The debate around busing in the 633 campaign is more about Biden's record than about busing itself.
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According to historian Matthew F. Delmont in his indispensable book "Why Busing Failed," Biden labeled busing a "bankrupt concept" that defied "common sense" and would go on to sponsor anti-busing amendments in the Senate.
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He sought to draw a distinction between federally mandated busing, which he opposed, and states or municipalities ordering busing.
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"I have become convinced that busing is a bankrupt concept," Biden said during debate over a busing amendment in 1978.
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"I did not oppose busing in America, what I opposed is busing ordered by the Department of Education," Biden added.
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He supported several amendments and bills barring the Justice Department from seeking busing as a tool of desegregation, limiting federal funding for busing and allowing the federal government to participate in litigation to remove court-ordered busing.
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In response, Biden said he "did not oppose busing in America" and only opposed busing ordered by the Department of Education.
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A mandatory busing order had proved hugely unpopular in the San Fernando Valley and provoked an ugly fight (mandatory busing lost).
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" When pushed by Harris on whether he was wrong to oppose busing, Biden shot back, "I did not oppose busing in America.
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She also said he opposed busing to desegregate schools, but Biden argued he only opposed busing ordered by the Department of Education.
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Harris accused Biden of being opposed to busing black students to majority white schools, noting that she personally benefited from such busing.
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He supported a constitutional amendment to end court-ordered busing, while I did not support an amendment or any anti-busing legislation.
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As opposition continued, anti-busing proponents argued that their criticism of busing was not opposition to school desegregation as a whole, and much of the media attention to busing focused on white parent's arguments that the practice was inconvenient and burdensome for children.
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Still, even as cities like Boston protested busing, lawsuits led to Northern cities being subjected to busing programs in the late '19703s and 21970s.
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In the 1960s and '70s, federally ordered busing was a mechanism to desegregate schools by busing minority children to predominantly white schools and vice versa.
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Kamala Harris invoked her own experience with busing to attack former Vice President Joe Biden's opposition to federally mandated busing to desegregate schools decades ago.
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"I did not oppose busing in America, what I opposed is busing ordered by the Department of Education," Biden said, making an argument for state's rights.
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Asked about school busing during a news conference in Japan on Saturday, Mr. Trump did not note the controversial role that busing played in racial integration.
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Not long after hammering Biden for his opposition to federally mandated busing, Harris acknowledged that she would not push for mandatory busing programs to desegregate schools today.
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The former vice president defended himself by saying he didn't oppose busing in the U.S. "What I opposed was busing ordered by the Department of Education," he said.
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The court had not yet ruled that a busing program must be implemented, but white suburbanites still panicked over the prospect of having to follow a busing plan.
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His constituents were outraged at that vote and, facing the looming prospect of a formal busing mandate in Delaware, pushed Biden to take a stronger stance on busing.
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However, that comment appeared to be misleading; in the 1970s, Mr. Biden led legislative efforts to oppose court-ordered busing, and also spoke out against busing more generally.
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Approval of busing largely broke along racial lines, though opposition was often framed around mandatory busing, or rules set at the national level, rather than on integration itself.
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In a statement to CNN, Biden campaign spokesman Andrew Bates reiterated that the former vice president always supported voluntary busing and federally mandated busing to end "de jure" segregation.
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" His campaign released a statement after his debate exchange with Harris, which said: "Joe Biden has always supported voluntary busing and federally mandating busing to end de jure segregation.
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She slammed Biden's comments, connecting them to his record of opposing busing as a means of immigration, and then revealed that she herself had been a beneficiary of busing.
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There was no single way for busing to be implemented in a community, and some school districts, like Berkeley, decided to adopt busing programs voluntarily after outcry from activists.
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And Biden has maintained that his stance on busing was the right one, saying that he supports busing only when there is proof of intentional segregation in an area.
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Ronnie Dunn, a professor at Cleveland State University and co-author of "Boycotts, Busing, & Beyond," said Biden's old views opposing busing should not be disqualifying, but warrant a broader explanation.
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Liberal senators filibustered the bill, and although Biden was against busing, he opposed efforts to end the filibuster because doing so would have stripped anti-busing provisions from the bill.
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" Biden's spokesman defended his opposition to busing in a March statement to the Washington Post, saying "he never thought busing was the best way to integrate schools in Delaware — a position which most people now agree with," adding "as he said during those many years of debate, busing would not achieve equal opportunity.
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The breakout moment of the first debate was Harris's challenge to Biden over his record on busing, in which she argued that she had personally benefited from busing during her childhood.
