Since products containing carrageenan are on the market and consumers are still purchasing them, it is clear that consumer preference is not 100% aligned to the so-called need to remove carrageenan from organic products.
|
|
In many cases, the ability to strike this balance depends on carrageenan.
|
|
Until now, other vegetarian ingredients, like agar-agar and carrageenan, have worked as substitutes.
|
|
Ninety percent of the patty was beef, and the other 2.493% was water and carrageenan.
|
|
Then we added calcium to bring the pH up and a little bit of carrageenan.
|
|
This is as misleading as the guar gum and carrageenan often found in "natural" ice cream.
|
|
It stripped carrageenan, a thickening agent that some consumers have soured on, out of some of its ice creams.
|
|
It was marketed as being low fat with a patty made using beef, water, and a seaweed extract called carrageenan.
|
|
Their labels could entice the more health-conscious consumer with buzzwords like soy free, dairy free, gluten free and carrageenan free.
|
|
The water replaced the original patty formula's fat content and the carrageenan was used to bind the water to the beef.
|
|
Studies dating back nearly a half century have concluded that carrageenan is safe, non-carcinogenic and free of hazards to human health.
|
|
Second, organic food manufacturers should have the option to use different additives – and they want and need carrageenan to be one of those options.
|
|
We recommend Organics Oceanics, containing natural seaweed extracts like carrageenan; this makes it extra slippery, like a silicone lube, without evaporation like water-based lubricants.
|
|
McDonald's did this by replacing the burger's fat content with water and using a seaweed extract called carrageenan to bind the water to the beef.
|
|
First, carrageenan – an additive that emulsifies, thickens and stabilizes – is essential for the production of many organic products because of the technological role it plays.
|
|
If organic products are prohibited from containing certain natural emulsifiers, thickeners and stabilizers like carrageenan, they will be at a distinct disadvantage in the marketplace.
|
|
Anthony Shave Gel is infused with carrageenan extracts and beads of aloe that help moisturize and soften even the driest skin, reducing irritation and redness.
|
|
In addition to the organic CBD oil, the scentless Caragold lube includes organic aloe and carrageenan (which is made from algae or seaweed) as its slickening agents.
|
|
"[Carrageenan] is most likely safe in the amounts that most people digest [it], but [it's] yet another reason to watch how often you're drinking these beverages," Armul says.
|
|
The cherry on top of all that, is that PSLs are made with whipped cream, which often contains an additive alleged to cause cramps, gas, and bloating, called carrageenan.
|
|
This is thanks both to aloe beads that actively pop during shaving, drenching your skin in soothing natural oils, as well as carrageenan extract, which is another natural moisturizer extracted from seaweed.
|
|
Trays of water are spiked with powdered, carrageenan-rich seaweed extract, which lends a viscosity that allows paint pigments (historically gouache, but now also acrylic) to float on top of the water's surface.
|
|
Rivera's version combines cleaned foie, milk, iota carrageenan, and salt in the Thermomix—essentially a blender with a heating element—and he sets it to 70 degrees Celsius, with the blade spinning at a medium-low speed.
|
|
About 75 percent of Philippine exports to the United States already enter the American market duty-free, but Manila wants to gain market access for its garments and textiles, wristwatches and agricultural products, including top export carrageenan and seaweed.
|
|
In August, the Nestle-owned Stouffer's frozen entrees became the latest classic brand to announce a recipe change when its regular lasagna with meat and sauce product removed four ingredients — bleached wheat flour, dextrose, autolyzed yeast extract and carrageenan.
|
|
The NOSB, whose members are appointed by the U.S. Secretary of Agriculture to make recommendations on organic food and products, voted to recommend that carrageenan be removed from the National List of Approved Substances for use in organic foods.
|
|
Removing carrageenan may diminish the acceptability of certain organic products, which in turn may lead to consumer deselection away from organic foods altogether – a consequence that certainly runs counter to the NOSB's objectives and the National Organic Program's mission.
|
|
According to Food Beast , the ingredients in McDonald's cold brew include: ice, cream, skim milk, sugar, cold brew coffee extract (water and cold brew coffee), water, caramel color, dipotassium phosphate, guar gum, mono and diglycerides, tripotassium citrate, disodium phosphate, and carrageenan.
|
|
Ectoplasm is packed with mineral-rich carrageenan seaweed that'll leave your skin just as soft as a wrap from the spa would, and the crisp, citrus-y grapefruit scent will deliver the same invigoration you get from a great treatment.
|
|
The substance in the crosshairs this time was carrageenan, a food ingredient derived from natural seaweed that has been safely consumed worldwide for centuries and is considered by many to be nature's perfect stabilizing ingredient, reducing the need for costlier, synthetic additives.
|
|
Consumers wanting to know where ingredients come from and why they are needed in a product have pushed companies like Campbell Soup, General Mills and Nestlé to rid many of their products of substances such as carrageenan, high-fructose corn syrup and artificial colorings.
|
|
The main difference between the algae variety that is used to make TerraVia's oil and other ones like carrageenan or agar-agar is that this one is grown in the dark, which keeps it from becoming green and picking up a spirulina-like flavor.
|
|
But if you're one of those people who knows that one or all of these ingredients — sugar, lactose, coffee, or carrageenan — can cause your stomach rumble, you might want to think twice, or at least have easy access to a bathroom, before ordering your next PSL.
|
|
"I would rather feed my baby real, organic ingredients than a heavily processed store-bought formula that contains 'glucose syrup solids,' which is another name for corn syrup solids, maltrodextrin, carrageenan, and palm oil," writes the mother to Camden Jack, 3, and Jaxon Wyatt, 22 months, and daughter Saylor James, almost 4 months.
|
|
Added sugar (applies to honey and artificial sweeteners as well)AlcoholGrains (bread, rice, oats, corn)Legumes (beans, chickpeas, lentils, peanuts)SoyDairyAdditives like carrageenan, MSG, or sulfitesDo eat:MeatSeafoodEggsFruitLeafy greens and vegetablesNuts and seedsNatural fats (olive oil, coconut, avocado) The focus isn't weight lossThe whole30 website says that dieters should not focus too much on weight loss.
|
|
Ingredients Vital wheat gluten, filtered water, organic expeller-pressed palm fruit oil, barley, garlic, expeller-pressed safflower oil, onions, tomato paste, celery, carrots, naturally flavored yeast extract, onion powder, mushrooms, barley malt, sea salt, spices, carrageenan (Irish moss sea vegetable extract), celery seed, balsamic vinegar, black pepper, shiitake mushrooms, porcini mushroom powder, yellow pea flour.
