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Rocks known as chert were used as a coloring material.

In addition to the obsidian, another commonly imported resource was brown or white chert.

One of the microfossils discovered in a sample of rock recovered from the Apex Chert.

And in his final moments, the Iceman ran out of chert to fix his tools.

Happy Valentine's Day, chert faces, have a sweet piss of a day with your meat mates.

The blade was made of a hard, dark rock called chert that is similar to flint.

Decades ago, UCLA scientist J. William Schopf collected samples of ancient rock in Western Australia's Apex chert deposit.

"His chert toolkit is very reduced, he had only essential tools without any ready for future replacement," said Wierer.

This means that villages were being supplied with chert from different outcrops, and that contacts were maintained over long distances.

The Apex Chert, a rock formation in Western Australia that is among the oldest and best-preserved rock deposits in the world.

The chert that Otzi used was mined from three different areas, which were as far as 40 miles away, Dr. Wierer said.

From a seam in one of these hills, a jumble of ancient, orange-Creamsicle rock spills forth: a deposit called the Apex Chert.

Prior to this discovery, the oldest known fungi fossils came from the Rhynie chert, a Scottish site that dates back roughly 400 million years.

For instance, the Rhynie chert deposits in Scotland have preserved an entire Devonian ecosystem, thanks to the petrification-friendly conditions of a hot spring environment.

In response, Dr. Papineau observed that the type of rock studied, known as chert, is very hard and might have protected fossils from high temperatures.

The problem, as is evident in the resulting "YOU A GOO" and "CHERT FACE," is that machines are still not very good at understanding the nuances of human vocabulary.

They feature a range of raw materials, including chert, jasper, and quartzite; many come from famous archaeological sites like Le Moustier in France, Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania, or Makapansgat in South Africa.

But this changed entirely by about 2300,2000 years ago, as evidenced by the presence of tools and other artifacts made from obsidian, chert (a colored stone), and quartzite—materials that came from far away.

A small range called the Makhonjwa Mountains or the Barberton Greenstone Belt sits in eastern South Africa and Swaziland, and contains a 23-to-66 foot thick deposit of 3.3-billion-year-old volcanic rock called the Josefdal Chert.

Stone tool technologies, materials, and uses adapted and diversified during the Archaic period, especially in the Northern Belize Chert-Bearing Zone (NBCBZ) around the site of Colha. NBCNZ chert, also known as Colha chert, is incredibly high quality and distinct from chert originating in other regions.Lohse 2010, p. 327. Colha chert became a common and important material for stone tools beginning around 3000 BCE and continuing into the Preclassic and Classic periods.

These thickly bedded cherts include the novaculite of the Ouachita Mountains of Arkansas, Oklahoma, and similar occurrences in Texas and South Carolina in the United States. The banded iron formations of Precambrian age are composed of alternating layers of chert and iron oxides. Chert also occurs in diatomaceous deposits and is known as diatomaceous chert. Diatomaceous chert consists of beds and lenses of diatomite which were converted during diagenesis into dense, hard chert.

In addition to microfossils, chert occasionally contains macrofossils. However, some chert is devoid of any fossils.Boggs 206, p.207 Chert varies greatly in color (from white to black), but most often manifests as gray, brown, grayish brown and light green to rusty redW.

Lithics found in the greatest abundance in the Duck Valley included: cryptocrystalline quartz, blue-grey and tan chert, gray banded chert, fossiliferous chert, limestone, shale, mudstone, siltstone, and sandstone. Large quantities of chert artifacts were found indicating the importance of chert as a resource for tool making. Some lithic resources found in the reservoir are thought to have been derived locally, although there were also exotic materials present. These were most likely obtained through trade with peoples in the surrounding region.

Since 1980, the chert has been examined by the University of Münster, and from 1987 by Aberdeen University, whose researchers confirmed that the chert was indeed produced in a hot spring setting. Cores, allowing an insight into the evolution of the chert over time, were drilled in 1988 and 1997, accompanied by further trenching efforts, which unearthed the Windyfield chert. Until recently, the Rhynie chert was the only such deposit known from the geological record, although recent work has turned up other localities from different time periods and continents.

Narooma Chert from Australia Rock, Narooma From the stratigraphic point of view the terrane comprises the Wagonga Group. This consists of the Narooma Chert overlain by the Bogolo Formation.

"Cherts and Archaic Chert Utilization in South-Central Indiana." Prehistoric Chert Exploitation: Studies from the Midcontinent. Brian M. Butler and Ernest E. May, eds. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University, 1984, 149-166.

Numerous roadcuts of the Florence Member are prominent along Interstate 70 in Riley County, Kansas. Unlike the Pennsylvanian limestones to the east, however, many of the limestones in the Flint Hills contain several bands of chert or flint. Because chert is much less soluble than the limestone surrounding it, the weathering of the limestone has left behind a clay soil with abundant chert gravel. Most of the hilltops in the region are capped with this chert gravel.

The pluton is capped by pillow basalt, diabase, chert and limestone. These in turn are covered over by an additional layer of tuff chert, volcanogenic flysch and breccia with andesite and dacite lava.

These can include shale siltstone fragments, and (at times) chert.

The Grassy Knob Chert is a geologic formation in Indiana.

The Clear Creek Chert is a geologic formation in Indiana.

Chert () is a hard, fine-grained sedimentary rock composed of microcrystalline (or cryptocrystalline) crystals of quartz,Knauth, L. Paul. "A model for the origin of chert in limestone." Geology 7, no. 6 (1979): 274-277.

The Old Port Formation consists of limestone, sandstone, shale, and chert.

Rhynie, Scotland. The Rhynie chert is an Early Devonian sedimentary deposit exhibiting extraordinary fossil detail or completeness (a Lagerstätte). It is exposed near the village of Rhynie, Aberdeenshire, Scotland; a second unit, the Windyfield chert, is located some 700 m away. The Rhynie chert contains exceptionally preserved plant, fungus, lichen and animal material preserved in place by an overlying volcanic deposit.

The partial Hertzian cones produced during lithic reduction are called flakes, and exhibit features characteristic of this sort of breakage, including striking platforms, bulbs of force, and occasionally eraillures, which are small secondary flakes detached from the flake's bulb of force. When a chert stone is struck against an iron-bearing surface, sparks result. This makes chert an excellent tool for starting fires, and both flint and common chert were used in various types of fire-starting tools, such as tinderboxes, throughout history. A primary historic use of common chert and flint was for flintlock firearms, in which the chert striking a metal plate produces a spark that ignites a small reservoir containing black powder, discharging the firearm.

The Widgiemooltha Chert is often the host of regional shears and thrusts.

They were made predominantly of local raw materials: flint, chert and radiolarite.

Smaller areas of andesite, basalt, chert, dacite and limestone are also found.

The chert has sometimes the appearance of calcedony, and is finely striped.

Deep sea chert (Narooma Chert) was deposited on the Pacific ocean floor over a period of 50 million years from Late Cambrian to Ordovician. Fossils from the chert include the conodonts Paracordylodus gracilis and Acodus cf. A. comptus.Ian G. Percival, Yong–Yi Zhen and Barry D. Webby: Early Ordovician conodont distribution from craton to basin and island terranes in East Gondwana 15 February 2003 URL=92.

Regionally, the upper part of the Vinini is composed largely of shale rich in graptolites, commonly overlain by a black, bedded chert unit, and topped by the conspicuously white Cherry Spring chert. Dark, very fine–grained limestone beds composed largely of the alga Nuia are locally present interbedded with the shale, as are quartz sandstone beds. The quartz sandstone beds are approximately correlative with the Eureka Quartzite in the eastern assemblage to the east of the Vinini and are thought to be genetically related to the Eureka (Finney and Perry, 1991). The chert units are notable for their very thick beds. Except for bedding thickness, the black chert unit is like other Paleozoic bedded cherts in appearance, and is brittle, breaking into “cubes.” The Cherry Spring chert is thick-bedded and is white or nearly so, and unlike ordinary dark chert, it is tough and breaks conchoidally.

The Bigfork Chert is known to produce planerite, turquoise, variscite, and wavellite minerals.

2009, pp.5-6 Maximum thickness is . The formation rests unconformably on the El Rito Formation and has a gradational contact with the overlying Abiquiu Formation. The transition zone is characterized by chert beds assigned informally to the Pedernal chert.

The Motton Spilite lies on top of the chert. It consists of pillow lava, massive lava flows, sediments made from volcanic fragments, and chert breccia. The basalt is an ocean floor type. The Badger Head Inlier consists of deformed Burnie Formation.

Franciscan radiolarian chert in San Francisco, California Radiolarian chert outcrop near Cambria, California. Individual beds range from about 2 to 5 cm thick Radiolarite (Jurassic) from the Alps. Radiolarite is a siliceous, comparatively hard, fine-grained, chert-like, and homogeneous sedimentary rock that is composed predominantly of the microscopic remains of radiolarians. This term is also used for indurated radiolarian oozes and sometimes as a synonym of radiolarian earth.

Colha is located in north-central Belize, about 52 km. north of Belize City in a chert-rich area, Colha offers an in depth look at Maya warfare and collapsed polities during the Terminal Classic. Colha is associated with extensive lithic production ranging in time from the early Classic and into the Post Classic. A huge chert quarry is near Colha, facilitating the production of many chert lithics.

The hornstone which occurs in secondary limestone is called chert by the English miners.

Chert was a hard stone that the Lacandón used to make arrowheads and other lithic tools. A large piece of chert (also called a core) would first be heated and then bone is struck with a round hammerstone (made of volcanic rock) against the core, using indirect percussion fragments were chipped off to make prismatic chert blades. A hammerstone (probably imported from the Guatemalan highlands) was also found nearby the chert fragments. The stone was identified as being a hammerstone because of its smooth and rounded from use and fits comfortably in the hand and has scratches and chips from use.

Chert was taken from the Hungry Hushes and along Fremington Edge, also ceasing after 1940.

Silica can also be removed from the cycle by becoming chert and being permanently buried.

Asteroxylon ("star-shaped xylem") is an extinct genus of vascular plants of the Division Lycopodiophyta known from anatomically preserved specimens described from the famous Early Devonian Rhynie chert and Windyfield chert in Aberdeenshire, Scotland. Asteroxylon is considered the most basal member of the Lycopsida.

Woodward and Timmer 1979 In 2009, Maldonado and Kelley correlated the lower conglomerate beds with the Ritito Conglomerate and removed them from the formation, retaining Pedernal Chert as an informal name for the chert beds of the transition between the Ritito Conglomerate and Abiquiu Formation.

The people are maximizing the use of the particular resource(chert), which is not as common as andesite in the area. The prehistoric people who were making and using these flakes in Minori Cave, were probably aware of the efficiency of chert in the form of flake tools. Although many andesite flakes found in the archaeological assemblages in Minori cave, less than half of the total andesite flakes collected displayed polish and striations. Base from the observations, the study of the stone tools (andesite and chert) has proven that the andesite tools were functionally tools, although they may not as efficient as chert flakes.

The specimens represent a range of preservation conditions, ranging from exposed on weathered surfaces of the chert, totally weathered out of the chert, and as hollow chert casts of the acorns. A total of 42 specimens in chert were studied by paleobotanists Sandra Borgardt and Kathleen Pigg, with their 1999 type description being published in the American Journal of Botany. Borgardt and Pigg chose the specific epithet hiholensis as a reference to the "Hi hole" locality that is the type locality of the species. Based on the acorn and floral morphology, Borgardt and Pigg placed the species into the oak subgenus Quercus section Quercus, which includes living white oaks.

The chert eccentric was oriented to the cardinal directions and its north and south tips were broken off. The chert eccentric normally could be considered to be a symbol of creation and the world tree. However, its broken tips may negate its life-giving aspect (Weiss 1995).

Chert glades are a habitat which only exists in southern Missouri. They are described as a near desert-like environment. This is due to the hard chert bedrock underneath the soil, which has eroded and been exposed to the surface. Plants characteristic of arid areas, including cacti, grow here.

Panorama was an area of chert production while Municipal is associated with the ritual complex of the city.

The site has been severely damaged by modern construction with the chert deposits being reused as construction material.

The toponym "Whitchurch" is common in England. It derived from the Old English wit chert, meaning white earth.

Asymmetrical folds and axial planar quartz veins, isoclinal and rootless folds and boudinage of chert layers are common.

Flint is a sedimentary cryptocrystalline form of the mineral quartz,General Quartz Information – Webmineral.com (page contains java applets depicting 3d molecular structure)Flint and Chert – quartzpage.de categorized as the variety of chert that occurs in chalk or marly limestone. Flint was widely used historically to make stone tools and start fires.

Grid ref: H09444666. The rocks of this sinkhole are composed of Dartry Limestone and Knockmore Limestone with inclusions of chert. The sinkhole originates in peat and then cuts into limestone rock. There are a series of chert base levels which have been broken up to give access to further passages.

The Oliní Group is a geological group usually described as a whole due to the problematic lateral continuity,Guerrero et al., 2000, p.58 although in other cases the individual formations forming the group are used. Earlier names used were Lower Chert member, Upper Sandstone Member and Upper Chert member.

The fossil beds also contain deposits of chert, a stone similar to flint which was worked to produce stone points. An archeological survey of the park revealed a late paleo-Indian camp. The camp showed evidence that the people were working the chert as well as fishing in the lake.

The McCann Hill Chert is a geologic formation in Alaska. It preserves fossils dating back to the Devonian period.

On the show tour, deposits of calcite, manganese dioxide, and ferric oxide are apparent. The top portion of the St. Louis Limestone layer through which the tour goes includes the Lost River Chert Bed, a layer of rock containing sheets of chert, a silicious rock, which is also apparent on the cave tour.

Chert (dark bands) in the Devonian Corriganville-New Creek limestone, Everett, Pennsylvania In petrology the term "chert" is used to refer generally to all rocks composed primarily of microcrystalline, cryptocrystalline and microfibrous quartz. The term does not include quartzite. Chalcedony is a microfibrous (microcrystalline with a fibrous structure) variety of quartz.Boggs 2006, pp.

This variety of chert was of great importance to First Nations peoples throughout Southern Ontario, who used it to make stone tools (lithics) such as projectile points and hide scrapers. This variety of chert, which is of reasonably high-quality and which was highly valued by First Nations peoples, is often a common variety of chert recovered archaeologically from sites relatively adjacent to outcrops; for example, Onondaga-variety chert comprises 95% of all of the flint material from some sites in Milton, Ontario. The material has also been found as well at some distance from its original source; Onondaga chert has been recovered at the late archaic Duck Lake archaeological site in northern Michigan, circa 400 kilometers from the nearest outcropping of the material. This wide distribution implies either a very large seasonal migration of ancient peoples or long-distance trade routes, with both likely being the case at different times throughout the prehistory of the Great Lakes region.

Philip King, Robert B. Neuman, Jarvis B. Hadley, chalcedony is sometimes considered separately from chert due to its fibrous structure.

The specimens represent a range of preservation conditions, ranging from exposed on weathered surfaces of the chert, totally weathered out of the chert, and as hollow chert casts of the infructescences. A total of 42 specimens in chert were studied by paleobotanists Kathleen Pigg, Stefanie Ickert-Bond, and Jun Wen, with their 2004 type description being published in the American Journal of Botany. Pigg and team chose the specific epithet changii as a patronym honoring the Chinese botanist and ecologist Hung-ta Chang, for his work with the family Altingiaceae and for describing the living species Liquidambar acalycina. Based on the infructescence morphology, Pigg et al noted the close similarity between L. changii and L. acalycina, suggesting they are possibly closely related.

The specimens represent a range of preservation conditions, ranging from exposed on weathered surfaces of the chert, totally weathered out of the chert, and as fully enclosed fruits in chert. A total of over 24 specimens in or preserved by chert were studied by paleobotanists Kathleen Pigg and Melanie DeVore, with their 2005 type description being published in the American Journal of Botany. Pigg and DeVore coined the genus name Shirleya and the specific epithet grahamae as a matronym honoring Shirley A. Graham, then of the Missouri Botanical Garden in St. Louis, Missouri for her work and "significant contributions" to the family Lythraceae. Based on similarities to the living genus Lagerstroemia, Pigg and DeVore placed Shirleya into Lythraceae, with no indication of a subfamily assignment.

The Finlayson Lake district preserves the Slide Mountain Terrane which has chert, greenstone, phyllite, conglomerate and metavolcanic rocks in the Fortin Creek Group overlain by chert, limestone, argillite and quartzite as well as gabbro and ultramafic rocks. Eclogite from 270 million years provides evidence that the Slide Mountain Terrane subducted beneath the Yukon-Tanana Terrane.

The ring appears to have been rapidly constructed in several episodes. The layers of crushed shell, which include possible post holes, may have been living floors. Artifacts found in the ring include ceramics, shell and bone tools, shark teeth, and sting ray spines. A chert flake was found (the nearest source of chert is away).

Diorama at Cahokia of flintknapper at work on hoes and bifaces Chert is a siliceous (silica) stone, a variety of quartz similar to flint but more brittle. It naturally occurs as large, flat, elliptically shaped nodules in creek beds, and sometimes as hill-top residuum. The nodules were formed as part of the Ullin limestone formation during the Mississippian geologic period (roughly 359 to 318 million years ago). Mill Creek Chert is a tough, coarse-grained chert, usually brown or gray in color, and occurs as large tabular shaped nodules.

The Gunflint chert (1.88 Ga) is a sequence of banded iron formation rocks that are exposed in the Gunflint Range of northern Minnesota and northwestern Ontario along the north shore of Lake Superior. The Gunflint Chert is of paleontological significance, as it contains evidence of microbial life from the Paleoproterozoic. The Gunflint Chert is composed of biogenic stromatolites. At the time of its discovery in the 1950s, it was the earliest form of life discovered and described in scientific literature, as well as the earliest evidence for photosynthesis.

The Gunflint Iron Formation is a banded iron formation, composed predominantly of dense chert and slate layers, interbedded with ankerite carbonate layers. The chert layers can be subdivided into black layers (containing organic material and pyrite), red layers (containing hematite), and green layers (containing siderite). The Gunflint Iron Formation belongs to the Animike Group, and can be broken up into four stratigraphic sections, the Lower Cherty, Lower Slaty, Upper Cherty, and Upper Slaty sections. Microfossils can be found in the stromatolitic chert layers, consisting of cyanobacteria, algal filaments, spore-like spheroids, and organic-rich ooids.

The Mississippian limestone base along with chert and shale is overlaid by fairly thin soils of moderate fertility that tend to be acidic. Much of the differential erosion leading to the terrain features is a result of the differences in deposition and mineralization of the various types of limestone in the area and the presence of large portions of chert. Some chert bears small quantities of the iron-containing mineral hematite or other oxides of iron. During the mid-to-late 19th century there was considerable iron-ore related mining and smelting of Limonite ore.

The chert was discovered by William Mackie while mapping the western margin of the Rhynie basin in 1910–1913. Trenches were cut into the chert at the end of this period, and Robert Kidston and William Henry Lang worked furiously to describe the plant fossils between 1917 and 1921. The arthropods were examined soon afterwards by different workers. Interest in the chert then waned until the field was reinvigorated by Alexander Geoffrey Lyon in the late 1950s, and new material was collected by further trenching from 1963 to 1971.

As a result of its exquisite preservation, the Rhynie chert boasts the most diverse non-marine fauna of its time, and is important for our understanding of arthropod terrestrialisation. Typical members of the Rhynie chert arthropod fauna include the crustacean Lepidocaris, the euthycarcinoid Heterocrania, the springtail Rhyniella, the harvestman Eophalangium sheari, Acari (mites), and trigonotarbids in the genus Palaeocharinus. The oldest known hexapod (Rhyniella praecursor), which resembles the modern springtails, was found in the Rhynie chert, pushing dates for the origination of hexapods (a group that includes the insects) back to the Silurian period.

Chert was readily available from the riverbanks near the caves. Early humans lived and knapped flake tools inside the Tabon Cave.

Other grave goods found in the burial included a marine shell dipper and a chert knife. Its whereabouts are currently unknown.

Cultural Resources Series Number 18. Bureau of Land Management. p. 66 All but two of the 23 projectile points are made from chert or chalcedony, with two quartzite projectile points also found. Out of the group of stone tools, only a few biface (shaped edges on both sides) knives were found and these were made from chert or chalcedony.

Also often found together with Biggs jasper is a dark gray, somewhat translucent chert. It formed from colloidal silica released from the volcanic debris. Because of their different physical properties, water movement separated the two colloids from which the chert and Biggs jasper resulted from each other, so that both were deposited in nearly pure form.

Rhyniella is a genus of fossil springtails (Collembola) from the Rhynie chert, which formed during the Pragian stage of the Early Devonian. One species has been described, Rhyniella praecursor. Its name means "small creature of the Rhynie chert, a forerunner [of modern hexapoda]". For some time it was believed to be the only hexapod from the Early Devonian ( ).

Chuska Mountains from a distance. The Narbona Pass provides the only route through this elongated chain. Narbona Pass Chert is finely textured and has regular breakage patterns that make it an excellent material for making stone tools and weapon heads by flintknapping. The chert has a variety of colors including white, pale blue, dark gray and pink.

Fossils of Ventarura were found in the Windyfield chert, slightly separate from the better-known Rhynie chert, both located near the village of Rhynie, Scotland. Only fragmentary fossils were found, the longest being around 12 cm long. Stems (axes) of two kinds were found, although without clear connections between them. Aerial stems were leafless, smooth and dichotomously branched.

The top and almost all the upper slopes of Horizon Guyot are covered by sediments. Chert and chalk are found within the sediments; chert forms seismically reflective layers within the sediment cap. These layers crop out at the margin of the sediment platform. The seamount lies in a region of the Pacific with nutrient poor surface waters.

Corona Heights Playground and the Randall Museum are located within the Corona Heights Park. The whole area is underlain by Franciscan chert bedrock, and a large percentage of the hill is barren. At the hilltop, the chert bedrock in terra cotta red is clearly visible. The steps leading up to the peak are not supported by handrails.

The Minori Cave flake samples were analyzed. The morphological attributes of the flakes, the completeness of the flakes, the shapes and scars on the flakes were recorded. The findings on the andesite flakes were then compared to chert flakes. According to the findings, the prehistoric people from the region were utilizing chert flakes regardless of size.

There are locations of interest to geologists: an argillite outcrop in Rocky Bay, and a chert stack at the end of Pohutukawa Point, considered "one of the best exposures of folded chert in Auckland City".Appendix 3 – Character statements for conservation areas (from the Auckland City District Plan – Hauraki Gulf Islands Section – Proposed 2006). Accessed 2008-02-12.

Terry R. West. "Geology Applied to Engineering," Waveland Press, 1995 In some areas, chert is ubiquitous as stream gravel and fieldstone and is currently used as construction material and road surfacing. Part of chert's popularity in road surfacing or driveway construction is that rain tends to firm and compact chert while other fill often gets muddy when wet.

Paleopyrenomycites from the Early Devonian Rhynie Chert is the oldest known fossil member of Pezizomycotina, although its position within this subdivision is unclear.

The presence of abundant chert and phosphate minerals in the group is attributed to upwelling along the continental margin, possibly triggered by glaciation.

Map showing geographical extent of Mississippian stone statues Mill Creek chert is a type of chert found in Southern Illinois and heavily exploited by members of the Mississippian culture (800 to 1600 CE). Artifacts made from this material are found in archaeological sites throughout the American Midwest and Southeast. It is named for a village and stream near the quarries, Mill Creek, Illinois and Mill Creek, a tributary of the Cache River. The chert was used extensively for the production of utilitarian tools such as hoes and spades, and for polished ceremonial objects such as bifaces, spatulate celts and maces.

Macroscopic remains of true vascular plants are first found in the fossil record during the Silurian Period of the Paleozoic era. Some dispersed, fragmentary fossils of disputed affinity, primarily spores and cuticles, have been found in rocks from the Ordovician Period in Oman, and are thought to derive from liverwort- or moss-grade fossil plants (). An unpolished hand sample of the Lower Devonian Rhynie Chert from Scotland An important early land plant fossil locality is the Rhynie Chert, found outside the village of Rhynie in Scotland. The Rhynie chert is an Early Devonian sinter (hot spring) deposit composed primarily of silica.

Pope 2004, p.47-48 The Aleman Formation has up to 70% chert, in the form of thin continuous beds of sponge spicules within calcisiltite beds or of diagenetic lenses of chert nodules within skeletal wackestone or packstone. The continuous chert beds appear to have been laid down in cool water, while the packstone was deposited in warmer water.Pope 2004, p.48-51 The Cutter Formation is mostly bioturbated tidal flat carbonate mudstone or dolomite.Pope 2004, p.51-52 The contact with the underlying El Paso Formation is an unconformity corresponding to a hiatus of about 30 million years.

Within the Komati Gorge are exposures of the Kromberg Formation and upper Hooggenoeg Formation of the Onverwacht Series in which debris flows, turbidites, and thin gray chert units are exhibited. There are also exposures of black and white banded cherts interbedded with basalt flows representing eastern faces of Black Reef Chert. A banded iron formation is exposed in the bluffs.

They are well banded and the banding can be anywhere from a few millimeters to tens of meters thick. The layers have very distinct banded successions that are made up of iron rich layers that alternate with layers of chert. Iron formations are often associates with dolomite, quartz-rich sandstone, and black shale. They sometimes grade locally into chert or dolomite.

Franciscan chert rock in O'Shaughnessy Hollow. See figures 24 and 25 in particular. The remarkable folding of the stacked layers indicates the tectonic forces that lifted up the coastal mountain ranges, and which warped the originally planar layers of this rock into the fantastic shapes they now present. The chert itself in this area is rich with fossils of radiolarian creatures.

During this time, 4 km. of defensive walls were hastily constructed concentrically around the site. Among the weapons found at the site are chert and obsidian bi-facial points, and chert small points which were probably used as arrowheads. Obsidian spear tips, which were found extensively throughout the site, were the primary weapon used based on the number found at the site.

Other important lithologies include chert, basalt, limestone, serpentinite, and high-pressure, low-temperature metabasites (blueschists and eclogites) and meta-limestones. Fossils like radiolaria are found in chert beds of the Franciscan Complex. These fossils have been used to provide age constraints on the different terranes that constitute the Franciscan. The mining opportunities within the Franciscan is restricted to deposits of cinnabar and limestone.

Magadiite is a hydrous sodium silicate mineral (NaSi7O13(OH)3·4(H2O)) which precipitates from alkali brines as an evaporite phase. It forms as soft (Mohs hardness of 2) white powdery monoclinic crystal masses.Mineral HandbookWebmineral The mineral is unstable and decomposes during diagenesis leaving a distinctive variety of chert (Magadi-type chert).Encyclopedia of Sediments & Sedimentary Rocks, Springer, 2003, p.

Evidence from banded iron formations, chert beds, chemical sediments and pillow basalts demonstrates that liquid water was prevalent and deep oceanic basins already existed.

The Kalur Chert is a geologic formation in Albania. It preserves fossils dating back to the late Bajocian to mid Oxfordian of the Jurassic.

Most of these materials are made from stone that is either rhyolite from Mount Jasper in New Hampshire, or Munsungan chert from northern Maine.

Indian Archaeology 1988-89: A Review. Pub : Archaeological Survey of India, New Delhi. Page 10. An assemblage of Rohri chert blades was also found.

Discharge zones can be breccia diatremes, or simple fumarole conduits. Black smoker chimneys are also common, as are seepage mounds of chert, jaspilite and sulfides.

Kakabekia is an about two billion-year-old fossil genus of microorganism from the Gunflint Chert. Kakabekia barghoorniana is a living fossil of this genus.

Being similar to wet polymorphic transformations, recrystallization by replacement occurs on a variety of minerals, including chert, pyrite, hematite, apatite, anhydrite, and dolomite, among others.

This desert plant is found in areas of ironstone, with sandstone, chert and quartzite in Transvaal, South Africa. This is an area of summer rainfall.

Sand from Pismo Beach, California. Components are primarily quartz, chert, igneous rock and shell fragments. Scale bar is 1.0 mm. Sand from Kalalau Beach, Hawaii.

The Banff Formation is composed of shale and marlstone in the base, chert and limestone in the middle, sandstone, siltstone and shale at the top.

Other types of industries, such as expedient flake production or bipolar reduction, are also absent at Chunchucmil. The exploitation of non- obsidian stone resources (e.g., chert, chalcedony, and quartz) did occur at Chunchucmil, but these materials are much less common than obsidian. The majority of these resources, especially chert, were obtained locally from nodules in the limestone bedrock, but were very poor in quality.

In stone tool technology, it is a highly prized resource. When lake levels were lower, during the retreat of the Wisconsinian ice sheets, the chert was exposed and could be mined. This made the region a site of human occupation for at least 10,000 years. Kettle Point chert was dispersed to the far reaches of the region as projectile points, scrapers, and other tools.

The Teign Valley Group is subdivided into numerous formations, two of the more significant of which are the Dowhills Mudstone and Teign Chert formations. The Chudleigh Group divides into an upper Ugbrooke Sandstone Formation and a lower Winstow Chert Formation.Waters, C N, Waters, R A, Barclay, W J, and Davies, J R. 2009. A lithostratigraphical framework for the Carboniferous successions of southern Great Britain (Onshore).

Filamentous microorganisms within the Gunflint Chert represent a mixed population of photosynthetic cyanobacteria and iron oxidizing bacteria. On the outcrop scale, the filamentous Gunflint cyanobacteria form meter-scale stromatolitic domes, which are discernible along the Gunflint Iron Formation stratigraphic section. Examples of newly identified filamentous genera and species within the Gunflint Chert include the genus Gunflintia and the species Animikiea septate, Entosphaeroides amplus, and Archaeorestis schreiberensis.

2, pp. 365–377. is characterized by ultramafic massive and pillow lavas, a trondhjemitic suite of silicified felsic intrusive and flow banded rocks, and sedimentary chert beds. Veins of felsic, chert and ultramafic material intrude the belt. The depositional environment is thought to be a shoaling shallow sea in which the Hooggenoeg Formation has been deposited in a west-block down, listric faulted, synsedimentary setting.

Various artifacts were found in the burial mound. Chert flakes, sandstone objects and pottery sherds were common. A handful of graves included chert hand axes, copper beads, and a copper sheet. Other objects in the burial mound that were not associated any particular grave included a soapstone smoking pipe, a piece of another soapstone object, more copper beads and a couple of sheets of copper.

The GSSP of the Katian stage is the Black Knob Ridge Section in southeastern Oklahoma (United States). It is an outcrop of the Womble Shale and the Bigfork Chert, the latter containing the lower boundary of the Katian. The lower boundary is defined as the first appearance datum of the graptolite species Diplacanthograptus caudatus. This horizon is 4.0 m above the base of the Bigfork Chert.

"Lung Lok Shui", which means dragon going into water, is a famous structure that looks like a dragon's back extending towards the sea. The structure contains a layer of chert which is more resistant to erosion than the surrounding rocks. This formed an outstanding layer of greyish chert that looks like a dragon's spine. Rocks on Tung Ping Chau are reddish brown in color and fine-grained.

Cherts are subject to problems when used as concrete aggregates. Deeply weathered chert develops surface pop-outs when used in concrete that undergoes freezing and thawing because of the high porosity of weathered chert. The other concern is that certain cherts undergo an alkali-silica reaction with high-alkali cements. This reaction leads to cracking and expansion of concrete and ultimately to failure of the material.

The bed is under at least 1 metre of overburden, in a small field near the village of Rhynie, so is effectively inaccessible to collectors; besides which, the site is a Site of Special Scientific Interest. A second unit, the Windyfield chert, is some 700 m from the Rhynie. The Rhynie chert extends for at least 80 m along strike and 90 m down-dip.

Dr. Marla Buckmaster and Dr. John Anderton of Northern Michigan University collaborated with the help of volunteers on the excavation of Goose Lake Outlet Site #3 (GLO#3). Buckmaster and Anderton selected the Goose Lake Outlet in hopes of further investigating and understanding the cultural prehistoric and early historic materials within the area. From 2012–2013, the archaeologists conducted their excavations and discovered artifacts which included lithic assemblages of four triangular projectile points, two chert bifaces, chert and quartzite flakes, and tiny amounts of chert, quartz, and quartzite chipping debris. Additionally, one grooved stone maul, several hammerstones, and fire-cracked rocks made of granites and Kona dolomite were recovered.

Both lava and chert were formed in the deep ocean near the equator, and were rafted northeast on the gradually-moving ocean floor toward California. Near shore, greywacke accumulated on the chert in some areas, including a small part of the southeast slope of Glen Canyon. Subduction then squeezed the terrane against the continent, and it eventually became part of the Franciscan formation that makes up much of coastal California. During subduction - 160 to 80 million years ago - and the subsequent uplift, the terrane was twisted, broken and disrupted, and the chert was deformed into the tight folds now visible in road cuts along O'Shaughnessy Boulevard (see photo).

Upper Mercer flint, Nellie West Outcrop, Coshocton County, OhioWeathered chert from the Upper Mercer flint, Nellie West Outcrop, Coshocton County, Ohio Upper Mercer flint or Upper Mercer chert is a type of flint, or a pure form of chert, found in Coshocton, Hocking, and Perry counties of Ohio. Made of forms of silica and quartz, the hard and brittle stone was used by prehistoric people to make tools and weapons. To create stone tools, flint was heated to make chipping away at the stone easier, and then the flint was chipped to form razor-sharp edges. Resulting tools included spearheads, scrapers, knives, and arrows.

The Burro Mesa Archeological District encompasses a quarry in Big Bend National Park used by Native Americans as a source of chert for chipped-stone tools. The quarry was used intermittently beginning in the paleoindian period starting about 12,000 to 13,000 years ago. The chert is found in a variety of colors and rests on top of tuff beds which themselves contain veins of kaolinite that was suitable for making claystone ornaments and beads. The quarry area is carpeted with lithic debris from the initial knapping process by which chert was rough-shaped into material of suitable size and shape for later refinement at more convenient locations.

Aboriginal people visited the islands during the Holocene, as indicated by the discovery of a flaked stone artefact made from Eocene fossiliferous on Beacon Island chert.

Typical habitat is in chert or shale talus at the edge of chaparral or within chaparral gaps. As its flowers would suggest, it is hummingbird pollinated.

Examples of newly identified spheroidal genera and species within the Gunflint Chert include novel the genera Huroniospora and Eoasatrion, as well as the species Eosphaera tyleri.

Shovel tests conducted across the plaza uncovered chert, ceramic, and obsidian debris. The highest frequencies of these items were located in different regions of the plaza.

The archaeological site Gatecliff Rockshelter is named after the Silurian Gatecliff Formation, in which rock shelter occurs. It is made up of chert and dolomite strata.

There are indications that the Gallina were advanced at basket weaving. They also may have traded local stone such as Jemez Mountain Obsidian and Pedernal Chert.

Banded iron formation in the North Pit area of Sherman Mine, showing the red lateral lines of jasper and grey lateral lines of magnetite typical of Neoarchean (2,800–2,500 million year old) banded iron formations Layered chert-magnetite and lesser chert-pyrite-pyrrhotite iron formations are located at the base of the Arsenic Lake Formation. Former drilling near Vermilion Lake and spatial relationships observed on the surface, suggest that the sulfide-rich iron formation lies up to stratigraphically under the oxide facies iron formation. Iron production from the West and North Pits of Sherman Mine came from this chert-magnetite iron formation unit while chert-magnetite iron formations at the South and East Pits compose the Turtle Lake Formation. The South and East Pit iron formations reach thicknesses of and overlie a thinly bedded turbidite package on the southern limb of the Tetapaga Syncline.

Hand made and wheel made pottery with geometric or naturalistic designs painted in black, chert blades, bone points etc. Terrecotta inscribed sealing was also recovered from Hulas.

The Grand Meadow Quarry Archeological District in Mower County, Minnesota is a historic district which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994. It is an area, first identified by Grand Meadow resident Maynard Green, of pre-historic chert mining. The site may be toured by arrangement with the Mower County Historical Society. It includes various chert quarrying sites used to make stone tools c.

The stone tools of the Paleo-Indians disappeared. The Early Archaic group had more spear points. New stone tools were made of the same flint to chert, but included spear points with large corner- and side-notches and large chert knives. Their shapes varied depending upon how they were to be used and some may have been attached to short handles to use like knives or to long spears for hunting.

The Indiana Caverns portion of Binkley Cave is almost entirely located in St. Louis Limestone, which is a thinly bedded limestone of Mississippian origin. St. Louis Limestone includes beds of chert and shale (the chert is showcased on the tour). Brachiopods and coral are apparent in the rock on the show tour. Binkley Cave is a solutional cave formed from the dissolution of limestone by underground streams containing carbonic acid.

The St. Louis Limestone is a large geologic formation covering a wide area of the midwest of the United States. It is named after an exposure at St. Louis, Missouri. It consists of sedimentary limestone with scattered chert beds, including the heavily chertified Lost River Chert Bed in the Horse Cave Member. It is exposed at the surface through western Kentucky and Middle Tennessee, including the city of Clarksville, Tennessee.

Carved figurines in coal and fluorite seemed to characterize the local iconography, with images showing connections to the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex (SECC). Trade for chert resources appeared to extend into Missouri, Tennessee, and other parts of Illinois. Several examples of Mill Creek chert, which came from quarries very near by, were found at the site. Mississippian culture pottery painted with a negative resist are also characteristic of the site.

Portions of the Ozark Plateau, the Springfield Plateau of southwest Missouri and northern Arkansas, are underlain by Mississippian cherty limestones locally referred to as "Boone chert", consisting of limestone and chert layers. These are eroded and form steep hills, valleys and bluffs. The Boston Mountains are a high and deeply dissected plateau. The rocks of the region are essentially little disturbed, flat-lying sedimentary layers of Paleozoic age.

September 30, 2004. This plant grows on sandy soils that originated from sandstone and chert. The habitat is often dominated by oaks,Desmodium humifusum. Center for Plant Conservation.

The local chert comes from the Phosphoria Formation, and is red in color. The district was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on July 2, 1987.

The Rising Star cave system lies in the Bloubank River valley, 2.2 km west of Sterkfontein Cave. It comprises an area of 250 × 150 m of mapped passageways situated in the core of a gently west dipping (17°) open fold, and it is stratigraphically bound to a 15–20 m-thick, stromatolitic dolomite horizon in the lower parts of the Monte Christo Formation. This dolomite horizon is largely chert-free but contains five thin (<10 cm) chert marker horizons that have been used to evaluate the relative position of chambers within the system. The upper contact is marked by a 1–1.3 m-thick, capping chert unit that forms the roof of several large cave chambers.

Evidence of trade in chert and large sandstone grinding dishes had already been found, but this find helps to show how their ancestors survived times of hardship and plenty.

Bureau of Land Management. p.1 The stone tools and projectile points were made from materials such as chalcedony, chert, quartzite, metasediment and sandstone.Gooding and Shields (1985).“Sisyphus Shelter”.

Rodeites dakshinii is a fossil belonging to the fern family Marsileaceae. The fossil consists of a preserved sporocarp containing spores, and was recovered from a Cenozoic chert of India.

In the Tlacuachero shell mound on the Chiapas coast, 57 obsidian flakes were discovered that seem to originate from highland Guatemala.Rosenswig 2015, p. 132. Christine Niederberger suggests that sedentary peoples in the Basin of Mexico traded to obtain foreign green obsidian, rather than traveling to gather it directly from the source. In addition, Colha chert has been found outside of the Colha region, suggesting that trade networks may have developed around Colha chert.

Te Mata was part of the rohe of Ngāti Māhanga. Until the early twentieth century the area was largely covered in kahikatea bush. The archaeology map shows only one site near the present village, the great bulk of sites being near the coast. However, that one site, just north of the village, was of importance for its chert and the origin of the name, Te Mata, which translates as chert, flint or obsidian.

Platy limestone, tuff and andesite from igneous activity are also common in this time frame. Up to 2.5 kilometers of reef limestone deposited in the Dinaric and Adriatic areas in the Jurassic and Malmian pelagic chert outcrops in the Main Dinaric Ridge. Oceanic rock appears in the Dogger-Malm time with green sandstone, peridotite, serpentinite, spilite, diabase and melaphyre. Platy limestone and chert deposited widely, up to four kilometers thick in the Cretaceous.

Rhynie () () is a village in Aberdeenshire, Scotland which the A97 road runs through, situated northwest of Alford. The Rhynie Chert is named after the village as well as the extinct plant genus Rhynia. The Rhynie Chert is a sediment deposited in the Devonian period, a specimen of which contained the oldest fossil insect in the world (Rhyniognatha hirsti). The missionary, teacher and chocolatier Alexander Murdoch Mackay was born in Rhynie on 13 October 1849.

The use of the synonym "silexite" is discouraged because it is the French word for chert, which is a sedimentary rock. Other less common synonyms are "igneous quartz" and "peracidite".

The La Chora Cave is located in San Pantaleon de Aras and includes a number of chert items as well as flint blades and scraper backs and Magdalenian bone harpoons.

Turbidites from submarine fans, trench complexes, volcanic arcs, oceanic crust and micro continents dominate lithological components. The individual rock types are mostly sandstone and shale interbedded, with chert, and metavolcanics.

It is the most western part of the Arc. The Rockley–Gulgong Volcanic Belt. Budhang Chert Member is found near Oberon. The Molong Volcanic Belt lies between Cowra and Boorowa.

The Vulcan is between 300 and 800 feet thick and consists of hematite and magnetite with quartz, while the Riverton is 100–600 feet thick and consists of siderite and chert.

Wildcat Glades Conservation and Audubon Center was an Audubon owned and operated nature center located in a protected area in Joplin, Missouri. It was an Audubon sanctioned environmental education and conservation facility that protected the last remaining globally unique chert glades, as well as other natural resources of the biologically diverse Spring River watershed. Located at the confluence of Silver and Shoal Creeks, the center, now operated by the State of Missouri, showcases plants and animals found on the chert glades and surrounding aquatic and woodland savanna habitats. Chert glades, named after the bedrock on which they have formed, host a unique assemblage of plants and animals that may be found elsewhere in the world, but not typically found together as they are at Wildcat Park.

Mill Creek chert from the Parkin Site in Arkansas In prehistoric times, chert was often used as a raw material for the construction of stone tools. Like obsidian, as well as some rhyolites, felsites, quartzites, and other tool stones used in lithic reduction, chert fractures in a Hertzian cone when struck with sufficient force. This results in conchoidal fractures, a characteristic of all minerals with no cleavage planes. In this kind of fracture, a cone of force propagates through the material from the point of impact, eventually removing a full or partial cone; this result is familiar to anyone who has seen what happens to a plate-glass window when struck by a small object, such as an air gun projectile.

The three kilometer thick Aruba Lava Formation is the oldest unit on the island, from the Cretaceous, which is intruded by a tonalite pluton. Older geologic research referred to this unit as the Diabase-Schist-Tuff Formation. Although mainly basalt, it also includes volcaniclastic conglomerate, dolerite, chert and chert limestone. Small sedimentary inclusions preserve ammonite fossils, suggesting it formed during the Turonian, while rubidium- strontium dating gives an age of 85 to 70 million years ago.

W. yakimaensis possesses rhizomes which are in diameter. The frond bases where preserved in the chert are in a distinct helical arrangement and diverge from the center of the arrangement in a recumbent positioning. The dictyostele is composed of four to five individual meristeles each being oval in outline. It is found in the chert blocks intertwined with the extinct Osmunda wehrii and anatomically preserved Anchistea virginica, which still lives in the forests of eastern coastal North America.

Dover chert "swords" similar to objects in the Duck River Cache, found at the Etowah Mounds site in Georgia The cache has been called "perhaps the most spectacular single collection of prehistoric Native American art ever discovered in the eastern United States". "Nearly four dozen ceremonial stone knives, daggers, swords, maces, and other striking examples of prehistoric stonework". The ceremonial objects are made from Dover chert, a type of flint found exclusively in the nearby Dover, Tennessee area.

Ooids are most commonly composed of calcium carbonate (calcite or aragonite), but can be composed of phosphate, clays, chert, dolomite or iron minerals, including hematite. Dolomitic and chert ooids are most likely the result of the replacement of the original texture in limestone. Oolitic hematite occurs at Red Mountain near Birmingham, Alabama, along with oolitic limestone. They are usually formed in warm, supersaturated, shallow, highly agitated marine water intertidal environments, though some are formed in inland lakes.

Material obtained in drill cores includes chalk, chert, hyaloclastite, limestone, ooze and sandstone; basalt and chert outcrop in some places. In certain areas boulders and cobbles cover the seafloor; ferromanganese crusts cover exposed rocks. The seamount shows evidence of repeated mass failures; including hummocky terrain, scarps and slump blocks, which are on average thick. Landsliding is probably triggered by earthquakes; after the failure the landslides either stay coherent and do not travel far but some advance quickly and far.

Some of the exotic materials included: cryptocrystalline quartz, blue-green nodular chert, Dover chert, novaculite, quartz, vein quartz, chalcedony, Horse Mountain agate, sandstone, hematite, steatite, slate, green slate, banded slate and igneous rock. These materials are, in some cases long distances from their source. Some came from as far away as the Great Lakes. This suggests that the groups of the upper Duck Valley were not secluded, but were instead active participants in established trade with other distant groups.

Cambrian through Ordovician rocks from the Paleozoic are found in all Kazakhstan's orogenic belts. A thin sequence, 200 to 400 meters thick overlies Vendian rocks in the Kazakh Upland, including coal shale, deepwater chert, limestone, phosphate and barite deposits. The Early Ordovician gives way to 200 meters of shale and chert, followed by flysch up to 3.5 kilometers thick and another thick sequence of andesite, basalt and coarse clastics. Silurian rocks are absent in the uplands.

The Abiquiu Tuff was first named by H.T.U. Smith in 1938 for exposures near the town of Abiquiu, New Mexico. Smith designated only a type areaSmith 1938 and no type locality has been defined.GEOLEX: Abiquiu Church and Hack recognized almost at once that the unit consisted of a lower conglomeratic member and an upper tuff member separated by a chert horizon (the Pedernal chert member). Woodward and Timmer first referred to the unit as the Abiquiu Formation in 1979.

Flint with white weathered crust Chert occurs in carbonate rocks as oval to irregular nodules in greensand, limestone, chalk, and dolomite formations as a replacement mineral, where it is formed as a result of some type of diagenesis. Where it occurs in chalk or marl, it is usually called flint. It also occurs in thin beds, when it is a primary deposit (such as with many jaspers and radiolarites). Thick beds of chert occur in deep marine deposits.

The Thirtyone Formation was developed during the Devonian Period. This formation is characterized by its limestone, chert, and shale beds, some of which had a peak thickness of . this formation had many different types of limestone, including light-colored siliceous, chert- dominated, crinoid-rich, and sandy limestone. The Thirtyone Formation is very similar to the formation of the Mississippian Period, which is likely because there was little to no change in the environment during this time.

Mount Independence was important to Native Americans as a source of high quality blue/black chert used for making tools and projectile points. Mount Independence chert was traded across the Northeast. East Creek and the wetlands of the East Creek valley were a rich source of fish, waterfowl, freshwater mussels, beaver, deer, and other animals.Peebles, Giovanna M. "Orwell's East Creek Valley: A Window Into Vermont's Early Woodland Past," The Journal of Vermont Archaeology 5 (2004), 1–22.

The Princeton Chert fossil beds in southern British Columbia are also Eocene, but primarily preserve an aquatic plant community. A recent review of the early Eocene fossil sites from the interior of British Columbia discusses the history of paleobotanical research at McAbee, the Princeton Chert, Driftwood Canyon, and related Eocene fossil sites such as at Republic. McAbee Fossil Beds viewed from the Highway. Heritage status sign The McAbee Fossil Beds reopened for public viewing on June 21, 2019.

Grid ref: H096465. The rocks of this sinkhole consist of Dartry Limestone, Knockmore Limestone and chert. The site has been designated a PASSI. Little Reyfad is at the base of a shakehole.

A series of descents (7 m) leads to a floor of broken chert, followed by a further 3 metre difficult descent to another base, which is blocked with a rock and gravel.

Weaubleau eggs are a type of rock which only forms in the area around Weaubleau, Missouri. They are spherical nodules, composed primarily of chert nucleated around siltstone clasts from the Northview Formation.

Grid ref: H096465. The rocks of this sinkhole consist of Dartry Limestone, Knockmore Limestone and chert. The site has been designated a PASSI. Little Reyfad is at the base of a shakehole.

A series of descents (7 m) leads to a floor of broken chert, followed by a further 3 metre difficult descent to another base, which is blocked with a rock and gravel.

These knives are made from high-quality manufactured glass, however, not from natural raw materials such as chert or obsidian. Surgical knives made from obsidian are still used in some delicate surgeries.

Minerals that typically form nodules include calcite, chert, apatite (phosphorite), anhydrite, and pyrite.Neuendorf, KKE, JP Mehl, Jr., and JA Jackson, eds. (2005) Glossary of Geology (5th ed.). Alexandria, Virginia, American Geological Institute.

