diversity of therapsid molar patterns and the complexity in the molars of the earliest mammals make determining how this happened impossible. According to the widely accepted "differentiation theory", additional cusps have arisen by budding or outgrowth from the crown, while the rivalling "concrescence theory" instead proposes that complex teeth evolved by the clustering of originally separate conical teeth. Therian mammals (placentals and marsupials) are generally agreed to have evolved from an ancestor with tribosphenic cheek teeth, with three main cusps arranged in a triangle.
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Basal forms like Abrictosaurus had cheek teeth in both maxilla and dentary that were generally similar to other ornithischians: widely spaced, each having a low crown and a strongly-developed ridge (cingulum) separating the crown from the root. In more derived forms like Lycorhinus and Heterodontosaurus, the teeth were chisel-shaped, with much higher crowns and no cingula, so that there was no difference in width between the crowns and the roots. These derived cheek teeth were overlapping, so that their crowns formed a continuous surface on which food could be chewed. The tooth rows were slightly inset from the side of the mouth, leaving a space outside the teeth that may have been bounded by a muscular cheek, which would have been necessary for chewing.
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Weksler, 2006, pp. 43–44 Many accessory crests, including the mesoloph on the upper molars and the mesolophid on the lower molars, are present, another trait the marsh rice rat shares with most but not all other oryzomyines.Weksler, 2006, pp. 44–49 The flexi and flexids (valleys between the cusps and crests) at the labial (outer) side of the molars are closed by cingula (ridges). The upper molars have two longitudinal rows of cusps, not three as in the black and brown rats.Whitaker and Hamilton, 1998, pp. 278–279 The first and second upper molars are oval in formCarleton and Musser, 1989, pp. 40, 42 and the flexi do not extend to the midline of the molars.Weksler, 2006, p. 44 The anterocone, the front cusp of the upper first molar, is not divided in two by an indentation at its front (anteromedian flexus), but does display a hollow in the middle, the anteromedian fossette, which divides it into separate cuspules at the labial and lingual (inner) sides of the molar.
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