Within a few years, the founder, a chelonian ex–hedge funder, would become the wealthiest person in the world and undergo a montage-worthy makeover, but at the time we weren't thinking about him.
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Homopus (Padloper Tortoise) Care, World Chelonian Trust (retrieved August 20, 2013).Loehr, Victor. "Namaqualand Speckled Padloper (Homopus s. signatus)", World Chelonian Trust (retrieved August 20, 2013).
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Chelonian Conservation and Biology: International Journal of Turtle and Tortoise Research is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research on freshwater turtles, marine turtles, and tortoises (Order Testudines). It was established in 1993 by the Chelonian Research Foundation as the new scientific journal of the IUCN Species Survival Commission's Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group and the International Bulletin of Chelonian Research.Eckert, Karen L. and Eckert, Scott A. (1994) "Announcements: Chelonian Conservation and Biology -- A New Journal" Marine Turtle Newsletter 64: p. 30 The journal was first published with support from Conservation International, the Chelonian Institute, the Wildlife Conservation Society, the Florida Audubon Society, and the Species Survival Commission of the World Conservation Union.
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Corton, M., Homopus (Padloper Tortoise) Care, World Chelonian Trust (retrieved August 20, 2013).
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Corton M. "Homopus (Padloper Tortoise) Care". World Chelonian Trust. (retrieved August 20, 2013).
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"Parataxonomic Classification of Fossil Chelonian and Gecko Eggs." Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 16(4):752-762.
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Chelonian Research Monographs No. 5: 78 pp.; doi:10.3854/crm.5.000.checklist.v4.2011TTWG; Dijk, Peter Paul van; John B. Iverson, H. Bradley Shaffer; Roger Bour & Anders G.J. Rhodin [turtle taxonomy working group] 2012 Turtles of the World, 2012 Update: Annotated Checklist of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status. Chelonian Research Monographs No. 5, doi:10.3854/crm.5.000.checklist.
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Chelonian Conservation and Biology 9 (1): 98–113. The Pascagoula map turtle shares its range with the yellow-blotched map turtle, G. flavimaculata.
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Hawksbill turtles, Eretmochelys imbricata nesting on Redang Island, Terengganu, Malaysia from 1993 to 1997 (PDF). “Chelonian Conservation and Biology”. 3(2):326–329.
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Apalone ferox – Florida Softshell Turtle. In: P.A. Meylan (ed.), Biology and Conservation of Florida Turtles, pp. 160–168. Chelonian Research Foundation, Lunenburg, MA.
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The species was named in honor of Anders G. J. Rhodin the chairman emeritus of the IUCN Species Survival Commission Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group (TFTSG) and founder of the Chelonian Research Foundation (CRF) which publish the journal Chelonian Conservation and Biology he had in the past also been involved in research in Papua New Guinea having described the species Chelodina parkeri and Chelodina pritchardi.
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Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises: A Compilation Project of the IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group. Chelonian Research Monographs 7: 1–292. .
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"Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises: A Compilation Project of the IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group". Chelonian Research Monographs 7: 1–292. .
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Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises: A Compilation Project of the IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group. Chelonian Research Monographs 7:1–292. .
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Chelonian Research Monographs 5(7):000.329–479, doi:10.3854/ crm.5.000.checklist.v7.2014. and is now believed to come from the Northern Kimberley regions of Western Australia, Australia.
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"Notes on the extinct Chelonian Meiolania, with a record of a new occurrence". Records of the Australian Museum 14 (4): 223–242. doi:10.3853/j.0067-1975.14.1925.844.
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Cann , J., Spencer, R.J., Welsh, M., and Georges, A. 2015. Myuchelys georgesi (Cann 1997) – Bellinger River Turtle. Chelonian Research Monographs 5(8):091.1–9, [doi:10.3854/crm.5.091.georgesi.v1.2015], .
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They spend winter under vegetation and rocks (June–September) and lay up to three eggs in summer.Corton, M., Homopus (Padloper Tortoise) Care, World Chelonian Trust (retrieved August 20, 2013).