Material goods included metates and manos for processing acorn and maize, and tools made of imported chert, obsidian and petrified wood. The Apishapa lived in the dwellings during spring planting and fall harvesting.

The red rock member is hematite stained chert. The sediments slumped while soft forming folds and breccia and mélange. They were then capped with limestone. The group is up to 1000 metres thick.

Exotic stone resources including chert, basalt, argillite and obsidian from both local gulf island sources and as far afield as Coromandel Peninsula and Great Barrier Island.Frederickson 1991 The name Motukorea means "oystercatcher island".

All three types of microfossil morphologies are found in cherts. Chert can have a variety of colours, but microfossils are typically found in black cherts, as the dark color can indicate organic material.

The shale and chert outcrop habitat that a few populations of Layia discoidea grows on has similar (analogous) physical and microclimate conditions as the serpentine habitat that the species is primarily found growing.

Included in this area were worked jades, ceramics, shells, a chert eccentric, and human finger bone. The second segment was separated from the first by a marl "cap" and contained ceramic sherds from a number of partially reconstructable vessels. The upper segment of the shaft contained only burnt organic material. The first cache placed in the lowest portion of the shaft was Cache 12. This consisted of a large, cruciform, chert eccentric (Figure 4) and a small, unslipped, pinch pot.

Ventnor's landmarks arise from its natural environment, its Victorian heritage, and its tourist appeal past and present. Although modest in altitude at , the chalk St Boniface Down is north of the town. The downs have a thick layer of acid flint gravels, with dry heathland vegetation. The town's small beach of reddish chert sand and pebbles of flint and chert, with Ventnor Haven to the east and the prominent Spyglass Inn at its western end, will be familiar to many visitors.

This chert is present throughout most of the county. The county is also home to the Boone Formation (red soils), white limestones, the Wedington Sandstone, the Bastesville Sandstone, the Pitkin formation (ocean-fossil limestone), and the Fayetteville Shale. Settlers were attracted to the area by its numerous streams, used to power gristmills, sandstones and clays for use in construction, lime-sweetened soil, and chert for road construction. Today, Washington County consists of two main formations, the Boston Mountains and the Springfield Plateau.

The genus was first described from specimens of slicified rhizomes and frond bases in blocks of chert. The chert was recovered from the "Ho ho" site, one of the "county line hole" fossil localities north of Interstate 82 in Yakima County, Washington. The "Ho ho" site works strata which is part of the Museum Flow Package within the interbeds of the Sentinel Bluffs Unit of the central Columbia Plateau N2 Grande Ronde Basalt, Columbia River Basalt Group. The Museum Flow Package interbeds, designated the type locality, are dated to the middle Miocene and are approximately 15.6 million years old. The holotype specimen, rhizomes and fronds #1–3 and 3 E2 #1–3, are preserved in chert block 3A1 and housed in the Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture as specimen number "UWBM 56441".

Stanley A. Tyler examined the Gunflint Range in 1953 and observed the red iron banded formations and black chert, noting probable stromatolites, though he would not go on to publish his observations for another decade. A. M. Goodwin later examined the geologic facies of the Gunflint Iron Formation in 1956, resulting in one of the first science publications on the region, but his report is devoid of any mention of microscopic life. The first publications noting the geobiological significance of the Gunflint Chert came in 1956 when two scientific papers highlighting the Gunflint microfauna were published in the preeminent journal ‘Science’. Stanley Tyler and Elso Barghoorn of Harvard University published ‘Microorganisms from the Gunflint Chert’ within months of Preston Cloud’s (University of California at Santa Barbara) ‘Significance of the Gunflint (Precambrian) Microflora’.

Gray Sand is a pre-ceramic Later Stone Age (LSA) site that is located 10 kilometers north of the mouth of the Kouilou River. This site dates to approximately 3342-2888 BP. This site was a non-ceramic LSA site where archaeologists recovered "42 chert and 265 quartzite flakes and fragments [but] no formal stone tools..." The quartzite could be locally found but the chert could have only been found approximately 50 kilometers east in the Mayombe Mountains. Chert made up almost 14 percent of lithics found at the site which indicates that people living at Gray Sand had interactions or territories as far as the Mayombe Mountains. Later lithic material, from approximately 2461-2147 BP, was found in the stratigraphy above the LSA lithics which showed a preference for local quartzite.

Sequence 1 deposited in the Middle Neoproterozoic and includes sandstones and carbonates formed from stromatolites. Supergroup 2 also dates to the Neoproterozoic and contains dolomite rich in barite, basal tillite, marine chert and sandstones.

The Ishbel Group is composed of carbonate rocks (limestone and dolomite) and sandstone, with minor chert and siltstone. Depositional conditions were similar to those of the Phosphoria Formation to the south in United States.

This eccentric lithic had been ceremonially placed in a ballcourt cache of this date, along with a stemmed, chert, macropoint from the site of Colha, as well as jade, slate and shell carved objects.

It was first described in 2005 for an occurrence in the Molinello Mine, Graveglia Valley, Genova Province, Liguria, Italy. It occurs in chert in a manganese ore deposit as vein fillings in silicified wood.

More than 225 rock shelters were identified that contained paintings, engravings, and stone tools. Stone tools fashioned out of a cryptocrystalline material like chert, chalcedony, or jasper were discovered in and around several shelters.

Although Martin is unincorporated, it has a post office, with the ZIP code of 29836.Zip Code Lookup The Allendale Chert Quarries Archeological District was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.

The majority of the tools are made from chert with some of chalcedony, cherty- limestone and obsidian. The oval bifaces are made from chert sourced near the site of Colha, Belize; these tools have wear consistent with agricultural work and were most likely used as hoes. The tranchet bits arrived fully formed at Pulltrouser, although there is evidence of retouching at the site. There are also blades made of chalcedony, stemmed knives and battered tools, sixteen of them made from chalcedony and two of cherty-limestone.

Two situations occur: with high silica input and constant clay background sedimentation thick chert layers form. On the other hand, when the silica input is constant and the clay signal varies rhythmically fairly thick clay bands interrupted by thin chert bands accumulate. By adding carbonates as a third component complicated successions can be created, because silica is not only incompatible with clays but also with carbonates. During diagenesis the silica within the carbonate-rich layers starts pinching and coagulates into ribbons, nodules and other irregular concretions.

Upper Owen Sandstone is found in Queenstown, it formed while the Great Lyell Fault was active, resulting in folding of the lower parts. The Pioneer Beds are the top layer, containing chert and chromite. Correlated rocks also occur in a syncline south west of Birchs Inlet, around the upper part of the Wanderer River, and in the Dial Range Trough the equivalent unit is called the Duncan Conglomerate. The Duncan Conglomerate has pebbles mostly of chert, but also some of quartzite, hematite and lava.

MSc dissertation, University of Brighton. The southern face of Holmbury Hill on which the fort is situated is made more imposing by the erosion resistant chert bands running through the Greensand. The chert was particularly valued in the 18th and 19th century as a building stone locally and quarries are found around the site of the fort. Quarrying added significantly to the other principal economic activity taking place on the hill such as timber production, turf cutting and gathering bracken and heather English and & Field 1991-92..

Leadership seems to have been embodied mostly in the Halach Uinik, the ajaw or lord of each geopolitical unit, known as a batab. Although the Maya had projectile technology, such as the atlatl and spear, much of the actual fighting was done at close range with "thrusting, stabbing, and crushing". Weapons were crafted mostly from obsidian and chert, obsidian being the sharpest (but more brittle). Knapping chert or obsidian into bifacial projectile points and attaching them to atlatl darts, spears, and arrows was the dominant technology.

Ramah Bay is the site of an uncommon semi-translucent light- grey stone with dark banding called "Ramah chert". The Ramah chert outcrops in a narrow geological bed stretching from Saglek Fiord to Nachvak. At Ramah Bay the highest quality stone, for flaking chipped stone tools (mostly bifaces and projectile points), is most readily accessible. Discovered by pioneering Native American groups, which archaeologists identify as the Maritime Archaic Culture, around 7000 years ago, the stone was highly valued for its functional as well as spiritual qualities.

Both the lower contact of the formation with the Ritito Conglomerate and the upper contact with the Chama-El Rito Member of the Tesuque Formation are gradational. The transition to the Ritito Conglomerate is characterized by thick chert beds, informally designated the Pedernal chert for outcrops around Cerro Pedernal (). Individual beds in the formation thicken across the Canones fault zone, which separates the Colorado Plateau from the Rio Grande rift. This indicates that the formation was deposited after rifting began within the Rio Grande rift.

The summit area of Mount Diablo is made up of deposits of gray sandstone (graywacke), chert, oceanic volcanic basalts (greenstone) and a minor amount of shale. The hard red Franciscan chert is sedimentary in origin and rich in microscopic radiolaria fossils and seashells. In the western foothills of the mountain there are large deposits of younger sandstone rocks also rich in seashells, severely tilted and in places forming dramatic ridgelines. Mount Diablo is a double pyramid and some say it resembles a volcano (which it isn't).

Fungi known from the Rhynie chert include the chytridiomycetes, ascomycetes, oomycota (Peronosporomycetes) and glomeromycetes; indeed the only fungal groups not yet known from the Rhynie are the Zygomycota (although they may have formed lichens - see later), and the Basidiomycota, the latter of which may not even have evolved by Rhynie time. The Chytridiomycetes, or Chytrids, are a basal group of fungi, closely related to the true fungi. The chytrids display a range of behaviour in the Rhynie chert. Eucarpic and holocarpic forms are known - i.e.

Another is that Gault was also a quarry site, where good quality Edwards chert toolstone (the Edwards Plateau is geologically one of the largest chert bearing formations in North America) was readily available, weathering out of the banks of both modern and ancient watercourses; chert from the Edwards Plateau has been identified as being used for toolmaking as far away as the Lindenmeier site in Colorado. Additionally, the Clovis presence at the Gault site occurs in unprecedented abundance. A preliminary count of Clovis artifacts at the site numbers around 650,000 (including flakes, cores and formal tools), suggesting that a large number of people aggregated at the site and/or people resided at the site for an extended period of time. This evidence calls into question the traditional view of Clovis groups as highly mobile, dedicated big game hunters.

Trichopherophyton is a genus of extinct vascular plants of the Early Devonian (Pragian, around ). Fossils were found in the Rhynie chert, Scotland. The remains are very fragmentary, but the plant appears to be related to the zosterophylls.

The Besa River Formation is composed primarily of dark shale. Sandstone, bedded chert or limestone beds can occur at the top of the formation. The shale is slightly calcareous or siliceous and contains sponge spicules and radiolarians.

Stephens School District. Retrieved on May 23, 2018. "STEPHENS ELEMENTARY SCHOOL 655 ARCH STREET STEPHENS, AR 71764 [...] STEPHENS HIGH SCHOOL 315 WEST CHERT STREET STEPHENS, AR 71764" serving grades Kindergarten through 6 and 7 through 12, respectively.

Numerous examples of stone tools were found, including several hoes and a dagger of Dover chert. Excavations of a midden deposit in October 1999 produced a wealth of cultural material, including a unique perforated owl effigy rattle.

A map showing the geographical distribution and frequency of Mill Creek chert finds The most common tools made from Mill Creek chert were digging implements. The physical properties of the stone and its ability to absorb repeated use without breaking as often as other stone, made it especially suitable for these types of tools. The Mississippian cultures heavy dependence on maize agriculture and their monumental architecture (platform mounds, moats and embankments) made such tools especially valuable. Three main varieties of Mississippian culture hoes have been found, differentiated by their shape, oval, flared and notched.

Evidence suggests that an algal scum formed on the land , but it was not until the Ordovician period, around , that land plants appeared. These began to diversify in the late Silurian period, around , and the fruits of their diversification are displayed in remarkable detail in an early Devonian fossil assemblage known as the Rhynie chert. This chert preserved early plants in cellular detail, petrified in volcanic springs. By the middle of the Devonian period most of the features recognised in plants today are present, including roots and leaves.

Amorphous or poorly crystallized silica, as cryptocrystalline chalcedony or chert present in flints (in chalk) or rolled river gravels, is much more soluble and sensitive to alkaline attack by OH– anions than well crystallized silica such as quartz. Strained (deformed) quartz or chert exposed to freeze-thaw cycles in Canada and Nordic countries are also more sensitive to alkaline (high pH) solutions. The species responsible for silica dissolution is the hydroxide anion (OH–). The high pH conditions are said to be alkaline and one also speaks of the alkalinity of the basic solutions.

The stone artefacts uncovered are very similar in character to those found at El Abra and Tequendama and consist of tools mainly made of chert from the Guadalupe Group. The tools comprise various kinds of scrapers, knives, perforating tools, burins, spokeshaves, maceheads and round mortars and flat milling stones. Most of the artefacts originate from the nearby chert, with some tools made from shales of the Villeta Group and more allochthonous basalt tools, coming from farther west, around the Magdalena River, provenance of the Central Ranges of the Colombian Andes.Correal Urrego, 1990, p.

The array of floral and faunal fossils found in the Princeton Chert has offered unequivocal evidence that it was a lacustrine or lake environment. The plant fossils found show many structural and anatomical adaptations to an aquatic environment, including a reduced vascular system, aerenchyma in tissues (air spaces to provide buoyancy), and protoxylem lacunae surrounded by a ring of cells with thickened inner walls. Further evidence is provided by the fossils’ clear affinities with modern aquatic angiosperms. Many extant plants show these adaptations and are similar to the organisms found in the chert.

The Black Mountain Archeological District is a region of the Bighorn Basin near Shell, Wyoming that contains archeological sites associated with chert deposits used in making tools and weapons. Covering , the area was occupied from about 11,500 years ago in the Paleoindian Period to the Late Prehistoric Period of 1500 to 400 years ago. The sites have not yielded more recent artifacts. The area contains six rock shelters, two campsites at canyon bottoms and one interfluve campsite, as well as the Black Mountain and East Spring Creek chert quarries.

The stratigraphy of the Widgiemooltha Komatiite is well known to be part of the regional komatiite magmatic event also seen at the Kambalda Dome, to the north. There are comparisons which place the Widgiemooltha Komatiite as equivalent to the Silver Lake Komatiite. The Mt Edwards Basalt is correlated regionally with the Devon Consuls Basalt of Kambalda, and the Widgeimooltha Chert correlated with the Paringa Slate. The structure of the Widgiemooltha Dome has three thrusted repetitions of the basal komatiite contact and komatiite sequence including footwall Mt Edwards Basalt and hangingwall sediments (Widgiemooltha Chert).

By nature of a split-stem haft style, Golondrina points would not need to be deeply set, resulting in a largely exposed cutting edge. The hafting area, as well as the side and basal edges are usually ground dull. Edwards chert, Alibates agate, and Tecovas jasper were the major materials utilized by Paleo- Indians in the Southern Plains for the manufacture of flaked stone implements. Chert was the most important stone for tool making throughout pre-historic central Texas and there were many available sites where it was acquired and knapped.

Chak Maman Tok' is a very small site located southwest of Motul de San José and about from Buena Vista. The site includes a small number of mounds spread along the hillside overlooking Lake Petén Itzá. The site was investigated by archaeologists in 2005 and 2006. Although the site is very small, it seems to have been an important centre for the production of high-quality chert tools, and one of the major manufacturers of chert tools in the Petén lowlands with considerable economic importance within the Motul de San José polity.

Food resources not available in the immediate vicinity of the city were probably provided by the satellite sites dispersed at some distance from the site core, and La Trinidad is likely to have played an important part in supplying exotic goods to the city as well as freshwater foodstuffs such as crocodiles, fish and turtles. Chert nodules were locally available from the first ridges to the north of the lake. A chert workshop has been discovered in the northern sector of Motul de San José.Foias 2003, p.27.

Ceramic figurines were produced in the Acropolis palace complex in Group C and also in a medium-sized palace complex in Group B, an elite plaza in Group E and also in two elite plazas in the northern part of the site.Foias 2003, pp.23, 27. The small satellite site of Chak Maman Tok' several kilometers to the southwest of Motul de San José, appears to have been an important centre for the production of chert tools, with only a few other centres within the Maya lowlands manufacturing chert on such a scale.

These pilgrims brought large quantities of goods and raw materials to the canyon, including exotics such as turquoise and shell beads, and also ceramics, timber, and food. Neutron activation analysis linked an artifact from Chetro Ketl to the Cerrillos Turquoise Mines, located south of Santa Fe, New Mexico. Analysis of chipped stone from Chetro Ketl's trash mound indicates that more than fifty percent of the chert found there was imported from Washington Pass in the Chuska Mountains, away.: distance from Chaco to the Chuska Mountains; : Washington pass chert; : 55 percent.

The community was the center of a bead- and turquoise-processing industry that influenced the development of all villages in the canyon; chert tool production was also common. It shares its mesa with another great house, Nuevo Alto, both of which are now protected within the borders of Chaco Culture National Historical Park. Storerooms at Pueblo Alto opened to the outside rather than into the interior rooms and there was a huge midden of pottery. This and chert found in the midden came mostly from the Chuska area 70 km (43 mi) to the west.

The Monteith Formation consists primarily of fine-grained argillaceous sandstone with interbeds of siltstone, dark grey mudstone, shale, and minor coal beds. Coarser-grained quartzose sandstones and minor quartz- pebble and chert conglomerates are present in some areas.

Period I, with 60 cm deposit on a sand dune, yielded large number of microlithic tools, flat sandstone "palettes", grinding stones and hammer stones. Tools were made of chert, jasper, agate and quartz. Two burials were also found.

The Warrawoona Group is a geological unit in Western Australia containing putative fossils of cyanobacteria cells. Dated 3.465 Ga, these microstructures, found in Archean chert, are considered to be the oldest known geological record of life on Earth.

The Parkin Site is a candidate for the province of Casqui. Nodena people were part of the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex, an extensive religious and trade network that brought chert, whelk shells, and other exotic goods to the site.

The Al Rose Formation is a geologic formation in California. It consists mostly of siltstone, mudstone and shale, with some chert and occasional limestone. In it are found graptolite and trilobite fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

The lithics found at Pulltrouser suggest extensive trade with nearby sites, since there is little evidence of manufacturing at the site. In addition, many of the chert tools were recycled and reused suggesting that these items were highly valued.

The hills once formed the backbone of an island the existed off the coast of what is now central Richmond and has been landfilled, similar to Alameda's Bay Farm Island. The hills are made of shale, sandstone, and chert.

Smyth & Dore 1992, pp.5-7. Nearly 30,000 ceramic fragments were recovered (representing 99% of all artifacts recovered) and 155 lithic artifacts, of which 90% were chert with the remainder being basalt, obsidian, and limestone.Smyth & Dore 1992, p.8.

Major rocks along this trail include limestone, sandstone, chalk, chert, and other sedimentary rocks, as well as obsidian and igneous rocks. Rocks by the Colorado River are often heavily weathered. Some of the limestone is fossiliferous, mostly representing bivalves.

Nematoplexus rhyniensis is a fossil known from the Rhynie chert assigned to the nematophytes. It comprises a loose mass of coily aseptate tubes. Tubes which may have originated from a Nematoplexus-like plant are known from earlier Silurian sediments.

Torreya clarnensis is an extinct species of conifer in the yew family Taxaceae solely known from the middle Eocene sediments exposed in north central Oregon. The species was first described from a series of isolated fossil seeds in chert.

Taxus masonii is an extinct species of conifer in the yew family, Taxaceae, solely known from the middle Eocene sediments exposed in north central Oregon. The species was first described from a series of isolated fossil seeds in chert.

Pā excavated in Northland have provided numerous clues to Māori tool and weapon manufacturing, including the manufacturing of obsidian (volcanic glass), chert and argillite basalt, flakes, pounamu chisels, adzes, bone and ivory weapons, and an abundance of various hammer tools which had accumulated over hundreds of years. Chert, a fine-grained, easily worked stone, familiar to Māori from its extensive use in Polynesia, was the most commonly used stone, with thousands of pieces being found in some Northland digs. Chips or flakes of chert were used as drills for pā construction, and for the making process of other industrial tools like Polynesian fish hooks. Another find in Northland pā studies was the use of what Māori call "kokowai", or red ochre, a red dye made from red iron or aluminium oxides, which is finely ground, then mixed with an oily substance like fish oil or a plant resin.

On his excavation Moore recorded eleven sites and partially excavated eight, including Holly Bluff: "with a large force to dig, including May who had been in our service before, we go directly to work on such mounds". Moore commented on the physical appearance of the site: "Strewn over the enclosed area, among the mounds and on them…are chert pebbles; fragments of chert; bits of mussel shell; and small parts of earthenware vessels" Most of the earthenware was undecorated, he recorded, and mostly shell-tempered with some stone tempering which is common in the Yazoo-Sunflower region. C. B. Moore's excavations produced various small artifacts including projectile points, a pebble ax of fossilized wood, a chert hammerstone, and a zoomorphic effigy pipe of shell- tempered pottery. He was disappointed, however, in finding nothing of great importance other than two disturbed burials in a mound on the lake front.

The lower Fairholme reef complex (Cairn Formation), White Man Gap area, Canmore, Alberta. In: Reefs, Canada and adjacent areas. Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists, Memoir 13, p. 399-402. The Cairn also includes minor amounts of undolomitized limestone and chert.

Cornus clarnensis is an extinct species of flowering plant in the dogwood family, Cornaceae, solely known from the middle Eocene sediments exposed in north central Oregon. The species was first described from a series of isolated fossil seeds in chert.

Regelia megacephala grows in red sand on rocky quartzite hills in the Avon Wheatbelt and Swan Coastal Plain biogeographic regions. It is closely associated with Coomberdale chert which is mined for the production of silicon and is threatened by mining activity.

Often the chert nodule will be split in half to create two cherts with a flat circular face for use in walls constructed of lime. More sophisticated knapping is employed to produce near-perfect cubes which are used as bricks.

Rhus rooseae is an extinct species of flowering plants in the sumac family, Anacardiaceae, solely known from the middle Eocene sediments exposed in north central Oregon. The species was first described from a series of isolated fossil seeds in chert.

Daub is a large, thick piece of bakes clay. In this site, daub was recovered from the floor. The coloring of daub is black, but there are also some organic surfaces. The surfaces are irregular and included some small chert inclusions.

Calcareous nodules, which weather out brown, are often found in the mudstone layers. Pinkish chert bands are found in the lowermost mudstone deposits of this biozone. The Pristerognathus Assemblage Zone is also known for containing uranium deposits.Rubidge, B. S. (ed.) 1995b.

Siliceous rocks are sedimentary rocks that have silica (SiO2) as the principal constituent. The most common siliceous rock is chert; other types include diatomite. They commonly form from silica-secreting organisms such as radiolarians, diatoms, or some types of sponges.

The geology of Saudi Arabia includes Precambrian igneous and metamorphic basement rocks, exposed across much of the country. Thick sedimentary sequences from the Phanerozoic (including sandstone, anhydrite, dolomite, limestone, chert and marl) dominate much of the country's surface and host oil.

The Elk Formation is a sequence of interbedded sandstone, siltstone, mudstone, shale, and chert-pebble or cobble conglomerate. Thin coal seams are present in some areas. Thick-bedded, cliff- forming sandstones and conglomerates are the most conspicuous lithologies.Glass, D.J. (editor) 1997.

The Belloy Formation is composed of mixed carbonate- siliciclastic sequences of cherty dolomite and sandstone, glauconitic and quartz sandstones, phosphorite, siltstones and conglomerate with phosphatic chert pebbles. The Belloy was deposited along a northwest-trending, tidally- influenced, west-prograding shoreline.

The Flume Formation was deposited as limestone, but it was strongly dolomitized during diagenesis, and it now consists primarily of dark grey, medium-to thick-bedded, fine to medium crystalline dolomite. It includes abundant dark grey chert nodules and stringers, as well as scattered stromatoporoids and Amphipora. It is distinguished from the overlying Cairn Formation by its higher chert content and lower fossil content. In areas where it is overlain by Cairn Formation reefs the Flume may be classified as the lower member of the Cairn Formation, but where the Cairn is absent the Flume has formation rank.

The shingle "chert" of the beach was also a problem: according to history professor Hugh Henry, the German defenders had previously considered it impassable to tanks. Only the 30 Churchills in the first two waves of 10 LCTs made the beach, landing under heavy fire: the latter two waves were turned away. One Churchill was trapped in its LCT by shellfire. Of the 29 remaining (eight Mark I/IIs, three Oke flamethrower tanks, and 18 Mark IIIs), two sank en route to shore, and 11 were immobilized on the beach due to a combination of the chert shingle and indirect fire.

A leather leg guard protects the knapper from being injured by the edges of the flint Flintknapping or knapping is done in a variety of ways depending on the purpose of the final product. For stone tools and flintlock strikers, chert is worked using a fabricator such as a hammerstone to remove lithic flakes from a nucleus or core of tool stone. Stone tools can then be further refined using wood, bone, and antler tools to perform pressure flaking. For building work a hammer or pick is used to split chert nodules supported on the lap.

The formation is described in Geologic Formations of Eastern Oregon (1972) as follows: > The unit is composed of up to 700 feet of fanglomerate and finer terrestrial > sediments and a 40-foot thick ignimbrite unit which crops out in the middle > of the section. The gravel is well rounded and consists of pebbles of > basalt, chert, siltstone, diorite, rhyolite, and chert set in a medium- > grained matrix of poorly indurated volcanic sandstone. The ignimbrite > displays zonation typical of welded ashflow tuffs and is a prominent ridge > former.Geologic Formations of Eastern Oregon (East of longitude 121°30'), > 1972.

Into the Devonian, the Road River Group chert, siltstone and mudstone built up in the basin, supplied with high temperature brines from seafloor vents which created zinc-lead deposits in Howards Pass and Anvil Ridge. Similar sediments are exposed in the Richardson Mountains in the north. In the Middle Devonian, 390 million years ago, eastern Yukon was blanketed in sandstone, black shale and siltstone during a major marine advance. However, the Selwyn Basin was uplifted, leading to erosion of a chert-pebble conglomerate in the Earne Group which may have been carried along submarine canyons to the Macmillan Pass.

The sediments drilled at ODP site 1149 are about 400 m thick and are as old as 134 million years. The sedimentary section is a typical pelagic stratigraphy, accumulated mostly in the Cretaceous but also in the last 7 million years (late Neogene) built on a basement of Early Cretaceous oceanic crust. The lowermost portion is carbonate and chert, the next layer is very chert-rich, the third layer is clay-rich. This is followed by a long depositional hiatus before sedimentation resumes ~6.5 Ma (Late Miocene), with deposition of volcanic ash, clay, and windblown dust.

A concretion representing a congealed mass of viscous fluid replaced by minerals, may represent fat drippings produced by cooking with fire. Fire cracked rocks and a burned mastodon tooth were also found. Also associated were a triangular stone used as a hand held ax or wedge, a piece of exotic chert used as wedge chert flake, and two pieces of bone modified by human agency. The first of these is an incised basicranial complex of a midsized herbivore, and possible tibia bone tool AMS dated back to 14, 510 RCYBP which suggests a Pre Clovis occupation.

The species was first described from specimens of silicified infructescences in blocks of chert. The chert was recovered from the "Hi hole" site, one of the "county line hole" fossil localities north of Interstate 82 in Yakima County, Washington. The "Hi hole" site works strata which was thought to be part of the Museum Flow Package within the interbeds of the Sentinel Bluffs Unit of the central Columbia Plateau N2 Grande Ronde Basalt, Columbia River Basalt Group. The Museum Flow Package interbeds, designated the type locality, are dated to the middle Miocene and are approximately 15.6 million years old.

The Terminal Classic occupation was largely limited to the lake shore but was fairly dense. The monumental architecture, port and the ballcourt all identify La Trinidad de Nosotros as an important secondary centre within the Motul de San José polity. Additionally, the site was situated close to a source of chert and probably manufactured chert tools.Foias 2003, p.28. La Trinidad de Nosotros has been tentatively identified as Xililchi, a settlement visited by conquistador Martín de Ursúa after Spanish Conquest of the Itza capital Noj Petén in 1697, but no Late Postclassic remains have yet been securely identified.

However, the proposal was not accepted and the unit remained as a formation. In Oklahoma, this unit is recognized as a group called the Stanley Group composed of three formations: the Chickasaw Creek Shale Formation, the Moyers Formation, and the Tenmile Creek Formation. The Hatton Tuff Lentil, recognized in Arkansas, is also in Oklahoma as a unit of the Tenmile Creek Formation. Several informal members have been noted including the Smithville chert lentil, the Faith chert member, and the Chickasaw Creek tuff among others Mining in the Stanley Shale is limited to cinnabar, barite, and quartz.

The Museum Flow Package interbeds are dated to the middle Miocene and are approximately 15.6 million years old. The holotype specimens, two pieces of the same chert specimen containing rhizomes and frond bases, are preserved in the Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture as specimen numbers "4772" and "4773". The specimens of chert were studied by paleobotanists Charles N. Miller jr of University of Montana. Miller published his 1982 type description for Osmunda wehrii in the American Journal of Botany volume 69 article "Osmunda wehrii, a New Species Based on Petrified Rhizomes from the Miocene of Washington".

Mozarkite Mozarkite is a form of chert (flint). It is the state rock of Missouri. The name is a portmanteau, formed from Mo (Missouri), zark (Ozarks), and ite (meaning rock). Mozarkite consists essentially of silica (quartz - SiO2) with varying amounts of chalcedony.

Compared to gametophytes of modern lycopsids, F. schopfii has microgametophytes most similar to extant Selaginella, while the megagametophytes are more similar to Isoetes. Other well-preserved Lepidodendrid gametophytes have been found in spores of Lepidodendron rhodumnense fossilized in chert from the late Viséan.

Christoffelberg and the Zevenbergen (Seven Hills) portion of the island have exposures of the Knip Formation. This formation includes deepwater deposits of calcareous sands and fine clays, capped by siliceous chert containing radiolarians. Middle Curaçao contains alluvial soils from eroded CLF and limestone.

Grid ref: H08534702. The rocks from this formation are composed of Dartry and Knockmore Limestones with chert and gypsum. This site has been designated a PASSI. This cave is part of the main Reyfad system that links to the 'Heaven and Hell' passage.

Arch Cave, June 2009, The Baraghan, Boho Grid ref: H1037 4790. This cave is also known as Ooghboraghan. The rocks comprise Dartry Limestone, Glenade Sandstone, Glencar Limestone, Knockmore Limestone, Meenymore Formation. These are found together with breccia, chert, limestone, mudstone and calcite.

This is especially true of manganese nodules. Manganese and phosphorite nodules form on the seafloor and are syndepositional in origin. Thus, technically speaking, they are concretions instead of nodules. Chert and flint nodules are often found in beds of limestone and chalk.

The Cooee Dolerite intruded the Burnie Formation at . Zircon grains in the Cooee Dolerite are from mostly . The Barrington Chert is finely laminated and has flaggy bedding. It is found in the Dial Range and Fossey Mountain Troughs, up to 1 km thick.

AD 100), and Late Woodland periods (c. AD 1400). Chert from the Pewangoing Quarry was found at this site, along with partially finished tools, animal remains, and edible plants. From 1899 to 1967, the old Beach Hotel in Charlevoix stood at this site.

A report on Tertiary plants of British Columbia, collected by Lawrence M. Lambe in 1906 together with a discussion of previously recorded Tertiary floras. Canada Department of Mines, Geological Survey Branch, No. 1013. pp. 1–167. but best known from the Princeton Chert.

Chert was also used to fashion knives and scrapers. The people made awls and needles from the bones. They were used in the production of clothing from hides or manufacturing of baskets. Small pieces of bone were also used to make fish hooks.

The Rundle Group consists of massive limestone interbedded with dark argillaceous limestone. Chert nodules are observed in the shaley beds, and crinoids and brachiopods are observed in the clean massive beds. Dolimitization is observed in the Elkton Member of the Turner Valley Formation.

Its highest point is 9,862 feet (3,006 meters). Pedernal is the source of a chert used by the prehistoric Gallina people. Its cliffs are popular with rock climbers. Georgia O'Keeffe made many paintings of it, and her ashes were scattered on its top.

Stromatolites typically consist of filamentous microfossils. The oldest stromatolites have been dated to approximately 3.5 billion years old. Stromatolites in Barberton have been dated to about 3.3 billion years. Microfossils found in chert extend the Barberton microfossil record back to 3.5 billion years.

In between the layers of chert are thinner layers of shale in many different colors from the same red as the surrounding rock to white, green and purple. Other types of rocks and minerals on the hill include serpentinite, jasper and clay.

Their depositional environment was a shallow marginal sea with rather high accumulation rates of 30 meters/million years. Besides radiolarians sponge spicules are very prominent in these sediments.Iljima, A. et al. (1978). Shallow-sea, organic origin of the Triassic bedded chert in central Japan.

Kakabekia umbellata is known from the Gunflint chert of Canada. K. barghoorniana was first discovered in a soil sample cultured in ammonia from Harlech Castle, Wales in 1968. Further research found K. b. in Iceland and Alaska, as well as other locations in Wales.

The upper Ocala is white and somewhat weak and poorly sorted. Its extremely fossil rich grainstone, packstone and wackestone and some chert is common in the upper facies. Its permeable and transmissive properties allow it to form a vital portion of the Floridan Aquifer.

Catí is a municipality in the comarca of Alt Maestrat, Castellón, Valencia, Spain. The municipality of Catí limits with the following municipal terms: Ares del Maestrat, Morella, Chert, Tírig, La Salzadella, Sant Mateu and Albocàsser all of them located in the province of Castellón.

Not only did they come to realize that chert was an excellent tool for precision cutting of limestone, but these experiments shed light on how the Maya not only harvested the limestone, but how they shaped it to use for their elaborate complex architectural building.

Paracordylodus is an extinct genus of conodonts in the clade Prioniodontida, also known as the "complex conodonts". The species P. gracilis has been recovered from the chert of the Narooma Terrane, a geological structural region on the south coast of New South Wales, Australia.

The Qixia Formation contains dark grey chert interbedded with limestone. The Wenbishan Formation is marine mudstone with phosphate and pyrite nodules. Ammonite fossils such as Altudoceras, Shouchangdoceras are there, and Haydenella a brachipod is also found. The Tongziyan Formation has sandstone, siltstone and mudstone.

Rock fragments in this are shales and cherts. The grains are very compacted and cemented by quartz. The Buntsandstein contains sandstone with large crystals from plutonic rocks as well as shale and chert fragments. They are cemented by quartz, feldspar and some carbonate matrix.

The island has an area of about . The island is the site of a quarry which extracts a decorative red- coloured chert known as "McCallum chip". This, along with sand from the island, is primarily used as in aggregates to make decorative red concrete.

The surface geology has little influence on the sediment loads in the creek. The natural fluvial geomorphology is channelized in some reaches. cobbles of chert of varying sizes have been observed on the eastern bank of the Susquehanna River, not far from the creek.

The local artifacts that were found included utilitarian ceramics and stone tools, imported items consisted of white earthenware vessels with painted designs, glass bottles and metal tools. At Matamangos, the site approximately one kilometer from El Caobal is identified by its abundance of mango trees (again showing that non-indigenous vegetation points to settlement). Matamangos was also on slightly raised ground and was located near a small group of Maya house mounds. After deciding to dig near one of the largest mango trees large amounts of chert debris such as chert cores, arrowheads and small blades were uncovered, another object that is characteristically Lacandón.

In Chaco Canyon between 1020 AD and 1120 AD, the chert accounted for more than 20% of the material used for making stone tools, apparently imported in its raw form rather than as manufactured tools. Narbona Pass chert is also present in Bluff Great House, Navajo Springs and Lake Valley from the Chaco period, but accounts for less than one part in a thousand of the total chipped stone. It is not found at all in Chimney Rock Pueblo or Raton Well. However, it is common in the assemblages of Crumbled House, on the lower slopes of the Chuska Mountains, which was occupied after the Chaco Canyon period.

Various predominant taphonomic modes have been suggested as mechanisms that resulted in the exceptional preservation of the Gunflint Chert microfauna. Examples of these taphonomic modes include organic residue preservation, fine-grain pyritization, coarse-grain pyritization, carbonate association, and hematite preservation. In organic residue preservation, a film of light-to-dark brown organic material outlines microorganisms, acting as a stain and preserving filaments, spore-like bodies, and carbonate rhombs within chert. Fine—grain pyritization is the most common type of preservation in the Gunflint Cherts, in which association of fine- grained (μm scale) pyrite with organic matter preserves the morphology of filamentous and spheroid microorganisms.

If the relative abundances cannot be identified, then the clan name is simply obtained from the QFR triangle. If the relative abundances can be obtained, one must plot the appropriate point in the VRF-MRF-SRF triangle to obtain the clan name. If the point plots in the sedarenite field, one must then normalize all the sedimentary rock fragments to 100% and attempt to find the relative abundances of carbonate rock fragments (CRFs), chert fragments and sandstone fragments (Ss) and shale fragments (Sh). Using this information one must plot the point in the CRF- chert-Ss, Sh triangle and find the appropriate clan name.

The Western Highland Rim is encountered a few miles west of Nashville and extends to the western valley of the Tennessee River. The area is a hilly area that is bisected by the Tennessee River and the Cumberland River valleys. Underlying bedrock of the region is chiefly Mississippian limestone, chert, shale, and sandstone with exposures of Devonian, Silurian, Ordovician, and Cambrian limestone, chert, and shale. In the northern part of the Western Highland Rim, sinkholes readily occur in an area with a southern extension of the Pennyroyal plateau of Kentucky, where the karst is best developed on the Mississippian St. Louis Limestone and the Ste.

The species was first described from specimens of silicified acorns preserved in chert of the "Yakima Canyon Flora". The chert was recovered from the "Hi hole" site, one of the "county line hole" fossil localities of the "Yakima Canyon Flora" located north of Interstate 82 in Yakima County, Washington. The "Hi hole" site works strata which was thought to be part of the Museum Flow Package within the interbeds of the Sentinel Bluffs Unit of the central Columbia Plateau N2 Grande Ronde Basalt, Columbia River Basalt Group. The Museum Flow Package interbeds, designated the type locality, are dated to the middle Miocene and are approximately 15.6 million years old.

The species was first described from specimens of silicified fruits preserved in chert of the "Yakima Canyon Flora". The chert was recovered from the type locality "Hi hole" site, one of the "county line hole" fossil localities of the "Yakima Canyon Flora" located north of Interstate 82 in Yakima County, Washington. The "Hi hole" site works strata was formerly thought to be part of the Museum Flow Package within the interbeds of the Sentinel Bluffs Unit of the central Columbia Plateau N2 Grande Ronde Basalt, Columbia River Basalt Group. The Museum Flow Package interbeds are dated to the middle Miocene and are approximately 15.6 million years old.

The geology of the district consists of middle Precambrian rocks in the Animikie Group, which form a westward plunging syncline long and wide. The principal iron ore is found in the Negaunee Iron formation. This formation is thick near Negaunee. This is a magnetite or hematite chert.

Palaeocharinus is a genus of extinct trigonotarbid arachnids known from the Devonian of western Europe. The genus was first found and described in the Rhynie chert in the 1920s by Arthur Stanley Hirst and S. Maulik. The family to which the genus belongs may be paraphyletic.

According to Annie York, a native Salish speaker, "Hozomeen" refers to "sharp, like a sharp knife." and links the name to the ca. 9,000 year long tradition of indigenous use of Hozomeen chert (a flint-like mineral) to make a variety of subsistence and hunting tools.

This Black Shale level is composed at the base with greenish, organic-rich, pyritiferous clayey marlstone, with several enrichments such as sulfides and barite. Pyrite concretions and thin layers of phosphate and chert are found in the Shale and the lower Limestone.Grasselly, G., & Klivényi, É. (1960).

The Green Quarry Site, designated 20OA7, is an archaeological site located near Pentwater, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972. The site, covering , is the only known source of Lambrix chert, which was used for a variety of prehistoric tools.

Its fine texture and felsic components allow for good knapped pieces, much like working chert, producing conchoidal fracture. Dendritic manganese oxides such as pyrolusite and/or iron oxides such as limonite may precipitate along rock crevices, giving some rock chunk surfaces multicolored or arborescent patterned textures.

As the village was located near two major sources of chert, which Mississippian cultures used to make agricultural tools, it was likely a trading center for the mineral.Maruszak, Kathleen. National Register of Historic Places Inventory - Nomination Form: Ware Mounds and Village Site. National Park Service, 1976-11.

Porcellanite from the Czech Republic Porcellanite or porcelanite, is a hard, dense rock somewhat similar in appearance to unglazed porcelain. It is often an impure variety of chert containing clay and calcareous matter. Porcellanite has been found, for example, in Northern Ireland, Poland and the Czech Republic.

By 1935, the entire Mobile County segment was indicated to have a "pavement" surface. The entire Washington County segment was indicated to have a "gravel or chert" surface. By 1939, the highway was indicated to be under construction from the Mobile–Washington county line to about Fruitdale.

Some points were made from rhyolite, chert, of Harper's Ferry quartzite. These types of materials would have been gathered elsewhere and brought back.Stewart, Thomas Dale. Archeological Exploration of Patawomeke the Indian Town Site (44St2), Ancestral to the One (44St1) Visited in 1608 by Captain John Smith.

Cenozoic rocks nearer the surface are well researched. Rocks 3500 to 2500 feet thick date to Paleocene and Eocene, with primarily limestone and Rus Formation evaporite. The Kuwait Group outcrops in the southeast with clay sandstone. Wara and Burgan have hills capped with weathered sandstone and chert.

1, p. 522, "The Guaitaca" The remains of shark tooth-edged weapons, as well as chert replicas of shark teeth, have been found in the Cahokia mounds of the upper Mississippi River valley, more than from the ocean.Greg Perino, c. 1950, Cahokia Brought to Life, pp.

Yāōmītl: War arrows with barbed obsidian, chert, flint, or bone points. Typically fletched with turkey or duck feathers. Tēmātlatl: A sling made from maguey fiber. The Aztecs used oval shaped rocks or hand molded clay balls filled with obsidian flakes or pebbles as projectiles for this weapon.

Rodges Run rises in a bed of Hornblende Gneiss laid down during the Precambrian, the hornblende is mixed in with labradorite, the grains are about 1 to 2 mm in diameter. Then it moves into a bed of the Leithsville Formation consisting of dolomite, calcareous shale, and chert.

Assorted reproduction firesteels typical of Roman to medieval period Late 18th century firetools and bricks from Brittany A fire striker is a piece of carbon steel from which sparks are struck by the sharp edge of flint, chert or similar rock. It is a specific tool used in firemaking.

The Beaverfoot Formation is about 500 m (1640 ft) thick at its type section in Pedley Pass. It was deposited in shallow tropical waters on the western edge of a carbonate platform as limestone, much of which has been altered to dolomite. Chert nodules are present in some beds.

The Outram Formation formed as a shallow and at times emergent marine shelf along the western shoreline of the North American Craton during Early Ordovician time. It consists primarily of nodular limestone, calcareous quartzose siltstone, limestone pebble-conglomerate, and brown shale. Nodules of grey chert occur throughout the formation.

The species was dioicous (unisexual), since it produced male and female gametes on separate gametophytes. Horneophyton grew on sandy, organic-rich soil in damp to wet locations. They usually grew as isolated individuals. Surface view of a polished piece of Rhynie chert showing many corms/tubers of Horneophyton.

Grid ref: H08894687. The rocks from this formation comprise Carn and Dartry Limestones with some Glenade Sandstone. Breccia, chert, calcite and gypsum deposits can also be found. This cave is noted by the Northern Ireland Environment Agency as being the most important underground karst site in Northern Ireland.

However, radiolarian earth is typically regarded by Earth scientists to be the unconsolidated equivalent of a radiolarite. A radiolarian chert is well-bedded, microcrystalline radiolarite that has a well-developed siliceous cement or groundmass.Neuendorf, K.K.E., J.P. Mehl, Jr., and J.A. Jackson, J.A., eds. (2005) Glossary of Geology (5th ed.).

The Lower Greensand is a predominantly arenaceous sandstone consisting of sediment that accumulated apparently in a shallow sea in the later part of the Lower Cretaceous.Friend (2008), p.171. It also contains important subsidiary elements of silty and argillaceous material. Chert, ironstone and calcareous deposits occur in small amounts.

Grid ref: H08894687. The rocks from this formation comprise Carn and Dartry Limestones with some Glenade Sandstone. Breccia, chert, calcite and gypsum deposits can also be found. This cave is noted by the Northern Ireland Environment Agency as being the most important underground karst site in Northern Ireland.

South of the fault on the west coast is breccia interbedded with the basalts. The breccia matrix is mud, and the stones consist of basalt, dolerite, and gabbro. The southern end of Bauer Bay has a talus of breccia 140 m thick. On top is greywacke and chert.

Little other detail of cellular anatomy is normally preserved. Rhynia, Lower Devonian Rhynie Chert, Scotland, UK. Transverse section through a stem preserved as a silica petrifaction, showing preservation of cellular structure. #Petrifactions (permineralisations or anatomically preserved fossils). These provide fine detail of the cell anatomy of the plant tissue.

Both organisms are visible in the sedimentary rock record. For example, in the Galice Formation in Oregon the hemipelagic sequence was composed of slaty radiolarian argillite with radiolarian chert present as well. The argillite in the Galice Formation was composed of radiolarians, terrigenous and tuffaceous detritus, and hydrothermal sediment.

674 At the earliest layer, Kot Diji I (2605 BC), copper and bronze were not used.R.K. Pruthi, Indus Civilization. Discovery Publishing House, 2004 p22 The houses and fortifications were made from unbaked mud-bricks. Lithic material, such as leaf-shaped chert arrowheads, shows parallels with Mundigak layers II-IV.

Paleo Indians carried spears with fluted points made of black chert or jasper. They used Culver's Gap to travel from the Flatbrook Valley to the Kittatinny Valley. This route was later used by Native Americans. Paleo Indians made temporary camps and traveled often as they were hunter gatherers.

The conglomerates contain pebbles of quartz, brown and grey chert, and reddish brown siltstone. Cross bedding and plane-bed stratification are common in the sandstones and conglomerates. The sandstones and conglomerates make up approximately 30% of the formation. This sedimentary rock formation is found in Khon Kaen Province, Thailand.

Others were found on the adjoining cultivated field of the Vogel farm. At least one Indian wigwam was at some time located here. A few flint points and a chert pecking hammer have been picked up in this field. The former Vogel family summer clubhouse was called Pauline's Woods.

The divergence between the artifacts of the Belen and Folsom peoples lies in the lithic material. Although, both used fine cryptocrystalline material, the Belen people used chert and jasper, locally sourced from the southeast of Belen, New Mexico, while Folsom used predominantly obsidian and chalcedony from Belen's northeast.

The site is part of the East Devon dissected plateau, composed of calcareous upper greensand capped by clay, Flints and chert, and overlying Keuper marls. The north part of the site is 225 metres above sea level and the ground slopes steeply to the south down to 150 metres.

Chytridiomycetes (OED; Howjsay) is a class of fungi. Members are found in soil, fresh water, and saline estuaries. They are first known from the Rhynie chert. It has recently been redefined to exclude the taxa Neocallimastigomycota and Monoblepharidomycetes, which are now a phylum and a sister-class respectively.

Human history in North Cascades National Park and the surrounding region begins 8-10,000 years ago, after the end of the last glacial period. Paleo-Indians slowly advanced from Puget Sound into the interior mountain region as the glacial ice retreated. Archaeological evidence from other sites hundreds of miles away from the park indicate that Hozomeen chert, a type of rock well-suited to the fabrication of implements, was mined from near Hozomeen Mountain, just east of the park border, for the last 8,400 years. Tools such as microblades made from Hozomeen chert are part of the archaeological record throughout the Skagit River Valley, west of the park and in regions to the east.

The ceramics for the most part reflect the pattern that was being established at other burials in Altun Ha. Above the burial, however, the roof showed association to the large Mexican site Teotihuacan. The burial was capped with over 8,000 pieces of chert debitage and 163 formal chert tools. The ritual offering, or cache, also contained jade beads, Spondylus valves, puma and dog teeth, slate laminae, and a large variety of shell artifacts. The clear association to Teotihuacan however, comes from the 248 Pachuca green obsidian objects and the 23 ceramic jars, bowls and dishes.Pendergast, David M. 1971 Evidence of Early Teotihucan-Lowland Maya Contact at Altun Ha. American Antiquity 36(4):pp. 455-460.

The Narbona Pass in the Chuska mountains holds the only known quarry for this pure, fine-grained and distinctive rock. The chert was traded throughout what is now the Four Corners region, then inhabited by the Ancestral Puebloans, often called Chaco people after their rock wall structures in Chaco Canyon to the east of Narbona Pass. Apart from the buildings in the Chaco Canyon, there were great houses distributed across the lands of the Chaco people, some dating from the Chaco era (900–1150 AD) and others of more recent date. Exotic materials like Narbona Pass Chert are found much more often in the Chaco Canyon assemblages of stone tools than in those of the other great houses.