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" Biden replied: "I did not oppose busing in America.
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But speaking at a conference Friday in Chicago, Mr. Biden doubled down, claiming that he had "never, never, never ever opposed voluntary busing" like the program Ms. Harris participated in as a child, implicitly drawing a distinction between voluntary busing allowed by some local governments and the mandatory, court-ordered busing that also took place decades ago.
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It's another to make it to your target's face, as Harris did in the debate, directly connecting Biden's opposition to busing to her childhood experience as a beneficiary of Berkeley, California's busing program.
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Kamala Harris attacked Biden on his busing record 45 years ago, even though support for busing has never been a pillar of her own record and she had earlier been a Biden ally.
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Mr. Biden introduced another proposal in 1976 that blocked the Justice Department from seeking busing as a desegregation tool, and co-sponsored an amendment in 1977 that limited federal funding of busing efforts.
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But the union is not just busing nurses into Iowa.
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"I never, never, never have opposed voluntary busing," Biden said.
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Biden defended himself and said busing was a local decision.
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Harris also accused Biden of opposing busing, which Biden disputed.
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"I did not oppose busing in America," Biden snapped back.
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Harris hit him with a pretty easy question on busing.
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Advocates of busing programs or affirmative action could be racist.
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"You also worked with them to oppose busing," she said.
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"I did not oppose busing in America," Mr. Biden said.
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"I oppose busing," he said in an interview in 1975.
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Here's what we know about Mr. Biden's history with busing.
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Busing is hardly the panacea for solving the racial divide.
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"You also worked with them to oppose busing," Harris said.
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The problems with busing run deep and require bold action.
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He worked off the debt, busing tables and driving cars.
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In one exception highlighted by the Biden campaign in recent days, he voted in 1974 against the Gurney Amendment, an anti-busing measure that would have ended federal court's ability to use busing plans.
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In 1975, Mr. Biden supported a sweeping anti-busing measure offered by the segregationist Senator Jesse Helms of North Carolina, and he offered his own less stringent anti-busing amendment to an appropriations bill.
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But five years after Pontiac's busing began, The New York Times reported that bitter feelings that had all but paralyzed the school district had faded, and that busing had become a fact of life.
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Biden's answer in the debate was that he didn't oppose busing outright; he just opposed the federal government's role in busing — and he said he wanted it to be left up to local communities.
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Biden has insisted he only opposed busing ordered by the federal Education Department, and said allowing local governments and school districts to implement busing was "one of the things I argued for" at the time.
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But here's the important part: It blocked the interdistrict busing plan.
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But again that doesn't address the issue of busing in America.
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Busing provoked savage resistance from many white parents across the nation.
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She also lambasted his early-career opposition to federally mandated busing.
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Facts First: Biden was a vocal opponent of federally-mandated busing.
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Public polling at the time showed that most Americans opposed busing.
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"What I opposed is busing ordered by the Department of Education."
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What I opposed is busing ordered by the Department of Education.
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Kamala Harris, seemed incapable of defending his record on school busing.
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Research shows that public transportation should focus on busing, not rail.
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What I opposed is busing ordered by the Department of Education.
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Mr. Biden has spoken against busing as ineffective and needlessly divisive.
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Here's how Matthew Delmont, a Dartmouth historian and author of Why Busing Failed: Race, Media, and the National Resistance to School Desegregation explained things in a 21975 Atlantic article on the history of opposition to busing in Boston: With busing, Northerners had found a palatable way to oppose desegregation without appealing to the explicitly racist sentiments they preferred to associate with Southerners.
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The fact is that, in terms of busing, the busing, I never — you would have been able to go to school the same exact way because it was a local decision made by your city council.
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After she eviscerated Joe Biden on a debate stage over his past opposition to federally mandated busing — among her campaign's sharpest, most cogent moments — she seemed, within days, to equivocate over her own position on busing.
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She directly contrasted Biden's record as an opponent of school busing with her childhood as a beneficiary of school busing, and made the night about both Biden's past and the divide between him and the party's future.
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Biden's history on busing is not widely known among Democrats, including Harris.
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KS: I don't know if you were busing tables at that point.
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Harris said she was herself part of a busing program in California.
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Victory against busing came at the high cost of America's moral soul.
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She finds a job busing tables at a greasy-spoon lunch restaurant.
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He said he had only opposed the Education Department's mandated busing programs.
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Kamala Harris, who highlighted his opposition to desegregating schools through mandatory busing.