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Home Range and Site Fidelity of Imperiled Ornate Box Turtles (Terrapene ornata) in Northwestern Illinois. Chelonian Conservation and Biology. Vol. 11: pp. 78–83. Archived from original 9 June 2018.
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Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises: A Compilation Project of the IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group. Chelonian Research Monographs 7:1–292. doi: 10.3854/crm.7.checklist.atlas.v8.2017.
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Activity, Growth, Reproduction and Population Structure of Desert Box Turtles (Terrapene ornata luteola) at the Northern Edge of Chihuahuan Desert. Chelonian Conservation and Biology. Vol 13: Iss 1. Archived from the original.
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Chelonian Conservation and Biology 2: 82-86. This is due to less requirement for enlarged longissimus dorsi muscles in side-necked turtles.Thomson S. (2003). "Long necks, flat heads and the evolution of piscivory".
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R. Lydekker. 1889. On certain chelonian remains from the Wealden and Purbeck. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society 45:511-518 Other species included in the genus are H. belli,R. Owen. 1842.
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Feeding Behavior. Herpetological Review 37(2):217.Demography, genetic structure, and identification of reproductive fidelity in the alligator snapping turtle (Macrochelys temminckii) from Arkansas. Chelonian Research Foundation Linnaeus Fund Turtle Research Award. 2000-2001.
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Testudoflexoolithus is an oogenus of fossil turtle egg, containing two oospecies: T. bathonicae and T. agassizi.Hirsch , K.F. (1996). "Parataxonomic Classification of Fossil Chelonian and Gecko Eggs." Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 16(4):752-762.
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Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises: A Compilation Project of the IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group. Deepak, V., Praschag, P., and Vasudevan, K. No. 5, pp. 078.1–7 Chelonian Research Monographs.
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The species can adapt well to captivity – as its diet, while varied, is not highly specialized. It is, however, relatively rare as a pet.Corton, M., Homopus (Padloper Tortoise) Care, World Chelonian Trust (retrieved August 20, 2013).
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Peter Charles Howard Pritchard (June 26, 1943 – February 25, 2020) was a leading turtle zoologist. Educated at Oxford University and the University of Florida, where he earned his Ph.D. in Zoology, he was most commonly known for his campaign of almost 40 years for the conservation of turtles. Appropriately, his privately funded Chelonian Research Institute, for the study and preservation of turtles, is located in Oviedo, Florida, United States. Scott A. Thomson, curator of the Chelonian Research Institute notes that the CRI has 14500 tortoise and turtle specimens registered with some 2000 unregistered specimens.
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Jagannathan Vijaya (1959–1987) was India's first woman herpetologist. She documented the movement of turtles all over the country and worked as an assistant to Edward Moll, the chairman of the World Conservation Union's Freshwater Chelonian Specialist Group.
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Chelonian Research Monographs 5 (26): 1-6. It is one of the smallest Brazilian freshwater turtles reaching a maximum straight carapace length of . The species prefers streams with sandy and rocky bottoms and clear water in forests above elevation.
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M. georgesi is essentially an omnivore, with tendencies leaning toward carnivory.Allanson, M.; Georges, A. (1999). "Diet of a sibling species pair of freshwater turtles, Elseya purvisi and Elseya georgesi (Testudinata: Chelidae), from eastern Australia". Chelonian Conservation and Biology 3: 473-476.
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Population structure and movement patterns of alligator snapping turtles (Macroclemys temminckii) in northeastern Arkansas. Chelonian Conservation and Biology 3:64-70.Population dynamics of alligator snapping turtles (Macroclemys temminckii) from two drainage systems in northeastern Arkansas. Arkansas Game and Fish Commission. 1995.
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Chelonian Research Monographs (5): 058.1–058.12, doi:10.3854/crm.5.058.mawii.v1.2011, . is the only living species in the family Dermatemydidae. Its closest relatives are only known from fossils with some 19 genera described from a worldwide distribution from the Jurassic and Cretaceous.