The Shriver Member, or Shriver Chert, was first described as a member of the Oriskany Formation by Swartz and others (1913), as dark siliceous shale with much black impure chert in nodules or layers of nodules. It is named after Shriver Ridge (the type locality), Allegany County, Maryland, and was originally mapped as the basal unit of the Oriskany Formation. In Maryland and West Virginia, the Shriver is mapped as part of the Helderberg Group.Dennison, J.M., 1963, Geology of the Keyser quadrangle, West Virginia-Maryland: West Virginia Geological and Economic Survey Geologic Map, GM-1, 1 sheet, scale 1:24,000 In central Pennsylvania it is mapped as part of the Old Port Formation.

The Paleocene epoch marked the initial time of the India-Eurasia collision. Based on paleomagnetic records, around the time of 55-50 Ma the velocity of the Indian Plate decreased rapidly and is followed by a sequence of thrusts and compressional tectonics between the two plates which then triggered the development of the Himalayan Mountain belt. It is believed that the initial collision occurred close to the equator where deposits of bauxite is found within the stratigraphy of the foreland basin overlying a silicified chert breccia strata existing on the pre-existing basement of the basin. The chert breccia strata was interpreted as a growth fault in the fold thrust belt as a result of compressional tectonics.

Generally, Noongar made a living by hunting and trapping a variety of game, including kangaroos, possums and wallabies; for people close to the coastal zone or riverine systems, spear-fishing or culling fish in traps was customary. An extensive range of edible wild plants were also available, including yams and wattle seeds. Nuts of the zamia palm, eaten during the Djeran season (April–May) required extensive treatment to remove its toxicity, and for women it may have had a contraceptive effect. As early as 10,000 BP local people utilised quartz, replacing chert flint for spear and knife edges when the chert deposits were submerged by sea level rise during the Flandrian transgression.

In two places, it briefly touches beds of the Hardyston Quartzite formation, from the Canbrian, containing quartzite, feldspathic sandstone and has quartz-pebble conglomerate. Finally, it lies upon a region of the Allentown Formation, from the Cambrian, which contains dolomite, limestone, chert, siltstone, and some oolites, stromatolites, and sharpstone conglomerate.

Horneophyton is an extinct early plant which may form a "missing link" between the hornworts and the Rhyniopsida. It is a member of the class Horneophytopsida. Horneophyton is among the most abundant fossil organisms found in the Rhynie chert, a Devonian Lagerstätte in Scotland. A single species, Horneophyton lignieri, is known.

The characteristic rocks of obducted oceanic lithosphere are the ophiolites. Ophiolites are an assemblage of oceanic lithosphere rocks that have been emplaced onto a continent. This assemblage consists of deep-marine sedimentary rock (chert, limestone, clastic sediments), volcanic rocks (pillow lavas, glass, ash, sheeted dykes and gabbros) and peridotite (mantle rock).

The Changchun Schist being mostly greenschist is found on the western side and forms thick beds. It is found along with smaller amounts of chert, and black schist. The rock is foliated dark green rock containing chlorite, epidote, quartz, calcite, biotite, albite and actinolite. They are derived from mafic volcanic rocks.

It is only preserved in a narrow trough-shaped area in the center of the Chuar syncline. The sandstone is pale red to brown, and contains scattered rock fragments. These rock fragments include chalky-white chert derived from the middle member. Some of the sandstone exhibits fluvial crossbedding and is fanglomeratic.

It grows on slopes facing most any direction. The substrate is often rocky, with calcareous stone such as limestone, sometimes with chert. It may grow on amphibolite or diabase. It withstands an amount of disturbance and can persist in disturbed habitat remnants such as road cuts, ditches, fence rows, and fields.

Similar aged fossil beds in Eocene lake sediments are found elsewhere in British Columbia, including in Driftwood Canyon Provincial Park near Smithers in northern British Columbia, the McAbee Fossil Beds west of Kamloops, about NNW of the Princeton Chert beds, and the Klondike Mountain Formation around Republic, Washington, south of Princeton.

Argumenta Palaeobotanica, 6, 37-72 which was assigned to a new form taxon Lyonophyton rhyniensis, but is now properly referred to as an Aglaophyton gametophyte. The Rhynie chert bears many examples of male and female gametophytes, which are loosely similar in their construction to the sporophyte phase, down to bearing rhizoids.

Ventarura is a genus of extinct vascular plants of the Early Devonian (around ). Fossils were found in the Windyfield chert, Rhynie, Scotland. Some features, such as bivalved sporangia borne laterally and the anatomy of the xylem, relate this genus to the zosterophylls. Other features are unclear due to poor preservation.

Sutton stone exposed near Ogmore-by-Sea. Sutton stone is a geologic formation located only in South Wales. Sutton stone consists of white, conglomeratic limestones with pebbles of black chert (silica) and carboniferous limestones, laid down in early Jurassic times. It was named by geologist Henry De la Beche in 1846.

The flake evidences ripple marks. The materials of the tools were for the most part quartz, quartzite, basalt, or obsidian, and later flint and chert. Any rock that can hold an edge will do. The main source of these rocks is river cobbles, which provide both hammer stones and striking platforms.

The North Point Member is the youngest (highest) member. Its contact with the underlying Lindwurm Member is transitional. It is entirely sub-surface and known only from tunneling material and cores. It consists of dark gray mudstone, dolomitic mudstone, and thin layers of dolomitic siltstone with chert and silicified fossils.

Pre Harappan Red ware (15%-25%) Harappan Red ware, including jars, dishes, dishes-on-stand, beakers, goblets etc. and copper double spiral headed spin (having west Asian affinity), tangled bone arrow-heads, terracotta bangles, cakes, chert blade etc. Significant finds include potsherds bearing incised Harappan Script and one unfinished seal.

Diploporus is an extinct genus of conifers in the yew family Taxaceae, containing the single species Diploporus torreyoides known from the middle Eocene of north central Oregon and the Late Paleocene of south central North Dakota. The species was first described from a series of isolated fossil seeds in chert.

Findings at Iranamadu indicate that there were Paleolithic people in Sri Lanka as early as 300,000 BP.Pichumani (2004) There is definite evidence of settlements by prehistoric people in Sri Lanka by about 125,000 BP. These people made tools of quartz and chert which are assignable to the Middle Palaeolithic period.

These deposits were compressed into rocks which over time were uplifted and folded into a dome. Erosion of the younger sandstones exposed the limestone strata. The limestone in the Bee Low and Woo Dale limestone formations around Buxton is of unusually high quality, with less than 3% dolomite and less than 1% chert.

A culturally unrelated weapon of similar form was discovered in pieces at Cahokia, Illinois, in 1948 by Gregory Perino. Greatly damaged by a plow, the weapon was composed of eight chert imitation shark teeth, and tipped with five actual shark teeth. In both cases, the teeth were related to the great white..

Ayshford Chapel, interior view looking eastward toward the chancel Ayshford Chapel is constructed in local Westleigh chert rubble, with dressings in Beer stone. It has a slate roof. The plan consists of a rectangular building in one cell with no division between the nave and chancel. It is supported by corner buttresses.

It sometimes includes Chert and Argillite. The rocks are generally fine grained and highly deformed. It was formed in Late Triassic to Late Jurassic times (220-145 Ma). The Morrinsville Terrane Greywacke lies beneath the Auckland Region on the eastern side, south of the Hunua Ranges, and further east to the Coromandel Peninsula.

Among the unanswered questions are these: what aspect of plate tectonics was involved; what effect did the Alamo impact event have; why did marine basins appear in the area of general uplift; why did the western facies assemblage, and not the eastern assemblage, include bedded chert, basaltic bodies, barite deposits, and sulfide deposits.

30,000 BCE, and there are small cup like depressions at the end of the Auditorium Rock Shelter, which is dated to nearly 100,000 years; the Sivaliks and the Potwar (Pakistan) region also exhibit many vertebrate fossil remains and paleolithic tools. Chert, jasper and quartzite were often used by humans during this period.

The Princeton Chert is a fossil locality in British Columbia, Canada, which comprises an anatomically preserved flora of Eocene Epoch age, with rich species abundance and diversity. It is located in exposures of the Allenby Formation on the east bank of the Similkameen River, south of the town of Princeton, British Columbia.

Other objects found here include cores of chert, jasper and chalcedony, stone axes, red ware, shell bangles and beads of semi precious stones. Presence of iron ore and quartzite provide the evidence that iron smelting in a crude form was performed here. Coins of the Satavahana period have also been found here.

It's now completely surrounded by private property. It was long theorized to be an extinct volcano, however there is no volcanic activity in the area. The nearby Hot Springs are heated through a geothermal process. Also, the rocks themselves are not volcanic but a form of chert common to the Ouachita Mountains.

In the Adamsfield area The Ragged Basin Complex is a broken up formation of chert, sandstone, red mudstone and mafic magma derived rocks. The sandstone is derived from metamorphic and volcanic fragments. Ultramafic rocks are serpentinised. They are not ophiolites, but instead are cumulates of heavy minerals in a shallow magma chamber.

The Pragian is one of three faunal stages in the Early Devonian epoch. It lasted from 410.8 ± 2.8 million years ago to 407.6 ± 2.8 million years ago. It was preceded by the Lochkovian stage and followed by the Emsian stage. The most important lagerstätte of the Pragian is Rhynie chert in Scotland.

This same chert has been found in archaeological sites in the nearby Reef Islands, dating at least two centuries before the first known evidence in the Duff Islands.Leach, B.F. and Davidson, J.M. 2008. The Archaeology of Taumako: a Polynesian Outlier in the Eastern Solomon Islands. Monograph. New Zealand Journal of Archaeology Special Publication.

Rhyolite flows, breccias and hyaloclastics are the primary rocks comprising the Flat Landing Brook Formation. Locally abundant rocks include tholeiitic to transitional mafic fragmental rocks and massive flows, as well as felsic tuffs, tholeiitic pillow basalts and minor porphyritic felsic flows. Siltstone, greywacke, iron formation, ferromanganiferous shale and chert represent minor rocks.

Almost 50,000 whole or fragmented artifacts were found so far in Crkvine. They are made of baked clay, bones, horns and rocks. Numerous quartzite, chert and jasper pebbles were also found. They could not be associated with the stone tools, as there is no evidence which points to their usage in this production.

In addition, the chert artifacts made in Colha spread to other regions such as Pulltrouser Swamp. These artifacts were then refurbished and reused in each region. The site was captured and later abandoned during the Terminal Classic. The site's demise contains insights into the material motivations for Maya warfare and military strategy.

Marl and siliceous rocks deposited during continued transgression in the Albian, Turonian, Santonian, Campanian and Maastrichtian, while continental deposition took place in the Nubo-Arabian Shield in the southeast. The Sirhan Basin, Al Jafr Basin and Al Azraq Wadi all accumulated significant sediment thicknesses. Chert and phosphorite layers are common from the period.

Northwest of Al Batin, the rock has very poor internal drainage. Drilling revealed two monocline structures were related to the dissolution and collapse of anhydrite layers. Dolomite, limestone and chert with some fossiliferous units are particularly common. Dissolved hydrogen gas renders water from the unit poor quality near Ras Tenura, Abqaiq and Nariya.

This rock was squeezed toward the surface by tectonic plate movement, and thus feels greasy, as it has been polished over millions of years. Graywacke Sandstone after crossing Leonard's Bridge. This sandstone was part of the Franciscan formation 138 million years ago. Some rocks found at the preserve include: Greenstone, Chert, Serpentinite, Sandstone.

Paleo Indians traveled in small groups in search of game and edible plants. They used spears made of bone, jasper or black chert. Their camp sites are difficult to find as they are many feet below the present surface. Native Americans moved into the area but the time they arrived is unknown.

Reconstruction of the transverse view of Winfrenatia. Winfrenatia is the oldest known terrestrial lichen, known from fossils preserved in the lower Devonian Rhynie chert. It comprises a thallus, made of layered, aseptate hyphae, with a number of depressions on its top surface. Each depression contains a net of hyphae holding a sheathed cyanobacterium.

Our Future in a World Without Ice Caps, Basic Books, New York, 2010, . At the end of the Pleistocene, roughly 13,000 years ago, the Torres Strait connection, the Bassian Plain between modern-day Victoria and Tasmania, and the link from Kangaroo Island began disappearing under the rising sea. Various Aboriginal groups seem to have preserved oral histories of the Flandrian sea level rise, in the Kimberley and Northern Australia and also in the isolation of Rottnest Island from the southwestern Western Australian coast 12,000 years ago. The finding of a chert deposit in the strait between the island and the mainland, and the use of chert as a predominate rock in the lithic industries of the region, enables the date to be fairly well established.

12/02/09) Kanawha Chert source is 183.4 miles (114 km) southwest of Meadowcroft.Vento and Donahue 1982:116. "The lithic raw material data indicate the early inhabitants of Meadowcroft Rockshelter had been in the region long enough to discover local chert sources, but also utilized or exploited materials from a much larger territory than just the local region. Alternatively, the exotic lithic materials may indicate trade with neighboring groups, if they were present at that time." Paleo occupation has been dated from 11,320 to 14,225 BCE by radiocarbon dating.Sciulli 1982:176.Meadowcroft Rockshelter 36WH297, NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARK NOMINATION, Meadowcroft Rockshelter Registration Form (Rev. 8–86) OMB No. 1024-0018 Cactus Hill is another important early site in Virginia that is similar to Meadowcroft.

Pinus driftwoodensis has been identified from a single location, the type locality, at the Driftwood Canyon exposure of Ootsa Lake Group sediments near Smithers, British Columbia in the Driftwood Canyon Provincial Park. The Driftwood Canyon location is currently considered to be Early Eocene in age, based on Uranium-lead radiometric dating which yielded an age of 51.77 ± 0.34 million years ago. Sediments at Driftwood canyon are interpreted as preserving a lacustrian upland flora and fauna with the chert blocks being found in a small coal and chert lens interbedded with Oostsa Lake group shales. The species was described from a single type specimen, the holotype specimen S5446, which is currently preserved in the University of Alberta paleobotanical collections in Edmonton, Alberta.

The macrobands in turn are composed of characteristic alternating layers of chert and iron oxides, called mesobands, that are several millimeters to a few centimeters thick. Many of the chert mesobands contain microbands of iron oxides that are less than a millimeter thick, while the iron mesobands are relatively featureless. BIFs tend to be extremely hard, tough, and dense, making them highly resistant to erosion, and they show fine details of stratification over great distances, suggesting they were deposited in a very low-energy environment; that is, in relatively deep water, undisturbed by wave motion or currents. BIFs only rarely interfinger with other rock types, tending to form sharply bounded discrete units that never grade laterally into other rock types.

Various ash falls were locally deposited, supplying silica for the formation of agate and chert in the upper portion and opal in the lowest portion. Other than the lower opaline sandstone zone and the "Algal limestone", the Ogallala has no persistent lithological marker beds beyond the stated generalities of local chert beds in the upper zone and local caliche "mortar bed" lenses in the middle zone. It may be the case that consolidation of the caliche of the "Algal limestone" occurred broadly at the same time but in whatever material was at the local surface after deposition of the sand and gravel ceased. And, while the "Algal limestone" is a marker bed, it does not establish correlation of the specific beds in which the caliche formed.

All the known specimens of Lepidocaris rhyniensis have been excavated from the Rhynie chert deposits in Aberdeenshire, Scotland, which is a famous ', or site of exceptional preservation. Lepidocaris is the only abundant animal in the deposits, and is likely to be responsible for many of the frequent coprolites found in the rocks. Lepidocaris was first described by D. J. Scourfield in a 1926 paper in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. Scourfield could not accommodate his new genus in the same order as its closest relatives – the Anostraca – so he erected a new family and order for Lepidocaris alone: Lepidocarididae and Lipostraca, respectively. Until 2003, when Castracollis was described, Lepidocaris was the only crustacean known from the Rhynie chert.

Under Oaks Estate are rocks from the Pittman formation. These are from the Ordovician period and consist of chert, phyllite and quartz rich micaceous sandstone. This area of the ACT is structurally on the Cullarin Horst, an uplifted area. A small patch of black Acton Shale is in the south east end of the settlement.

But, their lives were difficult. The most often identified cause of death among the burials excavated, was warfare. Researchers found several mass graves; the bodies were injured by projectile points. One specific group of nine, mostly women and children, was found showing assault by a type of chert projectile point foreign to the area.

The Komba Basin, bounded by the Kedougou inlier, Madina-Kouta Basin and eastern edge of the Bassaris branch contains the horizontal sedimentary rocks of the Early Cambrian Mali Group. The basin has a northern extension, known as the Faleme Basin is filled with chert, limestone and tillite potentially related to the glaciations of the Paleozoic.

Quartzite outcrops like this run along the crest of the bluff, generally WNW to ESE. The most striking geological feature at Powers Bluff is the stone outcrops poking out the top of the hill. In some places they rise 25 feet above the forest floor. The bluff is quartzite with a peak of chert.

Montana City is located on top of one of the oldest prehistoric sites in the state of Montana. As early as 9,000 BCE, Native Americans came to Montana City to collect chert, a rock similar to flint, which was used to make spear tips, arrowheads, and knives.Kidston, Martin J. "Prehistoric Find." Helena Independent Record.

Thin sheets of chert occur in the mudstone and less commonly in the siltstone layers. The sandstones are fine-grained and vary from being greyish olive green to dark yellowish brown. Some sandstone layers either contain or are capped by pebble- sized mudstone-clast conglomerates. These conglomerates also contain isolated fossils in some localities.

There is evidence that Shanidar 2 was given a ritual send-off: a small pile of stones with some worked stone points (made out of chert) were found on top of his grave. Also, there had been a large fire by the burial site.T. D. Stewart, The Skull of Shanidar II, Sumer, vol. 17, pp.

The Cypress Hills Formation is composed primarily of gravel and sand, some of which has been cemented to conglomerate and sandstone. There is also some minor marlstone. The majority of the pebbles, cobbles and boulders are well-rounded and consist of quartzite and chert. There are minor pebbles and cobbles of porphyritic rocks and argillite.

Their settlements included longhouses and boat-topped temporary or seasonal houses. They engaged in long-distance trade, using as currency white chert, a rock quarried from northern Labrador to Maine. The Pre-Columbian culture, whose members were called Red Paint People, is indigenous to the New England and Atlantic Canada regions of North America.

They engaged in long- distance trade, using as currency white chert, a rock quarried from northern Labrador to Maine. The southern branch of these people was established on the north peninsula of Newfoundland by 5,000 years ago. The Maritime Archaic period is best known from a mortuary site in Newfoundland at Port au Choix.

The Bone Valley Formation consists of sandy marl that contains pebbles of phosphate and chert, fragments of bone, and other organic remains. The finer grained material is soft and plastic when wet, but hardens when dry.Matson, G.C. and Clapp, F.G. 1909. A preliminary report on the geology of Florida with special reference to the stratigraphy.

The two-storey house is built of chert stone with Hamstone dressings and slate roofs. The long barn was built in the 16th or 17th century and has a cruck roof with a bell-cote at its apex. Another 18th-century barn. which had been a pigeon loft, has been converted into a squash court.

Arsdale, Roy Van, 2009, Adventures Through Deep Time: The Central Mississippi River Valley and Its Earthquakes, Geological Society of America, Special Paper 455, Ch. 5, The region existed as a quiescent continental shelf environment through the early Paleozoic from the Cambrian through the Mississippian with the deposition of shelf sandstones, shale, limestone, dolomite and chert.

Chromic cambisol and rendzina have developed on Cretaceous and Jurassic limestone and on Triassic dolomite. More acidic soils are found only on limestone with chert. Due to karstification, the depth of regolith is very uneven. The substantial precipitation quickly erodes the soil, and it is also carried away by the bora wind in exposed locations.

Greenwood and Earnshaw, p. 1071 Banded iron formation in the McKinley Park, Minnesota, Minnesota. Large deposits of iron are banded iron formations, a type of rock consisting of repeated thin layers of iron oxides alternating with bands of iron-poor shale and chert. The banded iron formations were laid down in the time between and .

Siliceous soils are formed from rocks that have silica (SiO2) as a principal constituent. The parent material of siliceous soils may include quartz sands, chert, quartzite, quartz reefs, granite, rhyolite, ademellite, dellenite, quartz sandstone, quartz siltstone, siliceous tuff, among others. These parent materials sometimes originate from silica-secreting organisms such as radiolarians, diatoms, or some types of sponges.

Ancient humans discovered certain rock formations that provided them with materials to work with. Flint, obsidian, chert, copper and quartz were some examples of useful rocks or minerals for thousands of years. In addition, humans have always used natural, high, and dry ridges for land transportation. Natural water ways were used for boats, travel, exploration, and trade.

Dubin, 163 Gorgets are carved from the penultimate whorl of the shell.Fundaburk and Foreman, Pl. 155-6 A blank is cut or broken out, then ground smooth. Holes for suspension and decoration are drilled, sometimes with a bow drills or chert drills. The gorget forms a concave shape and, when engraved, the interior is polished and decorated.

Tōtara could be drilled with chert points to make holes near the edges of the timber without splitting. In larger tōtara waka, three or more sections were laced together with flax rope. A tōtara waka took at least a year to make using stone adzes. Bark from tōtara is used to cover and protect traditional pōhā bags.

These rocks can host copper sulfide ores. Siliceous schists are coloured grey, they are metamorphosed sandstone, rich in quartz. Quartzite and chert bands can be found, and they are commonly associated with the black schist. The Chiuchu Formation or Tailuge Marble forms a band from Tailuko in the north to a point between Wulu and Kuanshan in the south.

Latin American Antiquity, Vol. 9(4): 342-352. During the Late Preclassic and Late Classic periods, Colha served as a primary supplier of worked stone tools for the region. It has been estimated that the 36 workshops at Colha produced nearly 4 million chert and obsidian tools and eccentrics that were dispersed throughout Mesoamerica during the Maya era.

The material for fukiishi was often made up of pebbles and stones from dry riverbeds. In the case of pebbles, a variety of stones was used. For example, the late-4th-century in Kashiwara in Osaka Prefecture was made with andesite flagstones in vertical or sloped piles. Other sites used chert, sandstone, slate, basalt, or other types of stone.

The Mist Mountain Formation consists of interbedded light to dark grey siltstone, silty shale, mudstone, and sandstone, with localized occurrences of chert- and quartzite-pebble conglomerate and conglomeratic sandstone, as well as a series of economically important coal seams.Glass, D.J. (editor) 1997. Lexicon of Canadian Stratigraphy, vol. 4, Western Canada including eastern British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan and southern Manitoba.

Elso Barghoorn, a paleobotanist at Harvard, subsequently looked at these same samples and concluded that "they were indeed structurally preserved unicellular organisms."Past lives: Chronicles of Canadian Paleontology In 1965 the two scientists published their finding, and named a variety of the Gunflint flora.Barghoorn, E. S. and Tyler, S. A., 1965: Microorganisms from the Gunflint Chert. Science, vol.

At the early Paleozoic (around 545-440 million years ago), the Erlangping island arc subducted beneath the North China Block (obduction), so that those arc-related ophiolite with melange was moved to the surface of the earth. Within an ophiolite sequence, ultramafic rock, pillow basalt. sill basalt and a small amount of chert can be found.

The second major layer contains Middle and Late Archaic artifacts. The deepest layers of the site contain Paleo-Indian and Early Archaic artifacts, a period of occupation dating from 9000 BCE to 7000 BCE. All of the layers contain evidence of the manufacture of stone tools using locally abundant chert. The bottom are of most significant importance to archaeologists.

6, p. 129. The lowest member is a basal sandstone and conglomerate of quartzite, chert and gneiss pebbles and cobbles in a coarse-grained quartzose to arkosic sandstone matrix. The middle member is fine to coarse grained sandstone, with some siltstone, mudstone, and coal. The upper member is coal-bearing and contains sandstone, siltstone, mudstone, shale, and mineable coal.

People have been living in the Duff Islands for 3,000 years. The first people on these islands made pottery using clay and sand temper which was available locally. A small amount of this pottery was decorated in the distinctive Lapita style with dentate stamping. These first inhabitants made stone tools using high quality chert which was also local.

On May 22, 2010, the Blue Mounds Fort marker was rededicated following a three-year fundraising effort by the Blue Mounds Area Historical Society. The marker, which was cleaned up and re-mounted on a chert boulder donated by Blue Mound State Park, sits on the site of the Fort, although it is not currently accessible by the public.

Jasper is the main component in the silica-rich parts of banded iron formations (BIFs) which indicate low, but present, amounts of dissolved oxygen in the water such as during the Great Oxidation Event or snowball earths. The red bands, typically more competent than the hematite layers surrounding it, are made of microcrystalline red chert, also called jasper.

The Widgiemooltha Chert is a deep sea chemical sedimentary unit stratigraphically above the Widgiemooltha Komatiite. It is composed of from less than to of sulfidic, graphitic and siliceous cherts, often finely laminated and expressing ptygmatic folding post-sedimentation. It is considered to be an exhalative deposit formed post-magmatism. It often is intruded by the Lake Zot Dolerite.

The early Eocene is marked by the Arak Formation, siliclastic and carbonate deposits left from the continuation of an offshore environment. The Palmyrides region was covered in limestones in the late Eocene. In some cases, basin deposits appear similar to the Chekka Formation, with chert and marl. Dark cherts, with signs of bioturbation are found in northern Lebanon.

Others include the Kotlik Lagoon, Imik Lagoon and Aukulak Lagoon. The local bedrock is composed of limestone, dolomite, phyllite and chert from the Precambrian through Devonian times. The land was glaciated during the Illinoian glaciation, but was free of permanent ice during the Wisconsonian glaciation. Longshore currents have deposited beach ridges since then for 6,000 years.

It is most often situated among rocky outcrops on top of low rocky ridges and hills growing in sandy-loamy-clay soils over granite and chert. The shrub is often a part of Allocasuarina woodland or low open shrubland communities. Species commonly associated with Acacia aristulata include Allocasuarina huegeliana, Diplolaena angustifolium, Dianella revoluta and Dryandra sessilis.

Niangua Darter live in clear upland creeks and small to medium-sized rivers with slight to moderate currents. They require continuously flowing streams with silt-free gravel and rock bottoms. These streams typically drain hilly areas with chert or dolomite bedrock. Niangua Darter are found most of the year in shallow pools, margins, and stream runs.

The quartz formed after the Ouachita Orogeny when fractures in rocks filled with silica-saturated fluids and, over millions of years, precipitated crystals up to several feet in length. The Ouachitas are also known for novaculite, a variety of chert that has undergone low-grade metamorphism; particular grades found only in Arkansas are used for making whetstones.

The rocks contain fossils of nautiloid cephalopods. Native Americans used chert that was left behind as the seas receded to make stone tools. Rocks from the Mississippian age show continental shelf deposits and reef-like remains of fossilized crinoids, bryozoans and dense limestone. The Sacramentos underwent a volcanic time during the Tertiary Period (30 million years ago).

The stone blade industry catered to domestic needs—fine chert was imported from the Larkana valley or from Bijapur in modern Karnataka. Bhagatrav supplied semi-precious stones while chank shell came from Dholavira and Bet Dwarka. An intensive trade network gave the inhabitants great prosperity. The network stretched across the frontiers to Egypt, Bahrain and Sumer.

Stone SSSI is a 0.12 hectare geological Site of Special Scientific Interest in Stone in Buckinghamshire. It is listed by the Joint Nature Conservation Committee as a Geological Conservation Review site. This site has undated sands of Lower Cretaceous Wealden deposits. The sand is of northern origin, probably recycled through the Portland Beds, and includes Carboniferous chert.

The Magaliesberg has ancient origins. Its composition is ascribed to successive geological processes over a very protracted history. Its quartzites, shales, chert and dolomite were deposited as sediments in an inland basin on top of a 3 billion year old Archaean Basement Complex, known as the Kaapvaal Craton. This process of sedimentation lasted for about 300 million years.

An site called the Pulsifer Site (also known as Site 36Mo79) is a prehistoric archaeological site on a stream terrace of County Line Branch. 32 artifacts have been unearthed at the site, 31 of which are chert flakes. The other artifact is a biface. The material of these artifacts are dissimilar to the bedrock in the area.

They also ate fresh water clams and fish that migrated north in the Delaware River to spawn such as shad and sturgeon. Fish were caught by spears or fish traps made of stones and sticks. The shallow riffles in rivers were used to catch fish. They made spear points of jasper, quartz, shale, or black chert.

One grave, that of a child, held five matching knives made of stone. The excavation also turned up chalcedony and chert projectile points. Those in the upper layers were made of agate, which is not found in the area. Stone tools were found as well, such as scrapers for use in tanning hides, and mortars and pestles.

In the course of the story he upsets a plot by the archfiend Baphomet on modern Earth. "The Return of Gord" is a caper story set during Gord's days as a master thief in the City of Greyhawk, and "A Wizard's Thief" is another caper story, involving Gord and Chert, and set in an unnamed city.

Palaeonema an extinct genus of nematodes from the Early Devonian. It contains only one species, Palaeonema phyticum, and is the only member of the family Palaeonematidae. P. phyticum is the oldest known fossil nematode, and was parasitic upon the Rhynie chert plant Agalophyton. According to George Poinar Jr. (2011), the family Palaeonematidae is placed in the order Enoplida.

Symbiosis with magnetotactic bacteria has been proposed as the explanation for magnetoreception in some marine protists. Research is underway on whether a similar relationship may underlie magnetoreception in vertebrates as well. The oldest unambiguous magnetofossils come from the Cretaceous chalk beds of southern England, though less certain reports of magnetofossils extend to 1.9 billion years old Gunflint Chert.

Dictionary of Ohio Historic Places. Vol. 1. St. Clair Shores: Somerset, 1999, 571. In the late 1950s, an archaeological field survey visited the site repeatedly. Comparatively few artifacts were found: only scrapers, an axe, and tiny projectile points were found, all in tiny numbers, although numerous pieces of chert were discovered with evidence that humans had worked them.

Rhynia gwynne-vaughanii was first described as a new species by Robert Kidston and William H. Lang in 1917. The species is known only from the Rhynie chert in Aberdeenshire, Scotland, where it grew in the vicinity of a silica-rich hot spring. Rhynia was a vascular plant, and grew in association with other vascular plants such as Asteroxylon mackei, a probable ancestor of modern clubmosses (Lycopsida), and with pre-vascular plants such as Aglaophyton major, which is interpreted as basal to true vascular plants. A transverse section of a stem of Rhynia gwynne-vaughanii, Lower Devonian, Rhynie chert Rhynia is thought to have had deciduous lateral branches, which it used to disperse laterally over the substrate and stands of the plant may therefore have been clonal populations.

Toys Hill probably took its name in the Middle Ages from a local land-owning family. In 1295, Robert Toys paid 12d to the Manor of Otford for the right to keep pigs in Otford Woods, and it is likely that he or his family gave their name to this area of Brasted Chart. Toys Hill was part of the Common of Brasted Chart, where local people once kept pigs and cattle, gathered peat and firewood and quarried Chertstone for their roads and buildings. Various pits that are visible in the high woods of Toys Hill include pits dug by charcoal burners and chert pits, for quarrying chert, a hard sandstone found in the Lower Greensand formation that has been extracted for many centuries for local roadstone and building stone.

Beerling is a leading architect in the field of experimental palaeobiology, adopting advanced experimental research programmes to address fundamental questions raised by the fossil record of plant life. Characterized by the formulation and evaluation of rigorous hypotheses, these programmes demonstrate how experimental evidence serves to deepen our causal understanding of past events. By productively collaborating with Jonathan Leake, his group established essential missing functional evidence supporting the long-standing conjecture, based largely on 400-million-year-old-fossils from the Devonian Rhynie chert,Kidston, R. & Lang, W. H. On Old Red Sandstone plants showing structure, from Rhynie Chert Bed, Aberdeenshire. Part V. The Thallophyta occurring in the peat-bed; the succession of the plants throughout a vertical section of the bed, and the conditions of accumulation and preservation of the deposit.Trans.

This mineralization is only known to exist southeast of Cooke Lake and immediately south of Net Lake. A unit of chert, magnetite and pyrrhotite outcrops along the southwest shore of Net Lake at Temagami North. Pyrrhotite, the most common sulfide mineral, occurs as small veins and disseminations. Small amounts of pyrite, sphalerite and exsolved pentlandite and chalcopyrite are present with the pyrrhotite.

The oval and flared varieties were hafted to L-shaped wooden handles, such as the one wielded by the Birger figurine. The notched version was probably hafted as a spade. Another advantageous property of the Mill Creek chert was the large size of the nodules, which meant that the corresponding tools could be large. Some hoes were up to in length.

To the local Anishinabek, the rare stones were thunderbird eggs. The concretions are now protected, but are often found on nearby properties. "Kettle" concretion at Kettle Point, Ontario, defaced by graffiti. Just off shore, below the Kettle Point formation, is a layer of the Hamilton Group of shales and limestones which contains a large amount of light-coloured, high-quality chert.

The paratype, number 3F1 #2 top on specimen "UWBM 56441", is a rhizome which shows root gaps, roots and frond bases. The specimens of chert were studied by paleobotanists Kathleen B. Pigg of Arizona State University and Gar W. Rothwell of Ohio University. Pigg and Rothwell published their 2001 type description for Wessiea yakimaensis in the American Journal of Botany.

VNAF T-28Cs over Vietnam In 1963, a Royal Lao Air Force T-28 piloted by Lieutenant Chert Saibory, a Thai national, defected to North Vietnam. Saibory was immediately imprisoned and his aircraft was impounded. Within six months the T-28 was refurbished and commissioned into the North Vietnamese Air Force as its first fighter aircraft.Toperczer 2001, pp. 8–9.

Whittaker studied anthropology at Cornell University. He began to learning to knap flint in his sophomore year, in 1972. Lacking chert or obsidian to practice with, he used the glass from broken soda bottles. Early on, he had to take a brief hiatus from knapping after he accidentally severed two tendons in his left index finger with a glass flake.

Nature, 434(7029), 59-63. Here it was developed a series of marine-related depositional settings, represented by an outcrop of 550–600 m of grey Calcarenites and Calcilutites with chert lenses and marly interbeds, that recovers the Sedrina, Moltrasio and Domaro Formations. This was mostly due to the post-Triassic crisis, that was linked locally to tectonics.Jadoul, F., & Galli, M. T. (2008).

The middle of this member contains numerous thin discontinuous beds of chalky- white chert. The lower part of the Middle Member is purplish red, which grades upward to a creamy mottled and streaked red. This member is resistant to erosion and characteristically forms cliffs. This member forms small hills within the Great Unconformity on either side of the Chuar syncline.

92Stanley (1999), p. 61 The most common minerals involved in permineralization are cements of carbonates (especially calcite), forms of amorphous silica (chalcedony, flint, chert) and pyrite. In the case of silica cements, the process is called lithification. At high pressure and temperature, the organic material of a dead organism undergoes chemical reactions in which volatiles such as water and carbon dioxide are expulsed.

Grid ref: H09214672. (). The rocks in this second major entrance to the Reyfad system are composed of Dartry and Knockmore Limestones with chert and calcite formations. This cave is designated a PASSI. There is a very tight entrance to this cave through a sinkhole in what is known as a dry valley, but this eventually expands into a wider cave.

Material and Meaning: A Contextual Examination of Select Portable Material Culture from Colha, Belize. Dissertation for University of Texas at Austin. These peaks in population are directly related to the presence of stone tool workshops at the site. Colha’s proximity to an important source of high quality chert that is found in the Cenozoic limestone of the regionJones, John G. 1994.

The rock climbing (bouldering) in Mitake is centered on the riverbed of Tama River Some of Japan's famous boulder problems can be found in the Mitake area. On boulders such as "Ninja Rock" and "Deadend" The rock consists of limestone/ chert. With boulders between a few feet till 20 feet tall. The boulders are graded according to the Japanese Dankyu grading system.

Trichopherophyton was described from very fragmentary fossils found in the Rhynie chert, Rhynie, Scotland, which is of Early Devonian, specifically Pragian, age. The overall growth habit of the plant is difficult to construct. Some stems reached 2.5 mm in diameter, but their height is unknown; branching was possibly pseudomonopodial (i.e. one arm of a dichotomous branch continued as a 'main' stem).

Aglaophyton lacked roots, and like other rootless land plants of the Silurian and early Devonian may have relied on mycorrhizal fungi for acquisition of water and nutrients from the soil. The male gametophyte of the species has been formally described,Remy, W & Remy, R (1980) Lyonophyton rhyniensis n.gen. et nov. spec., ein Gametophyt aus dem Chert von Rhynie (Unterdevon, Schottland).

Immediately south of this formation in the watershed is a band of the Spechty Kopf formation. South of the Spechty Kopf formation is a band of members of the Irish Valley formation. In the extreme southern area of the watershed is a band of members of the Buddy Run formation. A rock formation known as the Oriskany chert stops at Little Shamokin Creek.

On the west side of the Dial Range trough at Penguuin the Beecraft Megabreccia sits on top of the Burnie Formation. It consists of blocks of chert up to 120 metres long, embedded in conglomerate. The Teatree Point Megabreccia is similar and about 150 metres thick. The Lobster Creek Volcanics is actually an intrusion of plagioclase pyroxene hornblende porphyry dated at .

The time of its formation was between early Caradoc and mid Ashgill. A type section is at Mole Creek. The Flowery Gully Limestone near Beaconsfield started deposition at an earlier time Llanvirn or Llandeilo than the limestones further west. In the central north of the Sheffield element is the Early Arenig age Caroline Creek Sandstone on a bed of chert conglomerate.

Progress below ground was slow, as a band of hard chert was encountered. Beaumont, Appleby & Ashwell were replaced by the Machine Tunnelling Company, and in June 1872, by the Diamond Rock-boring Company. The work was hampered by water flowing into the mine faster than it could be pumped out, and in 1873 the shareholders declined to advance any more money.

Known as Twischsawkin, meaning the land where plums abound. At least three prehistoric rock shelters have been found in archaeological digs in the region. For the indigenous peoples, it was not only important for its arable land but for its geological resources. The river and its valley are abundant in flint and chert, from which they made spear points and arrowheads.

The site had very little lithic material when it was excavated. There were only fourteen pieces of chert, such as arrow points, biface fragments, retouched flakes, and an end scraper. Most of the lithic materials were found within the house, but some were found in one of the features. All of the lithic artifacts are apart of the local Burlington or Keokuk variety.

The bodies in the Glengarry Basin are up to 120 m thick and over 3 km in length. These jasperoids are an important source of gold ore within the region. Some hematitic jasperoids may be sourced from metamorphosed and altered jaspillite, and are located above areas identified as submarine basalt vents. These, therefore, may represent a type of exhalite chert or spilite.

A 1979 excavation of burial groups throughout the site uncovered 26 individuals in 20 interments. The archaeologists found that both sexes were represented and that the age of the individuals ranged from infancy to mature adulthood. Also included in these burials were pottery vessels, metate fragments and chert tools.Freidel 1979:41 A variety of artifacts were found within caches throughout the site.

The land above and around the roadcut has a "coyote brush scrub" community of plants that is typically found on thinner, drier soils in this region. The road is O'Shaughnessy Boulevard, which was constructed around 1935. The scenery of Glen Canyon Park is also distinguished by numerous large outcrops of rock. The most striking of these consist of reddish, layered "Franciscan" chert.

They also found evidence of refortifiction in the Iron Age, from the period before Roman occupation (around 43 AD). In 1981, a neolithic axe-head made from greensand chert was found. There is further evidence from aerial photographs of cropmarks and post holes, possibly from roundhouses. The site is next to Norton Manor Camp, home of 40 Commando, Royal Marines.

Various radiolarians under the microscope Lithologically the up to 50 meter thick Ruhpolding Formation consists of black-green to red radiolarites grading into cherty limestones, cherty marls and cherty shales. It has formed from radiolarian ooze. The ooze consolidated diagenetically to thinly layered and regularly banded cherts. The chert layers are usually separated by very thin claystone layers creating a cyclic appearance.

These are often extensive surface scatters and deep stratified deposits of flaked finegrained stone, of lithic flakes. Much of this material is waste flakes, discarded during the manufacture process. Specific types of artefacts such as blades, scrapers or burins may indicate what the area was used for, for example processing animal skins. Stone artefact material is usually rine grained silcrete, chert, and quartz.

Moriarty 2004, p.37. The earliest ceramic evidence excavated at Buena Vista dates to the very end of the Early Preclassic period, indicating that the site was initially settled at the transition between the Early and Middle Preclassic periods.Castellanos Cabrera 2008, p.10. The long occupational history of Buena Vista may be linked to its proximity to chert-rich hills.

The chert has been identified as coming from quarries in central Florida. Projectile points from the sinkhole have been classified as Bolen Beveled, Dalton, and Greenbriar, dated to 10,000 to 12,000 years ago.Carr 2012: 34-37 Human bones and teeth from at least five individuals were found in the Cutler sinkhole. Some of the individuals appear to have been buried in graves.

Kremenchuk was supposedly founded in 1571. The name Kremenchuk is explained as deriving from the word "kremen" - flint (a mineral) because the city is located on a giant chert plate. An alternative explanation says that "Kremenchuk" is the Turkish for "small fortress". In 1625, at Lake Kurukove in Kremenchuk, the Treaty of Kurukove was signed between the Cossacks and the Poles.

The Allendale, South Carolina site, known as the Topper site, which has had ongoing excavations for several years, has unearthed many artifacts, as it was a long lasting site of human occupation due to an outcrop of chert, which was valuable for making stone tools. Goodyear has authored over 100 articles and other publications and is a frequent lecturer on paleo- Indian archaeology.

Signs of flourishing trade can be seen by the excavation of stamps, jewelry and 'chert' weights. Weights found here are similar to weights found at many other IVC sites confirming presence of standardized weight systems. Cotton cloth traces preserved on silver or bronze objects were known from Rakhigarhi, Chanhudaro and Harappa. An impressive number of stamps seals were also found at this site.

The Nakaye Formation is mostly massive ledges of gray to dark gray, very fine to fine grained limestone with considerable bands, lenses,and nodules of chert. Typical beds are in thickness and are separated by shale beds thick or thin to medium-bedded limestone thick. Sandstone is absent.Kelley and Caswell 1952 The formation is thick and lies conformably on the Red House Formation.

Nothia was a genus of Early Devonian vascular plants whose fossils were found in the Rhynie chert in Scotland. It had branching horizontal underground stems (rhizomes) and leafless aerial stems (axes) bearing lateral and terminal spore-forming organs (sporangia). Its aerial stems were covered with small 'bumps' (emergences), each bearing a stoma. It is one of the best described early land plants.

These included beach and coastal regions, fresh and salt water regions, chaparral and grassland zones, and even woodland and mountain regions. Faunal resources included land mammals, fish, insects, reptiles, and sea-mammals. Floral resources included trees, plants, seeds, bulbs, and sea grasses. Mineral resources included obsidian, chert, and other types of stones to make tools and caulking or adhesive compounds.

The geology is diverse and is typically limestone at valley floors (around elevation) and sandstone on ridges (to around 1,000 feet). The constituent bedrock is composed primarily of Mississippian aged St. Louis, and Warsaw limestones with Fort Payne chert underlain by Chattanooga Shale that forms a large part of the escarpment. This area is mostly undulating plains, hills, and karst.

Crawfish Spring is estimated to flow at a rate of approximately , emanating from the base of a small dolomite hill. It is along the contact of the Chickamauga Limestone and Knox Dolomite. The Knox Dolomite forms Missionary Ridge to the west of the spring, and it is this chert ridge that acts as the catchment area for the water flowing from the spring.

Stone tools, fossils, and earthenware have been found in different caves from the Tabon Caves Complex. In the Liyang Cave, large jars filled with human remains were discovered. That cave was believed to be a burial site of early humans. In the Tabon Cave, chert flakes and chopping tools, evidence of early humans being food gatherers and hunters, were found.

They determined that the majority of the site's artifacts dated from the Middle Woodland Period, with rare finds indicating earlier and later occupation as well. This helped establish the probable cultural sequence of the site. Additional excavation took place in 1971. A trench near the center of the mound group yielded a chert blade, three potsherds, and some fire-cracked rocks.

A new genus of lichen, Winfrenatia, has been recovered from the Rhynie chert. The lichen comprises a thallus, made of layered, aseptate hyphae; a number of depressions are formed on its top surface. Each depression contains a net of hyphae holding a sheathed cyanobacterium. The fungus appears to be related to the Zygomycetes, and the photobiont resembles the coccoid Gloeocapsa and Chroococcidiopsis.

This puts the pottery to lithics remains at an astounding 5/1 ratio. The majority of the few stone remains found were made of native Swan River Chert and quartz. However, some exotic materials were found such as a piece of obsidian. In all, only three different kinds of stone tools were found at the site: bifaces, scrapers, and utilized flakes.

Ashleypark Burial Mound dates to the Neolithic: radiocarbon dating indicates a calendar date of c. 3350 BC for the burial in the chamber of an infant. The inner end of the structure contained an adult and child, cattle bones, a bone point, some chert flakes and Neolithic pottery, including sherds bearing channelled decoration. It lay until recently in an ancient oak forest.

The Neolithic stone implements of celts were found. Axes found were made of quartzite, basalt and granite. The finds included nine types of microliths. Waste flakes found in the area indicate prevalence of the process of manufacture in a well established microlithic industry in the area that included chert, chalcedony, agate and jasper, derived from the dry river bed of the Son river.

The Gunflint chert microfauna is mid- to late-Paleoproterozoic in age (approximately 1.878 Ga ± 1.3 Ma, as determined by Uranium-Lead dating techniques. This age has fluctuated through time as dating techniques have become more accurate and precise. Initial whole-rock Rubidium-Strontium and Potassium-Argon dating placed the age of the Gunflint Iron Formation at 1.56-163 Ga. Whole-rock Neodymium-Samarium placed the age between 2.08 and 2.11 Ga. Finally, dating of interbedded ash layers within the Gunflint Iron Formation yielded ages between 1.86 and 1.99 Ga, which are most similar to the consensus age of 1.878 Ga ± 1.3 Ma. At the time of discovery of the Gunflint Chert, the oldest evidence of life known was the Ediacaran fauna (635-541 Ma), a late Precambrian assemblage over half the age of the Gunflint microorganisms.

Although the name Vinini is used extensively, the Palmetto Formation in southern Nevada is of the same age and lithic composition and merits the name Vinini. Originally the Vinini was considered to be wholly of Ordovician age, but the unit designated as Vinini on many published maps includes, at the top, a massive chert unit, the Cherry Spring chert, now known to be of Early Silurian age. The formation is considered to have been deposited in relatively deep water, outboard of the contemporaneous carbonate bank to the east, because of its generally dark gray color and the near absence of a shelly fauna. The identity of strata underlying the Vinini over most of its range is uncertain due to the prevalence of faults, but the equivalent Palmetto Formation is known to be underlain depositionally by Upper Cambrian limestone deposits.

They made spear points of jasper, quartz, shale, or black chert. They traveled to quarries in search of stones for spear points or they traded with other small groups for these points. They also used atlatls, which is a stick that throws a small spear with a lighter stone point than a spear. They lived near water as this is where the most game or plants were.

The two major types are silicate based and carbonate based. The majority of silica cements are composed of quartz, but can include chert, opal, feldspars and zeolites. Composition includes the chemical and mineralogic make-up of the single or varied fragments and the cementing material (matrix) holding the clasts together as a rock. These differences are most commonly used in the framework grains of sandstones.

Predominant rock types include shale and graywacke, with greenstone, tuff and chert. The erosive power of the glaciers produces sediment as rock flour coloring the waters around the toes of glaciers, carrying minerals into the ecosystem that support phytoplankton, which in turn sustain larger animals. Kenai Fjords is extensively glaciated, with 51% of the park covered by ice. The Harding Icefield receives of snowfall per year.

Dark sandstone is most abundant and is also the chief host rock of the gold-bearing deposits. Also present are chert, shale, serpentine, and volcanic rocks. Most of the gold has been recovered from small lenticular ore shoots in oxidized zones near the surface. The sulfides, which consist of fine-grained pyrite and small amounts of chalcopyrite and arsenopyrite generally, are low in gold content.

The Big Rock Formation consists of a lower conglomerate member with minor micaceous quartzite and an upper quartzite member. The conglomerate is a medium to dark gray quartz pebble metaconglomerate with minor quartzite beds, interpreted as braided alluvial deposits. The pebbles are mostly of light gray quartz but with some ferruginous chert. Pebble sizes are from 1 to 20 cm and the pebbles are systematically elongated.

They found two stelae in the hallway, as well as a paved courtyard. Many items, dating from around 2900-2500 BCE, were found in one tholos, including bones; flint, chert and rhyolite blades; arrowheads; dart tips; axes; polished stone artifacts; hair pins; necklace beads; ceramics; a copper dagger, and a bone figurine of a fox. Most of the items found are stored at UNIARQ.