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"I did not oppose busing in America," he responded at the debate.
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Kamala Harris pressed Biden on his record regarding busing and school desegregation.
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Biden is right that opposition to busing wasn't necessarily rooted in racism.
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Kamala Harris discusses race and calls out Joe Biden for opposing busing.
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The sculpture was in poor shape for decades until the city's busing
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Last summer, Mr. de Blasio ruled out using busing to achieve integration.
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She then recalled Mr. Biden's opposition to school busing in the 21999s.
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Buchanan saw school busing to achieve racial integration as a domestic Vietnam.
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He came under attack over his stance on racial busing from Sen.
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His role in the busing battle is a prime example of that.
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But on the sidelines of the re-litigated fight over busing -- and off the stage that second night -- was another candidate who waded into the busing debate in the 1970s on the opposite side of Biden: Massachusetts Sen.
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Although court-ordered busing affected only a small percentage of all public schoolchildren, the idea of busing became the literal bête noire of political conservatives and organized white resistance to racial justice and the pursuit of black equality.
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Biden anticipated that busing might come up in the debate, aides said, but they said he did not expect Harris to misleadingly imply that he opposed the local voluntary busing that took her to school as a child.
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It presented a challenge for Biden, who had supported busing during his 1972 campaign against two-term incumbent Republican Senator J. Caleb Boggs, with Biden including busing as part of a larger commitment to uphold the Brown ruling.
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" He then threw in a gratuitous paragraph saying, "Hey, please, take more notice of how concerned people are about school busing and appoint Supreme Court justices who will be more skeptical of the school busing and integration push.
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Louise Day Hicks, a Massachusetts Democrat, entered office on the anti-busing wave in 1970, but was challenged two years later by another-movement backed candidate, who criticized the congresswoman for being insufficiently committed to the anti-busing cause.
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Kamala Harris assailed him over race and busing in a Democratic presidential debate.
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If you don't recall, Harris went after Biden on federally mandated school busing.
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None of [Biden's] votes would have negatively impacted the Berkeley School Busing Program.
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She pointed directly to how busing affected her life as a young child.
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His administration emphasized that busing and other desegregation programs discriminated against white students.
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"I don't agree with his comments on busing," the California Democrat told Hill.
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She also accused him of opposing busing black students into predominately white schools.
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Her prosecutorial skills were on full display when she challenged Biden on busing.
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We'll see if it draws some attention away from Biden, Harris and busing.
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The focus on race and school busing eroded his support among black voters.
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The New Right was against busing, the religious right was for school choice.
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Nixon signed the law but vowed to push an anti-busing constitutional amendment.
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It was a story about segregation, about busing, and about Ms. Harris herself.
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"Busing is unpopular for many reasons," The New York Times reported in 1978.
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"Busing" helped a young Harris get a quality education at an integrated school.
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"I did not oppose busing in America," Mr. Biden responded to Ms. Harris.
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"Bussing" is not the same as "busing," which means transporting people by bus.
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The city said it now provided this busing to more than 750 schools.
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You can talk about Biden coalescing with segregationists to defeat cross-district busing.
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"You also worked [to] oppose busing," Harris said to Biden on stage Thursday.
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"At the very least, they present further evidence to suggest that Biden was quite committed to the anti-busing cause," said Sokol, a professor at the University of New Hampshire who has extensively studied Biden's role in the anti-busing debate.
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While Harris wasn't specifically asked to clarify her stance on busing at the debate, her repeated challenges to Biden on why he didn't support federally mandated busing in the 1970s made it seem like she supported it — then and now.
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And in Seattle this past week, a member of the King County Council proposed a major investment into the region's busing efforts, fearing that the city was on the receiving end of homeless busing programs from too many other cities.
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He reiterated in the CNN interview that while he believed federally mandated busing "did not work," he was in favor of voluntary local busing efforts to desegregate schools like the one Ms. Harris participated in as a child in Berkeley, Calif.
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At a time when busing controversies were provoking racial unrest in cities like Boston, Mr. Biden argued that housing integration — which would take much longer to implement than a busing plan — was a far better way to desegregate public schools.
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At a time when busing controversies were provoking racial unrest in cities like Boston, Mr. Biden argued that housing integration — which would take much longer to implement than a busing plan — was a far better way to desegregate public schools.
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"I have become convinced that busing is a bankrupt concept," Biden said during debate.
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Biden's opposition to busing in the 1970s is facing renewed scrutiny after California Sen.
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Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education, lower courts began mandating busing to effectively desegregate schools.