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In: Rhodin, A.G.J., Iverson, J.B., van Dijk, P.P., Saumure, R.A., Buhlmann, K.A., Pritchard, P.C.H., and Mittermeier, R.A. (Eds.). Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises: A Compilation Project of the IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group. Chelonian Research Monographs 7:1–292. .
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In: Rhodin, A.G.J., Iverson, J.B., van Dijk, P.P., Saumure, R.A., Buhlmann, K.A., Pritchard, P.C.H., and Mittermeier, R.A. (Eds.). Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises: A Compilation Project of the IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group. Chelonian Research Monographs 7:1–292.
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In: Rhodin, A.G.J., Iverson, J.B., van Dijk, P.P., Saumure, R.A., Buhlmann, K.A., Pritchard, P.C.H., and Mittermeier, R.A. (Eds.). Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises: A Compilation Project of the IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group. Chelonian Research Monographs 7:1–292. .
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In: Rhodin, A.G.J., Iverson, J.B., van Dijk, P.P., Saumure, R.A., Buhlmann, K.A., Pritchard, P.C.H., and Mittermeier, R.A. (Eds.). Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises: A Compilation Project of the IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group. Chelonian Research Monographs 7:1–292. .
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Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises: A Compilation Project of the IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group. Chelonian Research Monographs No. 5. pp. 000.85-000.164, They are divided into two morphologically distinct groups. The yellow plastron of a juvenile Cyclemys dentata.
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Getting to know the river terrapins of Malaysia. “Malaysian Naturalist”, 64(3). # Chan, E.H. and P.N. Chen. 2011. Nesting activity and clutch size of the southern river terrapin, Batagur affinis (Cantor, 1847) in the Setiu River, Terengganu, Malaysia. “Chelonian Conservation and Biology”, 10(1):129–132. 2011.
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This species has a very complicated taxonomic history, involving many uses of the available names and a number of mistakes in that usage.Thomson, S.A. (2000). "The identification of the holotype of Chelodina oblonga (Testudines: Chelidae) with a discussion of taxonomic implications". Chelonian Conservation and Biology 3: 745–749.
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Chelonian Conservation and Biology 2 (1): 13–15. and a secondary one at the beginning of the dry season (January to February). The species can lay up to 4 clutches per year with an average of 2–20 eggs per clutch; clutch sizes over 15, however, were not common.
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"Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises: A Compilation Project of the IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group". Chelonian Research Monographs No. 5: 000.85–000.164, . Retrieved 25 March 2011. Black marsh turtles live in slow-moving or stagnant warm waters with abundant vegetation – usually marshes, swamps, and ponds.
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Chelonian Research Monographs No. 5, pp. 031.1–031.8, is an east Australian species of snake-necked turtle that inhabits a wide variety of water bodies and is an opportunistic feeder. It is a side-necked turtle (Pleurodira), meaning that it bends its head sideways into its shell rather than pulling it directly back.
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The only surviving giant tortoises are on the Seychelles and Galápagos Islands. They can grow to over in length, and weigh about . The largest ever chelonian was Archelon ischyros, a Late Cretaceous sea turtle known to have been up to long. The smallest turtle is the speckled padloper tortoise of South Africa.
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They are threatened by habitat destruction, traffic on roads, overgrazing, and poaching for the pet trade. Another threat comes from introduced species, such as domestic dogs and pigs. Among the Homopus species, H. areolatus adapts well to captivity, as their diets are not highly specialized.Corton, M., Homopus (Padloper Tortoise) Care, World Chelonian Trust (retrieved August 20, 2013).
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Chelonian Research Monographs (ISSN 1088-7105) (5): 005.1 - 005.6. Some of the most distinguishing characteristics of the black-knobbed map turtle, and the Graptemys genus, are the protruding "spikes" on the turtle's carapace. This species inhabits mainly the fall lines of rivers in the Mobile Bay drainage, in Alabama and Mississippi.Behler, J.L., and F.W. King. 1979.