In his third year at Cornell, Whittaker worked on the archaeological site of in France and studied under François Bordes. Bordes taught Whittaker learned how to knap chert and deepened his interest in the craft. He also met expert knappers Mark Newcomer and Jacques Pelegrin. Whittaker later attended the University of Arizona as a graduate student, where he continued to work on experimental archaeology.

Other carbonate grains composing limestones are ooids, peloids, intraclasts, and extraclasts. Limestone often contains variable amounts of silica in the form of chert (chalcedony, flint, jasper, etc.) or siliceous skeletal fragment (sponge spicules, diatoms, radiolarians), and travertine (a precipitate of calcite and aragonite). Secondary calcite may be deposited by supersaturated meteoric waters (groundwater that precipitates the material in caves). This produces speleothems, such as stalagmites and stalactites.

The clasts tended to be close to spherical in shape, although the largest specimens were also the most irregular. The largest gastroliths contributed the most to the total surface area of the set. Some gastroliths were so large and irregularly shaped that they may have been difficult to swallow. The gastroliths were mostly composed of chert, with some sandstone, siltstone, and quartzite clasts also included.

The Escanjaque settlement Onate found was probably a temporary camp. Its size, 600 tents and 5,000 people, precludes if from being a hunting camp. Perhaps the camp was large because the Escanjaques intended to go to war with the Rayados, or possibly it was formed to trade with the Rayados for Florence-A chert, a flint favored for arrowheads over much of Oklahoma and Kansas.Vehik, p.

During excavation in 1966 numerous prehistoric artefacts were found such as shards of Neolithic pottery, bones and stone tools. Bones were found at different levels and strewn throughout the cave, the majority of these were of rabbit, Ape and Ox mixed with many rodent bones. Chert engraving tools were found along with engraved bone bead (necklace) possibly engraved with one of those stone tools.

Fossil evidence suggests that radiolarians first emerged during the late Cambrian as free-floating shallow water organisms. They did not become prominent in the fossil record until the Ordovician. Radiolarites evolved in upwelling regions in areas of high primary productivity and are the oldest known organisms capable of shell secretion. The remains of radiolarians are preserved in chert; a byproduct of siliceous ooze transformation.

Gunflintia is an extinct genus of cyanobacteria that once existed in what is now Canada and Australia. It was about five micrometres wide, and is known for being one of the first oxygen-producing cyanobacteria, which helped raise oxygen levels in the atmosphere, making Earth more habitable for other oxygen- using organisms. It is also one of the most common fossils in the Gunflint chert.

In the Dial Range Trough the middle Cambrian saw the deposition of the Cateena Group of conglomerate (of purple mudstone pebbles), sandstone with feldspar, mudstone and greywacke and some felsic volcanics. The age is Florian to Undillan. This was followed by the Radfords Creek Group which has a base of a conglomerate of chert and basalt fragments. The age is Boomerangian to Late Mindyallan.

The pebbles include quartz, quartzite, quartz sandstone, pale pink mudstone and chert, embedded in a matrix of sand. The Owen Group rocks are found on the West Coast Range. The conglomerate was derived from the highlands of the uplifted Tyennan Block and is up to 1500 meters thick. The lowest section is the Jukes Conglomerate, with Lower Owen Conglomerate and Middle Owen Conglomerate above.

The Burnie Formation followed in the Tonian period south east of the lineament with greywacke and slaty mudstone, and also some basic pillow lavas. The Oonah Formation has even more varieties of rock than the Burnie formation, also including conglomerate, quartz sandstone, dolomite and chert. The Bowry Formation in the Cryogenian was intruded by granite (Bowry granitoids) . These have been metamorphosed to the blueschist level.

Banded iron formations (BIFs) were originally chemical muds and contain well developed thin lamination. They are able to have this lamination due to the lack of burrowers in the Precambrian. BIFs show regular alternating layers that are rich in iron and chert that range in thickness from a few millimeters to a few centimeters. The formation can continue uninterrupted for tens to hundreds of meters stratigraphically.

Coarse-grained pyritization occurs when millimeter scale pyrite minerals replace organic matter in cherts, preserving microorganism morphology. In carbonate association, filaments, spore-like bodies, and other organic structures can be preserved by carbonate mineralization (<1μm in diameter) imbedded in a chert matrix. Carbonate minerals can form as continuous bodies or as a series of lenses outlining filamentous cyanobacterial remains. Carbonate mineralization is often seen trailing pyrite crystals.

They are surrounded by bundles of living cells known as leptoids which carry sugars and other nutrients in solution. The hydroids are analogous to the tracheids of vascular plants but there is no lignin present in the cell walls to provide structural support. Hydroids have been found in some fossilised plants from the Rhynie chert, including Aglaophyton, where they were initially mistaken for xylem tracheids.

The oldest definitive insect fossil is the Devonian Rhyniognatha hirsti, from the 396 million year old Rhynie chert. It may have superficially resembled a modern-day silverfish insect. This species already possessed dicondylic mandibles (two articulations in the mandible), a feature associated with winged insects, suggesting that wings may already have evolved at this time. Thus, the first insects probably appeared earlier, in the Silurian period.

Sometimes called Vanport Chert, this material is from the greater Muskingum River valley area cited in the later Stone Industry chapter. They slowly evolved into the Buck Garden people.McMichael 1968:26 Buck Garden (500–1200 CE) were predominant throughout central Kanawha-New River Valley region following the upper Armstrong. They were first identified at the Buck Garden Creek site in Nicholas Co..Rice & Brown 2nd ed.

Within Colha, archaeologists have discovered special- purpose workshops to manufacture constricted adzes, indicating the beginnings of economic specialization in stone tool production. Constricted adzes in the same style as those from Colha have been found throughout the region. These tools are predominantly bifacially worked from local chert. Constricted adzes were general-purpose tools used for woodcutting and digging, likely to clear forests and cultivate crops.

Other source materials include chalcedony, quartzite, andesite, sandstone, chert, and shale. Even relatively soft rock such as limestone could be exploited. In all cases the toolmakers worked their handaxes close to the source of their raw materials, suggesting that the Acheulean was a set of skills passed between individual groups. Some smaller tools were made from large flakes that had been struck from stone cores.

The angular unsorted content implies a rapid erosion and burial in a depositional basin, with an outcome of few fossils. Exposed graywacke can be observed on high ridges and on the steep canyon walls. Radiolarian chert is exposed on certain south facing slopes of San Bruno Mountain and at Point San Bruno. Fog rolling over San Bruno Mountain near the central radio/television antennae.

A thick layer of Chert gravel from the Purbeck Strata can be found on Blackdown Hill near Portesham, but it is not known whether it was carried there or whether it is the remains of an earlier deposit.Ensom (pp.71–72) Blocks of Quartzite can be found across the downlands of Southern Dorset and these sarsens have been used in some of the local prehistoric monuments.Ensom (p.

Lebanon shifted to an open marine depositional environment, evidenced by marl laden with foraminifera. The offshore environment was timed with subsidence in Arabia. The Chekka Formation spans the Cretaceous into the Paleocene, made up of white chalk and marly limestone, with beds typically 20 to 50 centimeters thick. Chekka units also contain bands of chert and phosphate nodules, along with units rich in organic matter.

Sediment cored at Ocean Drilling Program Site 1149 (see previous figure for location). Far right gives lithology and age, 3 columns show vertical variations of Calcium, Silicon, and Aluminum, indicators of relative carbonate, chert, and clay or ash. Modified from Plank et al. (2006). The figure above shows the typical sediments drilled at Ocean Drilling Program site 1149, east of the Izu-Bonin segment.

The Gravelbourg Formation is divided in two members, Lower and Upper Gravelbourg. The lower member is composed of dolomitic limestone with green shale laminations in the upper part, chalcedonic chert and anhydrite in the lower part and a basal shale bed with fish scales and anhydrite. The upper Gravelbourg consists of dark shale with sandstone and argillaceous limestone stringers and a tan mudstone bed at the top.

Banded iron formations are distinct from most Phanerozoic ironstones. Ironstones are relatively rare and are thought to have been deposited in marine anoxic events, in which the depositional basin became depleted in free oxygen. They are composed of iron silicates and oxides without appreciable chert but with significant phosphorus content, which is lacking in BIFs. No classification scheme for banded iron formations has gained complete acceptance.

Around 70 cores, 3976 waste flakes, and 263 tools were recovered from Lapuz Lapuz. About 98% of waste flakes recovered are made of cryptocrystalline quartz (chert). The remaining flakes were made of tektite, basalt, and andesite. Experiments indicate that using cores made of cryptocrystalline quartz from the Jalaud River and hard hammer percussion produces large numbers of flakes, of which less than 6% are conchoidal.

Lipostraca contains a single extinct Early Devonian species, Lepidocaris rhyniensis, which is the most abundant animal in the Rhynie chert deposits. It resembles modern Anostraca, to which it is probably closely related, although its relationships to other orders remain unclear. The body is long, with 23 body segments and 19 pairs of appendages, but no carapace. It occurred chiefly among charophytes, probably in alkaline temporary pools.

Stone artifacts, including small chips created from the manufacture of stone tools (i.e. blades, axes, and metates), were generally made from andesite, basalt, rhyolite, and chert. Organic materials, like plant fibers and animal bones, have not preserved well in the acidic soils. The Aguas Buenas Period was preceded by the Tropical Forest Archaic (4600-2300 B.C.), which is known from rockshelter sites found outside of the valley.

44 Carved stone objects were also found during the third field season; they were composed of obsidian and either silex or chert. The burial of an adult individual was uncovered during the third field season of 2000, it was the second burial found at the site. It was found with a cajete, a small figurine of a dog, and fragments of a small box.

They cured and softened the hides or skins, and made pieces into clothing. Bones were shaped into tools. Examples of fishing hooks fashioned from bone The chief weapon of these occupants was a short spear (tipped with stone point), which was propelled by an atlatl (throwing stick). The points were chipped from chert, which occurs as nodules and veins in limestone near the cave.

The results of these experiments have showed that chert was a very effective and durable stone to use for the cutting of limestone and other materials. Excavations and research at Nakbe gives us a better understanding of the techniques that the Maya used to construct some of the most extraordinary structures of ancient times and the complications they had to endure along the way.

The Penters Chert is a Devonian geologic formation in the Ozark Plateaus of Arkansas. The name was introduced in 1921 by Hugh Dinsmore Miser in his study of Arkansas. Miser designated a type locality near the old Penters Bluff railroad station in Izard County, Arkansas, however, he did not assign a stratotype. As of 2017, a reference section has not been designated for this unit.

The clasts tended to be close to spherical in shape, although the largest specimens were also the most irregular. The largest gastroliths contributed the most to the total surface area of the set. Some gastroliths were so large and irregularly shaped that they may have been difficult to swallow. The gastroliths were mostly composed of chert, with some sandstone, siltstone, and quartzite clasts also included.

Some of the chert clasts actually contained fossils. Since some of the most irregular gastroliths are also the largest, it is unlikely that they were ingested by accident. Cedarosaurus may have found irregular clasts to be attractive potential gastroliths or was not selective about shape. The clasts were generally of dull coloration, suggesting that color was not a major factor for the sauropod's decision making.

Thus, there was a collapse of lithic craft specialization. Wherein raw material was being sent out and coming back in as blades, people were producing their own blades at home. The raw materials that these tools were made of were also very diverse. 92% of the Chalcolithic tool variety was a product of chert, a sedimentary rock indigenous to the area and easily harvested.

Chert fragments constitute as much as 20 percent of some sandstones. Unoxidized rocks are mostly light gray but are light brown or buff where oxidized. The sandstone is weakly cemented, most commonly with calcite, but in places matrix silt and clay act as the binding agent. The sandstone and siltstone commonly are well sorted and thinly bedded; locally, the sandstone is massive or crossbedded.

Although the site primarily contained human remains, there were a few artifacts found as well. Items found included a ceramic pipe fragment, a complete ceramic effigy pipe, several ceramic vessel sherds, and a shattered piece of chert. Of the artifacts, the best preserved was the ceramic effigy pipe, which was designed and decorated to symbolize a turtle.Williamson, R., et al. (2003a). pp.140-142.

Lepidocaris rhyniensis is an extinct species of crustacean. It is the only species known from the order Lipostraca, and is the only abundant animal in the Pragian-aged Rhynie chert deposits. It resembles modern Anostraca, to which it is probably closely related, although its relationships to other orders remain unclear. The body is long, with 23 body segments and 19 pairs of appendages, but no carapace.

The Blackshare Formation consists primarily of sandstone and conglomerate with minor mudstone. The conglomerate forms lenticular bodies, with clasts consisting of Ortiz porphyry with minor hornfels and chert. The sandstone intervals tend to be more coarse at their base. The dip of the beds (which is to the northeast) decreases from 16 degrees to 1 degree from the base to the top of the formation.

Hardyston Quartzite is present in the valley of Silver Creek and ranges from white chert to arkosic quartzite and is rich in pyrite in this area. Gneiss is also present in the valley. Signs of faulting in the valley include springs and an unusually shaped window of gneiss. Jasper and small, weathered crystals of quartz can be found in Silver Creek throughout its length.

Many varieties of Precambrian bedrock are exposed including: granite, basalt, greenstone, gneiss, as well as metamorphic rocks derived from volcanic and sedimentary rocks. Greenstone of the Superior craton located near Ely, Minnesota, is up to 2.7 billion years old. Igneous rocks of the Duluth Complex comprise the bedrock of the eastern Boundary Waters. Ancient microfossils have been found in the banded iron formations of the Gunflint Chert.

The Skunnemunk is a Middle Devonian, grayish- purple to grayish-red, thin to very thick-bedded, locally cross–bedded, conglomerate and sandstone containing clasts of white vein quartz, red and green quartzite and sandstone, red and gray chert, and red shale. It is a classic Puddingstone. Pieces of the conglomerate are easy to recognize and have been found in glacial deposits throughout the lower Hudson Valley region.

The GSSP of the Hirnantian is the Wangjiawan section () near the village Wangjiawan, 42 km north of Yichang (Hubei, China). It is an outcrop of the Wufeng and overlying Lungmachi Formation, the former containing the base of the Hirnantian. Both formations consist mainly of shale and chert. The base is defined as the first appearance datum of the graptolite species Normalograptus extraordinarius in that section.

At top of mound, an ancient hamlet was discovered surrounded by defensive walls built with stone blocks. According to Mortimer Wheeler, the Pottery of Harappan culture, terracotta figurines of bull and pig, chert flakes, a small bronze axe, beads of steatite, agate and carnelian and several terracotta of imitation cakes were found here. The fortified antique village or palace was recorded on this high mound.

The rolling landscape of Golden Prairie developed from Mississippian sandstones, shales, and cherty limestone. It contains examples of dry-mesic sandstone prairie, chert prairie, hardpan prairie, and prairie swale. State-endangered species found at Golden Prairie include the prairie mole cricket, the regal fritillary butterfly, and the Arkansas darter. The federally-endangered prairie chicken, formerly common on the prairie, has not been observed for several years.

Other geologic features of the area include northeastward trending dikes that consists of massive, dark brown, hornblende-plagioclase diorite which intruded into the dunite bedrock. A swarm of several dikes occurs in the southeast portion of the Management Area. Some of the dikes exceed one mile in length. Amphibolite and chert tectonic blocks also occur in the dunite near the area's southern and western boundaries.

Amphibolites interlayed with peridotite have been dated to 170 to 160 million years ago. Ultramafic massifs in the Ophiolite Zone are unconformably overlain by Late Jurassic and Late Cretaceous sandstones, marl, shale and limestone up to one kilometer thick. These sequences interfinger with Tithonian-Berriasian, Albian and Senonian limestones. Coarse-grained clastic rocks contain fragments of ophiolite, amphibolite, greywacke, shale, chert, limestone and pebbles of red granite.

The other main use for the chert was large ceremonial bifaces, spatulate celts and stone maces. These were ritual objects which often display a high degree of craftmanship. Unlike the hoes and other utilitarian tools, the ritual objects were often ground and polished to a high degree of finish. Many Southeastern Ceremonial Complex artworks depict figures wielding these ceremonial items, especially the sword shaped ceremonial bifaces and maces.

The Becraft Formation is a coarse limestone with occasional thin interbedded shale layers. Individual limestone beds within the formation range from 5 to 15 centimeters in thickness, while the shale horizons are up to 3 centimeters thick. Chert nodules are found near the top of the formation. The limestone which constitutes the bulk of the formation is pinkish grey in color and contains abundant invertebrate fossils including brachiopods and crinoids.

The earliest known fossil Prunus specimens are wood, drupe, seed, and a leaf from the middle Eocene of the Princeton Chert of British Columbia. Using the known age as calibration data, a partial phylogeny of some of the Rosaceae from a number of nucleotide sequences was reconstructed. Prunus and its sister clade Maloideae (apple subfamily) diverged 44.3 mya. This date is within the Lutetian, or older middle Eocene.

It occurs chiefly as nodules and masses in sedimentary rocks, such as chalks and limestones.The Flints from Portsdown Hill Flint vs Chert Authentic Artefacts Collectors Assn. Inside the nodule, flint is usually dark grey, black, green, white or brown in colour, and often has a glassy or waxy appearance. A thin layer on the outside of the nodules is usually different in colour, typically white and rough in texture.

He was born in Bishopton House in Renfrewshire on 29 June 1852 the youngest of twelve children of Robert Alexander Kidston, a Glasgow businessman, and his wife, Mary Anne Meigh. He was educated at the High School in Stirling. He studied botany at the University of Edinburgh and later studied the Rhynie chertKidston, R. & Lang, W.H. 1917. On Old Red Sandstone Plants showing Structure from the Rhynie Chert Bed, Aberdeenshire.

The cave networks around Malapa comprise long, interconnected cave openings within a area. The Malapa site may have been at the base of an at most cavern system. The cave is at the intersection of a north-northeast and north-northwest chert-filled fracture, and the hominin remains were unearthed in a section on the north-northwest fracture. The layer was exposed by limestone mining in the early 20th century.

The transformation of smectite to illite produces silica, sodium, calcium, magnesium, iron and water. These released elements form authigenic quartz, chert, calcite, dolomite, ankerite, hematite and albite, all trace to minor (except quartz) minerals found in shales and other mudrocks. Shales and mudrocks contain roughly 95 percent of the organic matter in all sedimentary rocks. However, this amounts to less than one percent by mass in an average shale.

The Ridge and Valley region of Alabama, which is where the Cahaba River begins, was formed when the African Plate collided with the North American Plate in the Paleozoic era. The valley soils consist of gravel, sand, and clay, while the ridges consist of chert and sandstone. The upper Cahaba region contains Cenozoic-era gravel, clay, and sand. In the lower Cahaba region, the soils are calcareous, or chalky.

Chalk is a soft, white, porous, sedimentary carbonate rock, a form of limestone composed of the mineral calcite. Calcite is an ionic salt called calcium carbonate or CaCO3. It forms under reasonably deep marine conditions from the gradual accumulation of minute calcite shells (coccoliths) shed from micro-organisms called coccolithophores. Flint (a type of chert) is very common as bands parallel to the bedding or as nodules embedded in chalk.

The oldest rocks at the surface in Kansas are Mississippian rocks that consist of limestones, shale, dolomite, chert, sandstones and siltstones. The Mississippian consisted of an environment similar to what we see today. Fast moving streams and rivers cutting into the limestone bedrock and in places creating caverns and sinkholes.Buchanan, R., Kansas Geology: An Introduction to Landscapes, Rock, Minerals, and Fossils, University Press of Kansas, 1984, Ch 1, p.

Deep seafloor deposition in the form of ooze is the largest long-term sink of the oceanic silica cycle (6.3 ± 3.6 Tmol Si year−1). As noted above, this ooze is diagenetically transformed into lithospheric marine chert. This sink is roughly balanced by silicate weathering and river inputs of silicic acid into the ocean. Biogenic silica production in the photic zone is estimated to be 240 ± 40 Tmol si year −1.

The Lake Catherine Quarry is a prehistoric stone quarry in Hot Spring County, Arkansas. The site was used as a source of black novaculite, a relatively rare form of chert. Evidence of Native American quarrying activity at the site includes quarry pits, spoil piles, and a scattered talus slope of rejected materials. The site is untainted by historic quarrying, providing a potentially significant window into prehistoric quarrying methods.

They contained an exarch xylem strand containing G-type tracheids. Alone among the Rhynie chert plants, there was evidence of sclerenchyma – supporting tissue made up of dead cells with thick cell walls. Spore-forming organs or sporangia were borne on the sides of the stems, attached without clear stalks. They consisted of two circular to pear-shaped 'valves', one slightly narrower facing the stem, one away from it.

Young harbor seal pup at Villa Creek, Estero Bluffs radiolarian chert, a deep- water marine rock and one of the diagnostic rock types in the Franciscan Assemblage. This Estero Bluffs outcrop is likely Cretaceous in age. Estero Bluffs State Park is a state park of California, United States, on Estero Bay. The park protects a grassland-dominated marine terrace that slopes from California State Route 1 to the Pacific Ocean.

In between the layers of chert are thinner layers of shale in many different colors from the same red as the surrounding rock to white, green and purple. Other types of rocks and minerals on the hill include serpentinite,Serpentinite jasperJasper and clay. The alternating layers of rock type suggest a seasonal cycle of influx of sea water, carrying the radiolaria and outflow of the Sacramento River carrying silt and mud.

The Brooks Range has existed since Cretaceous time, and is composed mainly of shales, limestone and chert, with intrusions of igneous rocks from more recent volcanism. The valleys are composed of limestone, sandstone and siltstone, with deposits of sand, gravel, silt and clay. During the Wisconsonian glaciation the area as incompletely covered by ice, with higher regions glaciated. Permafrost exists in higher regions, becoming patchy at lower levels.

Pinus driftwoodensis is an extinct species of conifer in the pine family solely known from early Eocene sediments exposed in south central British Columbia. The species was described from an isolated fossil ovulate cone associated with a series of wood, needles and pollen cones in chert. P. driftwoodensis was the eighth pine species to be described from a permineralized ovulate cone and the second from the Okanagan highlands (after Pinus arnoldii).

Specimen S5446 is a block of chert which preserves the ovulate cone, two types of needle foliage, several branch segments, and several small pollen cone. The specimen were studied by paleobotanist Ruth A. Stockey of the University of Alberta. She published her 1983 type description for P. driftwoodensis in the journal Botanical Gazette. In her type description she did not note the etymology for the specific epithet driftwoodensis.

The other two areas, Localities 1 and 1A, partially overlap. Locality 1A yielded a radiocarbon date of about 650 BCE, and tool finds there included fragments of a drill bit made of green chert. Locality 1 exhibits the characteristics of a tool workshop, and yielded a date of 10,540 before present, or about 8,500 BCE; the oldest previous dates recovered in the state were for c. 8,000 BCE.

The burial offerings at Gahagan contained particularly beautifully flaked stone knives which has since become known as Gahagan blades. The knives have been found at other Caddoan sites, including the Caddoan Mounds State Historic Site, but are thought to originate to the west of the Caddo territory in central Texas. They were made from chert from this area and archaeologists believe they were produced as a trade export by groups there.

In modern times it is a ledge- and slope-former that contains fossils of brachiopods, corals, and mollusks along with other animals and various terrestrial plants. The Toroweap is divided into the following three members: Seligman is a slope-forming yellowish to reddish sandstone and siltstone. Brady Canyon is a cliff-forming gray limestone with some chert. Wood Ranch is a slope-forming pale red and gray siltstone and dolomitic sandstone.

Its formations are Gravel Point, Charlevoix Limestone, Petoskey, and Whiskey Creek. The Gravel Point Formation consists of a lithographic gray to brown limestone with shale beds up to 0.5 meters thick; it also includes chert nodules and bioherms (fossilized reef mounds). The Charlevoix Limestone is a mildly argillaceous limestone with interbedded coquina. The Petoskey Formation is an arenaceous limestone named for its locale (Petoskey, Michigan), and contains the eponymous Petoskey stones.

Some plants become pyritized when they are in a clay terrain, but to a lesser extent than in a marine environment. Some pyritized fossils include Precambrian microfossils, marine arthropods and plants.Wacey, D. et al (2013) Nanoscale analysis of pyritized microfossils reveals differential heterotrophic consumption in the ∼1.9-Ga Gunflint chert PNAS 110 (20) 8020-8024 Raiswell, R. (1997). A geochemical framework for the application of stable sulfur isotopes to fossil pyritization.

The purpose behind these forms has not yet been explained. Between the 1995 and 1996 field seasons, ten sites were recorded. The greatest concentration of petroglyphs was noted at N-RIO-3, probably recorded by Haberland as Om-38. Located along the slopes and at the top and of a ridge, the site contains 82 boulders with petroglyphs, six mortars, two metates and a scatter of ceramics and chert lithics.

Excavation in Sixtoe Field began in 1962. Excavation covered about , with test pits yielding the existence of a workshop site (9MU100; XU-G). A ton or more of worked stone of various stages was discovered here, with some stones being subjected to heating or burning. The majority of the mineral content was quartz, with about 5 per cent showing various quartzitic combinations: slate, limestone, limited flint or chert.

The road that would become US 45 in Alabama was designated at least as early as 1914. This road traveled in Mobile and Prichard as an "improved hard surface road" (macadam, gravel, chert) and from Prichard to Citronelle as an "improved soil road". There was also a segment from about Deer Park to Yellow Pine as an "unimproved road". By 1925, the roadway was entirely built in the state.

NRHP nomination for Hedden Site; redacted version available by request from the National Park Service Finds at the site include stone fragments from a variety of regional sources, ranging from sources in the Hudson River valley to Munsungan quarries of northern Maine. One well-shaped stone tool, a chert "endscraper", was found, as was a second, fragmentary piece, still razor sharp, that had apparently been used once and then discarded.

Small bands of hunters used the four acre site as a place to meet up with one another and exchange information, perform ceremonial rituals, and plan hunts for big game. There is more analysis that could be conducted. For instance, Eren would like to take chert fragments and reassemble them into whole tools. It was that type of study by Kent State University at the Nobles Pond Site.

Rodeo Beach Surfing Information (2005) This beach is unique among California beaches in that it is largely made up of coarse, pebbly chert grains, both red and green in color. Its mineral composition sets it apart from every other beach in the stateSan Francisco Estuary Institute Wetland Habitat Changes in the Rodeo Lagoon Watershed, Marin County, CA, October 2004.[Wakeley, J.R., 1970. The unique beach sands at Rodeo Cove.

Narooma is located on the Narooma Terrane which used to be separated by thousands of kilometres from the Australian coast. It travelled to the west and attached itself to the side of the Lachlan Fold Belt which became part of Australia. The rock found near Narooma includes the Narooma Chert dating from Cambrian times, and turbidites. There are also the remains of a submarine volcano with pillow lava.

In Chu-Kungey, Tengiz, Zharma-Saur and other districts, island arc volcanic rocks such as tuff, clastics and reef limestone are up to seven kilometers thick. In the North Caspian Depression, only Late Paleozoic rocks outcrop at the surface. Deepwater chert and carbonates are common, with deposits up to 25 kilometers thick. Permian up to five kilometers thick has formed domes, which intrude upward into Mesozoic and Paleogene rocks.

Water depth influenced the kinds of sediments that were deposited. Rocks formed close to the shore (Sutton Stone and Southerndown Beds) are strikingly different from the Blue Lias, which was deposited at the same time but farther offshore. Sutton Stone consists of massive, white, conglomeratic limestones with pebbles of black chert (silica) and Carboniferous Limestone. The overlying Southerndown Beds are blue/grey conglomeratic limestones and limy sandstones with thin shale partings.

The limestone quarries of Nakbe were a significant facet of the research done by The RAINPEG group. Research of the quarries is of considerable importance because understanding of Mayan quarries, a prevalent aspect of the Mayan culture, is lacking. Excavations recovered 23 stone tools that were used to cut the limestone blocks. These tools consisted of bifacial picks and axes, hammerstones, and flake cores that were made of chert.

In 2005, evidence for human occupation in northern Luzon since at least 25,000 years ago, was found in Callao Cave. Evidence included chert flake tools, charred parenchymatous tissues, starch grains, grasses, and Moraceae phytolith. The possibility of hunter-gatherers subsisting in Holocene tropical rain forests without support from agriculturalists was debated, based on the patchy and seasonal resources. Wild forest animals are lean and lacking in calorie-rich fat.

Glomus is the only genus in the family Glomeraceae, in the division Glomeromycota. Some members of the genus were originally described as Sclerocystis species, but this genus has been entirely transferred to Glomus. However, further taxonomic changes are likely as the phylogeny of AM fungi becomes better understood. Glomus is likely related to the fossil fungus Glomites, discovered in the Rhynie chert deposits from the Early Devonian (400 million years ago).

Sulfide mineral deposits are an integral part of the Vinini, probably formed during deposition of the formation, and are not known to be related to igneous rocks. Iron sulfide (pyrite) and lead sulfide (galena) are present sporadically in the Vinini and, where oxidized, form colorful gossans. Some of these deposits are in the lower part of the Vinini, but most appear to occur within the Cherry Spring chert.

This large oceanic plate was consumed at subduction zones (see subduction zone). At the subduction trenches the sedimentary rock layers that were deposited within the prehistoric Tethys Ocean buckled, were folded, faulted and tectonically mixed with huge blocks of crystalline basement rocks of the oceanic lithosphere. These blocks form a very complex mixture or mélange of rocks that include mainly serpentinite, basalt, dolerite and chert (e.g. Bergougnan, 1975).

Most of the material in these debris flows is volcanic in origin. Accessory materials include limestone fragments, chert, shallow water fossils and sandstone clasts. Submarine Fan systems of interbedded turbidite sandstone and mudstone made up 20% of the total thickness of sediment recovered by the Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP). The fans can be divided into two sub-systems based on the differences in lithology, texture, sedimentary structures, and bedding style.

The Gibraltar limestone consists of greyish-white or pale-gray compact, and sometime finely crystalline, medium to thick bedded limestones and dolomites that locally contain chert seams. This formation comprises about three quarters of the Rock of Gibraltar. Geologists have found various poorly preserved and badly eroded and rolled marine fossils within it. The fossils found in the Gibraltar limestone include various brachiopods, corals, echinoid fragments, gastropods, pelecypods, and stromatolites.

Lead is found in veins running through the extensive limestone and chert beds which extend from Swaledale. One of the earliest techniques for extracting the ore is called "hushing". It involved the controlled release of dammed water along the line of a lead bearing vein to wash away the top soil allowing the vein to be worked. The Roman historian Pliny records this method being used in Britain to extract lead.

The river and its valley are abundant in flint and chert, from which they made spear points and arrowheads.U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS); History; retrieved March 22, 2007. European settlers of the region named it first the Palse River, after New Paltz. Later, when it was clear that the river continued well beyond the original New Paltz patent, it took after the Waal river in their native Netherlands.

Dark Cave has a single lofty chamber 11 by 12 m wide. The Mousterian layer, level C, is over 3 m thick, containing many hearths and burnt flints and bones. The stone tool assemblage, of flint and chert, is dominated by side scrapers and Mousterian points, with no evidence of the Levallois technique. In the lowest reaches of level C, but still within Mousterian layers, two hand-axes were found.

In a nearby location he recovered human bones from the stratum that contained Pleistocene fossils. Sellards also found chert flakes and bone tools, including what appears to be a broken stemmed Archaic projectile point, and near the surface found a few ceramic sherds. Sellards first published his findings in 1916. He invited other scientists to visit the Vero site and investigate it themselves in October 1916 and in March 1917.

The grains vary from coarse pebbly grits to shale. The finer the grains, the darker their color. The grains are cemented primarily by quartz, with iron oxide coating the grains. In order of abundance, the Bayfield group is composed of: quartz, feldspar (both orthoclase and plagioclase), mica, iron oxide (both magnetite and limonite), chert, and ferromangesian minerals. The quartz usually comprises about 75% of the stone.Bulletin 1912, p.

Armstrong peoples primarily focused their human resources on long distance trade rather than mass building. Their villages were scattered over a large area and consisted of small round houses. Another feature of their culture was the practice of cremation and the building of small burial mounds in the Big Sandy Valley. They made small flaked knives and corner notched points from Vanport chert from the greater Muskingum River valley area.

The Eastern Rim rises approximately fifty miles east of Nashville and is bordered to its east by even higher terrain, the Cumberland Plateau. Erosion has exposed carbonate bedrock of Late Paleozoic age. These carbonate rocks contain variable amounts of chert and are often interbedded with fine grained clastic rocks. As a result, these rocks are more resistant to erosion than the underlying purer limestones of the Lower (Early) Paleozoic.

About thirty seven knapping hammers were collected, thirty two of them were unbroken and weigh anywhere from a piece. Out of all the knapping stones only one was quartz and a preferred type of hammer—pieces of flattened ovoid shape were apparent in the discovery. Twelve pounding stones were collected, with maximum dimensions of and a mean of . Four anvils were collected, three being quartz and one on chert cobble.

Evidence for this hypothesis is preserved in both chert and lithified stromatolites. Stromatolites represent large colonies of microorganisms, and are found both in the fossil record and rarely in modern hypersaline environments. A typical stromatolite consists of alternating layers of sediment and microbes. The microbes are photosynthetic; thus stromatolites represent shallow water environments in the fossil record due to their necessity to exist in the photic zone of water bodies.

In 2009 the main square was completely redesigned around the former community center and inaugurated on the occasion of the 100th anniversary. ; Eisbach North of the village Rein was in the Neolithic Age (Neolithic) in Lasinja-Culture, a mining site for silex (siliceous rock as chert, quartz, etc.). From there, tools (hand axes, blades, scrapers, etc.) were won. Workpieces of this mining site were spread to a distance of away.

Nassellaria is an order of Radiolaria under the class Polycystina. These organisms are unicellular eukaryotic heterotrophic plankton typically with a siliceous cone-shaped skeleton. The most common group of radiolarians are the polycystine radiolarians, which are divided into two subgroups: the spumellarians and the nassellarians. Both spumellarians and nassellarians are common chert-forming microfossils and are important in stratigraphical dating, as the oldest radiolarians are Precambrian in age.

On the neighboring ridges that formed the opposite slope of the ancient mountain, the same three rock layers are exposed in reverse order, with the oldest rocks near the hinge of the fold. Since the rock layers on these ridges are not vertical, the Tuscarora Formation underlies a much higher crest, and the Bald Eagle Formation creates a series of lower "terraces" broken by small ravines. The southeast slope of the ridge is underlaid by Juniata Formation sandstone. The northwest slope of the ridge, where the rock layers are near vertical, exposes a series of rock layers, from summit to foot, or older to younger: Clinton Group sandstone and shale, Mifflintown Formation shale and limestone, Bloomsburg Formation shale, siltstone, sandstone, and mudstone, Wills Creek Formation shale, siltstone, limestone, and dolomite, Tonoloway Formation limestone, Keyser Formation limestone, Old Port Formation Shriver chert, Mandata shale, Corriganville chert, New Creek limestone and Ridgeley Member sandstone, and Onondaga Formation calcareous shale.

Fossilized stromatolite in Strelley Pool chert, about 3.4 billion years old, from Pilbara Craton, Western Australia Shark Bay, Western Australia Stromatolites () or stromatoliths (from Greek strōma "layer, stratum" (GEN strōmatos), and lithos "rock"), . are layered sedimentary formations that are created by photosynthetic cyanobacteria. These microorganisms produce adhesive compounds that cement sand and other rocky materials to form mineral “microbial mats”. In turn, these mats build up layer by layer, growing gradually over time.

Enough oxygen had accumulated in seawater so that dissolved iron was oxidized; iron reacts with oxygen to form compounds that precipitate out - including hematite, limonite and siderite. These iron compounds precipitated from the seawater in varying proportions with chert, producing banded-iron formations. These iron formations are abundant in the Lake Superior region. The Sudbury Impact event occurred 1,850 million years ago; it is theorized that this caused the end of the banded-iron deposits.

Throughout the Archaic period, Icehouse Bottom was likely used as a "base camp" and occupied by indigenous peoples on a seasonal or other semi-permanent basis. The camp consisted of several dozen dwellings that were built along several hundred feet along the river terrace. Rockcrusher Bluff contains various outcroppings of chert, which would have been sought for use in making tools and weapons.Chapman, Tellico Archaeology: 12,000 Years of Native American History, 40-41.

The Clarke Farm Site is an ancient archaeological site in the southwestern part of the U.S. state of Ohio. Located near Point Pleasant in Clermont County, it is a heavily stratified site, with nearly 8,000 years of occupation. Excavations at the site have yielded a large number of artifacts, including bones, chert, pottery, and shells. Cultures represented at the site range from Early Archaic to Fort Ancient, along with various Woodland cultures.

539 lithic tools and pieces were found from a total of 48 graves at R12. These tools and pieces are flakes, blades, cores, and debris. Because of the overabundance of flakes in the distribution, it can be assumed that the production was for flakes and blades were occasional byproducts. The most common material found in the graves is flint possibly taken from a nearby gravel deposit containing quartz, agate, carnelian, and chert.

The rocks forming the Eramosa are mostly dolomites, but the composition varies from almost pure, grey-weathering, fine grained dolomite (at Ancaster) to shaley, bituminous, brown-weathering, bioturbated dolomites. Fossils are common at some localities, scarce at others, and chert is generally a minor component. The most characteristic feature is bituminous shaley interbeds. Probably the Eramosa was deposited in several related environments, most likely including shallow, restricted (and poorly oxygenated) marine waters.

The elaboration of stone tools was performed using other pieces of chert The archaeological remains of Aguazuque were found in an oval elevated area west of the Bogotá River, that forms a bend around this higher ground. Aguazuque is located on the southwestern part of the Bogotá savanna and is surrounded by higher hills reaching altitudes of up to . The climate is cool, with an average temperature of .Correal Urrego, 1990, p.

PhD Dissertation Texas A&M; University. p.61. Colha's Hiatus allowed a regeneration of the environment, something that has been suggested as a causal factor in the sites reoccupation in the Early Postclassic period. The impetus for the re-occupation has also been inferred to be the site's location in the vicinity of the chert bearing lands, as evidenced by the 12 lithics workshops attributed to the Postclassic.Hester, Thomas R. and Harry J. Shafer 1991.

One group of scientists argue that terra rossa likely developed from dissolution of the underlying carbonate rocks and the concentration insoluble sediment and chert within it as the parent material of terra rossa.Ji, H., Wang, S., Ouyang, Z., Zhang, S., Sun, C., Liu, X., Zhou, D., 2004a. Geochemistry of red residua underlying dolomites in karst terrains of Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau I. The formation of the Pingba profile. Chemical Geology, 203, 1–27.

Components are primarily quartz, chert, igneous rock, and shell fragments. The exact definition of sand varies. The scientific Unified Soil Classification System used in engineering and geology corresponds to US Standard Sieves,Unified Soil Classification System and defines sand as particles with a diameter of between 0.074 and 4.75 millimeters. By another definition, in terms of particle size as used by geologists, sand particles range in diameter from 0.0625 mm (or mm) to 2 mm.

Unlike other cultures, Dorset sites are well preserved and include bone scraps, tools and parts of houses. Some sites had as many as 36 houses and sites appear to have been long-term base camps for regional hunting and fishing. Numerous artifacts date to the Dorset period, including soapstone bowls and lamps, polished chert, harnesses and whale bone sled skis. An absence of dog bones suggests that humans would have pulled larger sleds.

For example, water lilies (Allenbya, Nymphaeaceae), water plantains (Alismataceae), arums (Keratosperma, Araceae) and rushes and sedges (Ethela, Juncaceae/Cyperaceae) are just some of the angiosperms found both today and in the Princeton Chert. Seeds have also been found which share adaptations with living aquatics. On the other hand, terrestrial fossils have rarely been found. The few that are, are represented mainly by seeds, some of which may have been transported by birds.

Chert rock, or any other rock which has fractured and has had siliceous material fill in the cracks, seems to be very weak to wave action. The water can get into the bubbles and voids in the quartz fracture lines. Some beaches in northern California have broken cliff side with these same fracture patterns on the break line. Some shorelines with wave pounding have large sand deposits and loosely consolidated sand cliffs.

The excavations indicated that the region was occupied across four different cultural periods; Period I: Neolithic-Chalcolithic, Period II: Megalithic, Period III: Early historical and Period IV: Medieval. In Period I, microliths and blades made of agate, chert, carnelian and opal are found. Ornamental beads of agate, coral, shell and other materials are also found. Dull-grey ware and painted-buff ware pottery are found, some of which were painted with linear patterns.

The Burubatial Formation, located in the West Balkhash region of Kazakhstan, is the oldest known abyssal biogenic deposit. The Burubaital Formation is primarily composed of chert which was formed over a period of 15 million years (late Cambrian-middle Ordovician). It is likely that these deposits were formed in an upwelling region in subequatorial latitudes. The Burubaital Formation is largely composed of radiolarites, as diatoms had yet to evolve at the time of its formation.

In the Alps and Apennines Steinmann defined what later became known as "Steinmann's Trinity," the occurrence of serpentine, pillow lava, and chert. The recognition of Steinmann's Trinity served years later to build up the theory around seafloor spreading and plate tectonics. Steinmann himself interpreted ophiolites (the Trinity) using the geosyncline concept. His studies of ophiolites in the Apennines paved the way for the discovery of allochthonous nappes in the Alps and Apennines.

213x213px Iron formations must be at least 15% iron in composition, just like ironstones and all iron-rich sedimentary rocks. However, iron formations are mainly Precambrian in age which means that they are 4600 to 590 million years old. They are much older than ironstones. They tend to be cherty, though chert can not be used as a way to classify iron formations because it is a common component in many types of rocks.

The black layers in the sequence contain microfossils that are 1.9 to 2.3 billion years in age. Stromatolite colonies of cyanobacteria that have converted to jasper are found in Ontario. The banded ironstone formation consists of alternating strata of iron oxide-rich layers interbedded with silica-rich zones. The iron oxides are typically hematite or magnetite with ilmenite, while the silicates are predominantly cryptocrystalline quartz as chert or jasper, along with some minor silicate minerals.

The Licking Creek Limestone of the Helderberg Group was first introduced by F. M. Swartz in 1938, and was described more fully in 1939.Swartz, F.M., 1939, The Keyser limestone and Helderberg group, IN Willard, Bradford, Swartz, F.M., and Cleaves, A.B., The Devonian of Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania Geological Survey General Geology Report, 4th series, no. 19-G, p. 29-91. The unit consists of layers and nodules of black chert interbedded with light-gray crystalline limestone.

During this geologic activity, the horizontal layers of the iron formation were tipped nearly seventy degrees, such that mines used to extract the ore needed to be extraordinarily deep, extending to over 5,000 feet (1524 m) underground. The iron comes from the Huronian Ironwood formation. It consists of alternating beds of ferruginous oolitic chert and fine-textured cherty carbonates. Iron minerals make up one third of the formation content, the rest being quartz.

Seasonal hunters' camps and seasonal towns quickly replace the sedentary farm culture period.Carmean 2009 Madison arrowheads range all over the Mississippi drainage and Gulf Coast through to along most of the Atlantic Coast.Justice 1995 Both point types, elongated and the somewhat equal distant triangles of both dark flint and chert, are found on the surface across the state. The small Kanawha Black Flint Lavenna is predominate in central and northeast of the state.

Locally available Shriver chert was used for manufacturing these tools.Wall, Robert D., Paleoindian Occupations at the Barton Site, Upper Potomac River Valley. The 85th Annual Meeting of the Eastern States Archaeological Federation, 2018 The North Branch of the Potomac River seems to contain numerous other prehistoric settlements similar to Barton. In particular, the Black Oak area, 9 km south of Barton, where very little work has been done as yet, seems promising.

These organisms are typically thermophilic or hyperthermophilic, Gram-negative staining, anaerobic organisms that can live near hydrothermal vents where temperatures can range between 55-95 °C. They are thought to be some of the earliest forms of life. Evidence of these organisms have been discovered in the Australian Apex Chert near ancient hydrothermal vents. These rocks date back 3.46 billion years and these fossils are thought to have belonged to early thermophilic bacteria.

Massive iron deposits are found in the Labrador Trough along with copper, uranium and molybdenum. Iron forms in chert from the Ungava Bay to the Grenville Front, over a span of 700 miles, while copper and nickel minerals such as pyrite, pyrrhotite, sphalerite and galena form dispersed deposits or massive bodies in Kaniapiskau Supergroup rocks. The Aillik Group hosts uranium as uraninite and pitchblende dispersed in veins in pegmatite, argillite, granulite and quartzite.

In this area, blackjack and post oak form a semi-savanna area composed of forested strips intermixed with prairie grass glades along the eastern edge of the southern Great Plains. This semi-savanna is known as the Cross Timbers. Scrub forms of Q. marilandica dominate on many chert glades along with Q.stellata in Arkansas's Ozark plateau. Blackjack oak sometimes hybridizes with bear oak (Quercus ilicifolia), forming a hybrid known as Q. × brittonii.

Preliminary geologic map of the San Francisco South quadrangle and part of the Hunters Point quadrangle, California, (United States Geological Survey, Miscellaneous Field Studies Map MF-311). Online version retrieved May 16, 2007. The upper slopes and cliffs are of layered chert, which hardened into rock from the ooze of remains of countless radiolarian creatures that accumulated on top of the lava. The ooze was colored red by iron from hydrothermal springs.

Landslips caused by marine erosion still occur today, with some of the largest taking place along the West Dorset Coast. Fossilised remains, including the teeth and tusks of elephants and mammoths dating back 500,000 years, are often exposed.Ensom (p.79) Flint and Chert tools from early human visitors have been retrieved from the river terraces around the Dorset and Devon border, although these may have been transported here with the other river deposits.

No features were recorded in the excavations and only a small number of artifacts were recovered. Several of the recovered artifacts were of nonlocal chert, such as novaculite, characteristic of the Poverty Point site raw material assemblage. Until recently, dating of Mound E relied on a similarity with the construction of Mound B and their relatively similar soil development.Greenlee, Diana (2011) Annual Report of the Station Archaeology Program at the Poverty Point State Historic Site.

The rocks exposed in the Flint Hills were laid down about 250 million years ago during the Permian Period. During this time, much of the Midwest, including Kansas and Oklahoma, was covered with shallow seas. As a result, much of the Flint Hills is composed of limestone and shale, with plentiful fossils of prehistoric sea creatures. The most notable layer of chert-bearing limestone is the Florence Limestone Member, which is approximately 45 feet thick.

Other weapons included darts and atlatl darts. The site reveals a key feature of Mayan war - that being the involvement of the royal elites in the manufacture and execution of warfare. For example, 30-40 broken chert bifacial points were found in the royal residences of Aguateca, along with small bifacial thinning flakes which were the result of failed bifacial point manufacturing. All obsidian bifacial thinning flakes were found in a royal or elite context.

This is because the most important rock type lithified from fossil skeletons, limestone, is primarily calcium carbonate, which is not able to lithify under acidic conditions. Stylodictya, like other radiolarians, forms a silicate skeleton, not a carbonate one. Thus whenever Stylodictya- bearing chert becomes more common than limestone in the stratigraphy, that may be evidence of a shifting oceanic climate. This makes radiolarians important indicators of climate change within the stratigraphical record.

Given a supply of chert for flaking and stone to use as a hammerstone, Kanzi was able to learn to flake stone, yielding sharp flakes that he was able to use to cut through rope and obtain his edible reward. The flakes and cores produced by Kanzi’s efforts were less sophisticated than the earliest stone tools recognized by archaeologists, suggesting that there is probably an earlier stone tool technology that is not recognized archaeologically.

Abandoned coal mine ventilation shaft at Mount Keira, Australia The Illawarra Coal Measures is a group of sedimentary rocks occurring in the Sydney Basin in eastern Australia. This stratum is up to 150 metres thick. Formed in the Late Permian, it comprises shale, quartz-lithic sandstone, conglomerate rocks, chert, with sporadically carbonaceous mudstone, coal and seams of torbanite. Coal mining of these measures remains a significant commercial enterprise to the present day.

Those that have survived are usually made of stone, primarily consisting of flint, obsidian or chert. In many excavations, bone, wooden, and metal arrowheads have also been found. Stone projectile points dating back 64,000 years were excavated from layers of ancient sediment in Sibudu Cave, South Africa. Examinations found traces of blood and bone residues, and glue made from a plant-based resin that was used to fasten them on to a wooden shaft.

Ultramafic ophiolite formed with the opening of a branch of the Tethys Ocean in the Cretaceous, followed by magmatic activity. With continued continental subduction in the Paleogene, uplift and the formation of tectonic windows began. The Adriaticum is a carbonate platform structural belt with Mesozoic-Paleogene flysch, chert and limestone superimposed on it. The Supradinaricum forms a nappe on the Dinaricum and are tectonically complex with oceanic rocks underlain by platform deposits.