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" Harris said she would support federally mandated busing if "governments were actively opposing integration.
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Biden defended his opposition Thursday night by saying busing should be a local decision.
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Berkeley was one of the first cities to adopt a busing program in 1968.
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In the 1970s, as a senator representing Delaware, Biden opposed busing in his state.
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It was not only that, but you also worked with them to oppose busing.
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The strategy includes putting black Delaware leaders who opposed busing in front of reporters.
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We wouldn't be having this conversation right now if I were just busing around.
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This all lacks the emotional punch of a school busing or Iraq War dispute.
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At Thursday night's debate, Harris also accused Biden of opposing busing, which Biden disputed.
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Details: In 1974 Biden opposed a measure that would have blocked busing, Politico reports.
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Bradley ruling established that federal courts couldn't order desegregation busing across school district lines.
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Busing will have its own challenges, and the streets will probably be pretty clogged.
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I never, never, never, ever opposed voluntary busing — and as a program that Sen.
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As the Harris-Biden busing dustup continued, media coverage for other Democratic candidates receded.
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"I never, never, never ever opposed voluntary busing," Mr. Biden said at one point.
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The ensuing exchange over busing, integration and segregationists showcased Ms. Harris at her best.
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How does this history inform your understanding of the benefits and challenges of busing?
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In defending his remarks, Mr. Biden omitted some history, including his opposition to busing.
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The Indian police services are taking no chances, busing reinforcements into place on Wednesday.
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Mr. Biden has been criticized recently for having opposed busing in the mid-1970s.
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"I didn't think it would last," Ms. Lewis, 21988, said of the busing plan.
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An earlier version of this review misstated the time of the Boston busing battles.
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The two worked together in a team, busing tables, stacking cups and washing dishes.
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There was a violent reaction to busing in places like Boston in the 19683s.
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The busing program started last summer and was ongoing at the time of publication.
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The New York Times recently described many of these votes: Mr. Biden introduced another proposal in 1976 that blocked the Justice Department from seeking busing as a desegregation tool, and co-sponsored an amendment in 1977 that limited federal funding of busing efforts.
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Harris went at Biden at Thursday night's debate, saying remarks he made about working with segregationist senators were "hurtful," while also targeting Biden's record of being opposed to busing black students to majority white schools, noting that she personally benefited from such busing.
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What I opposed is busing ordered by the Department of Education, that's what I opposed.
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Jesse Helms failed, Biden proposed an anti-busing amendment of his own that rankled Sen.
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Like Biden, Stennis and Eastland were opponents of busing as a means to desegregate schools.
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"The policy perspective that was opposed to busing had real consequence," she said on CNN.
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Things got even more heated when Harris proceeded to bring up the 1975 busing bill.
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Busing didn't become a part of Supreme Court-approved policy until the 1971 Swann v.
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While serving in the Senate, Biden was an opponent of using busing to desegregate schools.
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Singapore-based Tankstore operates the terminal on Pulau Busing, an island off Singapore's southwest coast.
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She now draws a distinction between voluntary and mandatory busing, justified only in extreme cases.
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Biden responded by noting he was only against busing mandated by the Department of Education.
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"You also worked with [segregationist senators] to oppose busing," Harris said on the debate stage.
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Busing, Mr. Biden said, was a "liberal train wreck" that was "tearing people apart" there.
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As a freshman senator, he spoke out against the state's court-ordered school-busing program.
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"Busing is a form of mass transit that is a solution to congestion," he said.
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He wasn't an incidental opponent of busing; he was a leader who helped derail integration.
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Seattle has taken a less formal approach to relocation, with no dedicated program for busing.
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She then went further, recalling that he had also opposed school busing in the 1970s.
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" — STEPHEN COLBERT "I believe Harris on busing, because she clearly just took Biden to school.
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Kamala Harris going after former Vice President Joe Biden for his opposition to school busing.
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Across the country, many Americans have argued that busing students to integrate schools was a failure, but research shows that integration measures like busing, when fully implemented, proved an effective tool in closing the achievement gap and building understanding across lines of race and class.
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Kamala Harris and former Vice President Joe Biden over his decades-long opposition to desegregation busing.
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But the busing issue is only one of the explanations Biden was forced to give Thursday.
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On the politically charged topic of desegregation busing, Sanders expressed concerns about the program's unintended consequences.
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They were rewarded with a promise of busing for all students, but Oakman would still close.
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His remarks in the 1970s broadly denounced busing programs claiming they were bad for local communities.