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Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises: A Compilation Project of the IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group. Chelonian Research Monographs No. 5, pp. 056.1–056.7. The species is found in the sandstone plateaus and escarpments and the plunge pools of Arnhem Land of the Northern Territory. The species had been long recognised as valid.
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A large area of concern is from the illegal capture and export of these turtles for use as food and pets in parts of Asia.Van Dijk, P. P., Stuart, B. L., & Rhodin, A. G. (Eds.). (2000). Asian Turtle Trade: Proceedings of a Workshop on Conservation and Trade of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises in Asia. Chelonian Research Monographs, 2.
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This image from Pacific Lutheran University shows the cervical vertebrae of a Cryptodire as seen ventrally. The vertebrae have an S-shaped curve to allow for neck retraction into the shell.The largest living chelonian is the leatherback sea turtle (Dermochelys coriacea), which reaches a shell length of and can reach a weight of over . Freshwater turtles are generally smaller.
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The only known uricotelic chelonian is the desert tortoise, which likely evolved it recently as adaptation to desert habitats. Some desert mammals are also uricotelic, so since practically all known mammals are ureotelic, uricotelic adaptation is a likely result of convergence among desert species. Therefore, turtles would have to be the only known case of a uricotelic reptile reverting to ureotelism.
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World Chelonian Trust. The inside of the carapace is often heavily buttressed. This has sometimes been seen as a defense mechanism, that is it increases the strength of the shell against biting force, however Thomson (2003) demonstrated it is linked to feeding methods and the prevention of internal torsion of the shell. Chelids also lack mesoplastra, which separates them from the Pelomedusidae.
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C. insculpta is native to freshwater streams, lagoons and rivers of the Northern Territory of Australia, as well as to the island of New Guinea, where it is believed to occur in all the larger, and some smaller, southward-flowing rivers.Georges, A.; Rose, M. (1993). "Conservation biology of the pig-nosed turtle, Carettochelys insculpta ". Chelonian Conservation and Biology 1: 3-12.
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The dermal roofing elements of Proganochelys include a large nasal, a fully roofed skull, a flat squamosal, and an absent pineal foramen. Palatal characteristics include paired vomers, and a dorsal process containing premaxilla. An open interpterygoid vacuity along with a prominent elongated quadrate are notable basicranial elements. Overall, Pragonchelys is characterized by having few chelonian features and having a relatively generalized amniote skull.
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Terlinguachelys fischbecki, a new genus and species of sea turtle (Chelonioidea: Protostegidae) from the Upper Cretaceous of Texas. Journal of Paleontology 78(6): 1163-1178 Retrieved on June 20th, 2008. Like the larger Archelon, Corsochelys had channels penetrating the subphyseal plate from bone into the cartilage above,Snover ML, Rhodin AGL. 2007. Comparative ontogenetic and phylogenetic aspects of chelonian chondro-osseous growth and skeletochronology.
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Turtles of the World, 7th edition: annotated checklist of taxonomy, synonymy, distribution with maps, and conservation status. In: Rhodin AGJ, Pritchard PCH, van Dijk PP, Saumure RA, Buhlmann KA, Iverson JB, Mittermeier RA (Editors). Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises: A Compilation Project of the IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group. Chelonian Research Monographs 5 (7): 000.329–479 , doi:10.3854/ crm.5.000.checklist.v7.2014.
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Florida redbellies are commonly exported for consumption and the pet trade, with about 50% wild caught individuals and 50% captive bred. Most of US export statistics (as collected by the World Chelonian Trust in 2002-2005) simply describe exported turtles by the genus, Pseudemys, without identifying the species. They are exported by the million, and are mostly farm-raised.Declared Turtle Trade From the United States - Pseudemys sp.
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One of Aesop's fables is The Tortoise and the Hare. The tortoise was the symbol of the ancient Greek city of Aegina, on the island by the same name: the seal and coins of the city shows images of tortoises. The word Chelonian comes from the Greek Chelone, a tortoise god. The tortoise was a fertility symbol in Greek and Roman times, and an attribute of Aphrodite/Venus.