|
|
Depending on which brand of pumpkin-spice syrup is being used in whatever you're eating/drinking/fellating, here's what's probably making your nonfat latte taste "just like fall": High-fructose corn syrup (or actual bone char-refined sugar if you're lucky), "natural" and artificial flavors (LOL), citric acid (whatever), sodium benzoate and potassium sorbate (MY FAVES), caramel color (alleged carcinogen), carrageenan (fellow alleged carcinogen which some people think causes intestinal inflammation, but who really knows, right?), milk (probably came from the saddest, most hormone-fattened perma-pregnant cow ever with infected udders), and some other sodium/potassium/xanthan crap.
|
|
There are two basic grades of carrageenan: refined carrageenan (RC) and semi-refined carrageenan (SRC). In the United States both grades are labeled as carrageenan. In the European Union, refined carrageenan is designated by the E number E-407, and semi- refined carrageenan as E-407a. Refined carrageenan has a 2% maximum for acid insoluble material and is produced through an alcohol precipitation process or potassium chloride gel press process.
|
|
Kappa-carrageenan has one sulfate group per disaccharide, iota-carrageenan has two, and lambda- carrageenan has three. Gelatinous extracts of the Chondrus crispus (Irish moss) seaweed have been used as food additives since approximately the fifteenth century.FAO Agar and Carrageenan Manual. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (1965-01-01).
|
|
Carrageenan is extracted from this seaweed in two ways. In native extraction, the seaweed is made into an aqueous solution, and the residue is filtered, leaving nearly pure carrageenan. The alkaline-modified method is less expensive and easier. The seaweed is mixed in an alkali solution, leaving a mixture of carrageenan and cellulose that can be sold as semirefined carrageenan.
|
|
Beattie, et al. 1970. "A Study of Orally-Administered Degraded Carrageenan in the Baboon". Food. Cosmet. Toxicol. 8:257-266. The use of the term "degraded carageenan" caused confusion, which resulted in the attribution of the negative observations associated the polymer being attributed to carrageenan.McKim JM. 2014. “Food additive carrageenan: Part I: A critical review of carrageenan in vitro studies, potential pitfalls, and implications for human health and safetyWeiner ML. 2014. “Food additive carrageenan: Part II: A critical review of carrageenan in vivo safety studies.
|
|
There are two basic grades of carrageenan, refined carrageenan (RC) and semi-refined carrageenan (SRC). In the United States, RC and SRC are both labeled as carrageenan. In the European Union, RC is designated by the E number E-407, and SRC is E-407a. RC has a 2% maximum for acid-insoluble material and is produced through an alcohol precipitation process or potassium chloride gel press process.
|
|
Carrageenan has specific uses in an array of agricultural products, and public comments reported that potential substitutes do not adequately replicate the functions of carrageenan across the broad scope of use. Therefore, carrageenan continues to meet the OFPA criteria for inclusion on the National List.” The rule went into effect May 29, 2018.
|
|
In the U.S., carrageenan is allowed under FDA regulations21 Code of Federal Regulations 172.620 as a direct food additive and is considered safeGenerally Recognized As Safe 21 CRF §182.7255 GRAS ID Code 9000-07-1 (1973) when used in the amount necessary as an emulsifier, stabilizer, or thickener in foods, except those standardized foods that do not provide for such use. FDA also reviewed carrageenan safety for infant formula.Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act 21 U.S.C. 350(a) §412 The European Food Safety Authority concluded "there is no evidence of any adverse effects in humans from exposure to food-grade carrageenan, or that exposure to degraded carrageenan from use of food-grade carrageenan is occurring",Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Food on Carrageenan (2003) p. 5 Furthermore, the Joint FAO/WHO expert committee on food additives stated in a July 2014 review of carrageenan "that the use of carrageenan in infant formula or formula for special medical purposes at concentrations up to 1000 mg/L is not of concern".
|
|
Semi-refined carrageenan contains a much higher level of cellulosic content and is produced in a less complex process. Indonesia, the Philippines, and Chile are three main sources of raw material and extracted carrageenan.
|
|
When used in food products, iota carrageenan and sodium stearoyl lactylate (SSL) have a synergistic effect allowing for stabilizing/emulsifying that is not obtained with any other type of carrageenan (kappa/lambda) or with other emulsifiers (monoglycerides, etc.). Sodium stearoyl lactylate combined with iota carrageenan is capable of producing emulsions under both hot and cold conditions using either vegetable or animal fat.
|
|
As of 2018, carrageenan was deemed non-toxic under certain consumption levels (75 mg/kg bw per day), although further research was recommended, mainly focused on the fate of carrageenan and its metabolites during and after digestion.
|
|
Carrageenan may prevent HPV and HSV transmission, but not HIV. See Carrageenan#Medical Uses The phase III clinical trial for carrageenan-based Carraguard showed that it had no statistical effect on HIV infection, according to results released in 2008. The study showed that the gel was safe, with no side effects or increased risks. The trial also provided information about usage patterns in trial participants.
|
|
Due to the polysaccharides in the cell walls, F. lumbricalis is grouped with other commercially important carrageenophytes (red algae that produce carrageenans). From F. lumbricalis a polysaccharide called furcellaran (hybrid β/κ-carrageenan) can be extracted. Furcellaran is non- stoichometrically undersulphated κ-carrageenan, where every 3rd or 4th 3-linked-β-galactose monomer possesses a sulphate ester group at the 4th carbon position. For comparison, an ideal κ-carrageenan molecule would have a sulphate ester group at the 4th carbon in every 3-linked-β-galactose monomer. Furcellaran’s physical properties (gel strengths, gelling and melting temperatures) are similar to κ-carrageenan.
|
|
The concentration of κ-carrageenan is used to influence particle size distribution of the AgNPs.
|
|
Carrageenan, from the red alga Chondrus crispus, is used as a stabilizer in milk products.
|
|
The PNRI developed a Polyvinyl Pyrrolidone (PVP) Carrageenan dressing: a fully permanent gel in a form of a sheet that is 3-4mm thick and containing over 90% water, used to treat burns, wounds, and bedsores. It is made from Polyvinylpyrrolidone, a water-soluble polymer, and Carrageenan, a seaweed polysaccharide by the means of Radiation Processing to effect cross-linking and to sterilize the product into a final form.Abad, "PVP-Carrageenan Hydrogel Dressing." 2008.
|
|
PRO 2000, carrageenan, and cellulose sulphate have all been studied as microbicides to block HIV binding.
|
|
Retrieved on 2011-12-10. Carrageenan is a vegetarian and vegan alternative to gelatin in some applications or may be used to replace gelatin in confectionery. There is no clinical evidence for carrageenan as an unsafe food ingredient, mainly because its fate after digestion is inadequately determined.