Building foundations are composed mainly of blocks of Pleistocene limestone that was most likely quarried from local sources. Other building materials include the queen conch Strombus gigas as well as other shells. Crude plaster floors were found in some structures, and evidence suggests that many of the habitations were of pole-and-thatch-roof design. The site is littered with enormous amounts of broken pottery, as well as conch shells, chert tools and human bones.

Although rain is not plentiful, it usually falls when necessary and the plain is a major agricultural area; it is sometimes said that these fields of rich loamy loess soil could feed the whole of Europe. For its early settlers, the plain offered few sources of metals or stone. Thus when archaeologists come upon objects of obsidian or chert, copper or gold, they have almost unparalleled opportunities to interpret ancient pathways of trade.

This created fossiliferous limestone and ripple marked-sandstone, both present throughout the north part of the county as evidence of ancient oceans. Sediments were deposited from the Devonian, Mississippian, and Pennsylvanian periods. During this deposition period, the county had a climate similar to that of the present-day Bahamas, as the equator was north of Washington County. The Devonian brought mostly shales, the Mississippian brought the limestones and chert visible in the bluffs.

Northkill Creek's watershed covers approximately in Jefferson, Penn, Tulpehocken, Upper Bern and Upper Tulpehocken Townships and Bernville Borough in Berks County and South Manheim and Wayne Townships in Schuylkill County. The Little Northkill sub-watershed drains 52.5% of this area and provides approximately 60% of the total flow. The bedrock is primarily sandstone interbedded with shale, slate, quartzite, chert and limestone fragments. Blue Mountain is underlain by sandstone, with quartz-rich rock.

Following work in these two mountains systems, Gustav Steinmann defined what later became known as the "Steinmann Trinity": the mixture of serpentine, diabase-spilite and chert. The recognition of the Steinmann Trinity served years later to build up the theory around seafloor spreading and plate tectonics. A key observation by Steinmann was that ophiolites were associated to sedimentary rocks reflecting former deep sea environments. Steinmann himself interpreted ophiolites (the Trinity) using the geosyncline concept.

Further north, around the Malampaya Sound area and up to the El Nido area, one finds older (Triassic-Jurassic) deep marine chert and limestone. The limestone forms spectacular karst terrain. These units are part of the microcontinent ("North Palawan Block") although they are deep marine rocks marginal to the continental crust. They were accreted to the Chinese continental crust in the Mesozoic at a time when an Andean-type subduction zone existed in southeast China.

Hé-no by Jesse Cornplanter Hé-no is the spirit of thunder. He is represented as a man dressed as a warrior, wearing on his head a magic feather that makes him invulnerable to the attacks of Hah-gweh-di-yu. On his back he carries a basket filled with pieces of chert which he launches at evil spirits and witches. It is the responsibility of Hé-no to bring rain to nourish the crops.

The Sawney's Creek terrane is older and was formed by volcanic activity. The newer Bear Creek turbidites were made from liquefied sediments that slid into place as part of a landslide. There are two mine pits and the gold ore in each one has its own unique geology. The North Pit's ore is a chert, a rock made from microscopic crystals of quartz that precipitated out of hot water from an underwater geothermal vent.

Various chert and obsidian chippings were associated with the tomb, a feature common to many elite burials across the Petén region. The chamber of the tomb measured by high. The bones of the deceased were well preserved in spite of being fragmented by the collapse of the ceiling. The remains were probably that of an adult male and the body was laid out on its back with the head towards the east.

Although the Silurian rocks were deformed in the Variscan Orogeny, the rocks in this sheet have only low grade metamorphism. It can be found north and east of Málaga and in a strip along the border between the internal and external Betics. The rocks in the Maláguide thrust sheet include phyllite, metagreywacke, limestone, metaconglomerate. The Devonian and Early Carboniferous is represented by gray slates and conglomerate, with smaller amounts of limestone, chert, and radiolarite.

The region during the early Paleozoic lay off the coast of the southern portion of Laurentia, in what is now the southern United States. Laurentia straddled the equator at the time and the Rheic Ocean was to the south of Laurentia. Through the Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, and early Carboniferous, marine sedimentation left extensive deposits of black shale, quartzose sandstone, and chert beds. During the Mississippian, a flysch sequence with dark shales and graywackes was deposited.

Wessiea possesses rhizomes which are approximately in diameter. The fossils have distinct stipular frond bases characteristic of the family Osmundaceae, while the interior of the fronds show distinct long fibers in the frond bases are both representative of the modern genus Osmunda. It is found in the chert blocks intertwined with the extinct genus Wessiea yakimaensis and anatomically preserved Woodwardia virginica, which still lives in the forests of eastern coastal North America.

In the lower half of this mainly pelitic succession, intercalations of dark brown, very often concretionary calcareous layers up to thick, occur. These layers contain siltstone beds which locally exhibit flaser bedding, oscillation ripples and hummocky cross-bedding. The calcareous layers also contain small fossiliferous lenses with fishbones. The upper half of the basal shaly section contains a few layers, thick, which are whitish and analcime-rich and occasionally thin layers of green chert.

A smaller mound between Willowick and Eastlake contained several ceremonial spear points of chert from Illinois - altogether signs of a wide range of trade. At Cleveland's W. 54th St. Division waterworks there was probably a mound and a Hopewellian spear tip was found there. After AD 400 maize dominated. Mounds were built no more, but the number of different groups increased, with winter villages at the Cuyahoga, Rocky and Lower Chagrin Rivers.

A single point of chert was found in the excavations, and probably was a trade item from elsewhere. Grooved slabs of sandy limestone, and small round stones that fit in the grooves, may have been used to sharpen shell tools and grind seeds or dried fish. Shells were used as hammers, awls, celts and digging tools, and as bowls, dippers and spoons.Brown:34–35Milanich:103 More than 600 postholes were found in the excavations.

Digging started at a point below high-water mark on the Dee foreshore. The tunnel was driven southwest at a gradient of 1:1000. It was brick-lined where it passed through coal measures and shale but unlined after the first 1.5 miles where it passed through chert and limestone. In 1908 the tunnel was draining more than 1.7 million gallons of water per day through the drainage channel and into the river at Bagillt.

Further east in the Coconino Plateau region, the lithology, mineralogy, and fauna of the Fossil Mountain Member changes drastically where it grades laterally into sandy dolomite and dolomite that contains a restricted-marine fossil fauna and subordinate amounts of sandstone. The Harrisburg Member, which forms the uppermost cliffs and receding ledges along both north and south rims of the Grand Canyon, consists of an assemblage of gypsum, dolomite, sandstone, redbeds, chert, and minor limestone.

There are also elements of the Woodland culture found there. The residents had long-distance trading relationships with other settlements, linked by their use of the rivers for transportation. For example, items found at the settlement include copper from Michigan's Upper Peninsula, shells from the coast of the Gulf of Mexico, and stone such as Mill Creek chert from other areas of the Midwest. Sometime between 1200 and 1300, the Aztalan settlement was abandoned.

Like the Dong Tso, the Lankor Tso also includes metaperidotite, isotropic and layered gabbros, pillow basalts, and chert. However, in this area, the serpentinite-matrix melange is more prominent and bears traces of volcaniclastic rocks, diorite, granodiorite, and tonalite. U/Pb SHRIMP dating of zircons from rocks associated with the ophiolitic melange give Middle Jurassic ages. Lying to the northeast of Lagkor Tso, amphibolites, metagabbros, and other assemblages of metamorphic rocks can be found.

95 The tools, mainly made of chert, found at Tequendama I are the result of careful elaboration, more so than at El Abra. More than half of the tools found were primitive knives. From the 6th millennium BCE (8000 years BP) onwards, the rock shelter areas were less populated; the population seems to have shifted to the plains of the Bogotá savanna. Twenty bone samples analysed at Tequendama were predominantly males (60%).

Glaciers created the area's geographical features, forming basins running east to west with the region's bedrock, and when they retreated, lakes formed. The Ojibwa and French explorers found chert, which produces sparks, at Gunflint Lake and gave the trail its name. In contemporary times, both fire and wind put stress on the area. The Ojibwa built a village that is now Grand Marais, which became a trading post and a center for logging and commercial fishing.

These ore deposits are created by volcanic-associated hydrothermal events in submarine environments. However, there is evidence that the sulfide mineralization does not have a volcanogenic origin. An unusual feature of this sulfide deposit is the large degree of magnetite at the actual showing. Studies have shown that the chert-magnetite iron formations in the West and North Pits of Sherman Mine extend under and along a series of small lakes from Vermilion Lake to Net Lake.

These iron formations are located at roughly the same stratigraphic position as the magnetite-bearing iron formation on the southwestern shore of Net Lake. A northwest-trending cross fault is accompanied by drag folding of a chert- magnetite iron formation unit southeast of Cooke Lake. Also exposed in this area is a dark yellow wide quartz vein composed of pyrite that cross cuts the iron formation at the northeastern end. This west-northwest trending quartz vein is about long.

The threat of a tsunami is of particular concern, and visitors to the seacoast are told to seek higher ground immediately after any significant earthquake. Both coastline and the Coast Ranges can be found within park boundaries. The majority of the rocks in the parks are part of the Franciscan Assemblage, uplifted from the ocean floor millions of years ago. These sedimentary rocks are primarily sandstone, siltstone, shale, and chert, with lesser amounts of metamorphic rocks such as greenstone.

Gibraltar Limestone consists of greyish-white or pale-gray compact, and sometime finely crystalline, medium to thick bedded limestones and dolomites that locally contain chert seams. This formation comprises about three quarters of the Rock of Gibraltar near the southernmost tip of the Iberian peninsula. Geologists have found various poorly preserved and badly eroded and rolled marine fossils within it. The fossils found in the Gibraltar Limestone include various brachiopods, corals, echinoid fragments, gastropods, pelecypods, and stromatolites.

The largest mound at the site, Mound B, was found to be covering a log lined crematory pit. Archaeologists found twenty nine polished greenstone celts arranged in an L-shaped pattern. They also found human remains, some cremated and others unburned, on the ash-covered floor of the pit. Exotic artifacts including copper ear-spools, nineteen chert projectile points believed to have been imported from Hopewell peoples in Illinois, and a piece of galena were also found.

The majority of such murals have not survived, but Early Classic tombs painted in cream, red, and black have been excavated at Caracol, Río Azul, and Tikal. Among the best preserved murals are a full-size series of Late Classic paintings at Bonampak.Miller 1999, pp. 84–85. Flint, chert, and obsidian all served utilitarian purposes in Maya culture, but many pieces were finely crafted into forms that were never intended to be used as tools.Miller 1999, p. 83.

Other plants had to adapt to the environment, resulting in some species having stunted growth. There are only of chert glades remaining, of which are in Wildcat Glades. In 2002, researchers from the New York Botanical Gardens visited Wildcat Glades to document lichen species as part of a regional study. During this visit, the researchers discovered a previously unknown species of lichen here, Dermatocarpon arenosaxi, an unusual species that has adapted to survive both on land and in water.

Cryptocrystalline is a rock texture made up of such minute crystals that its crystalline nature is only vaguely revealed even microscopically in thin section by transmitted polarized light. Among the sedimentary rocks, chert and flint are cryptocrystalline. Carbonado, a form of diamond, is also cryptocrystalline. Volcanic rocks, especially of the acidic type such as felsites and rhyolites, may have a cryptocrystalline groundmass as distinguished from pure obsidian (acidic) or tachylyte (basic), which are natural rock glasses.

The Folkestone Beds consist of seams of pebbles and sand. It is from here that the stone known as chert is found, familiar in the High Chart hills around Limpsfield, Surrey. In Surrey the Sandgate Beds and Bargate Beds, which lie on top of the Hythe Beds, have yielded a distinctive yellow stone seen in many local buildings. Ironstone, from layers embedded in the Sandgate Beds, is often seen in chips (gallets) pressed into the mortar between such stones.

Typically the points are made from high quality silicates such as flint, or chert. Often these stone tools are found hundreds of miles from their source stone in caches of semi-complete blanks. It appears they would bury some good material they had brought with them when they traveled, and sometimes either forget where they buried it, or possibly found more high- quality materiel in the new location, and had no need to retrieve the caches.

Consequently, the information has been interpreted to indicate that the ritual filling of the shaft occurred about 1450 BP (500 AD). However, it is possible that the shaft was in place somewhat earlier. One piece of information which makes this dubious is the relative placement of Caches 12, 13, and 14. The chert eccentric in Cache 12 was clearly placed with full knowledge of the precise location (outside of tmjmhe shaft) of Caches 13 and 14.

Archaeologists debate whether the Beothuk people were descended from Maritime Archaic peoples, or if they arrived in Newfoundland sometime in last millennia. Shifting sand dunes at Cape Freels have preserved the best evidence of Beothuk culture, including stone house rings, fire-cracked rocks, chert flakes and some artifacts. Rising sea levels appears to have eliminated any earlier Archaic records from Cape Freels. Beothuk people and Dorset Eskimos overlapped in Newfoundland for a period of 500 years.

Bolotnik has a lot of names: bolotny (Russian: болотный; literally «swampy»), bolotny dedko (Russian: болотный дедко; «swamp oldman»), shut bolotny (Russian: шут болотный; «swamp jester»), bolotny chert (Russian: болотный чёрт; «swamp devil»), bolotny leshy (Russian: болотный леший), tsar bolotny (Russian: царь болотный), boloto (Russian: болото; «swamp»), antsibal (Russian: анцибал), ancibul (Russian: анцибул), antsibalka (Russian: анцибалка), antsibalit (Russian: анцибалит), anchibal (Russian: анчибал), anchibol (Russian: анчибол), Belarusian balotnik (Belarusian: балотнiк), Ukrainian bolotyanik (Ukrainian: болотяник), ocheretyanik (Russian: очеретяник), błotnik (Old Polish).

10 ff Pennsylvanian rocks consist predominantly of alternating marine and non-marine shales and limestones with some sandstone, coal, chert and conglomerate. The Pennsylvanian was a time that the region that is now eastern Kansas stayed nearly at sea level. Between the transgression and regression of the seas, swamps and bogs formed, depositing dead vegetation and later, after burial under younger sediments, this dead vegetation formed into coal. Permian rocks predominantly consist of limestones, shales and evaporites.

Most nonserpentine soils have a ratio far greater than 1 (more calcium and much less magnesium). The extreme chemical characteristics of serpentine soils give rise to uniquely adapted and rare serpentine endemic plant species such as C. benitensis. Like Camissonia benitensis, the previously ranked strict serpentine endemic Layia discoidea also has several populations that occur on greywacke and chert outcrops and talus around the New Idria Serpentine Mass. Additionally, the strict serpentine endemic Quercus durata var.

This chert preserved early plants in cellular detail, petrified in volcanic springs. By the middle of the Devonian Period most of the features recognised in plants today are present, including roots, leaves and secondary wood, and by late Devonian times seeds had evolved. Late Devonian plants had thereby reached a degree of sophistication that allowed them to form forests of tall trees. Evolutionary innovation continued in the Carboniferous and later geological periods and is ongoing today.

One late stage Old Stone Age site, excavated at Hunasagi, contained stone tools and weapons made from a reddish-brown chert. Tools found included longish blades with sharp edges and many multi purpose instruments. At some sites, large numbers of thetools, used for all sorts of activities, were found, suggesting that these were probably habitation-cum factory sites. In some of the other, smaller sites, there is evidence to suggest that they were locations where just tools were made.

Geologically, the island contains pockets of chert that are believed to have been quarried by Native Americans. Offshore, the gravel reefs to the south creates a shallow-water channel separating Charity Island from its smaller neighbor, Little Charity Island. The area between the two islands is a favorite spot for fishing. On the northeast end of the island, a small bay is lined with limestone bedrock, offering good holding ground as a place to anchor during storms.

Fungi are composed of soft tissues, making fossilization difficult and the discovery of fungal fossils rare. However, some exquisitely preserved specimens have been discovered in the middle Eocene Princeton Chert of British Columbia. These ectomycorrhizal fossils show clear evidence of a Hartig net, mantle and hyphae, demonstrating well-established EcM associations at least 50 million years ago. The fossil record shows that the more common arbuscular mycorrhizas formed long before other types of fungal-plant symbioses.

Spheroidal spore-like bodies within the Gunflint Chert are found irregularly distributed throughout the Gunflint Iron Formation, and range from 1 to 16 μm in diameter. Despite their name, the spheroidal bodies range from spherical to ellipsoidal in morphology. They are typically encased in membrane, which can vary in wall thickness and morphology. The spheroidal bodies have been hypothesized to be various things, such as unicellular cyanobacteria, endogenously produced endospores of bacterial origin, free-swimming dinoflagellates, and fungus spores.

Hematite preservation is a less common taphonomic mode, but is occasionally found at the interface between black stromatolitic cherts and red jasper. In this preservational method, hematite filaments <1μm in diameter encase (and occasionally replace) filamentous fossils, and are often outlined by carbonaceous films and pyrite grains. As a result of the remarkable preservation of microorganisms given the taphonomic modes described above, the Gunflint Chert is sometimes described as the first Precambrian lagerstätte, or exceptionally preserved fossil assemblage.

There the Cretaceous succession includes Barremian and Aptian–Cenomanian limestones and marly limestones with abundant concretions of black chert. The Upper Jurassic succession begins with thin-bedded Kimmeridgian–Oxfordian cherty limestones, marls, sandstones and clays, which are identified in the lower part of Krubera Cave. Above lies the thick Tithonian succession of thick-bedded limestones with marly and sandy varieties. Sandy limestones are particularly abundant through the upper 1,000 m sections of deep caves of the Ortobalagan Valley.

Jaspilite sample from Minas Gerais, Brazil Jaspillite, or jaspilite, is a chemical rock formed similar to chert, but is generally quite iron rich. It is also known as jasper taconite. Jaspillite is typically a banded mixture of hematite and quartz common in the banded iron formation rocks of Proterozoic and Archaean age in the Canadian shield. Jaspillite is also formed as exhalative chemical sediments in certain lead-zinc ore deposits, and as a hydrothermal alteration facies around submarine volcanism.

Magnesite occurs as veins in and an alteration product of ultramafic rocks, serpentinite and other magnesium rich rock types in both contact and regional metamorphic terrains. These magnesites are often cryptocrystalline and contain silica in the form of opal or chert. Magnesite is also present within the regolith above ultramafic rocks as a secondary carbonate within soil and subsoil, where it is deposited as a consequence of dissolution of magnesium-bearing minerals by carbon dioxide in groundwaters.

This conglomerate consists of rounded, pebble to cobble-sized clasts of chert, granite, quartz, plagioclase crystals, and micropegmatites in a quartz sand matrix. About 80% of the gravel-size clasts consist of granite and quartzite. The quartzite gravel lacks any local equivalents in the Grand Canyon, indicating a distant source. Excellent exposures of the Hotauta Member occur at the Colorado River level near Hance Rapids (river mile 77) and along the South Kaibab and North Kaibab Trails.

The flint was sometimes chipped to provide a suitably sharp edge to obtain a spark and if necessary other hard stones, such as quartzite, chert or chalcedony could be substituted.Mors Kochanski, Bushcraft: Outdoor Skills and Wilderness Survival (Edmonton: Lone Pine Publishing, 1987), p. 16 The charcloth was fabric made from vegetable fibre (e.g. cotton, linen, or jute) which had previously been charred via pyrolysis, giving it the low ignition temperature and slow burning characteristics suitable for use as tinder.

The wilderness is within the upper basin of the Cache Creek drainage area and is composed of sandstone, shale, chert and conglomerate belonging to the Franciscan group, Upper Jurassic age. These sediments are of marine origin with extensive folding and faulting. In some places, dikes of serpentinized rock are intruded into the sediments. This is overlain by unmetamorphized sandstone and shale of Cretaceous age, also of marine origin and also folded and faulted with thick serpentine rock interbedded.

Analysis of 18S and 28S rRNA sequence data, though, suggests that they form the most ancient lineage of springtails, which would explain their peculiar apomorphies. This phylogenetic relationship was also confirmed using a phylogeny based on mtDNA and whole-genome data. The latest whole-genome phylogeny supporting four orders of collembola: Springtails are attested to since the Early Devonian. The fossil from , Rhyniella praecursor, is the oldest terrestrial arthropod, and was found in the famous Rhynie chert of Scotland.

Excavations have been undertaken at Bestansur since 2012 by the University of Reading and the University of British Columbia, co-directed by Roger Mathews, Wendy Matthews and Kamal Rasheed Raheem. Surface survey has recorded evidence of a spread of Neolithic artefacts, including chert and obsidian. Test trenches were excavated to establish the extent of Early Neolithic occupation, which is thought to cover an area of 100 x 50m. A gradiometry survey has recorded evidence for Neo-Assyrian activity.

Temple Butte Formation is thick; thinner near Grand Canyon Village and thicker in western Grand Canyon. An unconformity representing 40 to 50 million years of lost geologic history marks the top of this formation. The next formation in the Grand Canyon geologic column is the cliff-forming Redwall Limestone, which is thick (see 4b in figure 1). Redwall is composed of thick-bedded, dark brown to bluish gray limestone and dolomite with white chert nodules mixed in.

Little is known of pre-historical times in Umm el-Jimal, aside from the few scattered remains of what appear to be settlements of nomadic hunter- gatherer tribes. In some of these places it is possible to find chert knapping stones and some prehistoric tools. In the nearby wadis the remains of kites, which are large animal traps, have been found. The prehistoric people would have used these to catch large groups of animals at once (Hoksbergen 2010).

Sea level continued to rise throughout the Middle Cretaceous when the Tablazo and Salto limestones and Simití shales were deposited. The La Luna Formation represents a maximum flooding surface with deep marine deposits of limestone, chert, and shale. Sea level then began to fall, returning the environment to shallow marine with deposition of the Umir Formation of shales and sandstones. Finally, the Paleocene saw the deposition of the Lisama Formation, consisting of deltaic mudstones and sandstones.

Seven layers of strata were identified, including bedrock at the lowest level and the agricultural plowzone at the top. Large number of stone flakes (debitage) related to the manufacture of stone tools were recovered, as were sixteen tools. The tools were manufactured from a variety of stone, predominantly rhyolite and chert, that were not local to the area. Fragments of pottery were also recovered, and one hearth-like feature was identified, whose charcoal fragments yielded radiocarbon dates of c.

The Moss-side hoard of Mesolithic Bann flake tools and blades, Ulster Museum.BBC, A History of the World in 100 Objects Four Bann flakes on display in Armagh County Museum. A Bann flake is a large, butt-trimmed, leaf-shaped lithic blade of flint or chert, dating from the Late Mesolithic period of prehistoric Ireland, from around 4500 BC onwards. They are named after the river Bann in Northern Ireland where large numbers have been found.

In geology, druse, refers to a coating of fine crystals on a rock fracture surface, vein or within a vug or geode. Druse occurs worldwide; the most common is perhaps quartz druse within voids in chert or agates. Garnet, calcite, dolomitic and a variety of minerals may occur as druse coatings. Generally, it is possible to find drusy natural gemstones in any location in which there is a place for water to collect and evaporate on rock.

Chert arrowhead, Late Neolithic (Rhodézien) (3300–2400 BC), current France An arrowhead is a tip, usually sharpened, added to an arrow to make it more deadly or to fulfill some special purpose. The earliest arrowheads were made of stone and of organic materials; as human civilization progressed other materials were used. Arrowheads are important archaeological artifacts; they are a subclass of projectile points. Modern enthusiasts still "produce over one million brand-new spear and arrow points per year".

Angel Mounds State Historic Site was one of the northernmost Mississippian culture settlements, occupied from 1100 to 1450. The first inhabitants in what is now Indiana were the Paleo-Indians, who arrived about 8000 BCE after the melting of the glaciers at the end of the Ice Age. Divided into small groups, the Paleo-Indians were nomads who hunted large game such as mastodons. They created stone tools made out of chert by chipping, knapping and flaking.

Continuing in to the wade phase a greater degree of permanency is indicated by homes with walls and roofs. More exotic materials such as dover chert and steatite are seen in this phase which indicated a greater degree of complexity in trade and communication. Major occupations were found in the area spanning from the Late Archaic period, through the Mississippian periods. "From archaeological observation, there is no verification of late or protohistoric Mississippian occupation of the Reservoir area".

Glauconitic rock of Jurassic age from Lombardy Even in the 19th century, geologists recognized Ladinian and Carnian age carbonate platforms in the Dolomites that likely formed as coral atolls. Throughout the early Triassic, the Zorzino Limestone, Rhaetian Choncodon Dolomite, Riva di Solto Shale and Zu Limestone filled the Lombard Basin. Up to two kilometers of carbonates assembled in the late Triassic as the Dolomia Principale. Meanwhile, the Lagonegro Basin accumulated limestone, chert and marl into the Jurassic.

Most of their equipment: metal tools, weights, measures, seals, earthenware and ornaments were of the uniform standard and quality found across the Indus civilization. Lothal was a major trade centre, importing en masse raw materials like copper, chert and semi- precious stones from Mohenjo-daro and Harappa, and mass distributing to inner villages and towns. It also produced large quantities of bronze celts, fish- hooks, chisels, spears and ornaments. Lothal exported its beads, gemstones, ivory and shells.

Middle Archaic people in southern New England relied on Braintree argillite for tools, mining in the Blue Hills. Lithic fragments also include Lynn Volcanics in the Boston Basin, chert quarried in eastern New York and felsite from Maine and New Hampshire. Pecking and grinding tools were mostly made out of granite. Some archaeologists in the late 20th century originally proposed that Middle Archaic people were Paleo-Eskimos who migrated north following caribou herds, but later research debunked this idea.

The Bigfork Chert is a Middle to Late Ordovician geologic formation in the Ouachita Mountains of Arkansas and Oklahoma. First described in 1892, this unit was not named until 1909 by Albert Homer Purdue in his study of the Ouachita Mountains of Arkansas. Purdue assigned the town of Big Fork in Montgomery County, Arkansas as the type locality, but did not designate a stratotype. As of 2017, a reference section for this unit has yet to be designated.

Hé-no is armed with bow and arrows, and carries with him a pouch of thunderbolts. When travelling in the skies, he also carries a basket of chert boulders on his back, which he hurls at evil spirits. The boulders that miss fall to earth in the form of lightning. He wears a magic feather on his hand to ward off evil, and has two assistants who carried no names, so they can serve Hé-no in secrecy.

During this time, sponges, such as Actinocoelia meandrina, proliferated, only to be buried in lime mud and their internal silica needles (spicules) dissolved and recrystallized to form discontinuous layers of light-colored chert. In the park, this formation can be found in the Hurricane Cliffs above the Kolob Canyons Visitor Center and in an escarpment along Interstate 15 as it skirts the park.Harris 1997, p. 35 This is the same formation that rims the Grand Canyon to the south.

Natural springs located on the edge of the ranges would have provided game to hunt and outcrops of chert would have provided stone for tools. Over 100 sites provide evidence that the Indigenous Australians inhabited the area for over 20,000 years prior to European settlement. The first European to explore the area was Francis Thomas Gregory, whose expedition reached the range in 1858. Gregory named the range after the Governor of Western Australia at the time, Arthur Edward Kennedy.

Quartz arenite makes up the Prospect Mountain Quartzite on top of Doso Doyabi, Nevada A quartz arenite or quartzarenite is a sandstone composed of greater than 90% detrital quartz,Blatt, Harvey and Robert J. Tracy, Petrology: Igneous, Sedimentary, and Metamorphic, Freeman 2nd ed., 1996, p. 518 with limited amounts of other framework grains (feldspar, lithic fragments, etc.) and matrix. It can have higher-than-average amounts of resistant grains, like chert and minerals in the ZTR index.

Evidence of ancient indigenous cultures has been found in Marion County, as well as of the earliest encounter between European explorers and historic indigenous peoples. In 1976, an archaeological investigation found ancient artifacts in Marion County that appear to be the oldest in mainland United States. Excavations at an ancient stone quarry (on the Container Corporation of America site (8Mf154) in Marion County) yielded "crude stone implements". Thousands of pieces of chert were found at the site.

These showed signs of extensive wear and were found in deposits below those holding Paleo-Indian artifacts. Thermoluminescence dating and weathering analysis independently gave dates of 26,000 to 28,000 Years Before Present (YBP) for the production of these artifacts, prior to Clovis points. The findings suggested human habitation in this area much earlier than documented by other evidence.Barbara A. Purdy, "Investigations into the Use of Chert Outcrops by Prehistoric Floridians: The Container Corporation of America Site", Florida Anthropologist, Vol.

Earliest evidence of human occupation includes stone tools made of Paleolithic chert, of the kind utilized by Stone Age people. Starting in approximately 200 CE, nomadic people from the coast began to settle the area, bringing their knowledge of metalworking (copper), ranching, agriculture, and weaving. These early settlers lived primarily along the Humanejos stream. During the 4th and 5th centuries, the ranks of the local populations swelled to include newly arrived Celtic tribes from central Europe.

The lithology of the Burro Canyon Formation is dominated by medium- to fine-grained sandstone, much of which has rounded chert and quartz pebbles above scour surfaces. The Burro Canyon Formation was deposited in a braided-stream system. The formation overlies the Morrison Formation, with the boundary placed at the first conglomeratic sandstone bed. It underlies the Dakota Formation, from which it is distinguished by the presence of green mudstone and the absence of carbonaceous material.

Cryptocrystalline silicates, such as flint and chert, are sometimes heat-treated in order to improve the flaking properties of the material. This heating can be used as a zeroing point, and the date since the material was last heated can be established through fission track counts, thermoluminescence, or, in some rare cases, paleomagnetism. These provide absolute dates. Unfortunately, not all such tool stones were heat-treated, and not all heat-treatment is due to human agency.

Pelagic Clays containing iron- manganese micronodules, quartz, plagioclase, orthoclase, magnetite, volcanic glass, montmorillonite, illite, smec- tite, foraminiferal remains, diatoms, and sponge spicules made up the uppermost stratigraphic section at each site it was found at. This sediment type consisted of 4.2 percent of the total thickness of sediment recovered by the Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP). Biogenic pelagic silica sediments consist of radiolarian, diatomaceous, silicoflagellate oozes, and chert. It makes up 4.3% of the sediment thickness recovered.

Debris from the making of tools has been found at Cultural Zone 4. The debris is composed of rhyolite, basalt, obsidian, chert and quartzite, implying that the occupants of the site carried out some manufacturing and or repair of tools. Artifacts at this zone are largely incomplete but include retouched flakes, scrapers, large a quartz chopper/scraper/plane. Also found at this zone are several ivory tusk fragments with scratches that could have come from stone tools.

The oldest microfossils from the Barberton Greenstone belt are found in the Onverwacht Group, specifically, in both the Kromberg and Hooggenoeg Formations. Both of these formations are predominantly igneous rock; the sedimentary rock has been metamorphosed. However, it is still possible to find microfossils in chert, a type of evaporite that forms in sedimentary environments. From the evidence in these rocks, it is likely that early life existed in the form of microbial mats and stromatolites.

By analogy with Yellowstone, the chert itself probably formed in a marshy area towards the latter end of the extent of outwash from the springs. Living vegetation covered around 55% of the land area, with litter covering 30% and the remaining 15% of the ground being bare. A braided :Contains useful reconstructions of both the plant associations, and the regional setting. river flowing to the north periodically deposited the sandy layers found in cores when it flooded its banks.

In the rare instances that cyanobacteria are found in the fossil record, their presence is usually the subject of much controversy, for their simple form is difficult to distinguish from inorganic structures such as bubbles. However, bona fide cyanobacteria are preserved in the Rhynie chert. The aquatic organisms are thought to belong to the Oscillatoriales section on the basis of biomarker absence. The fossils are filamentous, around 3 μm in diameter, and grew on plants and the sediment itself.

The Rhynie chert, by preserving a snapshot of an ecosystem in situ in high fidelity, gives a unique opportunity to observe interactions between species and kingdoms. There is evidence of parasitic behaviour by fungi on algae Palaeonitella, provoking a hypertrophic response. Herbivory is also evident, judging by boring and piercing wounds in various states of repair, and the mouthparts of arthropods. Coprolites - fossilised droppings - give a useful insight of what animals ate, even if the animals cannot be identified.

The artefact assemblage at Kilu Cave consists primarily of simple flaked tools made from volcanic rock (~ 80% of all artefacts), quartz, calcite and chert. 214 such artefacts were discovered at the site; most of these lithic artefacts (200) came from the Pleistocene layer. Shell artefacts were also recovered from the site. Shell artefacts made from Turbo marmoratus were found in the Pleistocene layer, while shell artefacts made from Terebralia palustris and Tridacna were found in the Holocene layer.

The Kaibab Limestone is an assemblage of sedimentary rock types. It consists of a complexity of inter fingering and inter bedded carbonate and siliciclastic sedimentary rocks. In addition, intense post-depositional (diagenetic) changes have created more composition variation by the alteration of limestone to dolomite and the silicification of limestone to form chert. In the western Grand Canyon region, the Fossil Mountain Member consists of fossiliferous and cherty limestone with an abundant and diverse normal-marine fossil fauna.

The community of Cerén locally produced agave fibers, manos, and metates, and pottery vessels, while acquiring imports such as cutting tools made from obsidian and chert, jade from the north (Sierra de las Minas), or fancy pottery from Copán presumably from elite-managed markets outside.Sharer and Traxler, p. 637; Sheets, pp.220-222 Once households owned these commodities, they often participated in horizontal exchanges with other households in the village or places nearby in the case of a surplus.

Many Ozark waterways have their headwaters in the uplands of the Boston formation, including the Buffalo, Kings, Mulberry, Little Red and White rivers. Topography is mostly gently rolling in the Springfield and Salem plateaus, whereas the Saint Francois Mountains are more rugged. Although the Springfield formation's surface is primarily Mississippian limestone and chert, the Salem Plateau is made of older Ordovician dolomites, limestones, and sandstones. Both are rife with karst topography and form long, flat plains.

Cretaceous fossils have also been found. A collection of karst, from the over-100-million-year-old Brje limestone formation to the shallow-water rocks of the Povir formation and Komen limestone (with fossils of fish and reptiles) is in the Sežana botanical garden. There is typical rudist limestone, flat limestone with well-preserved fossils and abundant chert, an essential soil ingredient for terrano cultivation. The sedimentation environment was favourable for the creation of thin layers of bituminous coal.

Bustan Birke or Boustan el Birke is a Heavy Neolithic archaeological site of the Qaraoun culture that is located southeast of Kefraya, Lebanon. The site was found in a vineyard by Lorraine Copeland and Frank Skeels in 1966. Heavy Neolithic materials recovered resembled those from Kefraya with an increased proportion of lighter tools. Large flakes, picks, large scrapers and choppers made on discoid cores were found, most frequently in chert-like flint or silicious grey limestone.

Pleistocene and/or early Holocene quartzite and other hard-stone gravels on soil surface. Up to 30 feet of fluvial deposits of unconsolidated gravel, sand, and silt mapped as terrace deposition by the 1987 Texas Atlas of Geology. Gravels are granule-to-cobble size, with clasts of angular to well-rounded quartzite, quartz, and chert from distal sources and lesser fragments of local strata. The sands are orange-brown to tan, fine- to coarse-grained with preserved soils.

The rocks include limestones, dolomitic sandstone, siltstone, and mudstone. It is divided into two formations, the Portland Stone Formation (or 'Portland Limestone Formation') and the underlying Portland Sandstone Formation (or 'Portland Sand Formation'). The Portland Stone Formation is further divided into a lower Portland Chert Member and an upper Portland Freestone Member, both of which are limestones. The Portland Sand Formation is made up largely of dolomites but includes siltstones and fine-grained sandstones in its lower parts.

During the Neolithic era, most of those areas of Austria that were amenable to agriculture and were sources of raw materials were settled. Remains include those of the Linear pottery culture, one of the first agrarian cultures in Europe. The first recorded rural settlement from this time was at Brunn am Gebirge in Mödling. Austria's first industrial monument, the chert mine at Mauer-Antonshöhe in the Mauer neighborhood of the southern Vienna district of Liesing dates from this period.

Several different morphologies of the block copolymer used to create the polymersome have been used. The most frequently used are the linear diblock or triblock copolymers. In these cases, the block copolymer has one block that is hydrophobic; the other block or blocks are hydrophilic. Other morphologies used include comb copolymers,Durand, Geraldine G.; Holder, Simon J.; Yeoh, Chert tsun. Abstracts of Papers, 229th ACS National Meeting, San Diego, CA, United States, March 13–17, 2005 (2005), POLY-018Qi, Hongfeng; Zhong, Chongli.

Cooks Creek starts out on Flint Hill in the Quartz Fanglomerate laid down during the Jurassic and Triassic, consisting of Quartz conglomerate with round cobbles and boulders of quartzite, sandstone, quartz, and metarhyolite in red sand. Then it passes through a region of Brunswick Formation, also formed during the Jurassic and Triassic, consisting of mudstone, siltstone, and shale. Mineralogy includes argillite and hornfel. Later, it flows through a region of the Leithsville Formation, from the Cambrian, consisting of dolomite, calcareous shale, and chert.

Obsidian is a favored material for stone tool production and its movement can be traced from an archaeological site to the source. The dominating material found during the excavations was chert, however, obsidian artifacts constitute 5.5% of total lithic assemblage. There is no immediate obsidian outcrop near the site, therefore, the excavators during the 1974 excavations hypothesized that the material was obtained from afar. Years later, a chemical analysis of the obsidian revealed three originating sources: Assebot, Kone, and Ayelu.

Neolithic features included pits and post holes with remains including fragments of some Early Neolithic carinated bowls and larger amounts of Late Neolithic Grooved ware. Stone items were made from local and imported materials including flint, Arran pitchstone and chert, and included scrapers, arrowheads and cutting tools. A memorial plaque to John Boyd Dunlop at Dreghorn village hall. Three parallel rows of post holes indicated a rectangular structure by , probably a timber hall similar to the Neolithic long house found at Balbridie.

Mudstones and sandstones of the Crackington Formation wrap around the granite outcrop in the north and the east of the national park. Within a mile or so of their contact with the granite these rocks have been thermally metamorphosed to metamudstone. Stratigraphically beneath the Crackington Formation are the cherts of the Teign (formerly Meldon) Chert Formation. These in turn overlie the metamudstones of the Combe Mudstone Formation in the northeast and the metatuffs of the Meldon Shale and Quartzite Formation around Okehampton.

Banded-iron formations are iron formations which formed about 2,000 million years ago and were first described in the Lake Superior region. Sediments associated with the last stage of the Great Lakes tectonic zone contain banded-iron formations. These sediments were deposited for two hundred million years and extend intermittently along roughly the same trend as the Great Lakes tectonic zone, from Minnesota into eastern Ontario, Canada, and through upper Wisconsin and Michigan. They are characterized by bands of iron compounds and chert.

The coast on Motutapu Island from Islington Bay to Administration Bay starts with Waitemata sandstone cliffs, and finishes with greywacke and chert near Administration Bay. Ancient greywacke pebble beaches can be seen embedded in the Waitemata sandstone cliffs. It is possible to walk from Rangitoto Island to Motutapu Island via a causeway. Motuihe Island has a mixture of Waitemata sandstone, with Parnell Grit in the headlands, greywacke at the south, and even a coastal section with flaggy limestone on the west coast.

Redwall Limestone consists predominately of light-olive-gray to light-gray, fine- to coarse-grained, thin- to thick-bedded, often cherty, limestone. Its lower part consists of brownish-gray, interbedded finely crystalline dolomite and fine- to coarse-grained limestone with layers of white chert lenses and yellowish-gray and brownish-gray, cliff-forming, thick- bedded, fine-grained dolomite. It is divided into Horseshoe Mesa Member, Mooney Falls Member, Thunder Springs Member, and Whitmore Wash Member.Chronic, H (1983) Roadside Geology of Arizona.

This bank, branching out from the north west part of the rampart, runs south- west and then curves towards the fort, so that there is a passage into the fort from the south, at one point down to about wide. There are no traces of remains in the interior. The rampart (ascertained as a result of excavation in 1986 of a trench for a water pipe) has been found to be of local limestone, with some fragments of flint and chert.

Uniquely among the Rhynie chert plants, aerial stems bore rigid hairs or spines made up of single cells. Stems appear to have grown from coiled (circinnate) tips, in a manner similar to modern ferns. Stems contained circular exarch xylem strands with tracheids showing both annular and spiral thickening. The upright spore-forming organs or sporangia were made up of two 'valves', the larger one facing away from the stem and bearing hairs, the smaller facing towards the stem and apparently not bearing hairs.

A. major was first described by Kidston and Lang in 1920 as the new species Rhynia major. The species is known only from the Rhynie chert in Aberdeenshire, Scotland, where it grew in the vicinity of a silica-rich hot spring, together with a number of associated vascular plants such as a smaller species Rhynia gwynne-vaughanii which may be interpreted as a representative of the ancestors of modern vascular plants and Asteroxylon mackei, which was an ancestor of modern clubmosses (Lycopsida).

Establishing a reliance on predictable shellfish deposits, for example, could reduce mobility and facilitate complex social systems and symbolic behavior. Blombos Cave and Site 440 in Sudan both show evidence of fishing as well. Taphonomic change in fish skeletons from Blombos Cave have been interpreted as capture of live fish, clearly an intentional human behavior. Humans in North Africa (Nazlet Sabaha, Egypt) are known to have dabbled in chert mining, as early as ≈100,000 years ago, for the construction of stone tools.

The hamlet overlooks Slei Gill which contains several lead mining levels. Following the collapse of the lead mining industry in North Yorkshire at the end of the 19th century one of the mines, the Booze Wood Level, continued to be used as a slate mine until the beginning of the First World War. Chert was mined on Fremington Edge, south of Booze, until the beginning of the Second World War.Hardy, John (No date, post 1982) The Hidden Side of Swaledale.

The Meramec River Hills ecoregion is deeply dissected, with steep-sided hills and chert- covered ridges. The hills tend to be more rugged than in the Osage/Gasconade Hills ecoregion to the northwest. Land use is mainly timber and recreation, with some pastureland for grazing, and barite and iron mining in the southeast. The potential natural vegetation in this region is shortleaf pine- oak forest and woodland, with a greater oak concentration than in forests of the Current River Hills to the south.

Most of the original sandstone layer has been eroded away and the remainder is usually buried under glacial till, but it can be seen in gravel pits and a few bluffs. The Lindsey bluffs (a.k.a. the Marshfield School Forest) and Birch Bluff and South Bluff in the Town of Remington are hard spots in this sandstone which have resisted erosion. Powers Bluff is different from the sandstone bluffs, much older, with a hard core of Precambrian quartzite and a peak of chert.

The Gunflint Iron Formation (exposed as the Gunflint Range) spans northwestern Ontario and northern Minnesota along the shores of Lake Superior. The type locality of the Gunflint Iron Formation can be found at Schreiber, ON near Lake Superior’s Thunder Bay. Stanley A. Tyler examined the area in 1953 and noted the red-colored stromatolites. He also sampled a jet-black chert layer which, when observed petrographically, revealed some lifelike small spheres, rods and filaments less than 10 micrometres in size.

The ancient settlement of the area is attested by early Paleolithic finds in Morn Cave (), discovered by Srečko Brodar in 1936. The chert and quartzite artifacts from the site have been identified as belonging to the Mousterian–pre-Aurignacian culture and dating to the Würm glaciation. The finds include the remnants of 312 posts that are probably the remains of stilt houses. Later archaeological finds include metal objects from the late Hallstatt and La Tène cultures, and Roman coins and ceramics.

The Cache Creek Terrane (alternately known as Cache Creek Melange ) is a geologic terrane in British Columbia and southern Yukon, Canada. The Cache Creek Terrane consists of Carboniferous to Lower Jurassic volcanic rocks, carbonate rocks, coarse clastic rocks and small amounts of ultramafic rock, chert and argillite. Three geological formations comprise the Cache Creek Terrane: the Sitlika Assemblage, the Tezzeron succession and the Cache Creek Complex. This terrane is mentioned in the video Where terranes collide (done in conjunction with Canada's geologic survey).

Pierced shell beads have also been found. Some academics estimate that the total Mesolithic population of Britain never exceeded 5000, and it is likely that approximately 20 people lived on the site for at least 20-25 years in 4-5 stone huts. The occupants were possible semi- sedentary, and survived by gathering molluscs and edible plants with the addition of occasional meat. Water came from the nearby Culver Well, and the chert for the stone artefacts came from exposures in the cliffs.

The village lies in the Te Mata Stream valley, which is the main tributary of the Opotoru River. Nearly all the rocks in the area are volcanic, the exception being chert (see History), though it is not marked on the geological map. The village is on Okete Volcanics, on a flat area on formed by volcanic damming, with Karioi Volcanics on the higher land immediately to the west. Some basaltic scoria includes iron oxide bands with up to 51.74% iron content.

Fossilized hyphae and spores recovered from the Ordovician of Wisconsin (460Ma) resemble modern-day Glomerales, and existed at a time when the land flora likely consisted of only non-vascular bryophyte-like plants. Prototaxites, which was probably a fungus or lichen, would have been the tallest organism of the late Silurian and early Devonian. Fungal fossils do not become common and uncontroversial until the early Devonian (416–359.2Ma), when they occur abundantly in the Rhynie chert, mostly as Zygomycota and Chytridiomycota.

During the Ordovician, the 650 foot thick Knox Dolomite, Stones River Group and Nashville Group sediments formed in the shallow marine platform environment of the Black Warrior Basin. Shale, limestone and undifferentiated sediments comprise the Wayne Group and Brownsport Formation from the Silurian, overlain by Devonian chert and the Chattanooga shale. Some Devonian rocks contain trilobite fossils. A number of different formations took shape during the Carboniferous, including the Floyd Shale, intermixed with several different sandstone layers and overlain by the Pottsville Formation.

48–49) To the north of the oolite is a fine grained limestone, which was deposited in calm, shallow water. It contains flint-like rocks known as chert and if it wasn't for the presence of very large ammonites, might be mistaken for an early chalk.Ensom (p.50) Previously thought to be around the middle of the Purbeck Strata, modern research suggests that the boundary between the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods lies within the basal few metres of the Lower Purbeck.

More than half of the findings are the un-retouched flakes and blades, while the retouched ones are of an average quality for the period. There is no evidence of unusual or unknown technology. There are some artifacts made of white or grayish-green chert. The material most probably came from the same source which was used by the population which inhabited the locality Kamenite Njive in Barajevo, also on Belgrade territory, and Šalitrena Cave in the village of Brežđe, near Valjevo.

The Blackdown Hills are a range of hills along the Somerset-Devon border in south-western England, which were designated an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB) in 1991. The plateau is dominated by hard chert bands of Upper Greensand with some remnants of chalk, and is cut through by river valleys. The hills support an extensive range of wildlife leading to the designation of 16 Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs). There is evidence of human occupation since the Iron Age.

Highly tilted and faulted metasedimentary rocks are exposed on Mount Morrison. Formations include the Ordovician Convict Lake Formation (argillite and siliceous hornfels and slate), the Lower Devonian to Silurian Aspen Meadow Formation (siliceous and calc-silicate hornfels), the Middle Devonian Mount Morrison Sandstone (calcareous quartz sandstone), and the Upper Devonian Squares Tunnel Formation (black chert and argillite). The Mount Morrison Fault passes near the summit.Greene, DC, and CH Stevens (2002) Geologic Map of Paleozoic Rocks in the Mount Morrison Pendant, Eastern Sierra Nevada.

Near Tilgate the remains of Iguanodon were found by Sussex geologist Gideon Mantell in this formation. Bordering the outcrop of the Weald Clay is the Lower Greensand Group; it appears a little north of Eastbourne and passes thence through Ringmer, Storrington, Pulborough, Petworth, Midhurst and Linchmere. It contains the following divisions in ascending order - the Atherfield Clay, Hythe Beds (sandy limestone, sandstone and chert), Sandgate Beds and Folkestone Beds. The natural gas of Heathfield comes from the Lower Wealden and Purbeck Beds.

Ramah chert was the preferred raw material for the Maritime Archaic Indians (ca. 7000 to 3500 years ago) and for succeeding populations of Dorset paleoeskimos (ca. 2200 to 800 years ago) and by the immediate ancestors of the Innu (from about 2000 years ago to contact with the Europeans in the 18th century). Ramahchert was traded as far south as New England and even Chesapeake Bay and west to the Great Lakes which is documented in a report by Stephen Loring.

Land claims research indicates the Crown representatives did not always properly uphold their treaty obligations. It is therefore the job of researchers to provide the historical information required to take legal action against the Crown. Chippewa members can train to be Archaeology Field Liaison or Archaeology Monitors. The monitors learn to identify features, remains, types of chert and the tools previously used by ancestors of Chippewas of the Thames people, as well as various methods for testing and excavating archaeology sites.