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Turtle may either refer to the order as a whole, or to particular turtles that make up a form taxon that is not monophyletic, or may apply to only aquatic species. Tortoise usually refers to any land-dwelling, non-swimming chelonian. Terrapin is used to describe several species of small, edible, hard-shell turtles, typically those found in brackish waters. In North America, all chelonians are commonly called turtles.
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The green turtle, Chelonia mydas, in Queensland: population structure in a warm temperate feeding area. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 35: 139-154. Age at maturity has been estimated to occur between 10Moncada, F. Carrillo, E., Saenz, A., and Nodarse, G. (1999). Reproduction and Nesting of the Hawksbill Turtle, Eretmochelys imbricata, in the Cuban Archipelago. Chelonian Conservation and Biology, 3 (2): 257–263 and 25 years of ageDiez, C. E. & Van Dam, R. P. (2002).
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Skull of a three-week-old chicken. Here the opisthotic bone appears in the occipital region, as in the adult Chelonian. bo = Basi- occipital, bt = Basi-temporal, eo = Opisthotic, f = Frontal, fm = Foramen magnum, fo = Fontanella, oc = Occipital condyle, op = Opisthotic, p = Parietal, pf = Post-frontal, sc = Sinus canal in supra-occipital, so = Supra- occpital, sq = Squamosal, 8 = Exit of vagus nerve. Breeds artificially developed for egg production rarely go broody, and those that do often stop part-way through the incubation.
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Because of their tough carapaces, adults' only predators are sharks, estuarine crocodiles, octopuses, and some species of pelagic fish. A series of biotic and abiotic cues, such as individual genetics, foraging quantity and quality,León, Y.M. and C.E. Diez, 1999. Population structure of hawksbill turtles on a foraging ground in the Dominican Republic (Chelonian Conservation and Biology; 1999, v. 3, no. 2, p. 230-236) or population density, may trigger the maturation of the reproductive organs and the production of gametes and thus determine sexual maturity.
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Hylaeochelys is an extinct genus of plesiochelyid turtle that lived during the Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous in Portugal, Spain and southern England. The type species was originally named by Richard Owen as Pleurosternon latiscutatum in 1853,R. Owen. 1853. Part I. A monograph on the fossil chelonian reptiles of the Wealden clays and Purbeck limestones. Monograph on the Fossil Reptilia of the Wealden and Purbeck Formations. Palaeontographical Society 7(25):1-12 before being moved to the new genus Hylaeochelys by Richard Lydekker in 1889.
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Turtle "Shetyw", "Shetw", "Sheta", "shtyw" was common in Ancient Egyptian Art (especially Predynastic and Old Kingdom art). Turtle fossils are the most common reptiles found in the Fayoum, including Gigantochersina ammon, a tortoise as large as those living on the Galapagos Islands today. Charles Andrews was the first to write in the West about these tortoises in the early 20th century. Predynastic slate palettes represent freshwater (soft carapace, Trionyx triunguis) turtles as does the hieroglyph for "turtle" in which the chelonian is always represented from above.
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Amebiasis has been observed in saurian, ophidian, and chelonian reptiles and is shown to result in a mortality rate of approximately 100%. Several scientists have noted that reptiles native to lower temperature climates tend to be carriers of the parasite, while those species who live in warmer temperatures usually develop pathogenic cases. It has also been found that snakes and lizards have the highest mortality rates in contrast to turtles and crocodiles who tend to be asymptomatic carriers. Symptoms typically include dehydration, anorexia, lethargy, and bloody stools.
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An economic recession had set in over the decades as Indian and Chelonian tea made for greater competition. A military advance was being staged upriver in Wuhan by the Kuomintang in 1927 and all the remaining expatriate community fled on British and American warships towards safer waters of Shanghai, to never return. Jiujiang languished as a port and much of its export trade was siphoned off with the connecting of Nanchang to coastal rail lines built in 1936–37. Until 1949 Jiujiang had very little industry except for local handicrafts.