|
|
The essential difference in the refining process is that the carrageenan is first dissolved and filtered to remove cell wall debris. The carrageenan is then precipitated from the clear solution either by isopropanol or by potassium chloride.CyberColloids: E407a Specification Processed Eucheuma Seaweed, Hydrocolloids research and development webpage.
|
|
Carrageenan-induced rat's paw inflammation has been accepted us a useful phlogistic tool for investigating systemic antiinflammatory agents.
|
|
The maximum phlogistic response of carrageenan was observed at 4h after the injection in the vehicle treated animals.
|
|
In a 2015 review, the Joint Expert Committee of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and World Health Organization on Food Additives released a technical report in 2015 on the use of carrageenan in infant formula and found that the additive was "not of concern" in infant formula as food for special medical purposes at concentrations up to 1000 milligrams per litre. The use of carrageenan in infant formula, organic or otherwise, is prohibited in the EU for precautionary reasons, but is permitted in other food items. In 2018, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) reported that safety of carrageenan in food products is based on an ADI of 75 mg/kg body weight per day. In the UK, the Food Standards Agency issued a product recall for sweets containing carrageenan, stating that carrageenan “is not permitted as an ingredient in jelly confectionery products as it presents a choking hazard”.
|
|
Poligeenan is produced by the harsh acid degradation of carrageenan. Carrageenan in solution is processed at low pH (~1.0) and high temperature () for up to six hours until the weight-average molecular weight (Mw) has been reduced to the range 10,000 – 20,000 daltons (10-20 kDa). The resulting poligeenan solution is neutralized and spray dried to a fine powder.
|
|
Chondrus crispus ('Irish moss' or carrageenan moss) is used in food additives, along with Kappaphycus and Gigartinoid seaweed. Porphyra is used in Wales to make laverbread (sometimes with oat flour). In northern Belize, seaweed is mixed with milk, nutmeg, cinnamon and vanilla to make "" ("sweet"). Alginate, agar and carrageenan are gelatinous seaweed products collectively known as hydrocolloids or phycocolloids.
|
|
Kappa-carrageenase (, kappa-carrageenan 4-beta-D-glycanohydrolase) is an enzyme with systematic name kappa-carrageenan 4-beta-D-glycanohydrolase (configuration-retaining). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction : Endohydrolysis of (1->4)-beta-D-linkages between D-galactose 4-sulfate and 3,6-anhydro-D-galactose in kappa-carrageenans The main products of hydrolysis are neocarrabiose-sulfate and neocarratetraose-sulfate.
|
|
The name "poligeenan" was confirmed in 1988 by the United States Adopted Names (USAN) Council. The Council is sponsored by the American Medical Association, the American Pharmaceutical Association, and the US Pharmacopeial Convention Inc. Prior to 1988, poligeenan was referred to as "degraded carrageenan" in the scientific literature. The terms "poligeenan" and "degraded carrageenan" were often used interchangeably in research articles and reports.
|
|
The E. cottonii variety has been reclassified as Kappaphycus cottonii by Maxwell Doty (1988), thereby introducing the genus Kappaphycus, on the basis of the phycocolloids produced (namely kappa carrageenan). After harvest, the seaweed is dried, baled, and sent to the carrageenan manufacturer. There the seaweed is ground, sifted to remove impurities such as sand, and washed thoroughly. After treatment with hot alkali solution (e.g.
|
|
Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. Who.int. Retrieved on 2014-8-11. Although the National Organic Program (NOP) had added carrageenan to its National List of additives allowed to be included in organic foods in 2003,68 FR 61993 (2003) and reviewed and reauthorized it in 2008,65 FR 80548 noting it as "critical to organic production and handling operations",73 FR 59481 on November 18, 2016 the NOP's National Organic Standards Board (NOSB) voted to recommend carrageenan be removed from the National List of additives allowed in organic food production. On April 4, 2018 the Agricultural Marketing Service (AMS) (USDA) published a document to announce the renewal of carrageenan on the National List, allowing its continued use in food products. The document states, “The NOSB recommended removing carrageenan because they determined that alternative materials, such as gellan gum, guar gum, or xanthan gum, are available for use in organic products” continuing, “AMS found sufficient evidence in public comments to the NOSB that carrageenan continues to be necessary for handling agricultural products because of the unavailability of wholly natural substitutes (§ 6517(c)(1)(ii)).
|
|
The lifecycle of C. crispus: Below the life stages are indicated if the life stage is haploid(n) or diploid (2n) and the type of carrageenan present. How the lifecycles of C. crispus might look in nature: The gametophytes show blue iridescence and the fertile sporophytes exhibit a spotty pattern. C. crispus is an industrial source of carrageenan, which is commonly used as a thickener and stabilizerRoeck-Holtzhauer, Y.de 1991. Uses of seaweeds in Cosmetics.
|
|
Its optimum pH for activity is 7.0, and optimum temperature is 35 °C. The enzyme specifically hydrolyses lambda-carrageenan, and is not active against iota- and kappa-carrageenans, agarose or porphyran.
|
|
Hayashi, L., et al. (2007). Growth rate and carrageenan analyses in four strains of Kappaphycus alvarezii (Rhodophyta, Gigartinales) farmed in the subtropical water of SaoPaulostate,Brazil. J Appl Phycol. 19: 393-99.
|
|
Poligeenan (CAS No. 53973-98-1) is a low viscosity, low molecular weight, sulfated polygalactan polymer used exclusively in clinical diagnostic applications. The polymer is derived from the molecular backbone of carrageenan.
|
|
Lambda-carrageenase (, endo-beta-1,4-carrageenose 2,6,2'-trisulfate-hydrolase) is an enzyme which breaks down a polysaccharide found in red seaweeds, lambda- carrageenan. This enzyme has only been found in marine bacteria.
|
|
SRC contains a much higher level of cellulosic content and is produced in a less complex process. Indonesia, the Philippines, and Chile are three main sources of raw material and extracted carrageenan.
|
|
The PNRI is experimenting on crop production with mutation breeding; wherein plant breeders use various techniques, and mutagens such as radiation or chemicals, to improve the crops' individual yields and develop new varieties of crop. Radiation can induce hereditary changes, or mutations, in irradiated planting materials.Lapade, 2008. Another development is the Carrageenan PGP as Plant Food Supplement where the radiation-induced degradation of natural polymers like Carrageenan PGP is performed to yield oligosaccharides: natural bioactive agents that act as Plant Food Supplements.