Excavations have revealed evidence of chert workshops dedicated to the production of tools, together with dumps of waste flakes. Buena Vista features an early architectural style that differs from that at Motul de San José, consisting of platforms built from unworked stone, with wide front stairways and probably without superstructures. They were built in the Middle to Late Preclassic periods and then reused in the Late Classic. The differences in style between Buena Vista and Motul probably results from differing epochs of construction.

The area around Peoria has long been associated with mineral extraction The Native Americans had operated a chert quarry here since before it was visited by Europeans. Peoria began developing in 1891 as a mining camp for the area covering parts of southeast Kansas, southwest Missouri and northeast Oklahoma (then known as Indian Territory). A post office was opened in 1891 and named to honor the Peoria tribe. These lead and zinc mines were most productive between 1891 and 1896.

These excavations continued until 2014. This excavation yielded six lithic artifacts (bifaces and flakes) made from local coastal plain chert from layers dating before Clovis. This excavation dated the site to approximately 14,200 to 14,550 BP, reaffirming the earlier dating from the previous excavation. The 2012-2014 excavation was funded by the Center for the Study of First Americans, and led by Jessi Halligan from Texas A&M; University and other archaeologists at Indiana University of Pennsylvania, with local volunteers.

Chert is a common replacement mineral in certain layers of the North Point Member. Plant fossils in the Milwaukee Formation are usually coalified to some degree. Geodized brachiopod fossil lined with calcite with a single crystal of sphalerite Fin spine of the ptyctodont placoderm Gamphacanthus, showing color patterns Other taphonomic phenomena often found in the Milwaukee Formation are geodization of shelly fossils, corals, bryozoans, and echinoderms, and preservation of color patterns in certain brachiopods, trilobites, and fin spines of fish.

The Chonide orogeny was a mountain building event in the Triassic, preserved in coastal accretionary complexes in southwestern Chile. The Chonos Metamorphic Complex, Madre de Dios Accretionary Complex and Diego de Almagro Complex all crop out west of the South Patagonian Batholith. Rocks in the Chonos Metamorphic Complex include turbidites as well as meta-chert and mafic schist. Some researchers propose that during the Permian, the supercontinent Gondwana moved rapidly northward leading to the formation of back-arc marginal basins.

This a reaction of amorphous silica (chalcedony, chert, siliceous limestone) sometimes present in the aggregates with the hydroxyl ions (OH−) from the cement pore solution. Poorly crystallized silica (SiO2) dissolves and dissociates at high pH (12.5 - 13.5) in alkaline water. The soluble dissociated silicic acid reacts in the porewater with the calcium hydroxide (portlandite) present in the cement paste to form an expansive calcium silicate hydrate (CSH). The alkali–silica reaction (ASR) causes localised swelling responsible for tensile stress and cracking.

The geological structure of the underlying rock found in the strip parish can sometimes be indicated by the variety of local rock used in the construction of the parish church. Examples of this are Westerham and Brasted where the following rocks can be found within the parish church building: Sandstone, Melbourne Rock (hard chalk), Flint, Chert. Details of the particular local geology can be found in local geological maps, for example the rocks cited above are indicated on the Dartford geological survey.

The Mississippian structures identified and investigated at the Toqua site included the two mounds and several dwellings. The construction of Mound A occurred in 16 phases and probably began in the 10th century. The mound was approximately high and in diameter, and topped by two structures, the largest of which measured x and contained a central hearth and benches. Excavations at the mound discovered a chert sword, a pot filled with marsh elder seeds, and two high-status female burials.

The Northern Belize site of Colha demonstrates the recognition of obsidian as a utilitarian resource during the Preclassic, even when other lithic resources such as chert deposits are locally available (Brown et al. 2004). Preclassic people in the Copan Valley in Western Honduras utilized obsidian primarily from the Guatemalan highlands but also in small quantities from La Esperanza in Honduras and Ucareo and Pachuca in Central Mexico (Aoyama 2001). This is further evidence of extensive trade networks operating in the Preclassic.

Transitional fossils are not only those of animals. With the increasing mapping of the divisions of plants at the beginning of the 20th century, the search began for the ancestor of the vascular plants. In 1917, Robert Kidston and William Henry Lang found the remains of an extremely primitive plant in the Rhynie chert in Aberdeenshire, Scotland, and named it Rhynia. The Rhynia plant was small and stick-like, with simple dichotomously branching stems without leaves, each tipped by a sporangium.

The lowermost Elephant Butte Member is about thick and is 78% limestone, half of which contains minor amounts of chert, with indistinct medium to thick bedding. Limestone intervals are thick and separated byh thin shale beds. The middle Whiskey Canyon Member is about thick and is 46% very cherty limestone and 15% slightly cherty limestone, with perhaps 35% shale. Limestone intervals are up to thick and separated by shale beds that are , with one larger () shale interval in the middle of the member.

In fact, chert limestone is up to two feet thick at Gurain hill. Together, these rocks formed during the Pliocene, Miocene and Pleistocene. The Ghar Formation is identifiable in the Jal-Az-Zor escarpment with coarse-grained or pebbly sandstone and green clay beds from the Oligocene and Miocene. The country has extensive Quaternary deposits such as beach sands welded together with calcium carbonate, deltaic and tidal mudflats at Bubiyan Island and in the northeast as well as windblown sand.

Many of the rocks have experienced low-grade metamorphism and volcanic sequences are comparatively thick. At the base of the Taedong Synthem is the P'yong'an Supergroup, which lies disconformably atop older Paleozoic rocks. In the Pyongyang Coalfield it is divided into the 650 meter sandstone, shale and conglomerate of the Nogam Formation, the 500 meter Kobangsan Formation, 350 meter coal-bearing Sadong Formation and 250 meter chert-bearing Hongjom Formation, all typically assigned to an Upper Permian shallow marine environment.

Fossilized remains, including bare stems (axes) and detached spore-forming organs (sporangia), were first described by Kidston and Lang in 1920 from the Rhynie chert of Aberdeenshire, Scotland – rocks which are of Pragian age (). The fragments were considered to be parts of Asteroxylon mackiei. In 1964 Lyon described sporangia belonging to Asteroxylon mackiei and suggested that Kidston and Lang's specimens were a new species which he called Nothia aphylla. The first full description based on further specimens was published in 1979.

During the excavations, Gatecliff Rockshelter proved to be more useful than just for chronology. The new objective with a horizontal excavation at the rock shelter, the previous being chronology, emphasized the reconstruction pre- historic activities and events that occurred at the site. The focus shifted to finding artifacts and mapping them on large-scale living floor maps. In 1975, over a period of ten days, the crew removed a massive chert roof fall that covered half of the rear of the rock shelter.

The Whitehill Formation has been subdivided into two major subunits according to their weathering color in outcrops. The lower and thicker part consists mainly of bluish- to greenish-grey shales and mudstones, which grade upward into more light brownish, buff weathering, slightly coarser grained siltstones. This zone is conformably overlain by white weathering shales, with intermittent chert lenses and pyritic stringers; the latter rarely exceeding in thickness. The sedimentary structure is generally massive, however laminations do occur that resemble algal lamellae.

Noongars used the branches to make spears: the bends in the branch were straightened over fire and the tips were sharpened using a chert flake. As with all other Eucalypts in the south-western region of Western Australia, the leaves of this species were crushed to make antibacterial poultices for wounds. They were also crushed and steamed to relieve nasal congestion. The gum was used after grinding, to make an ointment for sores, and also taken orally as a treatment for dysentery.

The Hoabinhian level (later hunter–gatherers) contains split pebble tools and abundant faunal remains that dates between 11.000 and 5000 years BP. The team discovered "a large stone featuring what appear to be etchings in the shape of an arrow, dyed with a redocher color...It could be the first case of art in Cambodia"[sic]. The team uncovered rudimentary stone tools (chert flakes and polyhedral, multiplatform cores) in the deepest Palaeolithic levels from as far back as 71.000 years BP.

It was mostly in brown, shiny flint, some with a grey film. The pieces were heavily patinated, sometimes with a number of different patinas. This allowed Fleisch to divide the tools into four groups, Early Paleolithic, Middle Paleolithic, Middle/Late Paleolithic, and Upper Paleolithic with Levallois technique being used on cores in later periods. The Heavy Neolithic and Neolithic material was mostly in a creamy chert and consisted of adzes, chisels, oval axes with retouch all over, racloirs, cores and discs.

It has won distinction as a particular form or variety of chert because of its unique variation of colors and its ability to take a high polish. It has the hardness of 7-7.5 on the Mohs scale, which qualifies it as a suitable material for semi-precious gemstone, and has a density of about 2.65 g/cm3. Typically, the colors are different hues of red, pink, and purple with varying tints of green, gray and brown. It is collected and admired by lapidarists across the country.

The Boulder Creek Formation records the transition from marine conditions, represented by the shales of the underlying Hulcross Formation, to continental environments, with a return to marine conditions marked by the shales of the overlying Hasler Formation. Near shore and shoreface deposits consist of massive, fine grained, well sorted sandstones, and massive, silica-cemented conglomerates of quartz and chert pebbles in a matrix of coarse sand. Delta plain and floodplain deposits consist of interbedded argillaceous sandstones, carbonaceous shales and thin coal beds.Stott, D.F. 1963.

They are shaley and silty towards the top. The sandstones sometime contain conglomeritic horizons composed of rounded, disc- shaped pebbles of Dox Sandstone and occasional pebbles of basalt lava. A lag deposit of gravel composed of white to yellowish, small pebble to cobble size chert gravel occurs locally at the base of the upper member. Typically, the sandstone sections are thin-to-medium bedded and exhibit planar tabular and trough cross-bedding, ripple marks, mudcracks, numerous soft-sediment deformation structures, and rare salt pseudomorphs.

Some of these driftwood logs were selected, cut to length, split, shaped and then their split out planks "sewn" together to form a canoe. The side planks and canoe bottom were split out of straight knot free logs utilizing whalebone and antler Wedges driven by rock mallets. The planks were then shaped, trimmed and leveled using flint and seashell tools and shark hide sandpaper. Where planks needed to be connected holes were bored in the planks using wood drills tipped with chert or bone.

The results of the impact affected concentrations of dissolved oxygen in the sea; the accumulation of banded-iron formations suddenly ended . The Gunflint Range consists of a basal conglomerate, then the Gunflint Iron formation and the Gunflint Chert with the Rove Formation deposited on top. The Mesabi Range consists of the basal Pokegama Quartzite layer, then the Biwabik Iron Formation with the Virginia Formation deposited on top. The Vermilion Range consists of the basal Ely Greenstone, then the Soudan Iron formation with various granites on top.

Except for the Lawra Belt, they all trend northeast-southwest. Between the different belts are basins filled with dacite, argillite, volcaniclastic and granitoid rocks with isocline folding. At the transition between the basins and the volcanic belts are small outcrops of chert, carbonates and manganese-rich sediments, which are inferred to be the exhalative remains of the eruptions that formed the volcanic belts. The volcanic and sedimentary rocks were folded during the Eburnean orogeny 2.2 to 2.0 billion years ago and intruded by granitoids.

The western assemblage also differs from the eastern assemblage in its components of bedded chert, basalt bodies, barite deposits, and sulfide deposits. The nature of the two assemblages and their relation to one another are critical for an understanding of the Antler orogeny. The western facies assemblage is generally thought to be displaced from the west and to constitute the upper plate of an extensive thrust fault—the Roberts Mountains thrust. The eastern facies assemblage is thought to extend westward under the thrust plate.

Two physical components comprise the Central Tablelands region surrounding Bathurst; the Bathurst Basin and the Tablelands areas. They are drained by the Macquarie, Turon, Fish and Campbells Rivers to the north and Abercrombie and Isabella Rivers to the south. The central basin area of the Bathurst area is mainly granite soils while in the north area sandstone, conglomerates, greywacke, siltstones, limestones and minor volcanos predominate. The south is more complex geology with siltstones, sandstones, greywacke, shales and chert, basalt and granite intrusions and embedded volcanic and limestones.

He was probably a native of Abingdon, and possibly a brother of Stephen de Abingdon who was lord mayor of London in 1315. Having taken deacon's orders, he apparently became a clerk in the exchequer; before 1274 he was granted the church of St. Sampson, Cricklade, Wiltshire, though he had not taken priest's orders (Cal. Papal Letters, 1305–42, p. 50). Soon afterwards he was presented to the living of ‘Wyvelingham’ in the diocese of Ely, Willingham, Cambridgeshire, and in 1284 to that of ‘Parva Chert’ .

This burrowing is called bioturbation by sedimentologists. It can be a valuable indicator of the biological and ecological environment that existed after the sediment was deposited. On the other hand, the burrowing activity of organisms can destroy other (primary) structures in the sediment, making a reconstruction more difficult. Chert concretions in chalk, Middle Lefkara Formation (upper Paleocene to middle Eocene), Cyprus Secondary structures can also form by diagenesis or the formation of a soil (pedogenesis) when a sediment is exposed above the water level.

Flintknapping a stone tool Knapping is the shaping of flint, chert, obsidian or other conchoidal fracturing stone through the process of lithic reduction to manufacture stone tools, strikers for flintlock firearms, or to produce flat-faced stones for building or facing walls, and flushwork decoration. The original Germanic term knopp meant to strike, shape, or work, so it could theoretically have referred equally well to making statues or dice. Modern usage is more specific, referring almost exclusively to the hand-tool pressure-flaking process pictured.

Within Louisiana, the Pliocene strata consist of highly weathered and oxidized fluvial sand and gravel. East of the Mississippi River Valley, these sediments are called the Citronelle Formation, while west of the Mississippi River Valley, they are known as the Willis Formation. These strata are actually younger than their preserved fossils, which are the remains of Paleozoic life from central Tennessee. The Tennessean fossils were preserved in chert, which was broken down into gravel and transported into the area by the Tennessee River during the Neogene.

Stone axe heads in polished greenstone from the collections of the Hôtel-Dieu in Tournus (Saône-et-Loire, France). Found in Saône River Stone hand axes were in use in the Paleolithic period for hundreds of thousands of years. The first hafted stone axes appear to have been produced about 6000 BCE during the Mesolithic period. Technological development continued in the Neolithic period with the much wider usage of hard stones in addition to flint and chert and the widespread use of polishing to improve axe properties.

A paired set of male and female sandstone statues was discovered in March 1895 at the Link Farm Site at the confluence of the Duck and Buffalo Rivers south of Waverly in Humphreys County, Tennessee. The site is also famous for being the location where the "Duck River Cache" of chert artifacts was discovered in December 1894 in a low hillock at the site. The statues were found in the same but slightly deeper location. They were nicknamed "Adam" and "Eve" by their discoverers.

The main component of Egyptian blue was the silica, and quartz sand found adjacent to the sites where Egyptian blue was being manufactured may have been its source, although no concrete evidence supports this hypothesis. The only evidence cited is by Jakcsh et al., who found crystals of titanomagnetite, a mineral found in desert sand, in samples collected from the tomb of Sabni (sixth dynasty). Its presence in Egyptian blue indicates that quartz sand, rather than flint or chert, was used as the silica source.

Kohlberg in Esslingen district Traces of a settlement in the area of Kohlberg go far back to the time before the birth of Christ. Jurassic chert tools, which had been manufactured in the Neolithic Age (about 3000 to 2000 BC), were found in the field area "Mittlerer Wasen". The tools found suggest that some the inhabitants of Kohlberg area were pastoralists and some were hunter-gatherers. This also applies to the Hallstatt period (800-400 BC), derived from some grave mounds in the upper Autmut valley.

Middle Ordovician quartzites form distinctive orange, brown and pink cliffs above gray limestone slopes, set beneath black dolomite cliffs in the north and west. Chert rich dolomite cliffs form in the most widespread Ordovician unit: the Fish Haven-Ely Springs Dolomite. Only a single stratigraphic unit—the Laketown Dolomite—formed during the Silurian, far from sediment sources in a carbonate platform environment, with few distinct fossil assemblages. Although thickest in the west, Devonian strata are present in the east unlike Ordovician and Silurian rocks.

The Wrangellia and Alexander terranes merged offshore by the Middle Jurassic and experienced folding and faulting during a collision with Alaska in the Cretaceous. The addition of the terranes generated metamorphism and led to the intrusion of huge amounts of granite in the Coastal Ranges. By the end of the Cretaceous, a fourth landmass—the Chugach terrane—docked with Alaska. Geologists have interpreted the Alexander terrane as a volcanic island chain surrounded by coral atolls, given volcanic rocks, chert and limestone from the Paleozoic.

Excavations on High Cliffy Island have uncovered extensive stone structures, some consisting of dry-stone formwork only evidenced elsewhere on the other side of the continent at Lake Condah in Victoria. The island lies east of the Montgomery group. It takes its name from the geophysical feature of steeply rising up cliffs to a height of some 15 metres. In addition, 3 rock shelters, and several work sites, high- quality quartz sandstone, chert and limestone quarries, dugong-butchering areas and places for working metal harpoons, were revealed.

Montreat College students explore the Little Tennessee River Substantial Archaic period (8000-1000 B.C.) sites along the river include the Icehouse Bottom and the Rose Island sites, both located near the river's confluence with the Tellico River.Jay Franklin, "Archaic Period," The Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture, 2002. Retrieved: 26 January 2008. These sites were probably semi- permanent base camps, the inhabitants of which may have sought the chert deposits on the bluffs above the river which they used to create tools.Chapman, Tellico Archaeology, 40-41.

The property has been known as Rocky Hill or Rock Hill, and the Fist (from the upthrusting chert rock boulders at its 540 ft. peak). In the 1800s, Rock Hill was the site of a quarry and brick factory, which were closed by the 1920s. In 1928, Josephine Randall, the Superintendent of Recreation for the San Francisco Recreation & Parks Department, proposed that the City buy the 16 acres of Rock Hill for recreation. In 1941, it was purchased for $27,333 and officially named Corona Heights.

Two physical components comprise the Bathurst region; the Bathurst Basin and the Tablelands areas. They are drained by the Macquarie, Turon, Fish and Campbells Rivers to the north and Abercrombie and Isabella Rivers to the south. The central basin area of the Bathurst area is mainly granite soils while in the north area sandstone, conglomerates, greywacke, siltstones, limestones and minor volcanos predominate. The south is more complex geology with siltstones, sandstones, greywacke, shales and chert, basalt and granite intrusions and embedded volcanic and limestones.

Sixteen meters of deltaic sands and siltstones known as the Uzupiai Formation mark the beginning of the Cretaceous, while 53 meters of glauconite sand in the Jiesia Formation have an angular unconformity with Jurassic and Silurian rocks. A basal phosphorite layer indicates a return to deposition after a disconformity between older Cretaceous rocks and Cenomanian sequences, which also include sand, silt, chalky marl and limestone. Chalk and chert nodules are defining sedimentary features of 48 meter Turonian, 79 meter Coniacian and 40 meter Santonian age rocks.

A microlith is a small stone tool usually made of flint or chert and typically a centimetre or so in length and half a centimetre wide. They were made by humans from around 35,000 to 3,000 years ago, across Europe, Africa, Asia and Australia. The microliths were used in spear points and arrowheads. Microliths are produced from either a small blade (microblade) or a larger blade-like piece of flint by abrupt or truncated retouching, which leaves a very typical piece of waste, called a microburin.

They are known as blue goo which is a mix of clay and mélange (greenstone, basalt, chert, shale, sandstone, schists. uplifted through the accretionary wedge). These quick clays have a very high-risk factor associated with them if they are built upon, as they are very unstable due to the fact that liquefaction happens when it becomes saturated and literally flows, causing mass wasting events to happen. Other marine clays are used all around the world for many different uses, such as ceramics, building material, including adobe.

Clovis points could also have been hafted as knives whose handles also served as removable foreshafts of a spear or dart. (This hypothesis is partly based on analogy with aboriginal harpoons that had tethered foreshafts Cotter 1937). There are numerous examples of post-Clovis era points that were hafted to foreshafts, but there is no direct evidence that Clovis people used this type of technological system. Specimens are known to have been made of flint, chert, jasper, chalcedony and other stone of conchoidal fracture.

Nakbe was a key site to the Maya because of its extensive quarry system of limestone, a key element to the building of the many large temples. The RAINPEC Project spent much of its energy excavating and studying the tools that were used in limestone excavation and preparation. They had unearthed 23 tools including bifacial axes, picks, and hammer stones, all of which were made of chert. The researches then replicated these tools to see what the methods of mining and shaping the limestone were.

The Dothan Formation is a geologic formation consisting mostly of lithic greywacke (sandstone), but also including chert, mudstone, greensand formed from volcanic pillow lava, and to a minor degree, granitic cobble. It preserves fossils dating between the Late Cretaceous to the Late Jurassic period. It occurs along the Oregon coast in Curry county. It ranges approximately 12 miles from Winchuck River just north of the state line of California to Whalehead Cove to the north, and inward to the southern area of the city of Roseburg.

Ophiolite-gabbro cumulates are identified as oceanic-type gabbros and basalts are believed to have formed from up to 20 percent pre-existing crustal rock. Among the acidic magmatic intrusive bodies in the area are granites and granodiorites. In the west, in the vicinity of Korab Mountain, is a limestone formation with layers of chert and a flysch formation dominating the sub-soil, made up of claystone, limestone and siltstone. Toward the south is an additional ophiolite complex with similar rocks to the Vardar Zone.

"At Moonset Blackcat Comes" is an early tale of Gord and his friend Chert the barbarian, in which Gord accepts a mission for the Catlord. "Evening Odds" appears as story 14 in Pawn of Chaos: Tales of the Eternal Champion, an anthology of fiction inspired by Michael Moorcock's Eternal Champion mythos. The story takes place some time after the events of Dance of Demons. Gord has apparently been deposed from his position as the new Catlord and is traveling the alternate realities as a Champion of Balance.

The general term "rhyniophytes" or "rhyniophytoids" is sometimes used for the assemblage of plants found in the Rhynie chert Lagerstätte - rich fossil beds in Aberdeenshire, Scotland, and roughly coeval sites with similar flora. Used in this way, these terms refer to a floristic assemblage of more or less related early land plants, not a taxon. Though the rhyniophytes are well represented, plants with simpler anatomy, like Aglaophyton, are also common; there are also more complex plants, like Asteroxylon, which has a very early form of leaves.

Bernal Hill, along with the other hills in the San Francisco area, is a folded hill, created by the "wrinkling up" effect of the Pacific plate subducting under the North American plate, when the North American and Pacific plates were converging, around 150 million years ago. Near the summit are folded layers of very hard rock called radiolarian chert. It is a sedimentary silicate rock which gets its silica content from the shells of microscopic creatures called radiolaria. The red color comes from iron oxide.

The formation is composed of mudstones, conglomerates and sandstones which can be quartzose or contain chert grains. Many of the Bluesky sandstones do not display bedding features although some low and moderate-angle large scale cross-bedding has been observed in some sections. The sediments were deposited in both marginally marine nearshore and fully marine offshore settings following a transgression of the ancient Moosebar Sea. Bluesky sediments are separated from Gething strata by a scoured or loaded contact and occasionally by a burrowed Glossifungites surface.

Diskagma buttonii dates to the Paleoproterozoic Great Oxygenation Event, a time of marked increase in atmospheric oxygenation compared with that of the Archean. If, like the living Geosiphon, the central cavity of Diskagma housed a photosymbiont, it may have contributed to atmospheric oxygenation. Although Precambrian landscapes are customarily regarded as barren as the surface of Mars, Diskagma is evidence for very early life on land. Furthermore, at 2200 million years old, Diskagma was larger than coeval marine microbes of the Gunflint Chert, and more complex than stromatolites.

The Munsungan-Chase Lake Thoroughfare Archeological District encompasses a series of important archaeological sites in a remote area of northern Maine, United States. These sites offer evidence of human habitation dating to not long after the retreat of the glaciers following the Wisconsin glaciation, with extensive stone tool workshops working with red chert found in abundance in the area. Stone tools made from sources in this region have been found at archaeological sites across New England. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.

All basement rocks beneath the Wellington Region belong to the Torlesse Composite Terrane. They are largely composed of Greywacke (hardened sandstone and mudstone), but also contain Chert, and Pillow lavas. In the Wellington Region, the Torlesse Composite Terrane is composed of two subterranes, the Rakaia Terrane (late Triassic to early Jurassic, 230-180 Ma), to the west of the Ruahine Ranges, and the Pahau Terrane (late Jurassic to early Cretaceous, 180-100 Ma), to the east. Major faults such as the Wellington Fault and Wairarapa Fault lie close to the boundary between the terranes.

During the Ice Age, a glacier forced water to build up in what are now the valleys that hold the Pott Beck and the River Burn. This created large lakes that deposited minerals such as limestone and chert. The river flows over several types of bedrock (limestone, sandstone, mudstone and shale) which is covered by gravel and silty clay which is a result of riverine alluvia. When tested in the 1990s, this alluvia was found to be the largest and coarsest of all sediment that was flowing out through the Humber basin.

While a number of formal tools were produced from chert and quartz, most non-obsidian tools were informal and produced through expedient flake production. The fact that obsidian was favored over local resources for utilitarian tools is interesting, especially considering that obsidian had to be imported over long distances. The El Chayal obsidian source (which is the most common at Chunchucmil), is located nearly 1000 km (621 mi) away (as the crow flies) in Guatemala. This, once again, indicates Chunchucmil's close ties with external trade routes and the greater Mesoamerican world of the Classic period.

From Jeommal Cave a tool, possibly for hunting, made from the radius of a hominid was unearthed, along with hunting and food preparation tools of animal bones. The shells of nuts collected for nourishment were also uncovered. In Seokjang-ri and in other riverine sites, stone tools were found with definite traces of Palaeolithic tradition, made of fine-grain rocks such as quartzite, porphyry, obsidian, chert, and felsite manifest Acheulian, Mousteroid, and Levalloisian characteristics. Those of the chopper tradition are of simpler in shape and chipped from quartz and pegmatite.

During Cretaceous times, most of the Netherlands was covered by a warm shallow (inland) sea in which thick successions of chalk were deposited. This is in places chert- bearing; chalk is mined near the southern city of Maastricht and the Maastrichtian stage was named after this locality. Here a number of mosasaur- fossils have been excavated as well. The Schoonebeek oil-bearing sandstones are Early Cretaceous in age and underlain by hydrocarbon-rich Lower Cretaceous lacustrine Coevorden Formation which forms the source rock for the east Netherlands oil.

The site has five semi-rectangular rooms enclosed within a megalithic wall, and like Tal-Qadi temple, it had an anomalous form when compared with other megalithic temples in Malta. The floors were paved in hard stone or covered in beaten earth (Maltese: torba). Many pottery shards were found on site, and stone whorls, while flint and chert remains were scarce. Part of a handled cup, with a decoration of pointillé triangles was found on site, which can be compared with remains found at , Filicudi, an island off Lipari.

Many rounded to subangular felsic and mafic volcanic fragments are known to occur in the unit, as well as rare quartz vein fragments and one fragment of white chert. The conglomerate unit passes laterally and vertically into thin bedded deposits. These thin bedded deposits are interpreted to be turbidites that originated from a felsic volcanic vent at the western end of Link Lake. Many dark green, highly vesicular, iron-rich tholeiitic basalts occur in the Turtle Lake Formation, and are interbedded with thin-bedded wackes on the southern limb of the Tetapaga Syncline.

The Platte River Campground site extends 300 meters along the north bank of the Platte River, and runs up to 160 meters deep. The site is a multicomponent site, with repeated prehistoric occupations over the Middle and Late Woodland Periods as well as historic occupation around the turn of the 20th century; thus, artifacts were found covering a range of time periods. The artifacts recovered included a great many fire cracked rocks and chert flakes. Some ceramic shard and stone projectile points were also discovered, as well as two celts and two copper artifacts.

The veins are separated by layers of harder rock, often granite or chert, which are called "hards". The slate vein worked at Parc was about thick, and sloped downwards at about 42 degrees. Unusually, the pillaring line, one of the planes in which rock can be split, was almost horizontal rather than vertical, and the foot joints did not run in a suitable direction to detach slate blocks from the floor of a chamber. Additionally, the rock above the vein was not hard enough to support the roof of large chambers.

First named by Kidston & Lang in 1920 from Early Devonian fossils in the Rhynie chert, the original generic name Hornea was later found to occupied by a flowering plant in the family Sapindaceae, Hornea mauritiana, leading Barghoorn and Darrah to propose renaming the genus to Horneophyton in 1938. It was classified as a rhyniophyte (subdivision Rhyniophytina) by Banks, but the absence of true vascular tissue led Kenrick and Crane in 1997 to create a new class, Horneophytopsida, for this and similar genera. A single species, Horneophyton lignieri, has been described.

An unconformity separates the Curaçao Lava Formation from the Knip Group, which includes the Zevenbergen limestone and Casabao limestone laden with fossilized foraminifera, crinoids, rudists, corals and gastropods from the Late Cretaceous. The formation is two kilometers thick in the west but only 100 meters thick in the southeast. In the northwest, mudstones, breccia and boulder beds in the Knip Group grade into the Seroe Gracia Formation, which has 300 meters of chert limestone. This formation is overlain by 750 meters of sandstone, siltstone, mudstone and marl in the Lagoen Formation.

This species has a clear, whistling voice, with a song resembling that of Spot-breasted orioles (Icterus pectoralis). The song generally consists of a series of clear notes, but it acquires a muddy, warbled quality among populations native to southern Central America. Both sexes are known to sing, which appears to be common to orioles that breed in tropical climates. Vocalizations are generally delivered from perches high in trees. The most commonly used call has been described as a “nasal ‘chert’”, but other calls include a “whistling chatter” and a “nasal alarm”.

The island was visited by Indigenous Australians approximately 46,000 or more years ago, and was occupied from about 10Kya until its separation from the mainland, approximately 6,800 years ago.Research by Barrow Island Archaeology Project. Stone artefacts including several weathered flakes and fragments made of igneous and metamorphic rocks and chert were collected from Barrow Island in the 1960s. Thevenard Island also has evidence of Aboriginal visitation, and it is likely that the nearby Montebello Islands were utilized as well; however, there have been no archaeological finds from these islands.

Llandegai Tramway The earliest predecessor to the Penrhyn Quarry Railway was the one mile (1.6 km) long gauge Llandegai Tramway which was built in 1798. The tramway was connected to a local flint mill that ground clay and chert into flints. These were transported to Porth Penrhyn on the coast by the tramway, which was one of the earliest overground railways in Britain. It included two balanced gravity inclines one from the floor of the Cegin valley near Llandegai to the hills above Bangor, the other dropping from there to the mill.

Pure white marble is the result of metamorphism of a very pure (silicate-poor) limestone or dolomite protolith. The characteristic swirls and veins of many colored marble varieties are usually due to various mineral impurities such as clay, silt, sand, iron oxides, or chert which were originally present as grains or layers in the limestone. Green coloration is often due to serpentine resulting from originally magnesium-rich limestone or dolomite with silica impurities. These various impurities have been mobilized and recrystallized by the intense pressure and heat of the metamorphism.

Along with the 2008 description of Tetracentron atlanticum from the Mid to Late Miocene of Iceland, Grímsson et al documented and figured Tetracentron pollen recovered from the Princeton Chert locality of the Allenby Formation. T. hopkinsii is one of between three and four trochodendraceous species that have been described from the Klondike Mountain Formation. Broadly circumscribed, three other species have been identified in the Republic flora, Paraconcavistylon wehrii, Pentacentron sternhartae, and Trochodendron nastae. Additionally the species Trochodendron drachukii is known from related Kamloops group shales at the McAbee Fossil Beds near Cache Creek, British Columbia.

The 15 to 250 meter thick Clarens Formation lies atop the Elliot Formation and has sandstones, siltstones and thin bands of chert. The Early Jurassic, amygdale enriched volcanic rocks of the Lesotho Formation (part of the Drakensberg Group) cap the sedimentary sequence and form Lesotho's mountain tops, with a 1.6 kilometer thick layer. For the most part, the Lesotho Formation is basalt that cooled from a tholeiitic magma series. The numerous layers of ropy plateau basalt are intruded by 70 volcanic vents and over 1000 dikes and sills.

One of the "round rocks" found in Osceola Long thought to be a glacial remnant, these conglomerate rocks are found in the area of the Weaubleau structure. They are nearly perfectly round, and are referred to locally simply as, "geodes," "round rocks","Missouri rock balls" or "Weaubleau eggs". It has been suggested that the round rocks are chert concretions or nodules. The round rocks may have formed when the impact threw shale clasts of Northview Formation away from the center of the crater and subsequent silica-saturated waters precipitated silica around the shale clasts.

Kennedy Ranges, near Gascoyne Junction, Western Australia in the permanent collection of The Children's Museum of Indianapolis. The characteristing banding and ribbon-like layering often observed in radiolarites is primarily due to changing sediment influx, which is secondarily enhanced by diagenetic effects. In the simple two component system clay/silica with constant clay supply the rhythmically changing radiolarian blooms are responsible for creating a clay-chert interlayering. These purely sedimentary differences become enhanced during diagenesis as the silica leaves the clayey layers and migrates towards the opal-rich horizons.

The red Strong Island Chert for instance rests on ophiolites. At the Silurian/Devonian boundary black cherts (locally called lydites or flinty slates) developed from radiolarians mainly in the Frankenwald region and in the Vogtland in Germany. Of great importance are the novaculites from Arkansas, Oklahoma and Texas which were deposited at the close of the Devonian. The novaculites are milky-white, thinly-bedded cherts of great hardness; they underwent a low-grade metamorphism during the Ouachita orogeny. Their mineralogy consists of microquartz with a grain-size of 5 to 35 μ.

The most famous and most prevalent prismatic blade material is obsidian, as obsidian use was widespread in Mesoamerica, though chert, flint, and chalcedony blades are not uncommon. The term is generally restricted to Mesoamerican archeology, although some examples are found in the Old World, for example in a Minoan grave in Crete.Betancourt, Philip P., Hagios Charalambos: A Minoan Burial Cave in Crete: I. Excavation and Portable Objects, 2014, INSTAP, , 9781623033934, google books Prismatic blades were used for cutting and scraping, and have been reshaped into other tool types, such as projectile points and awls.

In archaeology, a tool stone is a type of stone that is used to manufacture stone tools, or stones used as the raw material for tools. Generally speaking, tools that require a sharp edge are made using cryptocrystalline materials that fracture in an easily controlled conchoidal manner. Cryptocrystalline tool stones include flint and chert, which are fine-grained sedimentary materials; rhyolite and felsite, which are igneous flowstones; and obsidian, a form of natural glass created by igneous processes. These materials fracture in a predictable fashion, and are easily resharpened.

The Gilbert River Formation consists of paraconglomerate litharenite layers. In the lower part of the formation flaser cross bedding in fine grained sandstone is found in abundance, however a little further up the system becomes awash with volcanic and chert clasts typical of alluvial debris. These then are buried underneath fine grained material once more until a significant occurrence of fining upwards in thin layers shows a sharp change in depositional environment. The formation proceeds to become much more coarse grained and large, pebble to cobble sized clasts are enclosed.

355-6, 385 The siltstone and sandstone have been cemented by silica, which gives rise to the occurrence of common opal and almost-chert pockets. The upper portion of the formation has thick deposits of caliche, very evident at the Coronado Lodge on the northwest rim of the canyon. Fortress Cliff, on the eastern rim of the canyon, has a spectacular exposure of the Ogallala Formation. Headward erosion by the Prairie Dog Town fork of the Red River, into the caprock escarpment of the Llano Estacado, caused differential erosion.

Colha falls in an area of one particularly important natural resource, chert, and is very near to Cobweb Swamp. Therefore it was an optimal area to search for evidence of Late Archaic evidence in Belize. On this assumption, Thomas Hester and Harry Shafer dedicated the 1993-1995 Colha Project field seasons toward the investigation of the Late Archaic near Colha.Hester, Thomas R., Harry Iceland, Dale Hudler, and Harry J. Shafer 1996 The Colha Preceramic Project: Preliminary Results from the 1993-1995 Field Seasons. Mexicon 18:3 (June):45-50.

As previously discussed, the first land plants emerged around 450 million years ago; however, herbivory, and therefore the need for plant defenses, has undoubtedly been around for longer. Herbivory first evolved due to marine organisms within ancient lakes and oceans. Within under 20 million years of the first fossils of sporangia and stems towards the close of the Silurian, around , there is evidence that they were being consumed. Animals fed on the spores of early Devonian plants, and the Rhynie chert also provides evidence that organisms fed on plants using a "pierce and suck" technique.

Naskapi peoples, who overlapped with the Innu (also known as Montagnais people) until the 20th century, arrived in Labrador at an unknown time in the past. In the 1970s, William Fitzhugh proposed that Naskapi could be traced back 1,000 years before European contact in the Hamilton Inlet. Archaeological research suggests that Naskapi people lived along the coast of Labrador, hunting sea mammals, birds and fish along with large land mammals. Naskapi archaeological remains are sparse but include side-scrapers and simple flake knives, often made from Ramah chert from northern Labrador.

The Princeton Chert (Ashnola shale in older sources) and its fossils have been known since the 1950s, but have attracted increased attention in the late 1970 and on. This may be due to the rare type of silica permineralized fossil Lagerstätten found, which has preserved plants and animals in minute 3D detail, with exceptional internal cellular detail. This has meant anatomical descriptions and reconstruction of whole plants from isolated parts has been possible in many species. Few plant fossils elsewhere in the world exhibit such excellence in both preservation and diversity.

Sampling into the Princeton Chert has been carried out, but presently the data has not been analysed in detail. Across the outcrop, trends in taxa can be seen; in the topmost layers fossil organs of Metasequoia milleri cease to be represented, yet Pinus (pine) and monocotyledons increase in number. There is a huge increase in ferns, such as Dennstaedtiopsis, after a huge ash fall, though few angiosperms occur in these layers. A large number of angiosperms have been found along with several types of conifers, ferns, and several unidentified fossils from various families.

In 1961, William Folan, a field director for the Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e Historia (INAH), helped launch another expedition into the cenote. Some of their notable discoveries included an inscribed, gold-sheathed bone, a large chert knife with a gold-sheathed wooden handle, and wooden ear flares with jade and turquoise mosaic. In 1967-1968, Norman Scott and Román Piña Chán led another expedition. They tried two new methods that many people had suggested for a long time: emptying the water out of the cenote and clarifying the water.

Aglaophyton major (or more correctly Aglaophyton majusStrictly the name should have been Aglaophyton majus, as -phyton is neuter and the neuter of Latin comparative adjectives ends in -us. Since February 2018, authors writing on the Rhynie chert have begun using the more correct form. See and other papers in the same issue of that journal.) was the sporophyte generation of a diplohaplontic, pre-vascular, axial, free-sporing land plant of the Lower Devonian (Pragian stage, around ). It had anatomical features intermediate between those of the bryophytes and vascular plants or tracheophytes.

Slot canyon eroded in the Ritito Conglomerate west of Abiquiu, New Mexico The formation is composed of orange-pink to reddish-brown arkosic conglomerate, sandstone, and siltstone with muscovite. The matrix is gray to tan except near Abiquiu, where it has a distinct red-brown color. Clasts are angular to well- rounded and are mostly of pebble size, but range from granules to boulders. The clasts are 44% Proterozoic quartzite, with 25% granite, 13% metavolcanic rock, 10% quartz, 5% schist, and 3% gneiss, with traces of chert and Phanerozoic sandstone.

The Andersons Creek Ultramafic Complex is west of Beaconsfield and east of the inlier with serpentinite, pyroxenite, gabbro and a sliver of oolitic chert introduced as a fault bounded block. To the west of the Badger Head Inlier is the Port Sorell Formation, a tectonic mélange of marine sediments and dolerite. Frenchmans Cap consisting of Precambrian quartzite In the Tyennan block, the Precambrian basement that forms the central core of Tasmania there are two formations. First, the Oonah Formation contains turbidite with quartz sandstone interbedded with siltstone deposited by gravity flows.

Har Qatum, a mesa located on the southern edge of Makhtesh Ramon, Israel Mesas form by weathering and erosion of horizontally layered rocks that have been uplifted by tectonic activity. Variations in the ability of different types of rock to resist weathering and erosion cause the weaker types of rocks to be eroded away, leaving the more resistant types of rocks topographically higher than their surroundings. This process is called differential erosion. The most resistant rock types include sandstone, conglomerate, quartzite, basalt, chert, limestone, lava flows and sills.

As with most of New Zealand, the basement rocks of the Northland Region are mainly composed of greywacke (indurated sandstone), argillite, and chert, together with volcanic rocks, such as basalt pillow lava. The basement rocks are divided into a number of terranes, that are believed to have been combined together by subduction or strike-slip processes, by mid Cretaceous times (100 Ma). Murihiku Terrane rocks lies beneath the Northland Region on the western side, but do not crop out. The Murihiku Terrane was formed in Late Triassic to Late Jurassic times (220–145 Ma).

Bernal Hill, along with the other hills in the San Francisco area, is a folded hill, created by the "wrinkling up" effect of the Pacific Plate subducting under the North American Plate, when the North American and Pacific plates were converging, around 150 million years ago. Near the summit you will find folded layers of very hard rock called radiolarian chert. It is a high in silica sedimentary rock which gets its silica content from the shells of microscopic creatures called radiolaria. The red color comes from iron oxide.

The rocks of the Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone consist mainly of maroon to greyish red or purple mudstone layers which exhibit blocky weathering at exposed outcrops. The mudstones contain calcareous nodules and sheet limestones, both are indicative of a warm and seasonally arid climate, revealing the presence of paleocalcretes and carbonate precipitation respectively in playa lakes. Paleosols are also commonly found in the mudstones, which indicates a lack of deposition for long periods of time. In some deposits the mudstone layers contain thin chert lenses which have been attributed to silicified tuff deposits.

Chemically unsuited for growing plants, widespread serpentinite in the Klamaths supports sparse vegetation in parts of the watershed. The Josephine peridotite was a source of valuable chromium ore, mined in the region between 1917 and 1960. At the mouth of the Rogue River, along the coast of Curry County, is the Otter Point Formation, a mélange of metamorphosed sedimentary rocks such as shales, sandstones, and chert. Although the rocks formed in the Jurassic, evidence suggests that they faulted north as part of the Gold Beach Terrane after the Klamaths merged with North America.

Jessop had based his initial predictions for the expected returns on the carriage of limestone from Cromford and Crich and coal from Pinxton. However, the canal itself encouraged new enterprises. The canal mostly carried coal, lead and iron ore, some extracted from inside the Butterley Tunnel. Copper was brought from as far away as Ecton Hill in Staffordshire and the canal opening the way for lead from Ecton, as well as Wirksworth to be taken to the Lead Market at Hull and chert from Bakewell to the Potteries.

The formation reaches its greatest thickness in the Sublett Range in the Paleozoic cordilleran structural basin of southern Idaho. Within the basin the formation consists of a basal phosphorite overlain by a thick sequence of chert and cherty sandstone. To the east in western Wyoming the Phosphoria gradually decreases in thickness and is intertongued with carbonate rocks of the Park City Formation and redbed sandstones of the Chugwater Formation of Permian to Triassic age. The Phosphoria units extend into the Wind River Mountains and pinch out in the Green Mountains to the east.

The Lake Zot Dolerite is similar to the Defiance Dolerite and other regionally important subvolcanic doleritic sill complexes throughout the Yilgarn Craton. Within the Widgiemooltha Dome area, the Lake Zot Dolerite can attain greater than thickness and is intrusive into the hangingwall basalt and Widgiemooltha Chert above the Widgiemooltha Komatiite. The dolerite is coarse grained in the main, often equigranular and holocrystalline although porphyritic areas are known and chilled margins and occasional compositional variations are noted. It is often epidotised, carbonated and sodium metasomatised in proximity to major structures.

Its component, the North Slope subterrane underlies the Yukon's British Mountains, extends north into the Beaufort Sea and extends as far south as the Porcupine River. The exotic origins of the terrane remain unclear, although it is proposed to have developed between Siberia and Laurentia and likely collided in the Devonian. It has thick layers of siltstone, slate, chert and limestone from the Neoproterozoic to the Devonian which form the core of the British Mountains. Deposited on the Franklinian margin, the oldest are overlain by sandstone and silt in the Cambrian Neruokpuk Formation.

The Cache Creek terrane is near the center and is the remains of oceanic crust, in the form of basalt, argillite, chert, gabbro, various ultramafic rocks and limestone dating from the Pennsylvanian to the Jurassic. The Yukon-Tanana and Slide Mountain terranes accreted between the Devonian and the Triassic. The Snowcap Assemblage metamorphosed sedimentary and volcanic rocks of the Yukon-Tanana terrane is overlain by Finlayson, Klinkit and Klondike metavolcanic and metasedimentary rocks. The Snowcap Assemblage and even some overlying rocks are intruded with Devonian-Mississippian granodiorite, tonalite and granite.

The Clampitt site shows evidence of multicomponent habitation from the Paleo Indian period through the Oliver Phase in the Terminal Woodland period. The site was documented in archaeological literature beginning with the first county archaeological survey done in Indiana by E.Y. Guernsey in 1924, where he mentioned investigating the site and finding ceramic sherds and chert on the surface.Guernsey, E.Y. 1924 Archaeological Survey of Lawrence County Indiana History Bulletin, Indianapolis, p.29. Guernsey, as well as several local residents, later described finding concave-based, fluted points on or near the site.

Near Merrill are metamorphosed ultramafic and mafic intrusive rocks with a distinctive magnetic signature. From 1.7 to 1.6 billion years ago granite and rhyolite emplaced in south-central Wisconsin. The Baraboo and Waterloo Quartzite in the south and the Barron Quartzite in the northwest are slightly younger, along with the slate, dolomite, conglomerate and chert included in Wolf River rocks at Rib Mountain, Mosinee Hill and the McCaslin Quartzites. The Wolf River Batholith spans from Glade County in the north to the northern part of Portage County in the south.

Although an exact impact site has not been found, geologists have suggested a possible location in the Timpahute Range in southern Lincoln County, near Rachel, Nevada. Based on the distribution of debris, estimates suggest a crater one mile deep and 30 miles in diameter. Terranes continued to accrete, driving the Humboldt orogeny, first recognized in rocks in the Pinon Range in 1977, and Permian-Triassic Sonoma orogeny. During the Sonomo orogeny, the Golconda allochthon, a thick sequence of metamorphosed basalt, siltstone, shale, chert and limestone, was thrust on top of the Antler overlap sequence.

There are small populations of steenbok, rabbits, hares, aardvarks, porcupines and jackals along with dwarf bushes, grasses and seasonal flowering annuals. The ground is covered with thin, weakly developed, lime-rich sandy gravel soils above Dwyka and Ecca sandstones, silts and shales of the Karoo Supergroup. Rock components at the site are mostly quartzites and extends to banded ironstone, jasper and chert towards the Doringberge and the Orange River valley. The biggest pan at the site is broadly kidney-shaped in plan, 250 m long by 150 m wide.

Outcrops of the resulting Shoo Fly Complex (made of schists and gneisses) and younger Calaveras Complex (a mélange of shale, siltstone, and chert with mafic inclusions) are now found in the western side of the park. Later volcanism in the Jurassic intruded and covered these rocks in what may have been magmatic activity associated with the early stages of the creation of the Sierra Nevada Batholith. 95% of these rocks were eventually removed by uplifted-accelerated erosion. Most of the remaining rocks are exposed as 'roof pendants' in the eastern metamorphic zone.

By 1930, the highway was indicated to have a "hard surface" in Mobile and Citronelle; a gravel/chert or a sand- clay/topsoil surface from Mobile to Citronelle; and "graded" from Citronelle to the Mississippi state line. Later that year, the entire Mobile County segment was indicated to have a "hard surface". The entire Washington County segment was indicated to have been graded. By the end of 1934, US 43, along with SR 5 were designated in Mobile, but the state maps are unclear as to whether they traveled concurrently with US 45/SR 57.

The United States Environmental Protection Agency and the World Wildlife Fund have designated the Flint Hills as an ecoregion, distinct from other grasslands of the Great Plains. Beginning in the mid-19th century, homesteaders displaced the American Indians in the Flint Hills. Due to shallow outcroppings of limestone and chert that lay just underneath the soil surface, corn and wheat farming were not practical over much of the area since plowing the land wasn't feasible. For this reason, cattle ranching became the main agricultural activity in the region.

At around 400 million years old, the Rhynie chert contains an assemblage of fossil plants preserved in sufficient detail that mycorrhizas have been observed in the stems of Aglaophyton major. Mycorrhizas are present in 92% of plant families studied (80% of species), with arbuscular mycorrhizas being the ancestral and predominant form, and the most prevalent symbiotic association found in the plant kingdom. The structure of arbuscular mycorrhizas has been highly conserved since their first appearance in the fossil record, with both the development of ectomycorrhizas, and the loss of mycorrhizas, evolving convergently on multiple occasions.