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Homopus areolatus is known by a wide range of common names. In its native region in southern Africa (and in much of the scientific community) it is usually known as the common padloper due to its being by far the most commonly occurring of all the Homopus ("padloper") species.Loehr, V., "Common Padloper (Homopus areolatus)", World Chelonian Trust (retrieved August 20, 2013)Homopus Research Foundation website It is also commonly known as the parrot-beaked tortoise, due to the relatively large beak that the males of the species possess.Parrot-beaked tortoise, CITES species gallery.
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Eunotosaurus was named in 1892, but it was not until 1914 that it was proposed to be an ancestor of Chelonia, the turtle order. English zoologist D. M. S. Watson claimed that Eunotosaurus was transitional between cotylosaurs (now referred to as captorhinids) and Chelonia. He compared it to "Archichelone", a name he devised for a hypothetical chelonian ancestor, noting that its ribs appeared to be intermediate between those of turtles and other tetrapods. Watson's "Archichelone" had a pelvic girdle that was pushed back on the vertebral column and placed under the shell.
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The largest terrestrial species, the Asian softshell turtle (Pelochelys cantorii), produced a few individuals up to . This dwarfs the better-known alligator snapping turtle, the largest chelonian in North America, which attains a shell length of up to and weighs as much as . Giant tortoises of the genera Geochelone, Meiolania, and others were relatively widely distributed around the world into prehistoric times, and are known to have existed in North and South America, Australia, and Africa. They became extinct as humans appeared, and it is assumed humans hunted them for food.
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Chelonian Research Monographs 7:1–292. . and the Committee On Standard English And Scientific Names (Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles).Ronald M. Bonett, Jeff Boundy, Frank T. Burbrink, Brian I. Crother, Kevin de Queiroz, Darrel R. Frost, Richard Highton, John B. Iverson, Elizabeth L. Jockusch, Fred Kraus, Kenneth L. Krysko, Adam D. Leaché, Emily Moriarty Lemmon, Roy W. McDiarmid, Joseph R. Mendelson III, Peter A. Meylan, Tod W. Reeder, Sara Ruane, Michael E. Seidel (2017). Scientific and standard English names of amphibians and reptiles of North America north of Mexico, with comments regarding confidence in our understanding.
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Undun ()Rhodin, A. G. J., Ibarrondo, B. R. und Kuchlin, G.: Chelodina mccordi Rhodin 1994 — Roti Island snake-necked turtle, McCord's snake-necked turtle, kura-kura rote in: Rhodin, A. G. J., Pritchard, P. C. H., van Dijk, P. P., Saumure, R. A., Buhlmann, K. A., und Iverson, J.B. (Eds.). Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises: A Compilation Project of the IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group. Chelonian Research Monographs No. 5, S. 008.1-008.8, (ISSN 1088-7105), 2008. is a lake on the Indonesian island of Roti in the province of East Nusa Tenggara, in the Lesser Sunda Islands.
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Proganochelys possess a few chelonian synapomorphies including: a bony shell containing fused ribs, neural bones with fused thoracic segments, and a carapace and plastron that enclose the pelvic and shoulder girdle. Proganochelys was also known for its autapomorphy features which included a tail club and a tubercle on the basioccipital. The tail of Proganochelys was noticeably long and is hypothesized to have been used as a club for protection against predators. Although evolution of the shell has been clearly defined, the mechanisms behind the movement of the neck has been a subject of debate for Proganochelys.
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Víctor Ramos has proposed that the Patagonian landmass originated as an allochthonous terrane that separated from Antarctica and docked in South America 250 to 270 Mya in the Permian period. A 2014 study by R.J. Pankhurst and coworkers rejects any idea of a far-traveled Patagonia, claiming it is likely of parautochtonous (nearby) origin. The Mesozoic and Cenozoic deposits have revealed a most interesting vertebrate fauna. This, together with the discovery of the perfect cranium of a chelonian of the genus Niolamia, which is almost identical to Ninjemys oweni of the Pleistocene age in Queensland, forms an evident proof of the connection between the Australian and South American continents.