|
|
Cultured cream. Processed sour cream can include any of the following additives and preservatives: grade A whey, modified food starch, sodium phosphate, sodium citrate, guar gum, carrageenan, calcium sulfate, potassium sorbate, and locust bean gum.
|
|
Eucheuma denticulatum is a species of red algae and one of the primary sources of iota carrageenan. It exists naturally in the Philippines, tropical Asia, and the western Pacific, but for the commercial extraction of carrageenan it is usually cultivated. The species is commonly known as E. spinosum when cultivated and can be found in different colours: brown, green and red. Cultivation of Eucheuma started in the Philippines in the early 1970s and has since been introduced to many other locations with varying results.
|
|
Furcellaran can also be used instead of κ-carrageenan as a beer wort fining agent.M. Saluri, M. Robal and R. Tuvikene, "Hybrid carrageenans as beer wort fining agents," Food Hydrocolloids, vol. 86, pp. 26-33, 2019.
|
|
CPKelco has six plants—Großenbrode, Germany (Pectin); Lille Skensved, Denmark (Pectin, Carrageenan, Refined Locust Bean Gum); Okmulgee, Oklahoma (Xanthan Gum); San Diego, California (Xanthan Gum, Gellan Gum); Rizhao, China (Xanthan Gum, Diutan Gum); and, Limeira, Brazil (Pectin).
|
|
Cations need to be present to form a strong gel in an aqueous solution. It is a process that depends on the nature of the polysaccharide, polymer concentration, temperature and the ions. K+, Rb+ and Cs+ ions produce strong κ-carrageenan and furcellaran gels, whereas Ca2+ ions aid the gelling of ι-carrageenan (extracted from the cell walls of C. truncatus). An initial coil-to-helix transition has been observed as the primary change in the gelling process, which is followed by the aggregation of these helices to form a gel.
|
|
If galactomannans are mixed with other gelling substances, such as carrageenan, they can be used to effectively thicken the liquid part of food. This is used extensively in canned food for animals in order to get the "jellied" texture.
|
|
Agar is used in foods such as confectionery, meat and poultry products, desserts and beverages and moulded foods. Carrageenan is used in salad dressings and sauces, dietetic foods, and as a preservative in meat and fish, dairy items and baked goods.
|
|
Seaweed production plants in Zamboanga City, along with Cebu and Southern Luzon, produce most of the world's supply of carrageenan. Seventy-five percent of the country's eucheuma and kappaphycus seaweed is produced mostly in the Zamboanga Peninsula and the Sulu Archipelago.
|
|
It also has anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects in carrageenan-evoked thermal hyperalgesia. Paeonol inhibits anaphylactic reaction by regulating histamine and TNF-α. Paeonol has MAO-A and MAO-B inhibiting effects with IC50 values of 54.6 μM and 42.5 μM respectively.
|
|
Cream may have thickening agents and stabilizers added. Thickeners include sodium alginate, carrageenan, gelatine, sodium bicarbonate, tetrasodium pyrophosphate, and alginic acid.Dairy Fats and Related Products, edited by Adnan Tamime. This book has a great deal of technical information on cream and other dairy fat products.
|
|
A beer-fining agent that is suitable for vegetarians is Irish moss, a type of red algae containing the polymer chemical carrageenan. However, carrageenan- based products (used in both the boiling process and after fermentation) primarily reduce hazes caused by proteins, but isinglass is used at the end of the brewing process, after fermentation, to remove yeast. Since the two fining agents act differently (on different haze-forming particles), they are not interchangeable, and some beers use both. Isinglass finings are also used in the production of kosher wines, although for reasons of kashrut, they are not derived from the beluga sturgeon, because this fish is not kosher.
|
|
Eucheuma denticulatum being farmed for iota-carrageenan in an off-bottom cultivation in Tanzania Although carrageenans were introduced on an industrial scale in the 1930s, they were first used in China around 600 B.C. (where Gigartina was used) and in Ireland around 400 A.D. Carrageen gelatin can be prepared by boiling of rinsed Irish moss in of water for 10 minutes, stirring the mixture as it boils. of cold water are rapidly added to the hot brew, and after the mixture has cooled, it is strained through a cloth. It is then cooled for 24 hours, during which time it becomes gelatinous. , global sales of carrageenan were estimated at $640 million.
|
|
It has been used as a model species to study photosynthesis, carrageenan biosynthesis, and stress responses. The nuclear genome was sequenced in 2013. The genome size is 105 Mbp and is coding for 9,606 genes. It is characterised by relatively few genes with very few introns.
|
|
Carrageenan is also derived from seaweed, and lacks agar's occasionally unpleasant smell during cooking. It sets more firmly than agar and is often used in kosher and halal cooking. Konjac is a gelling agent used in many Asian foods, including the popular konnyaku fruit jelly candies.
|
|
Agents Classified by the IARC Monographs Volumes 1-110. Updated List 23 October, 2014 Unlike poligeenan, carrageenan is an approved food additive21 C.F.R. §172.620 with an extensive toxicology data base that has been reviewed by regulatory bodies and provides scientific evidence for safe inclusion in foods.
|
|
Proteins used as food thickeners include collagen, egg whites, and gelatin. Sugar polymers include agar, carboxymethyl cellulose, pectin and carrageenan. Other thickening agents act on the proteins already present in a food. One example is sodium pyrophosphate, which acts on casein in milk during the preparation of instant pudding.
|
|
Sugar, Glucose-fructose syrup, Sweetened condensed milk, Skimmed milk powder, Cocoa butter, Lactose, Crisped cereals [5%] (Wheat flour, Sugar, Wheat starch, Vegetable fat, Raising agent: Sodium carbonate, Salt, Caramelised Sugar), Cocoa mass, Whey powder, Butterfat, Wheat flour, Emulsifiers (Soya lecithin, E476), Flavourings, Stabiliser (Carrageenan), Salt, Raising agent (Sodium carbonate).
|
|
Other gelatin-like products from non-animal sources such as agar agar and carrageenan are pareve by nature. Fish gelatin, like all kosher fish products, is pareve. Jewish law generally requires that bread be kept parve (i.e., not kneaded with meat or dairy products nor made on meat or dairy equipment).
|
|
Various vegetarian and vegan versions of bologna are available. A typical UK recipe uses soya and wheat protein in the place of lean meat and palm oil instead of fat together with starch, carrageenan, and flavorings. It can be eaten cold or cooked in the same ways as traditional bologna.
|
|
An imitation of crème caramel may be prepared from "instant flan powder", which is thickened with agar or carrageenan rather than eggs. In some Latin American countries, the true custard version is known as "milk flan" (flan de leche) or even "milk cheese", and the substitute version is known as just "flan".