The age-old touchstone method is particularly suited to the testing of very valuable pieces, for which sampling by destructive means, such as scraping, cutting or drilling is unacceptable. A rubbing of the item is made on a special stone, treated with acids and the resulting color compared to references. Red radiolarian chert or black siliceous slate were used to view the resultant treated streak of the sample. Differences in precious metal content as small as 10 to 20 parts per thousand can often be established with confidence by the test.

The Axios Zone, also known as the Vardar Zone, represents the closing of the Axios Ocean and separates the Pelagonian zone from the Serbo-Macedonian Massif. Clastic sediments from the Paleozoic and Mesozoic ophiolites and sediments are common. Geologists subdivide it into the calc-schists, granite, diabase, chert and ophiolite of the Paeonias subzone and the acidic volcanic rocks and limestone of the Triassic-Jurassic Paikon subzone (an old island arc). The silicified ophiolites of the Almopias subzone, bordering the Pelagonian zone to the northeast represents an old ocean trench.

Conodont fossils in the Narooma Chert prove the age of the terrane to be from late Cambrian to middle Ordovician. The Narooma Terrane exposure is between Narooma and Eurobodalla and also between Burewarra Point and Durras around Batemans Bay on the south coast of New South Wales. The western parts under New South Wales and Queensland are mostly heavily weathered and or covered in younger sediments of the Great Artesian Basin or Great Australian Basin and Murray- Darling Basin. The underlying structure can still be explored through magnetic, gravity and seismic geophysical measurements.

Lastly, in 1914, Walcott reported "minute cells and chains of cell- like bodies" belonging to Precambrian purple bacteria.Walcott's contributions are described by J. William Schopf (1999) on pages 23 to 31. Another good source is E. L. Yochelson (1997), Charles Doolittle Walcott: Paleontologist (Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press). Later 20th-century paleobiologists have also figured prominently in finding Archaean and Proterozoic eon microfossils: In 1954, Stanley A. Tyler and Elso S. Barghoorn described 2.1 billion-year-old cyanobacteria and fungi-like microflora at their Gunflint Chert fossil site.

In 1970, Theodor Verhoeven and Johannes Maringer were the first to associate the remains of Stegodon florensis with stone artefacts, linking these together as evidence of early hominin colonization of Flores, a feat that requires crossing the open sea. A 1994 excavation yielded 45 lithic elements, consisting mostly of basalt and chert, with several being classified as artefacts. The fossil remains of Stegodon florensis, Hooijeromys nusatenggara, crocodile and freshwater mollusk were also discovered. The 1994 excavation yielded a dating of around 730,000 BP. The 2004-2006 excavation yielded the remains of 487 lithic artefacts.

However, both of these other fern families float freely on the surface of ponds or lakes instead of rooting in soil or mud. The close relationship of these groups to the Marsileaceae is supported by both morphologic and molecular analysis, as well as by the discovery of an intermediate fossil named Hydropteris. In general, the Salviniaceae and Azollaceae have a much better fossil record than the Marsileaceae. Until recently, Rodeites dakshinii was the oldest fossil member known; it is a preserved sporocarp containing spores, found in Tertiary chert of India.

Most of the burned bones came from animals that remain extant in Florida, but some were from a mammoth, from the extinct armadillo Dasypus bellus, a paleolama, and a horse. Some burned bones were also from either a coyote (a species that after dying out at the end of the Pleistocene, has returned to Florida only in the last century) or a domestic dog. Artifacts recovered from the same layers include marine shells modified as tools, and a number of stone tools. Both local limestone and imported chert were used for tools.

There is evidence of settlement in the Bristol area from the palaeolithic era, with 60,000-year-old archaeological finds at Shirehampton and St Annes. Stone tools made from flint, chert, sandstone and quartzite have been found in terraces of the River Avon, most notably in the neighbourhoods of Shirehampton and Pill. There are Iron Age hill forts near the city, at Leigh Woods and Clifton Down on either side of the Avon Gorge, and at Kingsweston, near Henbury. Bristol was at that time part of the territory of the Dobunni.

Large Mesolithic flint-chipping sites, where flints washed up from the Irish Sea were worked into tools, have been found at Eskmeals, near Ravenglass on the west coast, and at Walney in the south. At Williamson's Moss in the Eskmeals area, Bonsall discovered 34,000 pieces of worked flint (pebble flint), chert and tuff, plus wooden raft-like structures that suggest permanent or semi-permanent settlement by the wandering hunter-gatherer population. Over 30,000 artefacts were discovered at Monk Moors, also part of the Eskmeals raised shoreline area.Bonsall, 1981, quoted by Barrowclough, p. 64.

Court Hill () is a 10.45 hectare geological Site of Special Scientific Interest near the town of Clevedon, North Somerset, England; notified in 1997. It is a Geological Conservation Review Site because it is the only example in southern England of an ice marginal col-gully cut by glacial meltwater and infilled by a variety of glacial sediments. The Pleistocene deposits include gravels, boulder-beds, sands, and till, overlain by cover sands with erratics of flint and Greensand chert. It has also yielded a number of Jurassic and Cretaceous foraminifera (micro fossils).

Significant traces of Mesolithic inhabitation have been found around the lakeshore, with hundreds of stone tools collected. In total almost 1000 stone tools were collected during a set of surveys by Killian Driscoll, and 95% were formed on silicified dolomite, which outcrops locally. The remaining 5% were formed from flint, chert and quartz, along with the shale/mudstone and basalt ground/polished axes. The majority of the stone tools are characteristic of the Later Mesolithic, with possible evidence for the Early Mesolithic and limited evidence for Neolithic activity.

Although it does not contain the highest peak, the Courtois Hills has most rugged terrain and steepest average slopes of any region of the Missouri Ozarks. It, and the community Courtois, are named after Courtois Creek (pronounced "Cote-o-way" or "Curt-o-way"), one of many waterways flowing through a narrow and steep-sided valley separated by sharp ridges. The region was named after this Crawford County creek because it was one of the earliest settled valleys. The area contains significant outcropping of limestone, ridges of chert.

The silicate cementation makes the opaline sandstone denser and harder than any other local stone, and it has been quarried as ballast, road gravel, and dam outflow rip-rap (e.g., Cedar Bluff Reservoir, Sherman Dam). The opaline sandstone sandstone has had limited use in construction, and example being the structures in the city park of Hill City, Kansas. Beds of flint or chert can be found higher in the Valentine and the weathered Niobrara Chalk is also silicified where there is contact with these beds in the Valentine.

Sample of fossiliferous limestone Fossiliferous limestone is any type of limestone, made mostly of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in the form of the minerals calcite or aragonite, that contains an abundance of fossils or fossil traces. The fossils in these rocks may be of macroscopic or microscopic size. The sort of macroscopic fossils often include crinoid stems, brachiopods, gastropods, and other hard shelled mollusk remains. In some cases, microfossils such as siliceous diatom shells in deposition may convert over time to opal and chert, providing the only inferred evidence of bioactivity preserved in limestone.

The Deseret Limestone, also known as the Pine Canyon Formation, is a geologic formation in Utah. It preserves marine fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period or Mississippian age. It was formed by the Panthalassa ocean around 340 Ma. Fossils are mostly of tabulate and rugose corals, and other marine invertebrates; vertebrates are represented by conodonts. The Deseret is a 500-foot thick layer of dolomitic limestone with chert, with a basal layer of black shale that is host rock for many Utah caves such as Timpanogos Cave National Monument.

It was formed above sea level from sediments carried by heavily laden rivers flowing from the eroding uplifts of the Sevier orogeny several tens of millions of years before the Rocky Mountains rose. It is particularly noted for abundant brown chert pebbles washed in from the uplifted Permian rock far to the west. Detrital zircon geochronology of the Lytle Formation in the Raton Basin suggests a late Jurassic age for this unit. However, it is possible that the lack of younger zircons reflects a hiatus in deposition of airfall material.

St Catherine's Down and Knowles Farm The beach is composed predominantly of sandstone, chalk and chert boulders (which are around 90 to 110 million years old) which are rich in fossils. The bay is best accessed from the car park about to the north or from the road that leads to the lighthouse but will involve a hike over rough terrain. The name of the bay may have come from that of a sloop lost there in 1755. The bay was home to a boathouse from the mid 19th century to early 20th century.

Ping Chau is unique in the fact that it is the only sizeable island in Hong Kong made up of sedimentary rock. Hong Kong is mostly formed of extrusive igneous rocks, after a series of major volcanoes erupted during the Jurassic Period. Following the volcanic activity, a basin formed in the northeast, with deposition in a brackish lake—producing the siltstones and chert of Tung Ping Chau, which have been dated from the early Paleogene period. It is also home to some spectacular cliffs and wave-cut platforms.

Looking upstream from 26 Mile Bridge in British Columbia, Canada The river takes its name from the Skagit tribe, a name used by Europeans and Americans for two distinct Native American peoples, the Upper Skagit and Lower Skagit. Native people have lived along the Skagit for thousands of years. Archaeological evidence indicates that ancestors of the Upper Skagit tribe lived in the area now called Ross Lake National Recreation Area at least 8,000 years ago. They quarried chert from Hozomeen Mountain to make blades, which were used across a wide trading area.

Most rocks that outcrop on the surface on Bahrain Island and the Huwar Islands date to the Eocene in the Cenozoic. The rimrock of Eocene limestone forms a ring around the main island, with cliffs up to 30.5 meters (100 feet) tall and wind erosion features are common. An angular unconformity separates middle Eocene rocks from sandier Miocene rocks. The Rus Formation is 56.1 meters thick, encompassing the Ad Damman area in Saudi Arabia and is exposed in central Bahrain as limestone with chert and chalk layers along with quartz geodes.

Animal remains from the cave show that its early inhabitants had a diet of bushpig, warthog, zebra and buffalo. Raw materials used in the making of artifacts include chert, rhyolite, quartz, and chalcedony, as well as bone, wood and ostrich egg shells. The west-facing cave, which is near Ingwavuma, is located about 100 m below the crest of the Lebombo range and commands sweeping views of the Swazi countryside below. It is semi-circular in horizontal section, some 40 m across, and formed in Jurassic lavas as a result of differential weathering.

The host rocks are mainly volcanic, with the felsic volcanic rocks pointing to a convergent setting such as an island arc or orogenic belt. Minor sedimentary beds such as chert and slate are found in VMS deposits and they indicate marine deposition, below the wave base. VMS deposits formed on the seafloor, in the same way that modern seafloor smokers are forming today. The most recent compilations of VMS deposits on land include about 1,100 deposits in more than 50 countries and 150 different mining camps or districts.

Forming the west central border of the Ozarks from Missouri through Kansas and into Oklahoma are the Spring River and its tributary, Center Creek. Grand Falls, Missouri's largest natural waterfall, a chert outcropping, includes bluffs and glades on Shoal Creek south of Joplin. All these river systems see heavy recreational use in season, including the Elk River in southwestern Missouri and its tributary Big Sugar Creek. Ozark rivers and streams are typically clear water, with baseflows sustained by many seeps and springs, and flow through forests along limestone and dolomite bluffs.

A large collection of Mill Creek chert stone tools were also found at the site. Several exotic pottery samples were found with the burials. These include several examples of owl effigy stirrup necked and hooded bottles and a partial set of conjoined bottles, all thought to have come from or been inspired by ceramics from the Central Mississippi Valley area. One child burial had parts of two owl wings adding up to a complete right carpometacarpus of a Snowy owl placed beside the arms of the child when the body was interred.

Thin interbedded sedimentary units that have silicified into impure chert mark breaks that have resulted from eruptive activity. This group ranges in age from >3547 to ~3260 Ma and is over 10 km thick. The Fig Tree Group was deposited between ~3260 and 3225 Ma. It is defined as a transitional unit of interlayered volcanic clasts and land derived sediments that were eroded from the underlying greenstone succession. The Moodies Group, post-3225 Ma, is a combination of sandstone and conglomerate originating from the erosion of the underlying greenstone unit and the uplifted plutonic rocks.

The base of the Arapahoe Formation is marked by a discontinuous conglomerate, or where the conglomerate is absent, by sandstone beds that commonly contain large ironstone concretions. The conglomerate is composed principally of chert pebbles, but pebbles of granite, gneiss and schist are also present. Medium grey to brown claystone makes up the majority of the formation, with lesser amounts of light grey to light brown quartzose sandstone. The formation top is marked by a change from sandstone and claystone to the tuffaceous sediments of the overlying Denver Formation.

Christian R. Tryon and Anthony R. Philpotts (1997), Possible Sources of Mylonite and Hornfels Debitage From the Cooper Site, Lyme, Connecticut, Bulletin of the Archaeological Society of Connecticut 60, pages 3-12 Finds at the site have been dated as far back as c. 500 CE, and include narrow-stemmed projectile points, most of which were made from local quartz, but also from more distant chert and hornfels, some which is from quarries as far off as New Jersey. Pottery finds include fragments with dentate stamping. The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.

Map of the island. Artifacts from as far back as the Middle Archaic period, 7,000 years ago, have been found, such as an Otter Creek projectile made from Onondaga chert. The remains of ancient pottery, tools, and hunting implements that have been found on Beausoleil have enabled archaeologists to determine that the island was, in all probability, used as a summer camp by early hunting and gathering cultures. These include primarily a Middle Woodland site occupied by the Point Peninsula and Saugeen groups (2,400-1,300 years ago), and the Algonkian speaking Odawa (or Ottawa) of the Late Woodland Period (600–400 years ago).

Rocks commonly found in the Trinity River area include gabbro, chert, granite, diorite, limestone, sandstone, serpentine, schist and marble. Gold-bearing quartz veins are widespread in local metamorphic rock formations; the richness of the area made it among the focal points of the California Gold Rush. Trinity Alps west of Trinity Lake The Klamath Mountains, which make up the eastern part of the watershed are quite young in geologic terms, no more than 2 or 3 million years old. The present shape of the mountains was highly influenced by underground volcanic activity, which created batholiths, domes of igneous rock formed by cooled magma.

Saga of Old City was the first novel to feature Gord the Rogue. Saga of Old City starts in Gord's childhood, and ends with his triumphant return to Greyhawk City as a young man and master thief. He learns his trade in the 'beggars' guild', and gets involved in the gang war touched off by the beggars encroaching on the official thieves' guild's territory. He travels and has a variety of swashbuckling adventures, ranging from participating in a war, to liberating a young noblewoman held hostage, to defeating a demon with a druid, Curley Greenleaf, and a barbarian, Chert.

The Geology of the Raglan-Kawhia AreaGeology of the Raglan-Kawhia Area: Institute of Geological & Nuclear Sciences (N.Z.), Barry Clayton Waterhouse, P. J. White 1994 says, "The N-striking faults are evidenced by trends of the Tasman Sea coastline and probably by stream drainages such as that of the Opotoru River c 6 km E of Karioi summit." and "The base, consisting of interbedded conglomerate, sandstone, and locally siltstone, is strongly unconformable on Te Kuiti Group rocks south of Raglan at the Opotoru River estuary (R 14/751741)". Chert is found beside a tributary at Te Mata and pebbles have been found downstream.

The sea stacks along the coast at Goat Rock Beach consist of rocks from the Franciscan Complex, formed within an era of plate collision along the western coast of North America. From about 200 to 30 million years ago, the North American Plate was in continual collision with the Farallon Plate.Bay Nature, Winter 2001 A variety of rock types resulted from this collision, including pillow basalt, chert, and marine sandstone. During the plate collisions, these rocks were considerably faulted and crushed into melange, which is a mixture of ground-up matrix and resistant pockets of rock floating within.

The landscape of the Durness area is a stark contrast to the surrounding areas due to a down-faulted, isolated wedge of Cambro-Ordovician Durness Group carbonates, also historically (and often now informally) known as the 'Durness Limestone'. Although the unit outcrops as far south as Skye, the full sequence can only be seen in the Durness area, hence the name of the unit. This thick sequence (c. ) of dolomites with subordinate limestones and chert is softer than the surrounding hills which are formed of more resistant Lewisian Gneiss or Torridonian sandstones, sometimes capped by Cambrian Quartzite.

Hematitic banded-iron formation specimen from Michigan's Upper Peninsula; Scale bar is 5.0 mm Oceanic sediments associated with the last stage of the Great Lakes tectonic zone contain the banded-iron formations. Banded-iron formations are iron formations which formed about 2,000 million years ago and were first described in the Lake Superior region. They are characterized by interlayers - bands - of iron minerals and chert (quartz). These sediments were laid down for two hundred million years and extend intermittently along roughly the same trend as the Great Lakes tectonic zone, from Minnesota into eastern Canada, and through upper Wisconsin and Michigan.

These iron compounds precipitated from the sea water in varying proportions with chert, producing banded-iron formations. Banded-iron formations occur in several ranges around the margins of this basin, five of which contained sufficient concentrations of iron to be economically mined. These banded-iron formations have been one of the world's greatest sources of iron ore since mining began in the area during the late 19th century. Major iron formations in different parts of the basin represent either nearly contemporaneous shelf sedimentation on either side of the main basin, or deposits formed simultaneously in isolated sub-basins of the main basin.

The species is found from in elevation, primarily on thin soils composed of chert and shale. The plants are found in manzanita chaparral habitat of the montane chaparral and woodlands ecosystem, and is frequently surrounded by oak woodlands and other chaparral shrubs. ;Endemism Arctostaphylos pallida is known from approximately 13 populations in Alameda and Contra Costa counties.The Nature Conservancy The two largest populations, which are owned by the East Bay Regional Park District, are located at Huckleberry Ridge—Huckleberry Botanic Regional Preserve in Alameda and Contra Costa Counties and at Sobrante Ridge Regional Park in Contra Costa County.

The lowest unit is the Ghrudaidh Formation, followed by the Eliean Dubh Formation the Sailmhor Formation and the Sangomore Formation, all consisting of dolomites with chert. The two main exposures of Cambro-Ordovician sediments are the "Ord Window" (a gap in the Kishorn Thrust sheet through which the sequence beneath the thrust can be seen) on the northern coast of Sleat and the area between Broadford and Loch Slapin. These beds are affected by thrusting in both areas and by contact metamorphism from Palaeogene granite intrusions in the northern outcrop, locally forming marble, such as at Torrin.

A rich diversity of fungi is known from the lower Devonian Rhynie chert; an earlier record is absent. Since fungi do not biomineralise, they do not readily enter the fossil record; there are only three claims of early fungi. One from the Ordovician has been dismissed on the grounds that it lacks any distinctly fungal features, and is held by many to be contamination; the position of a "probable" Proterozoic fungus is still not established, and it may represent a stem group fungus. There is also a case for a fungal affinity for the enigmatic microfossil Ornatifilum.

Possibly a quarter (approximately 98,000 ounces) of all the gold recovered from the Ruby district before 1960 came from Poorman Creek. Most work on Poorman Creek was done near to the town of Poorman. Rhyolite porphyry (the host rock of Donlin and other important hardrock gold deposits) is reported to underlie the creek locally. Bedrock surrounding Poorman Creek is Paleozoic phyllite and quartzite, but the stream flows within 2 miles of the Poorman fault, a major tectonic feature juxtaposing Innoko terrane chert and slate with the Ruby terrane phyllite, quartzite, marble, limestone, and Tertiary volcanic rocks.

Hammerstones are or were used to produce flakes and hand axes as well as more specialist tools from materials such as flint and chert. They were applied to the edges of such stones so that the impact forces caused brittle fractures, and loss of flakes for example. They were also widely used to reduce the bulk of other hard stones such as jade, jadeite and hornstone to make polished stone tools. A good example is the hornstone found in the English Lake District used to make polished axes during the early Neolithic period, and known as the Langdale axe industry.

However, Morrás and colleagues (2009) have argued that stonelayers in these soils are basal components of soil biomantles. After World War II, the stonelayer was given new names, “carpedolith,” “chert-line,” “nappes de gravats,” “lit de cailloux d’epaisseur,” “concentration de quartz,” “linea de piedras,” “nodular layer,” “stiensohle,” “biogenic marker horizon,” “gravel horizon,” and “pedisediment,” among others. The common presence in them of human artifacts, precious-semiprecious stones (diamonds, emeralds, etc.) and metals (gold, silver, tin, etc.) has piqued the interest of geologists, geographers, archaeologists, mining specialists, and engineers (Aleva 1983, 1987; Brink 1985; Brink et al. 1982; Johnson et al.

Stone has been used to make a wide variety of different tools throughout history, including arrow heads, spearpoints and querns. Stone tools may be made of either ground stone or chipped stone, and a person who creates tools out of the latter is known as a flintknapper. Chipped stone tools are made from cryptocrystalline materials such as chert or flint, radiolarite, chalcedony, obsidian, basalt, and quartzite via a process known as lithic reduction. One simple form of reduction is to strike stone flakes from a nucleus (core) of material using a hammerstone or similar hard hammer fabricator.

Rose Island was being used by hunter-gatherers on a seasonal basis by 6000 BC, and possibly as early as 7500 BC (the Icehouse Bottom site, which yielded material dating to 7500 BC, was located just over north of Rose Island). These early inhabitants probably made use of the chert outcroppings found in the surrounding hills. Rose Island also saw a period of significant occupation from approximately 350 BC through 100 AD, during the Woodland period.Chapman, pp.273-274 Archaic period artifacts found on Rose Island include notched and stemmed projectile points, splintered wedges, various ground stone artifacts, and a drill.

The John Quill at Webb's Landing in Demopolis in 1912. The struggle to rebuild the economy of Demopolis and the surrounding region continued into the 20th century. The growing, trading, and milling of cotton continued to be a major basis of the economy up until the World War I-era. The boll weevil infestations of the 1920s and the Great Depression of the 1930s finally ended the one-crop farming system. Demopolis had electric lights, water works and a sewerage system, chert-covered streets, paved sidewalks, and a fire department by the second decade of the 20th century.

Cultural materials and features uncovered from Stratum IV and Stratum V (which correlate to the Eva culture) include mussel shells, fire-cracked rocks, flint chips, antler tools, projectile points, and animal bones (mostly deer). Using radiocarbon testing, an antler section uncovered from Stratum IV was dated to roughly 5200 BC. A pile of chert projectile point blanks and the relatively large number of tools might indicate the location of a workshop.Lewis and Lewis 1961, p. 13-17. Very little cultural material was uncovered from Stratum III, indicating a significant gap between the Eva occupation and the Three Mile occupation.

Not all coastal sites were necessarily occupied primarily as settlements, instead acting as de facto ports of trade because of their strategic locations at river mouths. The major trade site of Moho Cay in southern Belize is one such specific port, where high quality chert and obsidian from interior obsidian outcrops in the Guatemalan highlands was amassed for distribution down the Belize River to large cities, like Tikal, during the Classic Period.Healy, P. F., et al. (1984). "Analysis of obsidian from Moho Cay, Belize: New evidence on Classic Maya trade routes." Science 225(4660): 414-417.

Both terrance shows episodic deposition of volcanic Tonalite- Trondhjemite-Granodiorite TTG. And in TTG yielded an age between 3720 and 3710 Ma, composition of these relatively juvenile igneous rock shows that it is from partial melting of eclogitized mafic material, with high magnesium but low silica content. Partial melting of a subduction-indicating rock shows that the environment was a convergent plate boundary or a subduction zone setting. A thin layer of metasedimentary unit derived mainly from Banded Iron Formation, chert and carbonate rocks is believed to be the dividing unit of 3.8 Ga region and 3.7 region.

It is exceptional due to its preservation of several different clades of plants, from mosses and lycophytes to more unusual, problematic forms. Many fossil animals, including arthropods and arachnids, are also found in the Rhynie Chert, and it offers a unique window on the history of early terrestrial life. Plant-derived macrofossils become abundant in the Late Devonian and include tree trunks, fronds, and roots. The earliest tree was thought to be Archaeopteris, which bears simple, fern-like leaves spirally arranged on branches atop a conifer-like trunk (), though it is now known to be the recently discovered Wattieza.

Harappan engineers followed the decimal division of measurement for all practical purposes, including the measurement of mass as revealed by their hexahedron weights. Harappan weights found in the Indus Valley. These chert weights were in a ratio of 5:2:1 with weights of 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, and 500 units, with each unit weighing approximately 28 grams, similar to the English Imperial ounce or Greek uncia, and smaller objects were weighed in similar ratios with the units of 0.871 . However, as in other cultures, actual weights were not uniform throughout the area.

James William Schopf (born September 27, 1941) is an American paleobiologist and professor of earth sciences at the University of California Los Angeles. He is also Director of the Center for the Study of Evolution and the Origin of Life, and a member of the Department of Earth and Space Sciences, the Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, and the Molecular Biology Institute at UCLA. He is most well known for his study of Precambrian prokaryotic life in Australia's Apex chert. Schopf has published extensively in the peer reviewed literature about the origins of life on Earth.

In some charophyte groups, such as the Zygnematophyceae or conjugating green algae, flagella are absent and sexual reproduction does not involve free-swimming flagellate sperm. Flagellate sperm, however, are found in stoneworts (Charales) and Coleochaetales, orders of parenchymatous charophytes that are the closest relatives of the land plants, where flagellate sperm are also present in all except the conifers and flowering plants. Fossil stoneworts of early Devonian age that are similar to those of the present day have been described from the Rhynie chert of Scotland.Somewhat different charophytes have also been collected from the Late Devonian (Famennian) Waterloo Farm lagerstätte of South Africa.

Chert tools from the area have been identified at 18 sites from Manukau South Head to Awakino. European settlement began in the 1850s. The Raglan County history said, "On 22 March 1851, eighteen chiefs of Ngati-Mahanga and Ngati-Hourua, headed by William Naylor, sold to Queen Victoria for the sum of £400 (modern equivalent about $50,000)", of country bordering on the southern shores of the harbour. The western boundary of the Whaingaroa Block, as it came to be known, began at Putoetoe (the point on which the town of Raglan now stands) and followed the Opotoru Stream inland.

The composition of alite rich in CaO (71.6 wt. %) and relatively poor in SiO2 (25.2 wt. %) (see the hereabove table) may help to understand why in particular conditions, if a sufficiently high temperature is reached in a lime kiln during enough time, alite can also be directly formed by pyrolizing only siliceous limestone (containing amorphous SiO2 impurities up to 25 – 30 wt. %). Hydraulic mortar or pre-Portland cement may have been occasionally produced on a small scale in this way during the medieval epoch in locations where limestone was cemented by amorphous silica or contained chert nodules or a lot of clay impurities.

On the Osa Peninsula, the Nicoya Complex preserves oceanic crust with basaltic lava, dolerite, gabbro, limestone, chert and argillite, obducted onto land before the Oligocene and then rearranged by Miocene wrench faults. In the Neogene the low angle subduction of the Cocos Plate led to volcanism in the now extinct Cordillera de Aguacate chain in the center of the country. The Valle Central basin formed as volcanism shifted northeastward in the Quaternary. In the Pleistocene, calderas ejected huge quantities of silica-rich ash, filling the Valle Central basin, affecting the Tarcoles Gorge and generating the Orotina debris fan at the coast.

The coroner and Native American Heritage Commission were contacted, and the anthropology department of UC Davis was called in to recover the unearthed artifacts. For six days, volunteers, UC Davis undergraduate students and professors, spent 240 hours on-site collecting materials and studying the dig. Along with arrowheads, spear points, cutting tools, beads, animal and human skeletal remains, excavators uncovered delicate chert drills - an important discovery because they are believed to have been used to perforate marine clam shells to make beads, which became their currency. The anthropology department was responsible for finding the most likely descendants of the remains found.

These rocks and others in the north such as rhyolite, dacite, basaltic andesite, granodiorite and quartz diorite indicate that the region was a separate magmatic arc until 20 million years ago. In the south, pre-collision basement rocks include radiolarian chert, pillow basalt and diabase. Complex faulting and folding formed the Chucunaque-Tuira Basin includes three kilometers of sediments from the Miocene deposited during the collision with South America. Offshore of Colombia and western Panama, the Panama Basin formed between 27 and eight million years ago due to asymmetric seafloor spreading between the Nazca and Cocos plates.

After the breakup of Rodinia, southern and eastern Nevada remained as a passive margin on the western edge of the proto-North American continent of Laurentia. Up to 20,000 feet of sediment accumulated along the new margin as it subsided, building up thick layers of sandstone, siltstone, limestone and dolomite. The Monitor, Egan, Schell Creek and Arrow Canyon ranges in the east are dominated by limestone and dolomite formed during 400 million years of marine conditions. Central Nevada by contrast, preserves shale, siltstone and chert formed under deep water conditions as fine ooze settled into deep water offshore.

The overlying Pipe Rock Member is a distinctive quartz arenite with many white weathering skolithos trace fossils that act as strain markers in areas of more ductile deformation. The uppermost two parts of the Ardvreck Group form the An t-Sron Formation, with the dolomitic Fucoid Beds Member being overlain by the quartz arenites of the Salterella Grit Member. The succeeding Durness Group consists mainly of dolomites, with some limestone and chert. The distinctive character of this sequence enabled detailed mapping, even in areas of relatively poor exposure and allowed sections repeated by thrusting to be recognised.

The geology of the Blackdown Hills together with the adjoining East Devon AONB is unique in south-west England, forming part of the only extensive outcrop of Upper Greensand in the region. The Blackdown Hills form a flat plateau dominated by hard chert bands, made up of clay with flints, of Upper Greensand with some remnants of chalk. The Cretaceous rocks rest over eroded Jurassic and Triassic beds, with an outcrop of Rhaetian beds. In the western areas the Upper Greensand is devoid of calcareous material but the sands yield fossils of marine bivalves and gastropods (snails) preserved in silica.

Subsequently, the location of N-S trending spreading ridges relative to the Pacific Basin migrated progressively to the east throughout Cretaceous and Tertiary time, resulting in the present marked asymmetry of the Pacific, with very young seafloor in the Eastern Pacific and very old seafloor in the Western Pacific. Sediments being delivered to the IBM trench are not thick considering that this some of Earth's oldest seafloor. Away from seamounts, the pelagic sequence is dominated by chert and pelagic clay, with little carbonate. Carbonates are important near guyots, common in the southern part of the region.

Sample 19529 contained lipids from a ruminant herbivore and plant material from seeds, indicating that bones from more than one species of animal fueled the fire of early Swan Point occupation hearths. The lithics in the earliest levels at Swan yielded microblades, which were not found at nearby Broken Mammoth and Meade sites. Lithics of this time period include bifacial tools, blade and microblades, choppers and scrapers of varying size; tools made of ivory are also present. Carbon residue of a chert platform rejuvenation flake has been radiocarbon dated to 13,800 B.P. an indication over the age of the pre Terminal Pleistocene lithics.

In front of the steps up to the Schüssel observation pavilion are the remains of a wall, part of a late Romanesque chapel which belonged to the castle of Ostburg. At the northeastern foot of the Schüssel rock are the remains of the Ostburg itself, built in 1100, but abandoned in 1300 when the new Westburg castle was constructed. The walls of the former keep are still visible on the Schüssel rocks. During excavations several stone-age micro-blades, scrapers, and pierced pendant fragments made of Jurassic chert, which does not occur in the Fichtelgebirge, were found.

Shale matrix mélange with clasts of sandstone and greenstone on Marshall's Beach, San Francisco The units of the Franciscan complex are aligned parallel to the active margin between the North American and Pacific plates. The Franciscan Complex is in contact with the Great Valley Sequence, which was deposited on the Coast Range Ophiolite, along its eastern side. The type area of Franciscan rocks in San Francisco consists of metagraywackes, gray claystone and shale, thin bedded ribbon chert with abundant radiolarians, altered submarine pillow basalts (greenstone) and blueschists. Broadly, the Franciscan can be divided into two groups of rocks.

BIFs have alternating layers of iron oxides and chert. BIFs only form if the water is allowed to supersaturate in dissolved iron (Fe2+) meaning there cannot be free oxygen or sulfur in the water column because it would form Fe3+ (rust) or pyrite and precipitate out of solution. Following this supersaturation, the water must become oxygenated in order for the ferric rich bands to precipitate it must still be sulfur poor otherwise pyrite would form instead of Fe3+. It has been hypothesized that BIFs formed during the initial evolution of photosynthetic organisms that had phases of population growth, causing over production of oxygen.

2.1 billion year old rock from North America showing banded iron formation, displayed in Dresden, Saxony, Germany Banded iron formations (also known as banded ironstone formations or BIFs) are distinctive units of sedimentary rock consisting of alternating layers of iron oxides and iron-poor chert. They can be up to several hundred meters in thickness and extend laterally for several hundred kilometers. Almost all of these formations are of Precambrian age and are thought to record the oxygenation of the Earth's oceans. Banded iron formations are thought to have formed in sea water as the result of oxygen production by photosynthetic cyanobacteria.

The microbands within chert layers are most likely varves produced by annual variations in oxygen production. Diurnal microbanding would require a very high rate of deposition of 2 meters per year or 5 km/Ma. Estimates of deposition rate based on various models of deposition and SHRIMP estimates of the age of associated tuff beds suggest a deposition rate in typical BIFs of 19 to 270 m/Ma, which are consistent either with annual varves or rhythmites produced by tidal cycles. Cloud proposed that mesobanding was a result of self-poisoning by early cyanobacteria as the supply of reduced iron was periodically depleted.

Limestone up to 193 meters thick marks the Upper Jurassic in central Israel, followed by the basalt Tayasir volcanic rocks, the 120 meter Kurnub Group sandstone, limestone and clay, and 670 meters Nabi Sa'id, Ein el Esad, Hidra, Rama and Kefira formation marl, chalk, sandstone and limestone from the early Cretaceous. Basalt and basanite are both exposed from the Cretaceous in the north. Limestone, dolomite, chalk and marl formed during Turonian and Santonian times, chalk and chert during the Campanian. The Mishash Formation of the same age contains similar rocks, 86 meters thick, but also phosphorite.

Chalk, marl and clay of the Mount Scopus Group formed from the Senonian into the Paleocene, in the Cenozoic. Paleogene times saw the deposition of the 150 meter Adulam Formation chert and chalk, 350 meter limestone of the Timrat, Meroz and Yizre'el formations, 100 meter Maresha Formation chalk and the similar Avedat Group and Bet Guvrin Formation—all in the Eocene. The 40 meter Lakhish Formation limestone, 230 meter, sandstone, mudstone siltstone and conglomerate of the Hordos and Umm Sabun formations and the 50 meter Ziqlaq Formation limestone deposited in the Miocene. Intermediate basalt erupted during the same time period.

They are commonly composed of a carbonate mineral such as calcite; an amorphous or microcrystalline form of silica such as chert, flint, or jasper; or an iron oxide or hydroxide such as goethite and hematite. They can also be composed of other minerals that include dolomite, ankerite, siderite, pyrite, marcasite, barite and gypsum. Although concretions often consist of a single dominant mineral, other minerals can be present depending on the environmental conditions which created them. For example, carbonate concretions, which form in response to the reduction of sulfates by bacteria, often contain minor percentages of pyrite.

The amount of lithic material suggests repeated use of the area over time, and was most frequently used during the Early Archaic and Late Archaic/Early Woodland periods. Escalation of increased contact with other groups throughout the Mid- South is suggested by the occurrence of steatite and Dover chert at the Banks I and Banks II sites indicating inter-regional trade in the Upper Duck Valley by 1000 BC.(Excavations and Testing, Normandy Reservoir Salvage Project,1974, p582) The project was reported in a number of volumes written by Dr. Charles Faulkner and Major C.R. McCollough, the project directors.

Stone served in all aspects of Polynesian life: from chopping wood to cutting and slicing food, as anchors for (canoes) and for fishing nets, for retaining the heat in a , as drills using chert, and for stone clubs. These practices, well preserved at the Wairau Bar archeological site, were typical of East Polynesian culture at the same time. Two Polynesian artefacts link early settlers to Polynesia. One, a turret shell only found in the South Pacific islands, most notably in the Society Islands, has been reworked into a small chisel found at Wairau Bar and dated to about 1300.

The weir side of the island is also the mouth of the River Chew. The weir at Pulteney Bridge, the limit of navigation on the River Avon The river then passes through Avon Valley Country Park and past Stidham Farm, another SSSI that contains Pleistocene terrace-gravels of the river. A depth of at least of sandy gravels are recorded, consisting mainly of limestone clasts, but also with Millstone Grit, Pennant Sandstone, flint, and chert clasts. The river passes under the old railway line that now forms the Avon Valley Railway, a heritage railway, before reaching Swineford Lock.

Welling Site is an archaeological site of the Paleo-Indian period, meaning the time of the earliest humans. Located in Coshocton County, Ohio, it was a site for quarrying stone in the Upper Mercer chert source area. Based upon the microwear analysis of stone tools, it is believed to be a base camp where people learned and shared Clovis tool-making techniques, ate, exchanged information, and perhaps found mates from others groups. Upper Mercer flint, Nellie West Outcrop, Coshocton County, Ohio The site is located on the eastern boundary of the town of Nellie in the Walhonding River Valley.

Middle Archaic human presence left more extensive physical remains than the Early Archaic, including a 90 square meter house floor at one site, ulu stone knives, perforators and the first evidence of a red ochre burial of a middle-aged woman, unearthed in 1977. Yellow-brow limonite soil is oxidized red hematite by fire, leaving evidence of hearths. Excavations in Westborough found pits of charred lambsquarter seeds, stored as a winter protein source, along with oak, sycamore, sweet fern, water lily, huckleberry and blackberry seeds. New England has only one native chert deposit, interbedded with limestone in Cumberland, Rhode Island.

Some plant species of the plain include thyme (sagebrush), safflower (oregano), yarrow and some species of sage and chicory. Archaeological excavations have shown that about forty thousand years ago, Neanderthal humans used natural outcrops of radiolarite or chert around this plain to make stone tools.Biglari, F., (2007) Approvisionnement et utilisation des matières premières au Paléolithique moyen dans la plaine de Kermanshah (Iran) : le cas de la Grotte Do-Ashkaft, Aires d'approvisionnement en matières premières et aires d'approvisionnement en ressources alimentaires, Approche intégrée des comportements. Proceedings of the XV UISPP World Congress (Lisbon, 4–9 September 2006) Vol.

Other items found with the Iceman were a copper axe with a yew handle, a chert-bladed knife with an ash handle and a quiver of 14 arrows with viburnum and dogwood shafts. Two of the arrows, which were broken, were tipped with flint and had fletching (stabilizing fins), while the other 12 were unfinished and untipped. The arrows were found in a quiver with what is presumed to be a bow string, an unidentified tool, and an antler tool which might have been used for sharpening arrow points. There was also an unfinished yew longbow that was long.

Senator Thomas helped appropriate additional state and public funding for the dam while also being instrumental in its legislation. Once approved and funded, Holway, the main engineer on the project and previous engineer of the nearby Spavinaw Dam, began survey and engineering work on October 25, 1937. The multiple-arch buttress design was adopted because materials were expensive at the time of the Great Depression and the limestone and chert foundation was considered "ideal" for the design. John Duncan Forsyth served as the architect for the dam and applied an Art Deco-style to it and the power house.

There is also documented trade of goods ranging from honey to quetzal feathers throughout the Maya region. The goods, which were moved and traded around the empire at long distance, include: salt, cotton mantels, slaves, quetzal feathers, flint, chert, obsidian, jade, colored shells, Honey, cacao, copper tools, and ornaments. Due to the lack of wheeled cars and use of animals, these goods traveled Maya area by the sea. Because the Maya were so skilled at producing and distributing a wide variety of goods, they built a lifestyle based on trade throughout all of Mesoamerica, which spread to many different groups of people.

Not much can be brought to light about the Gutenberg area's earliest settlers, who were nomads – hunter-gatherers – of the Old Stone Age, and they did not leave much behind for archaeologists to find. In the 1960s, however, a man named Kurt Hochgesand from Waldalgesheim discovered articles from several epochs of the Stone Age in the fields near the Butterberg. Unearthed over the years were parts of a shoe-last celt, a round scraper, flint blades, a crudely worked hoe, half and whole stone hatchets and several siliceous (perhaps chert) blades. The finds were investigated and written up in Mainz journals.

In ascending stratigraphic order, these are the Bartolo Member, which is of slope-forming shale with thin sandstone, limestone and conglomerate beds; the Amado Member, which is of bedded, cherty limestone; the Tinajas Member, which is of shale with interbedded limestone and sandstone; the Council Spring Member which is of mostly algal limestone without chert; the Burrego Member, which is of arkosic red beds and limestone; the Story Member, which is of limestone; the Del Cuerto Member, which is of arkosic red beds and limestone; and the Moya Member, which is of bedded limestone and shale.

Archaea, prokaryotic microbes, were first found in extreme environments, such as hydrothermal vents. The age of the Earth is about 4.54 billion years; the earliest undisputed evidence of life on Earth dates from at least 3.5 billion years ago. There is evidence that suggests life began as early as 4.5 billion years ago. A December 2017 report stated that 3.465-billion-year-old Australian Apex chert rocks once contained microorganisms, the earliest direct evidence of life on Earth. A 2013 publication announced the discovery of microbial mat fossils in 3.48 billion- year-old sandstone in Western Australia.

The Chuckanut Mountains were formed by the folding of the Chuckanut Formation (which is predominantly made up of layers of 55-million-year-old sandstone, conglomerate, shale, and bituminous and sub-bituminous coal) and the later Huntingdon Formation (predominantly shale and sandstone) on top, as well as an exposed section of pre-Jurassic-age phyllite. The Chuckanuts are well known for their Tertiary Period leaf fossils. In 1988, an outcrop of metamorphic phyllite, green chert, and milk quartz on Blanchard Mountain was exposed by a construction crew. The outcrop is unique for its unusually large chunks of stilpnomelane.

Among the lithic artefacts backed points dominate over scrapers and burins. Backed points are interpreted as projectile points that were affixed to arrow shafts using birch tar. The various lithic raw materials that were used for the production of stone tools were acquired locally (tertiary-aged Quartzite, Chalcedony Radiolarite) but also super-regionally, as flint from the Meuse- and southern Ruhr regions, Claystone from the Saar-Nahe Basin and Triassic chert from Saarland-Lorraine area attests to. The acquisition of these raw materials indicates high mobility of the hunter-gatherer groups, since some of these areas are up to 150 km away.

The Havallah sequence is the informal name for sequence including the Havallah Formation and other related strata. The Havallah sequence is universally associated with the Sonoma orogeny, but units of the same age range and roughly the same lithic composition, along the western and northern margins of the Havallah, are also relevant. These units include the Inskip Formation in the East Range and a series of formations in the Hot Springs Range. These units consist of basalt, felsite, bedded chert, limestone, and detrital rocks ranging from conglomerate to argillite that accumulated in a trough west of the Antler orogenic belt.

The following year, she began working at the in Eisenstadt, where she remained for six years. In 1968, Ruttkay went to work at the Vienna Museum of Natural History, initially inventorying and packaging artifacts for the Prehistoric Department. In 1970, she began archaeological investigations at near Mödling, focusing on the Neolithic development of Central Europe. That same year, she wrote a report about a New Stone Age chert mining community at Antonshöhe near Mauer, which was one of the first industrial complexes in Lower Austria and the only known deep-shaft mine in the country from the period.

Also found were chert from Kaikoura, which was commonly used for making holes, pumice from the volcanic plateau,which was used as floats and for making small handheld fire bowls and small amounts of greenstone from the West Coast which was made into two adze heads. This indicates that the Wairau Bar moa hunters travelled extensively through New Zealand exploring the land. Adze heads are associated with shaping wood, especially in the making of waka. The stone head was lashed to an L-shaped natural crook and swung so the blade struck the wood more or less horizontally.

Loubanzi is a large Phase 1 Later Iron Age site that has dated to approximately 535 - 317 years BP, the date was supported by the fact that no European trade goods were found at the site. One possible scenario, suggested by Denbow, is that Loubanzi “was an early ward or precinct on the outskirts of the larger settlement of Bouali (Bwali), the capital of the Loango kingdom described in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.” Ceramics shaped like chamber pots, as well quartzite and chert, oyster shells and fragments of iron were recovered from the site. An artist's depiction of Bwali.

According to US Natural Resources Conservation Service, Missisquoi Soil – Missisquoi is derived from the Abenaki word masipskoik, which means "where there is flint" or "where flint is". The name originates from an Abenaki chert quarry located near Missisquoi Bay on Lake Champlain.Natural Resources Conservation Service, US Department of Agriculture According to the "Commission de toponymie du Québec" (Quebec board of place names), the term "missisquoi" in Abenaki means "multitudes of water birds", which takes on this river all its meaning. The traditional indigenous variant of this toponym is "Wazowategok", meaning "to the river that turns around".

The head part of a specimen, preserved in a fragment of Rhynie Chert, was collected in 1919 by the Reverend W. Cran, who provided it to S. Hirst, S. Maulik and D.J. Scourfield. Hirst and Maulik published a report in 1926; in it they described Rhyniella praecursor, which is now known to be a springtail. Several other pieces, including the Rhyniognatha head, were also described as R. praecursor, stating the specimen to be a "supposed larval insect". The specimen was correctly identified as a different species and renamed Rhyniognatha hirsti in 1928 by entomologist Robin J. Tillyard.

At Ropar excavation, the lowest levels yielded the Harappan traits in Period 1, which falls in the proto- historic period. A major find was a steatite seal in the Indus script used for the authentication of trading goods, impression of the seal on a terracotta lump of burnt clay, chert blades, copper implements, terracotta beads, and bangles and typically standardized pottery of Indus Valley Civilization. They flourished in all the Harappan cities and townships. The dead were buried with head generally to the north and with funerary vessels as unearthed in cemetery R-37 at Harappa (Sind, Pakistan).

The geology of the area in which the Green Bridge of Wales is located is composed of a very thick layer of Carboniferous Limestone, including a certain amount of chert. Erosion has occurred over time as storm winds have battered the coast, pebbles have been dashed against the rocks, sand particles have worn away the surface, and chemical erosion has dissolved the limestone. The weakest parts of the cliff are the first to be worn away, usually the folds and small faults that are present in the rocks. This has resulted over many millennia in the creation of many unusual landforms.

Each period from the Paleozoic Era has contributed a specific lithology to the Tobosa Basin, accumulating into almost of sediment at the start of the Pennsylvanian Period (323.2–298.9 mya). The Montoya Group is the youngest rock formation in the Tobosa Basin and was formed in the Ordovician Period (485.4–443.8 mya), and sit directly on the igneous and metamorphic basement rocks. The rocks from the Montoya Group are described as light to medium grey, fine to medium grained crystalline calcareous dolomite. These rocks were sometimes inter-bedded with shale, dark grey limestone, and, less commonly, chert.

The Wolfcampian is made up primarily of grey to brown shale and fine-grained, chert-dominated, brown limestone. There are also interbedded layers of fine- grained sandstone found within the formation. The primary formation that remains from the Leonardian Age is called the Bone Spring Limestone, which reaches a max thickness of and lies directly below the Capitan Reef Complex. The Bone Spring limestone can be divided into two formations: the Victorio Peak Member, which consists of massive beds of limestone measuring up to ; and the Cutoff Shale Member, which is formed from black, platy, siliceous shale and shaley sandstone.

The Cenotaph, in Whitehall, London, is made from Portland stone Portland Stone or Portland Stone Formation is a limestone formation from the Tithonian stage of the Jurassic period quarried on the Isle of Portland, Dorset, England. The quarries are cut in beds of white-grey limestone separated by chert beds. It has been used extensively as a building stone throughout the British Isles, notably in major public buildings in London such as St Paul's Cathedral and Buckingham Palace. Portland Stone is also exported to many countries—being used for example in the United Nations headquarters building in New York City.

Well-preserved pillow lava in Marin Headlands The Marin Headlands are underlain by fascinating geological formations created by the accretion of oceanic sediments from the Pacific Plate onto the North American Plate. The process of subduction of ocean floor, followed by tectonic underplating to the underside of the over-riding plate, was first described here by Clyde Wahrhaftig in 1984. The primary rock types of the Marin Headlands include graywacke sandstone, radiolarian chert, serpentinite, pillow basalts, and shale. These rocks began their migration over one hundred million years ago from as far south as present-day Los Angeles.

The Georgian Block in the Dzirula Massif is part of the Main Range zone of the Greater Caucasus and the Lesser Caucasus fold system. The south slope of the Greater Caucasus has exposed Paleozoic rocks in the Svaneti Zone, including black shale, phthanite chert, sandstones, turbidites, small amounts of marble and andesite or dacite volcanic rocks. These rocks, which belong to the Dizi Series are up to two kilometers thick and date to the Devonian, Carboniferous and Permian. Weakly metamorphosed Paleozoic sedimentary rocks are also found in the Dzirula Massif—namely, allochthon phyllite that contact Paleozoic granitoids and Precambrian gabbro, amphibolite and serpentinite.

Munsungan (or Munsungun) Lake and Chase Lake are located in far northern Piscataquis County, Maine, draining via Munsungan Stream and the Aroostook River into the Saint John River. The two lakes are connected to each other by a relatively short waterway called The Thoroughfare. In the area on either side of the lakes there are a series of rock outcrops containing a variety of chert that early human occupants found useful for the manufacture of stone tools. Although the lakes probably had a higher level then than they do now, a series of well- drained terraces on either side of The Thoroughfare were apparently favorable for the habitation.