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She trained under Romulus Whitaker and started working full-time at the Chennai Snake Park, then known as Madras Snake Park, after her graduation in 1981. At 22, she was recommended by Whitaker to assist Edward Moll, the then chairman of the World Conservation Union's Freshwater Chelonian Specialist Group for an India-wide survey of turtles. She traveled all over the country and gathered data that helped reduce sea turtle exploitation. Her research and photography of the slaughter of Olive Ridley turtles appeared on National magazine and led to the then prime minister Indira Gandhi to order the Coast Guard to take steps to stop the turtle trade.
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In the United Kingdom, the word turtle is used for water-dwelling species, including ones known in the US as terrapins, but not for terrestrial species, which are known only as tortoises. The word chelonian is popular among veterinarians, scientists, and conservationists working with these animals as a catch-all name for any member of the superorder Chelonia, which includes all turtles living and extinct, as well as their immediate ancestors. Chelonia is based on the Greek word for turtles, chelone; Greek chelys "tortoise" is also used in the formation of scientific names of chelonians., Testudines, on the other hand, is based on the Latin word for tortoise, testudo.
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Nonetheless, the great majority of turtles exported from the US are farm raised. According to one estimate by the World Chelonian Trust, about 97% of 31.8 million animals harvested in the U.S. over a three- year period (November 4, 2002 – November 26, 2005) were exported. It has been estimated (presumably, over the same 2002–2005 period) that about 47% of the US turtle exports go to the People's Republic of China (predominantly to Hong Kong), another 20% to Taiwan, and 11% to Mexico. TurtleSAt is a smartphone app that has been developed in Australia in honor of World Turtle Day to help in the conservation of fresh water turtles in Australia.
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Many Asian turtles are in danger because of the thriving trade in animals in the region, where a species' rarity can add to its value on a menu or as a traditional medicine. The species was thought to have disappeared from Cambodia until it was rediscovered in 2001. Conservationists eventually began tagging the animals with tracking devices and monitoring their nests, and King Norodom Sihamoni personally ordered their protection. Platt, S.G.; Bryan L. Stuart; Heng Sovannara; Long Kheng, Kalyar and Heng Kimchhay (2003) "Rediscovery of the critically endangered river terrapin, Batagur baska, in Cambodia, with notes on occurrence, reproduction, and conservation status" Chelonian Conservation and Biology 4(3): 691 Its eggs were a delicacy of the royal cuisine of Cambodia; In 2005, it was designated the national reptile of the Cambodia in an effort to bring awareness and conservation for this species.
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Because of the domestic ban and emphasis on exporting them internationally, the size of US turtle industry's volume can be surmised from recorded export data. The cumulative data includes both farmed and wild-caught turtles, but the farmed component is usually predominant. According to a study by the World Chelonian Trust, 97% of 31.8 million turtles and tortoises exported from the U.S. between November 2002 and November 2005 were farm-raised.Declared Turtle Trade From the United States - Totals Over this same period, 47% of the US turtle exports went to the People's Republic of China (predominantly to Hong Kong), another 20% to Taiwan, and 11% to Mexico. Declared Turtle Trade From the United States - Destinations (Major destinations: 13,625,673 animals to Hong Kong, 1,365,687 to the rest of the PRC, 6,238,300 to Taiwan, 3,478,257 to Mexico, and 1,527,771 to Japan, 945,257 to Singapore, and 596,965 to Spain.) Declared Turtle Trade From the United States - Observations Over one-half of all turtles exported from the USA over the study period were Trachemys scripta (17,524,786 individuals), primarily Trachemys scripta elegans, or red-eared sliders (15,181,688 individuals),Declared Turtle Trade From the United States - Trachemys scripta as well as other Trachemys scripta subspecies).
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