|
|
The use of the term Turkish by Europeans is most likely due to both the fact that many first encountered the art in Istanbul, as well as essentialist references to all Muslims as Turks, much as Europeans were referred to as Firengi in Turkish and Persian, which literally means Frankish. Historic forms of marbling used both organic and inorganic pigments mixed with water for colors, and sizes were traditionally made from gum tragacanth (Astragalus spp.), gum karaya, guar gum, fenugreek (Trigonella foenum- graecum), fleabane, linseed, and psyllium. Since the late 19th century, a boiled extract of the carrageenan-rich alga known as Irish moss (Chondrus crispus), has been employed for sizing. Today, many marblers use powdered carrageenan extracted from various seaweeds.
|
|
A new, very promising wet-chemical technique was found by Elsupikhe et al. (2015). They have developed a green ultrasonically-assisted synthesis. Under ultrasound treatment, silver nanoparticles (AgNP) are synthesized with κ-carrageenan as a natural stabilizer. The reaction is performed at ambient temperature and produces silver nanoparticles with fcc crystal structure without impurities.
|
|
Scientists at the Population Council are trying to develop a microbicide that would be both safe and effective in either the vagina or the rectum. They have conducted early work on a combination product containing MIV-150 (an investigational ARV), zinc acetate, and carrageenan gel. Further evaluation of this combination is dependent on funding.
|
|
Pasteurized process cheese spread is a pasteurized processed cheese product prepared using one or more cheeses, additional ingredients and sometimes food additives such as emulsifiers (e.g. potassium phosphate and tartrate) and food stabilizers to limit product separation (e.g. carrageenan and xanthan gum). Cream, milkfat, sweeteners, water, salt, various seasonings and artificial color are sometimes used as ingredients.
|
|
Algae possess cell walls made of glycoproteins and polysaccharides such as carrageenan and agar that are absent from land plants. In bacteria, the cell wall is composed of peptidoglycan. The cell walls of archaea have various compositions, and may be formed of glycoprotein S-layers, pseudopeptidoglycan, or polysaccharides. Fungi possess cell walls made of the N-acetylglucosamine polymer chitin.
|
|
Vegans and vegetarians do not eat foods containing gelatin made from animals. Likewise, Sikh, Hindu, and Jain customs may require gelatin alternatives from sources other than animals, as many Hindus, most Jains and some Sikhs are vegetarian. Partial alternatives to gelatins derived from animals include the seaweed extracts agar and carrageenan, and the plant extracts pectin and konjac.
|
|
Many seaweeds are used to produced derivative chemicals that can be used for various industrial, pharmaceutical or food products. Two major derivitative products are Carrageenan and Agar. However, there are a wide range of bioactive ingredients that can be used for a variety of industries, such as the pharmaceutical industry, industrial food, and the cosmetic industry.
|
|
Iota-carrageenase () is an enzyme with systematic name iota-carrageenan 4-beta-D-glycanohydrolase (configuration-inverting). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction : Endohydrolysis of (1->4)-beta-D-linkages between D-galactose 4-sulfate and 3,6-anhydro-D-galactose-2-sulfate in iota- carrageenans The main products of hydrolysis are iota-neocarratetraose sulfate and iota-neocarrahexaose sulfate.
|
|
Antalarmin has also been used extensively to study the role of CRH in inflammation. Intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of Antalarmin in rats significantly inhibited the inflammation caused by subcutaneous administration of carrageenan (a known inflammatory food additive) as measured by leukocyte concentrations. In a rat skin mast cell activation model, pre-treatment with Antalarmin (10 mg/kg, i.
|
|
Kappaphycus alvarezii, the elkhorn sea moss, is a species of red algae. It is one of the most important commercial sources of carrageenans, a family of gel- forming, viscosifying polysaccharides. Farming methods affect the character of the carrageenan that can be extracted from the seaweed. This alga grows to two meters long and is green or yellow in color.
|
|
Photosynthetic pigments of Rhodophyta are chlorophylls a and d. Red algae are red due to phycoerythrin. They contain the sulfated polysaccharide carrageenan in the amorphous sections of their cell walls, although red algae from the genus Porphyra contain porphyran. They also produce a specific type of tannin called phlorotannins, but in a lower amount than brown algae do.
|
|
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Red algae, like Gracilaria, Gelidium, Euchema, Porphyra, Acanthophora, and Palmaria are primarily known for their industrial use for phycocolloids (agar, algin, furcellaran and carrageenan) as thickening agent, textiles, food, anticoagulants, water-binding agents etc.Dhargalkar VK, Verlecar XN. "Southern Ocean Seaweeds: a resource for exploration in food and drugs". Aquaculture 2009; 287: 229–242.
|
|
Gelatin and/or vegetable additives (guar gum, carrageenan) stabilize the yogurt, reducing crystallization and increasing the temperature at which it will melt. This stabilization ensures that the frozen yogurt maintains a smooth consistency regardless of handling or temperature change. Major companies often use assembly lines specifically dedicated to frozen yogurt production. Milk products and stabilizing agent(s) are combined and homogenized.
|
|
The bacteria lyse epidermal cells and chloroplasts, turning the seaweed tissue white. The disease is known from seaweeds including Kappaphycus alvarezii and Eucheuma denticulatum, economically important sources of carrageenan. In countries where seaweed is harvested as a crop, ice-ice can wreak havoc on yields. Zamboanga, Philippines, had an outbreak of ice-ice in 2004, and Bali, Indonesia, experienced an outbreak in 2009.
|
|
Due to its burgeoning furniture-making industry, Cebu has been named as the furniture capital of the Philippines. Cebu's other exports include: fashion accessories, guitars, coconut, coconut oil, dried mangoes, carrageenan, gifts, toys, watches, cameras, electronic components, and housewares. With a revenue growth rate of 18.8 percent in 2012, the real estate industry is the fastest-growing sector in Cebu.
|
|
Lambda-carrageenase cleaves the beta 1-4 glycosidic bonds in the linear backbone of lambda-carrageenan. This results in the formation of a tetrasaccharide: alpha-D-Galp2,6S(2)-(1->3)-beta-D-Galp2S-(1->4)-alpha-D- Galp2,6S(2)-(1->3)-D-Galp2S. This enzyme acts via a single displacement mechanism, causing an inversion of anomeric configuration of the substrate.