The prehistoric studies of Sri Lanka were initiated around in 1885 by surface collections of quartz and chert artefactual implements secured by John Pole (of Scarborough estate of Maskeliya) and by E. Ernest Green. Latter had done some observations at Peradeniya and Nawalapitiya (near to Gampola) could recover some stone fragments which he believed as stone implements used by pre historic Sri Lankans. Contemporarily to these studies, Mr Rober Bruce Foote could establish a considerable account about the Indian pre history who may probably first discovered stone implements from Gampola. He surveyed the Atgalle hill near Gampola and bought some lithics to India with him.

Geologists have interpreted the metasedimentary belts between the East Sahara Craton and the Red Sea fold and thrust belt as a rifting zone, related to the formation of an ocean in the Neoproterozoic. The Jebel Rahib Belt, situated in the northwest, contains deformed basic and ultrabasic igneous rocks and thick layers of carbonaceous metasediments, formed at the time of the Pan-African orogeny. This time constraint for deformation and low-grade metamorphism comes from granitoids formed after the orogeny, dated to 570 million years ago. Dense, mafic oceanic crust formed in the Jebel Rahib rift as evidenced by an ophiolite assemblage that includes ultramafic rocks, pyroxenite, gabbro, chert and pillow lava.

Temperatures rose in the mid-continent during the Middle Archaic, a warming trend known as the Hypsithermal. Grasslands expanded east, forests became less common, and many Iowa lakes shrank or disappeared. Humans responded by diversifying their subsistence strategy: eastern Iowa saw a shift towards river resources, and western Iowa towards Plains resources. Excavated sites in eastern and central Iowa include the Brash Site,Collins, James M. (1995) Lithic Technology and Temporal Variation at a Chert Workshop in Central Iowa. Journal of the Iowa Archeological Society 42:8–20 the Gast Spring Site, and the Ed’s Meadow Site.Morrow, Toby A. (1998) Phase III Excavations at the Ed’s Meadow Site (13DM712).

Thermal water from 33 of the thermal springs is collected and monitored at a central reservoir, which distributes the combined discharge for public use and consumption. Rock types in the area include shale units which generally impede ground-water movement, while fractured chert, novaculite, and sandstone units generally support ground-water movement. Conceptual diagram of thermal water flow The water comes from rain which falls in mountains to the north and northeast. Flowing downward through cracked rock at about one foot per year, the meteoric water migrates to estimated minimum depths of and achieves high temperatures in the deep section of the flow path before rising along fault and fracture conduits.

Lycett and Eren created 75 Levallois flakes from 25 Texas Chert nodules. They counted the 3957 flakes and separated them into four stages in order to show efficiency, which grew subsequently in each stage. Based on the comparative study of 567 debitage flakes and 75 preferential Levallois flakes, Lycett and Eren found out the thickness is more evenly distributed and less variable across preferential Levallois flakes, which indicates the thickness is an important factor for efficiency and retouch potential. The experiment also shows that the Levallois core is an economic optimal strategy of raw material (lithic) usage, which means it can generate longest cutting edge per weight unit of raw material.

The sites were located near Mill Creek, Illinois, a village in Union County, located between Jonesboro and Cairo on the Alexander County line. From this collection of sites, known colloquially as the "Indian Diggings", Native Americans quarried, worked into tools and blanks, and exported this stone to the wider Mississippian world. The chert found here was one of the major exported raw materials of the Mississippian culture and its distribution and procurement was one of the largest mining and production efforts organized during the Mississippian period. The raw material was dug up in the quarries and then transported to small hamlets for production in hoes, spades and blanks.

It is an outcrop of chert, which is part of the heterogeneous assemblage known as the Franciscan Formation, or Franciscan Assemblage, the primary geologic feature on which the city of San Francisco is founded, here covered with a thin layer of sand. It provides one of the last remaining habitats within the city for a number of native plants, including the endangered Franciscan wallflower and dune tansy, and also bush lupin, beach strawberry, bush monkey flower, and coyote bush. The hill is crowned with Monterey cypress trees. Because of the fragility of the environment, visitors to the park are asked to keep to paths.

Geologists believe the quartzite to be from the Proterozoic era, 1.6 billion years old, similar in age and composition to Rib Mountain to the northeast and the Baraboo Hills to the south, and much older than the Himalayas. The quartzite is pretty pink, a semi-precious stone, and very hard. The softer materials which once surrounded it have been gradually stripped away by erosion, leaving the bluff. Boulders and pebbles of the unusual chert from Powers Bluff are concentrated in a fan shape with its point at Powers Bluff and spreading to the southeast for 20 km, almost to the west side of Rapids.

At about this same time, approximately 400 Ma, the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota diverged, and all modern classes of fungi were present by the Late Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian, 318.1–299 Ma). Lichen- like fossils have been found in the Doushantuo Formation in southern China dating back to 635–551 Ma. Lichens were a component of the early terrestrial ecosystems, and the estimated age of the oldest terrestrial lichen fossil is 400 Ma; this date corresponds to the age of the oldest known sporocarp fossil, a Paleopyrenomycites species found in the Rhynie Chert. The oldest fossil with microscopic features resembling modern-day basidiomycetes is Palaeoancistrus, found permineralized with a fern from the Pennsylvanian.

The town also lay near the Seneca Trail, which was used by Cherokees and Catawbas, and it was surrounded by fertile, alluvial flatlands that were ideal for growing corn, beans, squash, gourds, tobacco, and sunflowers. The area adjacent to the town was rich in natural resources: a mosaic of mixed hardwood forests, flat grassy plains, canebrakes, salt and clear freshwater springs, home to deer, bear, elk, and bison. Wild plants and nut-bearing trees were abundant, and chert-bearing bedrock and clay river banks provided essential materials for tools and pottery. 1754 map of British plantations in North America, showing "Shannoah or Lower Shanaws" on the Ohio.

The strata of the Sixtymile Formation records the accumulation of sediments adjacent to an active fault scarp. The sandstones and siltstones of the Lower Member are inferred to have accumulated within a lake occupying a basin formed by subsidence of the Chuar syncline. The breccias and blocks of dolomite are regarded to be landslide deposits created by the collapse of an active fault scarp associated with the Butte fault zone. The sediments of the Middle Member are inferred to have accumulated in standing water, presumably a lake along the axis of the Chuar syncline as indicated by its very fine grain size, the thin regular bedding, and its bedded chert.

Insects fed on the spores of early Devonian plants, and the Rhynie chert also provides evidence that organisms fed on plants using a "pierce and suck" technique. During the next 75 million years, plants evolved a range of more complex organs, such as roots and seeds. There is no evidence of any organism being fed upon until the middle-late Mississippian, . There was a gap of 50 to 100 million years between the time each organ evolved and the time organisms evolved to feed upon them; this may be due to the low levels of oxygen during this period, which may have suppressed evolution.

As at many sites, Cerros for example, this period saw the instatement of a royal lineage at Blue Creek. Overt indications of complex society include the creation of public and sacred space at Blue Creek marked by a major bloodletting cache which dedicates the Late Preclassic version of Structure 4. This cache was placed immediately in front of the basal step of Structure 4 and consisted of seven chert (Colha) bifaces, fragments of jade and coral, two jade earflares, five jade beads, a number of marine shells, 425 obsidian blades and flakes, and 27 obsidian cores. These were all compactly located and a fragment of preserved cloth found underneath them.

Magnetofossils are the fossil remains of magnetic particles produced by magnetotactic bacteria (magnetobacteria) and preserved in the geologic record. The oldest definitive magnetofossils formed of the mineral magnetite come from the Cretaceous chalk beds of southern England, while magnetofossil reports, not considered to be robust, extend on Earth to the 1.9-billion-year-old Gunflint Chert; they include the four-billion-year-old Martian meteorite ALH84001. Magnetotactic organisms are prokaryotic, with only one example of giant-magnetofossils, likely produced by eukaryotic organisms, having been reported. Magnetotactic bacteria, the source of the magnetofossils, are magnetite (Fe3O4) or greigite (Fe3S4) producing bacteria found in both freshwater and marine environments.

The formation is described in Geologic Formations of Eastern Oregon (1972) as follows: The Mascall Formation consists of a maximum of 2,000 feet of fluvial sandstone, ash, light colored water-laid tuff, and well-rounded conglomerate. The conglomerate is increasingly coarse-grained towards the east and is composed of clasts of chert, metavolcanics, and rhyolite. Within the Mascall Formation is a widespread ignimbrite unit which consists of 97 to 99 percent glass shards and minor amounts of anorthoclase, quartz, magnetite, zircon, and clinopyroxene. That 10 percent of the anorthoclase consists of orthoclase is considered to be a unique feature of the unit by Davenport (1970).

Identification of residuum is relevant in soil science and geology because accurate identification conveys direct and implicit info about soil itself, the environment in which it formed, and its current environment. Soils provide a records of prevailing and past environments climates and human activities and much more. In limestone terrains the boundary between bedrock and residuum is commonly very sharp, but may be highly irregular, defining pinnacles and even isolated blocks of fresh bedrock surrounded by reddish residual silts and clays derived from its decomposition. Resistant materials such as chert, silicified fossils, or beds of sandstone remain and may concentrate on the surface as float.

Additional support for the aquatic nature of the Princeton Chert deposits comes from animal fossils. Several fossils of a freshwater fish, Amia (bowfin), have been found in the shale overlying the plant deposits, along with remains of the freshwater fishes Amyzon and Libotoniusm, and a soft-shelled turtle. Once the lacustrine nature of the fossils has been established, it seems fairly likely they were preserved in situ, especially considering the method of preservation. The growth position, large number of plant organs of the same type, preservation of delicate plant material, and presence of rooted axes all provide further evidence for the preservation of plants where they grew.

Another site of significance in the reserve is the Bogong Rocks shelter, which contains the oldest evidence of Aboriginal occupation at a bogong moth resting site. These insects were an important source of food for the Aboriginal peoples of the Southern Alps and would accumulate by the thousands in caves and rock crevices, where they were collected and later roasted in sand or ashes, and then eaten whole. Numerous other culturally significant and archæologically notable sites are known across the territory, including shelters, rock art sites, stone artefact scatters, scarred trees and chert quarries. Tidbinbilla Mountain is believed to have long been used for Aboriginal initiation ceremonies.

Evidence of the gametophyte generation of Rhynia has been described in the form of crowded tufts of diminutive stems only a few mm in height, with the form genus name Remyophyton delicatum.H. Kerp, N.H. Trewin and H. Hass (2004) New gametophytes from the Early Devonian Rhynie chert. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Earth Sciences, 94, 411–428 Like those of Aglaophyton major, Horneophyton lignieri and Nothia aphylla the gametophytes of Rhynia were dioicous, bearing male and female gametangia (antheridia and archegonia) on different axes. A significant finding is that the axes were vascular, unlike almost all of the gametophytes of modern pteridophytes except for that of Psilotum.

Twenty-six lithic artifacts were uncovered in the same loess sedimentary deposit as the cranium from the Gongwangling site in Lantian County, China. The artifacts consisted of cores, flakes, choppers, hand-axes, spheroids, and scrapers. Lab analysis suggested that the "early hominins chose quartzite, quartz, greywacke and igneous rock pebbles/cobbles on the riverbank for stone knapping, whereas the fine sandstone, siliceous limestone and chert were used only occasionally." Studying the assemblage from Gongwangling along with a series of other sites in the Lantian region leads researchers to believe that the tools utilized by the hominids are more similar to the Acheulean tools utilized in the West than previously thought.

Stela D - North face There is evidence that Quiriguá was occupied as early as the Late Preclassic (400 BC - AD 200). Although no structures have been securely dated to this period, a number of Late Preclassic artifacts have been recovered, including 63 figurines and a chert blade. Early Classic ceramics from Quiriguá are similar to finds at both Copán and Chalchuapa in El Salvador, while jade hunchback figurines from the same period resemble those found in central Honduras and in the Guatemalan highlands. These early finds demonstrate the participation of Quiriguá in the wider southeastern Maya region from the Late Preclassic onwards.Looper 2003, p.38.

The people of this community appear to have been closer in culture to the people of the Mesa Verde than to those of Chaco Canyon. The Crumbled House Black-on-white pottery of the Chuska tradition is similar to Mesa Verde Black-on-white, which was made between 1180 and 1300 AD, although not identical. Crumbled House Black on white has been found at 35% of sites where Mesa Verde Corrugated has been found, and at 20% of sites where Mancos Black-on-white was found. Almost 20% of the chipped stone found at Crumbled House is Narbona Pass chert, from a quarry of the top of the Chuska mountains.

No local fossils are known from this time, although fossils of Devonian to Mississippian brachiopods, crinoids, mollusca, trilobites and other invertebrates can be found in chert gravel found within the relatively recent Pliocene Citronelle and Willis formations. These fossils and gravels that contain them occur in were eroded and transported from the Nashville Dome in the state of Tennessee. Around this time, Laurentia and Gondwana began to reunite. During the collision between these continents, the remaining, small portion of oceanic crust and overlying sediment were shoved northward by Gondwana and incorporated into the Ouachita Mountains within Arkansas and Oklahoma during the Late Mississippian to the Early Pennsylvanian times.

The Doig Formation is unconformably overlain by the Halfway Formation of the Schooler Creek Group; the contact is marked by a dolomitic bed and a chert and quartz conglomerate bed. To the west it is overlain by younger Jurassic beds. It conformably overlies the Montney Formation and the contact is marked by a phosphate pellet bed in the base of the Doig. The formation correlates with the lower Llama Member of the Sulphur Mountain Formation in the southern ranges of the Canadian Rockies, with the Whistler Member of the Whitehorse Formation in the Muskwa Ranges, and with the Toad Formation in the upper Liard River area.

While published at nearly the same time, both papers served as landmark publications introducing the idea of life occurring during the Precambrian. Each paper had markedly different foci: while Barghoorn and Tyler 1965 aimed to characterize the individual microorganisms that comprise the Gunflint chert from a taxonomical and morphological standpoint, Cloud 1965 focused on the larger-scale significance of the prospect of life existing during the Precambrian period, and its implications for the field of Precambrian paleontology. The publication of these two seminal papers opened the floodgates to a vast array of paleontological and geochemical studies to explore Precambrian microfossils from similar Proterozoic environments.

The Old Port Formation is divided into several members with varying lithologies, which are (in ascending stratigraphic order): New Creek Member (limestone), Corriganville Member (limestone), Mandata Member (shale), Shriver Member (cherty limestone), and Ridgeley Member (sandstone). Where the Shriver Chert does not occur it may be replaced by the Licking Creek Limestone.Geologic Map of Pennsylvania, Berg, T. M., Edmunds, W. E., Geyer, A. R., and others, compilers, 1980, Pennsylvania Geological Survey, 4th ser., Map 1, scale 1:250,000 It was originally combined from the Helderberg Group and Oriskany Group by Conlin and Hoskins in 1962 to form a single Formation with the above members.

The Grenadines are geologically older than St. Vincent and are situated on an extensive shallow bank of volcanic origin – known as the southern Lesser Antilles arc platform (SLAAP). The SLAAP is a product of Miocene uplift (23–16 Ma) and characterized by Eocene to Pliocene extrusive to intrusive igneous rocks along with sedimentary rocks such as limestone, marl, and chert, and epiclastic arc- derived volcaniclastic units composed of mudstone, sandstone, and conglomerate. The islands are composed of a variety of volcanic and sedimentary rocks. The area is an active subduction zone, and lies along the interface of the Caribbean and South American Tectonic plates.

In geology and geomorphology, the term patina is used to refer to discolored film or thin outer layer produced either on or within the surface of a rock or other material by either the development of a weathering rind within the surface of a rock, the formation of desert varnish on the surface of a rock, or combination of both. It also refers to development as the result of weathering of a case-hardened layer, called cortex by geologists, within the surface of either a flint or chert nodule.Neuendorf, K.K.E., J.P. Mehl, Jr., and J.A. Jackson, J.A., eds. (2005) Glossary of Geology (5th ed.).

The presence of the chert band confirms that there was volcanic activity taking place during the time the rock sediments were deposited. The rocks of the lower Pristerognathus Assemblage Zone were deposited at the end of the middle Permian (end-Guadalupian) extinction event, which is currently thought to have been caused by the eruption of the Emeishan Large Igneous Province. The depositional environment of the Pristerognathus Assemblage Zone was likewise similar to the Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone, having been formed by sedimentary material being deposited by vast, fluvial plains. These fluvial plains flowed northwards from a foreland basin that was being formed from the rising of the Gondwanide mountains in the south.

In the Mesozoic, through the early Jurassic, platform conditions persisted in the east and north, as chert shale, sandstone and carbonate built up the Mount Christie and Fantasque formations, overlain by Jones Lake and Grayling-Toad formation shales. The Cache Creek Terrane (which extends as far north as Whitehorse) was surrounded on either side by the Stikinia and Quesnellia terranes. Because both include Triassic augite, have Paleozoic volcanic rocks and are juxtaposed along the Teslin Fault, the two terranes are difficult to distinguish. Southwest Yukon built up with addition of exotic terranes in the Mesozoic, uplifting the platform and resulting in erosion of older sedimentary units.

Blombos Cave and Site 440 in Sudan both show evidence of fishing as well. Taphonomic change in fish skeletons from Blombos Cave have been interpreted as capture of live fish, clearly an intentional human behavior. Humans in North Africa (Nazlet Sabaha, Egypt) are known to have dabbled in chert mining, as early as ≈100,000 years ago, for the construction of stone tools. Evidence was found in 2018, dating to about 320,000 years ago, at the Kenyan site of Olorgesailie, of the early emergence of modern behaviors including: long-distance trade networks (involving goods such as obsidian), the use of pigments, and the possible making of projectile points.

At about this same time, approximately 400Ma, the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota diverged, and all modern classes of fungi were present by the Late Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian, 318.1–299Ma). Lichen- like fossils have been found in the Doushantuo Formation in southern China dating back to 635–551Ma. Lichens formed a component of the early terrestrial ecosystems, and the estimated age of the oldest terrestrial lichen fossil is 400Ma; this date corresponds to the age of the oldest known sporocarp fossil, a Paleopyrenomycites species found in the Rhynie Chert. The oldest fossil with microscopic features resembling modern-day basidiomycetes is Palaeoancistrus, found permineralized with a fern from the Pennsylvanian.

Formations of the Supai Group are from oldest to youngest (an unconformity is present at the top of each): Watahomigi (see 5a in figure 1) is a slope-forming gray limestone with some red chert bands, sandstone, and purple siltstone that is thick. Manakacha (see 5b in figure 1) is a cliff- and slope-forming pale red sandstone and red shale that averages thick in Grand Canyon. Wescogame (see 5c in figure 1) is a ledge- and slope- forming pale red sandstone and siltstone that is thick. Esplanade (see 5d in figure 1) is a ledge- and cliff-forming pale red sandstone and siltstone that is thick.

The presence of chert, ceramic, and obsidian debris near distinct platforms found in separate areas of the plaza led archaeologists to believe that the platforms were used as vendor stalls. The vendors were likely located in different sections of the plaza, differentiated by the type of goods they sold. The series of large limestone rocks in the center of the plaza is theorized to have been used to direct traffic though the marketplace and differentiate vendor space. Buenavista del Cayo is thought to have been a central marketplace where people from surrounding settlements came to buy and sell goods from the Middle Preclassic though the Terminal Classic periods (300-900AD).

A large amount of red beads made from the shells are found throughout the site according to a study done by Sanchez and Herrera in 1995. Sitio Sierra is the only site in Panama that contains prismatic blade production while lacking any access to chert projections. This causes scientists to infer a system of trade with other local cities that have produced evidence for these resources. Based on chipped rocks found in association with other stone tools in the area, archaeologists hypothesize that these people probably were accustomed to sharpening and re-sharpening axes, but no artifacts have been found in association with axe manufacturing.

The Spiller Farm Site is located on the grounds of Spiller Farm, a property located inland in northern Wells, near a tributary of the Merriland River. The site was discovered in a plowed field in 1995, and underwent several seasons of excavation thereafter. The most significant materials found at the site include nearly 300 stone tools. Most of these tools are made from a type of chert that was taken from the Willard Brook Quarry in the interior of central Maine, although some rhyolite materials were found from the Mount Jasper Lithic Source in Berlin, New Hampshire, along with one instance of chalcedony that probably originated in Atlantic Canada.

Stone tools from the Shengavit settlement Amongst the finds during archaeological excavations at Shengavit were chert and obsidian stone tools, mace heads, hoes, hammers, grinders, spindle whorls, spearheads, flakers, needles, pottery, and crucibles (which could hold 10 kg of smelted metal). Storage containers for smelted metal were found as well that held far greater amounts than the town should have required. Large quantities of debris from flint and obsidian knapping, pottery making, metallurgy, and weapons manufacture indicate that the town had organized guilds which performed such tasks. Pottery found at the town typically has a characteristic black burnished exterior and reddish interior with either incised or raised designs.

The material from this site was in a pale, smooth, grey- cream chert that had patinated and is now held at the Museum of Lebanese Prehistory at Saint Joseph University. The Cauvins suggested the material had similarities to the Neolithic moyen assemblage from Byblos and Andrew Moore theorized that Heavy Neolithic stations such as this were used during earlier and later periods. James Mellaart suggested the Heavy Neolithic industry of the culture dated to a period before the Pottery Neolithic at Byblos (10600 to 6900 BCE according to the ASPRO chronology).Mellaart, James, Earliest Civilizations in the Near East, Thames and Hudson, London, 1965.

The skeletal fragments which have been found inside the cave were believed to be that of a woman and a child who inhabited the place during prehistoric times. The incomplete remains of a woman was found in a niche of the cave, along with associated material cultures which consisted of obsidian flakes and chips, chert flakes, pot shards, and some porcelain shards. The skeletal fragments were dated 377 A.D. based on the acid racemization done by the Scripps Institution of Oceanography in La Jolla, California, USA. According to the Heritage Conservation Advocates, it is "the home of the original native people of Cagayan de Oro City".

He later led the second brigade, occupying the town of Algorta and managing the military operations of Nocedal, Monte Curendi, Berango and others. He was given then control of the brigade of operations of Guadalajara, and later another part of the forces of "Centro", taking part in combats in Campillo de Alto Buey, Huélamo and Muela de Chert, siege and surrender of Cantavieja, Sanahuja, , Torá, and Tremp. He took his brigade to Navarre, occupying Oteiza and Monte Esquinza. Appointed as Commander General of the division of Biscay in January 1876, he contributed to the success in the combats taking part in Santa Águeda and Elgueta, earning military decorations.

The cave's formation was largely phreatic in nature (formed below the water table) and passages have elliptical cross-sections typical of these formations. During the cave's development, active streams have been pirated from one level down to another without much vadose erosion occurring. The present stream currently rises from the cave at Blanchard Springs itself, at the same temperature as the cave, a constant, year-round 58 °F (14 °C). Most of the lower-level Discovery Route is in the approximately 100-foot thick Plattin limestone whereas the Dripstone tour route in the uppermost level of the cave spans 3 units, the Boone Chert, Cason Shale, and the Fernvale Limestone.

On Goat Rock Beach in Sonoma Coast State Park, blueschist and chert outcrops (nicknamed "Mammoth Rocks") show evidence of having been rubbed by Columbian mammoths or mastodons. The rocks have polished areas above the ground, primarily near their edges, and are similar to African rubbing rocks used by elephants and other herbivores to rid themselves of mud and parasites. Similar rocks exist in Hueco Tanks, Texas, and on Cornudas Mountain in New Mexico. A 1909 restoration by Charles R. Knight, based on the AMNH specimen Accumulations of modern elephant remains have been called "elephants' graveyards", because these sites were erroneously thought to be where old elephants went to die.

The abundant pottery that litters the site is made from mixtures of clay and quartz; since there is no available source of these materials on Ambergris Caye, they (or perhaps even the pots themselves) must have been brought to the site from overseas. Other artefacts at the site, such as chert and flint tools and other granite artefacts, minor jade and obsidian, were also obviously imported from elsewhere since the materials have no natural source anywhere on Ambergris Caye. The site's setting on the tip of the island may have given it a strategic position on maritime trade routes that existed at the time.

Other notable plants include Bristol Rock-cress, Bristol onion, Spiked Speedwell, Autumn Squill and Honewort.Myles (2000), page 161 Other areas along the river which have this designation include Bickley Wood, Cleeve Wood, Hanham for its large population of Bath Asparagus (Ornithogalum pyrenaicum). Stidham Farm near Keynsham contains at least At least of Pleistocene terrace- gravels, consisting of limestone clasts mainly, but also with Millstone Grit, Pennant Sandstone, flint and chert clasts. The site is of considerable importance for studies relating to the possible glaciation of the area, and of the terrace stratigraphy, particularly as it is one of only two accessible terrace deposits in this part of the Avon valley.

Motul de San José had begun to refer to Tikal as its overlord in the late 4th century AD; by the 7th century it had switched its allegiance to Calakmul, Tikal's great rival, before returning its allegiance to Tikal in the early 8th century. In the late 8th century Motul de San José appears to have been conquered by Dos Pilas, capital of the Petexbatún kingdom. Most natural resources were easily available in the immediate vicinity of the city. The nearby port at La Trinidad de Nosotros was an important hub for the import of exotic goods and export of local products such as chert and ceramics.

Simplified geological cross section of the western Weald, showing how the land was uplifted to form the Weald-Artois anticline (dashed lines) and the strata as they are today (solid lines). Like the other summits of the Greensand Ridge in the south of Surrey, the rock of which Leith Hill is composed, is primarily the Lower Greensand, overlaid with a harder layer of chert. The greensand was deposited in the early Cretaceous, most likely in a shallow sea with low oxygen levels. Over the subsequent 50 million years, other strata were deposited on top of the Lower Greensand, including Gault clay and the chalk of the North and South Downs.

Most VMS deposits show metal zonation, caused by the changing physical and chemical environments of the circulating hydrothermal fluid. Ideally, this forms a core of massive pyrite and chalcopyrite around the throat of the vent system, with a halo of chalcopyrite-sphalerite-pyrite grading into a distal sphalerite-galena and galena-manganese and finally a chert-manganese-hematite facies. Most VMS deposits show a vertical zonation of gold, with the cooler upper portions generally more enriched in gold and silver. The mineralogy of VMS massive sulfide consists of over 90% iron sulfide, mainly in the form of pyrite, with chalcopyrite, sphalerite and galena also being major constituents.

Ranging in size from about 1–2 m tall, these mounds (following excavation) were shown to be primarily earth and stone residential platforms for perishable houses of the common Maya. Many had typical household refuse associated with them, including remains of manos and metates, broken stone tools (chert and obsidian), and coarse, household pottery. Some also contained humble, common graves within them, placed by the Maya below house floors of dirt or plaster. The majority of the housemounds were clustered (in number and density) within 250 m of the center of the site, but some mounds have been identified as much as 3-5 kilometers away.

The Ngarkat faced a particular problem in making implements, millstones, hammers and axes, since suitable stone or rock materials were quite rare in their area. Onsets of highly arid weather, on draining soakages, yield evidence, aside from skeletons, of tools fashioned from chert, quartzite and jasp-opal. Despite its arid inhospitable terrain, Ngarkat territory was crisscrossed by trade routes, from Lake Hindmarsh to Bordertown, from Nhill to Murrayville and Pinnaroo, from the Wirrurgren Plain north of Lake Albacutya through Pinnaroo country to the Murray Bridge area. The items bartered along these trails were things like yabbyclaw necklaces, pipe clay, red ochre, diorite stone axes, and the like.

Taconite (IPA: ['tækənaɪt]) is a variety of iron formation, an iron-bearing (over 15% iron) sedimentary rock, in which the iron minerals are interlayered with quartz, chert, or carbonate. The name "taconyte" was coined by Horace Vaughn Winchell (1865–1923) – son of Newton Horace Winchell, the Minnesota State Geologist – during their pioneering investigations of the Precambrian Biwabik Iron Formation of northeastern Minnesota. He believed the sedimentary rock sequence hosting the iron-formation was correlative with the Taconic orogeny of New England, and referred to the unfamiliar and as-yet-unnamed iron-bearing rock as the 'taconic rock' or taconyte.Winchell, Horace V. (1891) "The Mesabi iron range," in: Winchell, Newton H., ed.

Highway 17 through Schreiber Schreiber is a municipal township in the Canadian province of Ontario, located on the northernmost point of Lake Superior along Highway 17. The town, with a population of approximately 1100 people, is almost completely located inside the geographic township of Priske, with a small western portion of the town in the southeast of Killraine Township. The town was named after Sir Collingwood Schreiber, a railway engineer, founding member of the Canadian Society of Civil Engineers, and deputy minister of Railways and Canals 1892-1905. The town is near the main exposure of the Gunflint chert, which contains rare single-celled Proterozoic fossils.

Evidence of possibly the oldest forms of life on Earth have been found in hydrothermal vent precipitates. The earliest known life forms on Earth are putative fossilized microorganisms found in hydrothermal vent precipitates. The earliest time that life forms first appeared on Earth is at least 3.77 billion years ago, possibly as early as 4.28 billion years, or even 4.5 billion years; not long after the oceans formed 4.41 billion years ago, and after the formation of the Earth 4.54 billion years ago. The earliest direct evidence of life on Earth are microfossils of microorganisms permineralized in 3.465-billion-year-old Australian Apex chert rocks.

Liesegang ring patterns are considered to be secondary (diagenetic) sedimentary structures, though they are also found in permeable igneous and metamorphic rocks that have been chemically weathered. Chemical weathering of rocks that leads to the formation of Liesegang rings typically involves the diffusion of oxygen in subterranean water into pore space containing soluble ferrous iron. Liesegang rings usually cut across layers of stratification and occur in many types of rock, some of which more commonly include sandstone and chert. Though there is a high occurrence of Liesegang rings in sedimentary rocks, relatively few scientists have studied their mineralogy and texture in enough detail to write more about them.

Fusulinid (Triticites) from the Plattsmouth Chert, Red Oak, Iowa (Permian). Micropaleontology can be roughly divided into four areas of study on the basis of microfossil composition: (a) calcareous, as in coccoliths and foraminifera, (b) phosphatic, as in the study of some vertebrates, (c) siliceous, as in diatoms and radiolaria, or (d) organic, as in the pollen and spores studied in palynology. This division reflects differences in the mineralogical and chemical composition of microfossil remains (and therefore in the methods of fossil recovery) rather than any strict taxonomic or ecological distinctions. Most researchers in this field, known as micropaleontologists, are typically specialists in one or more taxonomic groups.

Allendale County was formed in 1919 from southwestern portions of Barnwell County, along the Savannah River. It is the location of the Topper Site, an archeological excavation providing possible evidence of a pre-Clovis culture dating back 50,000 years. The site is near a source of chert on private land in Martin owned by Clariant Corporation, a Swiss chemical company with a plant there. The site, named after John Topper, a local resident who discovered it, has been under excavation by archeologists from the University of South Carolina for about one month a year since 1999, after an initial exploratory dig in the mid-1980s.

Within a small amount of time, many young Kwaio sought the adventures, and were brought to sugarcane plantations in Queensland and on Fiji for their labor. The appearance of steel (replacing rough chert blades) and firearms revolutionized the Kwaio way of life, as leisure time was greatly increased by the new tools and blood feuds escalated. Kwaio also attempted to avenge the deaths of those who died overseas, and they earned a reputation as a fierce and dangerous group. Missionaries from the South Seas Evangelical Church were brought to support those in Queensland who had become Christians there, and enclaves were established in the lowlands.

The earliest instruments used in scalping were stone knives crafted of flint, chert, or obsidian, or other materials like reeds or oyster shells that could be worked to carry an edge equal to the task. Collectively, such tools were also used for a variety of everyday tasks like skinning and processing game, but were replaced by metal knives acquired in trade through European contact. The implement, often referred to as a “scalping knife” in popular American and European literature, was not known as such by Native Americans, a knife being for them just a simple and effective multi-purpose utility tool for which scalping was but one of many uses.

There has been human settlement in the area for more than 40,000 years; archaeological investigations have placed human presence here back to the Mesolithic Period, when the first peoples began to concentrate in the areas around Alcácer. This period was characterized by exploitation of the ecosystem in the Sado Estuary, when the river extended to São Romão, involving fishing, scavenging for shellfish, hunting and foraging in the local forests. The primitive tools, made from chert, were adapted from the techniques of the late Paleolithic era. By the late Mesolithic period, people had concentrated in the area of Comporta and Torrão, later establishing primitive defensive protection to support its communities.

The analysis of the sediments and depositions in the cave confirm human occupation of the cave as early as 67,000 years B.P. However, the next human habitation strata, that contains cultural depositions (charcoal, hearths and chert flake tools) and dates to ca. 25,000 years B.P. only lies on top of a thick almost completely sterile layer. The most recent occupation horizon, on top of a layer of volcanic depositions dates to the Neolithic (around 3,600 years B.P.) and contained ceramic shards, stone tool fragments, faunal remains and human burials. The results demonstrate, that the Callao cave was only intermittently occupied during the last 70,000 years.

The chert was formed when silica-rich water from volcanic springs rose rapidly and petrified the early terrestrial ecosystem, in situ and almost instantaneously, in much the same fashion that organisms are petrified by hot springs today \- although the astounding fidelity of preservation has not been found in recent deposits. Hot springs, with temperatures between , were active in a number of episodes; the water had probably cooled to under before it reached the fossilised organisms. Their activity is preserved in 53 beds, thick on average, over a sequence, interbedded with sands, shales and tuffs - which speak of local volcanic activity. Deposition was very rapid.

The rhizoids of Nothia displayed three responses to fungal infestation: the hyphae of some (mutualistic) colonists were encased by plant cell walls; other (parasitic) fungi were met with typical host responses of increased rhizome cell size; while yet other fungi solicited an increase in thickness and pigmentation of cell walls. Once inside a plant cell, fungi produced spores, which are found in decaying plant cells; the cells may have decayed as a defence mechanism to prevent the fungi from spreading. Fungal interactions are known to promote speciation in modern plants, and presumably also affected Devonian diversity by providing a selection pressure. Mycorrhizae are also found in the Rhynie chert.

Schunemunk conglomerate The Schunemunk puddingstone, which is exposed extensively on Bearfort Mountain, Boonton, Rockaway Township and Schunemunk Mountain, is a conglomerate that is part of a thick geologic formation formally known as the Skunnemunk Conglomerate. This puddingstone is a distinctive, Late Devonian, grayish- purple to grayish-red, thin to very thick-bedded, cross–bedded, conglomerate. Within the Skunnemunk Conglomerate, it is interbedded with grayish-purple to grayish-red sandstone, thin-bedded, medium-gray sandstone, and greenish-gray and grayish-red shale with mudcracks. This conglomerate consists of pebbles and cobbles of white vein quartz, red and green quartzite, sandstone, red and gray chert, and red shale.

Owen, p,28Whitelock, Dorothy, The Beginnings of English Society, The Heathen English, Penguin Books, London, 1954, pp.22-23 The local parish council assert that the name Thursley (Old English Þunres leah) means the "sacred grove of Thunor." An outcrop of sandstone on a prominence on Thursley Common was believed to have been Thor’s Stone, created by a thunderbolt thrown by the god. This stone, also called the Cricklestone, now lies almost unknown since its reputation was transferred erroneously to a block of chert (alias the Pudstone) near Pudmore pond in 1896 by the popular Victorian writer Sabine Baring-Gould in his book The Broom-squire.

The Dong Tso ophiolitic suite includes metaperidotites and harzburgites, serpentinites, isotropic and layered gabbros, sheeted dykes, pillow basalts, and minor amounts of chert. Geochemical data of the peridotites at Dong Tso indicate that they have supra subduction zone characteristics. The serpentinites have undergone silica-carbonate alteration predominately along major fault zones, but these alterations can be found in nearby areas as well. Dating of a gabbro sample associated with the ophiolitic suite has yielded an Sm–Nd age of 191 ± 22 Ma, however, using the U/Pb SHRIMP technique on zircons from a gabbro sample north of Dong Tso has yielded a Middle Jurassic age.

Ptychites studeri ammonoid fossil from Triassic rocks in Bosnia During the Triassic, rifting emplaced igneous rocks, including large plutons up to 50 cubic kilometers in size, made up of gabbro, diorite, granodiorite, granite, albite, syenite and occasionally metamorphosed to greenschist or amphibolite-grade on the sequence of metamorphic facies. True volcanic rocks from the Triassic that erupted onto the surface are less common, mainly basalt, andesite and dacite, transformed into spilite, keratophyre and pyroclastic rocks. Older Triassic rocks and the carbonate platform were covered over by lava. Graywacke, breccia, shale and chert and ophiolite are widespread in the Ophiolite Zone, in northwestern and central Bosnia.

Two shell middens are white mounds towards the right of this view along the Te Akau coast The area has been inhabited since the 15C, but was greatly disrupted by war and colonisation in the 19th century. The archaeology map shows that most pre-colonial settlement was along the coast, especially around Whaingaroa harbour, with over 250 recorded archaeological sites along the coast between Port Waikato and the harbour and 151 in the proposed windfarm area. Carbon from a camp fire at Waikorea was dated to between 1400 and 1440. Fragments of stone tools have been found; most of the obsidian recorded came from Tuhua Island, chert from Te Mata and adzes of metasomatised argillite from Marlborough.

This has been interpreted as representing human activity, but the dating of the evidence has been strongly challenged. Charles Dortch has identified chert and calcrete flake stone tools, found at Rottnest Island in Western Australia, as possibly dating to at least 50,000 years ago.Hesp, Patrick A., Murray-Wallace, Colin V. and C. E. Dortch, (1999), "Aboriginal occupation on Rottnest Island, Western Australia, provisionally dated by Aspartic Acid Racemisation assay of land snails to greater than 50 ka" (Australian Archaeology, No. 49 (1999). This seems to tie in accurately with U/Th and 14C results of a flint tool found embedded in Tamala limestone (Aminozone C)Charles Dortch, West Australian, 23 June 2003.

Rocks in the Doelling's Bowl bonebed mainly consist of green-grey sandy mudstone, but also contain silcrete, casts of silificied plant roots, and chert pebbles. It belongs to the Cretaceous-aged Yellow Cat Member of the Cedar Mountain Formation. Mierasaurus was named after Bernardo de Miera y Pacheco of the 1776 Dominguez- Escalante expedition (pictured here) In 2010, a skeleton of a subadult sauropod dinosaur was discovered in an arroyo within Gary's Island, a region at the western end of the bonebed named after its discoverer Gary Hunt. Only part of the specimen - a partial left forelimb (scapula, sternal plates, ulna, radius, and hand), a complete left hindlimb, and ten caudal (tail) vertebrae - was articulated.

37-39 La Toca Formation is cropping out in the northeast of the geologic map, while it is also present in the neighboring municipalities of Imbert and San Francisco Arriba. The formation in this area comprises rhythmic alternations of ochre fine-to- medium-grained, locally grading to course-grained sandstones and greyish clayey and ochre marls. This succession is locally cut by meters thick microconglomerates and conglomerates with rounded and subrounded clasts. Analysis of the clasts in San Francisco Arriba shows the clasts consist of up to ten percent of volcanic rock fragments, mainly limestone fragments (23-42%), quartz (8-33%), chert of up to five percent and minor metamorphic rock fragments.

Further south, California's Channel Islands have also produced evidence for early seafaring by Paleoindian (or Paleocoastal) peoples. Santa Rosa and San Miguel islands, for instance, have produced 11 sites dating to the Terminal Pleistocene, including the Arlington Man site dated to ≈11 ka and Daisy Cave occupied about 10.7 ka. Jon Erlandson and his colleagues have also identified several early shell middens located near sources of chert, which was used to make stone tools.Erlandson, J.M., T.C. Rick, T.J. Braje, M. Casperson, B. Culleton, B. Fulfrost, T. Garcia, D. Guthrie, N. Jew, D. Kennett, M.L. Moss, L.. Reeder, C. Skinner, J. Watts, & L. Willis. 2011. Paleoindian seafaring, maritime technologies, and coastal foraging on California’s Channel Islands.

Spades were chipped from large pieces of tabular flint from sources like Mill Creek, Dover, and Kaolin chert. Although no prehistoric hafting exist today, it is likely that the spades were hafted at right angles to the handle and used much like today's garden hoes. The technological leap created by mastering the spade production and the cultivation of maize was one of the single most important events over man's 14,000 year prehistory in America. At the turn of the 20th century, archaeologists began realizing that in the hilly lands of Southern Illinois was the location for the quarrying and production centers—one of the greatest in prehistoric North America for this type of stone.

As with the other nearby lakes in the southeast portion of the Point Reyes peninsula, Pelican Lake occupies a natural synclinal depression formed behind blocks of rock displaced by landslides within the past 10,000 years. The depressions forming Crystal, Pelican and Bass lakes appear to have been caused by the Double Point Slide, which covers an area of about . The rocks involved in the landslide are shale, chert and sandstone, some similar to Miocene rocks of the Monterey Formation and others to Pliocene rocks from the Central Coast Ranges. The process that caused these slides is ongoing, with several nearby slides caused by the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and others as recently as 1956.

Much like the other nearby lakes in the southeast portion of the Point Reyes peninsula, Bass Lake occupies a natural synclinal depression formed behind blocks of rock displaced by landslides within the past 10,000 years. The depressions forming Crystal, Pelican and Bass lakes appear to have been caused by the Double Point Slide, which covers an area of about . The rocks involved in the landslide are shale, chert and sandstone, some similar to Miocene rocks of the Monterey Formation and others to Pliocene rocks from the Central Coast Ranges. The process that caused these slides is ongoing, with several nearby slides caused by the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and others happening as recently as 1956.

Defiance The Missouri Rhineland is a geographical area of Missouri that extends from west of St. Louis to slightly east of Jefferson City, located mostly in the Missouri River Valley on both sides of the river. Dutzow, the first permanent German settlement in Missouri, was founded in 1832 by Baron von Bock. The area is named after the Rhineland region in central Europe, a wine-growing area around the Rhine river, by German-Americans who noticed similarities in the two regions' soil and topography. The soils of the Missouri River Valley and surrounding areas are mainly rocky residual soils left after the carbonate (mainly limestone) bedrock weathered away to impurities of clayey soil and chert fragments.

Artefacts have been found which date back to around 12,800 to 12,000 BC (Upper Palaeolithic period) and were made by the first people to return to Britain at the end of the last glaciation. Nearly 10,000 pieces of chert and flint have been recovered from a site near the village. These include tools (and a great deal of waste material) which conform to the Mesolithic "narrow blade" tradition, and can be dated c 6800–4300 BC.The Carden Project Website; accessed: 31 March 2013. There is evidence of continual Celtic occupation and Bronze Age pottery, dating from about 2200–1800 BC, was found: pots from a Beaker period were found in 1998 and burnt human bone were found.

The fossilized Anzia is found in pieces of amber in northern Europe and dates back approximately 40 million years. Lichen fragments are also found in fossil leaf beds, such as Lobaria from Trinity County in northern California, USA, dating back to the early to middle Miocene. The oldest fossil lichen in which both symbiotic partners have been recovered is Winfrenatia,an early zygomycetous (Glomeromycotan) lichen symbiosis that may have involved controlled parasitism, is permineralized in the Rhynie Chert of Scotland, dating from early Early Devonian, about 400 million years ago. The slightly older fossil Spongiophyton has also been interpreted as a lichen on morphological and isotopic grounds, although the isotopic basis is decidedly shaky.

Lithic reduction may be performed in order to obtain sharp flakes, of which a variety of tools can be made, or to rough out a blank for later refinement into a projectile point, knife, or other object. Flakes of regular size that are at least twice as long as they are broad are called blades. Lithic tools produced this way may be bifacial (exhibiting flaking on both sides) or unifacial (exhibiting flaking on one side only). Mount William stone axe quarry in Australia Cryptocrystalline or amorphous stone such as chert, flint, obsidian, and chalcedony, as well as other fine-grained stone material, such as rhyolite, felsite, and quartzite, were used as a source material for producing stone tools.

The first took place in the fabled Lost Caverns of Tsojcanth and ended with the destruction of her daughter, the vampiress Drelzna. The second regarded her plans to bring a large number of fiends to Oerth, which was thwarted by a band of adventurers (Warnes Starcoat, Agath of Thrunch, Franz Torkeep, Rowena of the Silverbrow, Reynard Yargrove, and Rakehell Chert) who recovered the Crook of Rao from a magical demiplane known as the Isle of the Ape. She last clashed with agents of the Circle of Eight in 585 CY when Warnes Starcoat employed a band of adventurers to recover Tenser's clone from Luna. Iggwilv currently resides in a manor in the Gray Waste of Hades.

Exposed rock on Brooks Island The rock that forms the main peak of the island is radiolarian chert underlain by limestone and graywacke sandstone. All these rocks are part of the Franciscan Assemblage, the same range as Albany Hill, 3 miles south, and the Coyote Hills, 25 miles south in Hayward. This Franciscan formation is derived from sediments laid down in the sea west of San Francisco during the Late Jurassic and Cretaceous (150-66 million years ago) and then scraped off onto the edge of the North American plate during the subduction of the Farallon plate. The main portion of the island covers an area of approximately , with the tidal lands along the breakwater covering approximately more.

Two species of Rhynia were initially described by R. Kidston and W. H. Lang from the Rhynie chert bed: R. gwynne- vaughnii in 1917, and R. major in 1920. R. gwynne-vaughanii was named by Kidston and Lang in honour of their former colleague, the botanist Helen Gwynne-Vaughan. A study of the vascular tissue of the two by David S. Edwards in 1986 lead to the conclusion that the cell structure of R. major lacked secondary thickening bars seen in the xylem of R. gwynne-vaughanii, and was more like the water-conducting system (hydrome) of moss sporophytes. His conclusion was that R. gwynne-vaughanii belongs in the vascular plants, while R. major belongs among the bryophytes.

Harappan engineers followed the decimal division of measurement for all practical purposes, including the measurement of mass as revealed by their hexahedron weights. These chert weights were in a ratio of 5:2:1 with weights of 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, and 500 units, with each unit weighing approximately 28 grams, similar to the English Imperial ounce or Greek uncia, and smaller objects were weighed in similar ratios with the units of 0.871. However, as in other cultures, actual weights were not uniform throughout the area. The weights and measures later used in Kautilya's Arthashastra (4th century BC) are the same as those used in Lothal.

Devonian nodular limestone Concretionary nodular limestone at Jinshitan Coastal National Geopark, Dalian, China In sedimentology and geology, a nodule is a small, irregularly rounded knot, mass, or lump of a mineral or mineral aggregate that typically has a contrasting composition, such as a pyrite nodule in coal, a chert nodule in limestone, or a phosphorite nodule in marine shale, from the enclosing sediment or sedimentary rock. Normally, a nodule has a warty or knobby surface and exists as a discrete mass within the host strata. In general, they lack any internal structure except for the preserved remnants of original bedding or fossils. Nodules are closely related to concretions and sometimes these terms are used interchangeably.

In January 2009 researchers from the Crow Canyon Archaeological Center found a projectile point made of pink stone in Bluebird House, a small pueblo in the Goodman Point group of the Hovenweep National Monument, about to the north of Narbona pass. The material was identified as Narbona Pass Chert, a rare find for archaeological sites anywhere in the Mesa Verde region to the north of the San Juan River. Most likely the artifact was made during the period between 1000 AD and 1140 AD, when there was an extensive regional trading network centered on Chaco Canyon. It was probably manufactured using a pressure flaking technique in Narbona Pass before being exported to Crow Canyon.

In August 2009, a team of archaeologists led by Dr P.Rajendran, UGC research scientist and archaeologist at the Department of History of Kerala University, had discovered Lower Paleolithic tools along with the Chinese coins and potteries from the seabed of Tangasseri in the city. This is for the first time that prehistoric cupules and Lower Paleolithic tools were discovered from below the seabed in India. These tools prove that the Stone Age people lived in present Kollam area and surroundings had moved to the coastal areas during the glacial period in the Pleistocene, when the sea-level was almost 300 feet below the present sea-level. Those tools are made of chert and quartzite rocks.

Out on exposition are materials from the Lower Paleolithic Age (almost 700,000 years ago) until the Late Bronze Age (10th century B.C.)”. The Paleolithic times are documented by items made of flint and chert: bi-facial choppers, points, scrapers, and cores. However, items representing the Mesolithic Age (11,000 years ago) and Neolithic Age (4,500 to 3,000 years ago), are more scarce. With the Bronze Age, finds became more frequent as testified by the numerous ceramic containers, tools made of bone, horn and metal, discovered, together with the casting moulds, in the big villages on the plain during the early half of the second millennium BC. The section is completed by prehistoric materials coming from Italy, Europe, and beyond.