|
|
A Baby Ruth bar The original flavor U.S. edition, listed by weight in decreasing order, contains sugar, roasted peanuts, corn syrup, partially hydrogenated palm kernel and coconut oil, nonfat milk, cocoa, high- fructose corn syrup and less than 1% of glycerin, whey (from milk), dextrose, salt, egg, monoglyceride, soy lecithin, soybean oil, natural and artificial flavors, carrageenan, TBHQ, citric acid (to preserve freshness) and caramel color.
|
|
Carrageenans or carrageenins ( , from Irish ', "little rock") are a family of linear sulfated polysaccharides that are extracted from red edible seaweeds. They are widely used in the food industry, for their gelling, thickening, and stabilizing properties. Their main application is in dairy and meat products, due to their strong binding to food proteins. There are three main varieties of carrageenan, which differ in their degree of sulfation.
|
|
Furcellaria is a genus of red algae. It is a monotypic genus, the only species being Furcellaria lumbricalis, which has commercial importance as a raw material for carrageenan production. It is mainly harvested from the waters of Denmark and Canada. It grows on submerged rocks to a depth of about , but it can also grow in large floating mats, which are easier to harvest.
|
|
The wedge is heated to facilitate the sealing process. The wedge injection causes the two flat ribbons to expand into the die pockets, giving rise to the three- dimensional finished product. After encapsulation, the softgels are dried for two days to two weeks depending on the product. Since the 1990s, manufacturers have been able to replace gelatin in the shell with other polymers based on, for example, starch and carrageenan.
|
|
This process makes the beer appear bright and clean, rather than the cloudy appearance of ethnic and older styles of beer such as wheat beers. Examples of clarifying agents include isinglass, obtained from swimbladders of fish; Irish moss, a seaweed; kappa carrageenan, from the seaweed Kappaphycus cottonii; Polyclar (artificial); and gelatin.EFSA.europa.eu Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies, 23 August 2007. Retrieved 29 September 2008.
|
|
The acute example is the paralytic shellfish poisoning that may cause death. One of the chronic one is the carcinogenic and ulcerative tissue slow changes caused by carrageenan toxins produced in red tides. Since the high variability of toxins producing microalgae species, the presence or absence of toxins in a pond will not always be able to be predicted. It all depends on the environment and ecosystem condition.
|
|
A dish of pickled spicy seaweed Edible seaweed, or sea vegetables, are seaweeds that can be eaten and used in the preparation of food. They typically contain high amounts of fiber. They may belong to one of several groups of multicellular algae: the red algae, green algae, and brown algae. Seaweeds are also harvested or cultivated for the extraction of polysaccharides such as alginate, agar and carrageenan, gelatinous substances collectively known as hydrocolloids or phycocolloids.
|
|
Blancmange (, from ) is a sweet dessert commonly made with milk or cream and sugar thickened with rice flour, gelatin, corn starch or Irish moss (a source of carrageenan), and often flavoured with almonds. It is usually set in a mould and served cold. Although traditionally white (hence the name, in English "white eating"), blancmanges are frequently given alternative colours. Some similar desserts are French chef 's Bavarian cream, Italy's , Middle East's , China's annin tofu, Hawaiʻi's and Puerto Rico's .
|
|
Another example of this is chilled caramel ice cream topping (so long as it incorporates hydrocolloids such as carrageenan and gellan gum). The sudden application of force—by stabbing the surface with a finger, for example, or rapidly inverting the container holding it—causes the fluid to behave like a solid rather than a liquid. This is the "shear thickening" property of this non-Newtonian fluid. More gentle treatment, such as slowly inserting a spoon, will leave it in its liquid state.
|
|
When amylose concentration is increased, gel stickiness decreases but gel firmness increases. When other things including amylopectin bind to amylose, the viscosity can be affected, but incorporating κ-carrageenan, alginate, xanthan gum, or low-molecular-weight sugars can reduce the loss in stability. The ability to bind water can add substance to food, possibly serving as a fat replacement. For example, amylose is responsible for causing white sauce to thicken, but, upon cooling, some separation between the solid and the water will occur.
|
|
Unless they form a stable sediment in the final container, the spent finings are usually discarded from the beverage along with the target compounds that they capture. Substances used as finings include egg whites, blood, milk, isinglass, and Irish moss. These are still used by some producers, but more modern substances have also been introduced and are more widely used, including bentonite, gelatin, casein, carrageenan, alginate, diatomaceous earth, pectinase, pectolyase, PVPP, kieselsol (colloidal silica), copper sulfate, dried albumen (egg whites), hydrated yeast, and activated carbon.
|
|
Cream cheese is a soft, usually mild-tasting fresh cheese made from milk and cream.Oxford English Dictionary Stabilizers such as carob bean gum and carrageenan are often added in industrial production. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration defines cream cheese as containing at least 33% milk fat with a moisture content of not more than 55%, and a pH range of 4.4 to 4.9. Similarly, under Canadian Food and Drug Regulations cream cheese must contain at least 30% milk fat and a maximum of 55% moisture.
|
|
This drug acts by binding to a hydrophobic pocket in VP1, and stabilizes the protein capsid to such an extent that the virus cannot release its RNA genome into the target cell. When tested in volunteers, during the clinical trials, this drug caused a significant decrease in mucus secretions and illness-associated symptoms. Pleconaril is not currently available for treatment of human rhinoviral infections, as its efficacy in treating these infections is under further evaluation. Other substances such as Iota-Carrageenan may form a basis for the creation of drugs to combat the human rhinovirus.
|
|
The main food species grown by aquaculture in Japan, China and Korea include Gelidium, Pterocladia, Porphyra, and Laminaria. Seaweed farming has frequently been developed as an alternative to improve economic conditions and to reduce fishing pressure and overexploited fisheries. Seaweeds have been harvested throughout the world as a food source as well as an export commodity for production of agar and carrageenan products. Global production of farmed aquatic plants, overwhelmingly dominated by seaweeds, grew in output volume from 13.5 million tonnes in 1995 to just over 30 million tonnes in 2016.
|
|
It is also frequently used as the cheese in a Philadelphia-style cheesesteak. It is marketed in Canada, Mexico, the Philippines, the United States, and Venezuela. Cheez Whiz is one of a number of "processed cheese foods", a category including some types of individually wrapped cheese slices. These products contain regular cheese that has been reprocessed along with additional ingredients such as emulsifiers and stabilizing agents, such as xanthan gum or carrageenan, and derive their tanginess and flavor from additional ingredients, such as citric acid and flavoring compounds.
|
|
Carrageenan in the cell walls of the seaweed gives the drink a distinctive thick consistency and rich mouthfeel. The Irish moss drink has traditionally been homemade and sold at roadside "punch man" stalls alongside peanut punch and other refreshing drinks, but mass-produced commercial canned versions are now common as well. Irish moss has various health properties and is high in calories and rich in protein, making it a favorite among athletes and bodybuilders. It is reputed to cure digestive problems like ulcers and a tonic for mood disorders.
|
|
Marine Algae of Hawaii It is very fast-growing, known to double its biomass in 15 days. Different carrageenan types differ in composition and conformation, resulting in a wide range of rheological and functional properties. Carrageenans are used in a variety of commercial applications as gelling, thickening, and stabilizing agents, especially in food products such as frozen desserts, chocolate milk, cottage cheese, whipped cream, instant products, yogurt, jellies, pet foods, and sauces. Aside from these functions, carrageenans are used in pharmaceutical formulations, cosmetics, and industrial applications such as mining.
|
|
To add nutritional value to the product, sometimes some minerals like zinc oxide or iron are added. The carrageenan is used at very low concentrations to form an imperceptible weak gel that prevents the large, dense particles of chocolate from sedimentation. Chocolate milk should be refrigerated like unflavored milk, with the exception of some ultra high temperature (UHT) pasteurized drinks, which can be stored at room temperature. Chocolate milk was first created in Jamaica by Irish physician Hans Sloane during the late 1700s, and is generally served cold.
|
|
This process makes the beer appear bright and clean, rather than the cloudy appearance of ethnic and older styles of beer such as wheat beers. Examples of clarifying agents include isinglass, obtained from swim bladders of fish; Irish moss, a seaweed; kappa carrageenan, from the seaweed kappaphycus; polyclar (a commercial brand of clarifier); and gelatin.EFSA Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies, 23 August 2007. Retrieved 29 September 2008 If a beer is marked "suitable for Vegans", it was generally clarified either with seaweed or with artificial agents,Food.gov.
|
|
Cornucopia has produced reports and consumer scorecards that rate organic and natural brands of eggs, pet food, yogurt, soy foods, and breakfast cereals. They have also reported on the food additives carrageenan and DHA. In addition, Cornucopia has released white papers and reports covering current issues in organics such as a Hydroponics White Paper (2015), a Children’s Health Report (2015), and an Organic Watergate White Paper (2011). The Cornucopia Institute also takes legal action on organic integrity issues, for instance having filed complaint against Dean Foods (White Wave), based on the use of the term organic.
|
|
Early development of topical microbicides starting around 1998 focused on preventing of HIV transmission during vaginal intercourse. The entire field lacks a proof of concept that a vaginal microbicide exists. As of 2008, 16 topical microbicides entered phase I or II clinical trial and 7 advanced to an additional trial. Previous studies both showed promise in new areas of research and gave disappointing results from the first generation products, as surfactants like nonoxynol-9 and entry inhibitors like carrageenan showed no efficacy in preventing HIV and were associated with risk of inflammation which raised the risk of contracting HIV in some circumstances.
|
|
Modern commercial eggnog manufacturers add gelatin and other thickeners, a cost-savings measure that enables manufacturers to produce a thick beverage while using less egg and cream. "Commercial eggnog tends to contain less eggs than homemade nog". In the US, FDA regulations only require that 1.0 percent of a product's final weight be made up of egg yolk solids for it to bear the eggnog name. Under current U.S. law, commercial products sold as eggnog are permitted to contain milk, sugar, modified milk ingredients, glucose-fructose, water, carrageenan, guar gum, natural and artificial flavorings, spices, monoglycerides, and colorings.
|
|
As with mice, studies have examined the extent of agreement in assessing pain between rat GS and the use of von Frey filaments. Good agreement has been found between these in relation to three models of pain (intraplantar carrageenan, intraplantar complete Freund's adjuvant and plantar incision). The GS score significantly increased in all pain models and the peak GS score also coincided with the development of paw hypersensitivity, although hypersensitivity persisted after GS scores returned to baseline. For rats, software (Rodent Face Finder®) has been developed which successfully automates the most labour-intensive step in the process of quantifying the GS, i.e.
|
|
Acupuncture of Zusanli induces local serotonin release. Furthermore, the stimulation of this acupoint is shown to decrease inflammation, as evidenced by decreased cytokines (including interleukin 6) and inhibition of edema in a rat model of inflammation involving carrageenan injection. Zusanli activation also improves insulin sensitivity and cerebral blood flow (an effect mediated by nitric oxide), while it decreases sympathetic nerve activity and arterial pressure. An analgesic effect, mediated in part by nitric oxide as well, through the upregulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), an increase in endogenous opiates, muscarinic cholinergic receptors and serotonin receptors 5-HT1a and 5-HT3, was repeatedly evidenced.
|
|
The largest producer of industrial carrageenan was the Philippines, where cultivated seaweed produces about 80% of the world supply, while China is the main exporter to global markets in the US and Europe. The most commonly used sources are E. cottonii (Kappaphycus alvarezii, K. striatum) and E. spinosum (Eucheuma denticulatum), which together provide about three-quarters of the world production. These grow from the sea surface to a depth of about 2 metres. The seaweed is normally grown on nylon lines strung between bamboo floats, and it is harvested after three months or so, when each plant weighs approximately 1 kg.
|
|
A glass of pasteurized chocolate milk made from water buffalo's milk produced by the Philippine Carabao Center Chocolate milk is a sweetened chocolate- flavored milk. It can be made by mixing chocolate syrup (or chocolate powder) with milk (from cows, goats, soy, rice, etc.). It can be purchased pre-mixed with milk or made at home by blending milk with cocoa powder and a sweetener (such as sugar or a sugar substitute), melted chocolate, chocolate syrup, or a pre-made powdered chocolate milk mix. Other ingredients, such as starch, salt, carrageenan, vanilla, or artificial flavoring are sometimes added.
|
|
Chondrus crispus—commonly called Irish moss or carrageen moss (Irish carraigín, "little rock")—is a species of red algae which grows abundantly along the rocky parts of the Atlantic coast of Europe and North America. In its fresh condition this protist is soft and cartilaginous, varying in color from a greenish-yellow, through red, to a dark purple or purplish-brown. The principal constituent is a mucilaginous body, made of the polysaccharide carrageenan, which constitutes 55% of its dry weight. The organism also consists of nearly 10% dry weight protein and about 15% dry weight mineral matter, and is rich in iodine and sulfur.
|
|
The company discontinued it between December 1990 and January 1991 to appear more environmentally friendly as it moved away from polystyrene packaging which was integral to the McDLT "experience". The McDLT was eventually succeeded by the McLean Deluxe in 1991. This was a lower fat burger that included carrageenan to replace the beef fat in the patty, and was served without mayonnaise. While it tested good, it failed to catch on after the national roll-out and was discontinued in February 1996 in favor of the new Arch Deluxe, an adult oriented burger that featured a higher quality roll and a dijon mustard based mayonnaise.
|
|
M. discoidea leavesThese trees contain many alkaloids including phyllochrysine (a central nervous system stimulant) and securinine.Weenen et al, 1990 Oral administration of an aqueous extract at various concentrations showed no acute toxicity in rats and no adverse change in behavior; suggesting that it may be safe for pharmacological uses. The aqueous extract of M. discoidea stem bark was investigated for its anti- inflammatory and analgesic activities in animal models (rats): The extract reduced significantly the formation of oedema induced by carrageenan and histamine, and had a good analgesic effect, with the results comparable to those of indomethacin, the reference drug used in the study.
|
|
One of the main methods of avoiding nonkosher gelatin is to substitute gelatin-like materials in its place; substances with a similar chemical behaviour include food starch from tapioca, chemically modified pectins, and carrageenan combined with certain vegetable gumsguar gum, locust bean gum, xanthan gum, gum acacia, agar, and others. Although gelatin is used for several purposes by a wide variety of manufacturers, it has started to be replaced with these substitutes in a number of products, due to the use of gelatin also being a significant concern to vegans and vegetarians. Today manufacturers are producing gelatin from the skins of kosher fish, circumventing many of these problems.
|
|
The thicker fluids are made from a clear seaweed extract called carrageenan, which is also used in ice cream and milkshakes. Gwar does not use syrups or stage blood because they are dry solids and can damage the band's costumes. Another trademark of Gwar's live show is its mutilations of celebrities and figures in current events. Notable victims have included O. J. Simpson, John Kerry, Mike Tyson, every American President since Ronald Reagan, Jerry Garcia, Pope John Paul II, Osama Bin Laden, Michael Jackson, Al Gore, John McCain, Hillary Clinton, Paris Hilton, Arnold Schwarzenegger, Adolf Hitler, Lady Gaga, Marilyn Manson, Jerry Springer, Mr. Lordi, Sarah Palin, Snooki, Mitt Romney, Pope Francis, Justin Bieber, Tony Abbott and Donald Trump.
|
|
Chemical compounds which occur in lettuce: (1) α-lactucerol (taraxasterol); (2) β-lactucerol (lactucon, lactucerin); (3) lactucin; (4) lactucopicrin The chemical constituents of lactucarium that have been investigated for biological activity include lactucin and its derivatives lactucopicrin and 11β,13-dihydrolactucin. Lactucin and lactucopicrin were found to have analgesic effects comparable to those of ibuprofen, and sedative activity in measurements of spontaneous movements of the mice. Some effects have also been credited to a trace of hyoscyamine in Lactuca virosa, but the alkaloid was undetectable in standard lactucarium. A crude extract of the seeds was shown to have analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects in standard formalin and carrageenan tests of laboratory rats.
|
|
Few concerns have been raised about the safety of fat substitutes. Carrageenan, olestra, and polydextrose have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use as food additives, a title which requires both intensive testing over a wide demographic and the ability to meet strict, pre-determined, FDA criteria. Other products, such as guar gum and maltodextrose, are "Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS)" by the FDA; this is also based on scientific testing and long-term consumption by a variety of consumer demographics. With excessive use, polydextrose can have a laxative effect, and olestra may cause loss of fat-soluble vitamins in the form of fatty stools and is liquid at body temperature.
|
|
Myricetin, along with other lipoxygenase- and cyclooxygenase-blocker flavonoids are seen to have significant anti-inflammatory characteristics, demonstrated by their ability to reduce edemas caused by carrageenan and croton oil. The anti-inflammatory nature of myricetin lies in its ability to inhibit the amplified production of cytokines that occurs during inflammation. Testing on various types of macrophage cells, including RAW264.7, as well as on human synovial sarcoma cells, demonstrated the inhibition of several kinds of cytokines, such as interleukin-12 and interleukin-1β, through down-regulation of transcription factors and mediators involved in their production. Other studies suggest that myricetin's anti-inflammatory nature could also potentially be dependent upon interfering in inflammatory signal pathways by inhibiting various kinases and, consequently, the function of tumor necrosis factor alpha.
|
|
Furthermore, IP(-/-) mice on a high salt diet develop significantly higher levels of hypertension, cardiac fibrosis, and cardiac hypertrophy than control mice. The vasodilating and, perhaps, platelet-inhibiting effects of IP receptors likely underlie its ability suppress hypertension and protect tissues such as the heart in this model as well as the heart, brain, and gastrointestinal tract in various animal models of ischemic injury. Indeed, IP agonists are used to treat patients pathological vasoconstriction diseases. The injection of IP activators into the skin of rodents increases local capillary permeability and swelling; IP(-/-) mice fail to show this increased capillary permeability and swelling in response not only to IP activators but also in a model of carrageenan- or bradykinin-induced paw edema.
|
|
The large number of mouse compared to human FPR receptors makes it difficult to extrapolate human FPR functions based on genetic (e.g. gene knockout or forced overexpression) or other experimental manipulations of the FPR receptors in mice. In any event, combined disruption of the Fpr2 and Fpr3 genes causes mice to mount enhanced acute inflammatory responses as evidenced in three models, intestine inflammation caused by mesenteric artery ischemia-reperfusion, paw swelling caused by carrageenan injection, and arthritis caused by the intraperatoneal injection of arthritis-inducing serum. Since Fpr2 gene knockout mice exhibit a faulty innate immune response to intravenous listeria monocytogenes injection, these results suggest that the human FPR2 receptor and mouse Fpr3 receptor have equivalent functions in dampening at least certain inflammatory response.
|
|
Commercially produced sour cream contains no less than 18% milkfat before bulking agents are added, and no less than 14.4% milkfat in the finished product. Additionally, it must have a total acidity of no less than 0.5%. It may also contain milk and whey solids, buttermilk, starch in an amount not exceeding one per cent, salt, and rennet derived from aqueous extracts from the fourth stomach of calves, kids or lambs, in an amount consistent with good manufacturing practice. In addition, according to the Canadian food regulations, the emulsifying, gelling, stabilizing and thickening agents in sour cream are algin, carob bean gum (locust bean gum), carrageenan, gelatin, guar gum, pectin, or propylene glycol alginate or any combination thereof in an amount not exceeding 0.5 per cent, monoglycerides, mono- and diglycerides, or any combination thereof, in an amount not exceeding 0.3 per cent, and sodium phosphate dibasic in an amount not exceeding 0.05 per cent.
|
|