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"It was not only that, but you also worked with them to oppose busing," Harris said.
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I want to be absolutely clear about my record and position on racial justice including busing.
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Harris is right to point out that busing was an important part in fighting school segregation.
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"You also worked with [those segregationist senators] to oppose busing," Harris said, speaking directly to Biden.
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In the years that followed, Biden would cast other votes and propose other anti-busing legislation.
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His past opposition to busing as a mechanism to integrate schools has also been scrutinized. Sen.
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She took the former vice president down on his opposition to busing as a young politician.
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Instead, he tried to deny his opposition to busing by explaining the nuances of his position.
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The heated exchange occurred after Harris voiced dismay over Biden's opposition to busing to desegregate schools.
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But as recounted in Matthew Delmont's 2016 book Why Busing Failed, Chicago schools remained heavily segregated.
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The spokesman also said Mr. Biden thought busing placed an undue burden on African-American families.
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"I did not praise racists," he said, also accusing her of mischaracterizing his position on busing.
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What problems does Ms. Pringle see with busing white children to black schools and vice versa?
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Past desegregation efforts, based on involuntary busing and selective schools, offered little to poor, nonwhite children.
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During a Democratic debate, she pressed him on his work alongside segregationists and opposition to busing.
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Harris made it personal, telling him that she got the education she did because of busing.
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Beyond busing, Mr. Biden clearly supported civil rights throughout his career in the Senate and before.
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Already, his comments from the 1970s regarding school busing to combat segregation have come under scrutiny.
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When Biden was a young senator in the 1970s, he opposed busing, which helped desegregate schools.
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In fact we've learned since the first debate that their actual substantive positions on busing today are not that far apart -- it can be an appropriate remedy for specific districts because of court orders or their own request -- but not necessarily broad-based federal imposition of busing.
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"Busing was really when Berkeley split and became leftist because a lot of people who couldn't handle that change, they left," said Jef Findley, a librarian at the Berkeley Public Library specializing in city history, who helped make an oral history of the city's busing and desegregation.
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Randall and Beth then have to pay for busing and hotel rooms for each of their tenants.
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Yet Biden invited Eastland to speak on the Senate floor in support of his anti-busing bill.
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Bradley, writing that it made it easier for school districts to stop busing students in northern cities.
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It's called a bus because it's essentially busing information from one part of the CPU to another.
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And that's what a lot of the reignited debate over busing between Biden and Harris is about.
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Kamala Harris and former Vice President Joe Biden had a testy exchange on race and school busing.
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"Federally mandated busing was essential in the 60s/70s to force the integration of schools," Sams said.
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James Eastland and his opposition to school busing and quite clearly lost the back and forth. Badly.
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Kamala Harris used his comments to question the former vice president's record on busing and race relations.
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The first debate exacerbated all those doubts, particularly when Harris criticized Biden for his position on busing.
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Busing may have integrated schools, but it didn't always achieve the real goal of providing equal education.
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Biden did so, going on to vote for eliminating policies that would provide federal oversight of busing.
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Former Vice President Joe Biden is facing increased scrutiny over his record on busing and racial issues.
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His campaign has since gone on the defensive to clarify his position on busing and other issues.
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Dog-whistle phrases, or coded racial appeals, were fine: states' rights, forced busing and law and order.
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He wants the city to consider busing across neighborhoods, with or without the acquiescence of white parents.
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They sang and chanted in unison against busing their children to schools outside their racially-segregated neighborhoods.
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She also tore into his record of actively opposing busing measures, and put him on the defensive.
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To some extent, Mr. Biden's opposition to busing reflected the majority of the country at the time.
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For some, busing was a lifeline, a policy that profoundly changed their future by creating more opportunity.
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The city's busing program was reduced in 2010, during the last recession, and has not been restored.
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Harris and Biden previously sparred at the Democratic debates last year over his opposition to desegregation busing.
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Kamala Harris of California assailed the former vice president over his previous positions on race and busing.
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Biden appeared blindsided by Senator Kamala Harris' attacks on federally mandated school busing during the first debate.
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Officials in aging communities with stretched budgets are closing small schools and busing children to larger towns.
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Busing, he said, "absolutely poisoned the well" in Boston in the 1970s, near where he grew up.
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He was previously criticized for his opposition to government-mandated busing in order to racially integrate schools.
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Mr. Biden also asserted that Ms. Harris had taken his position on school busing out of context.
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Cory Booker -- have repeatedly challenged the statesman's record on busing and comments on working with segregationist senators.
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He said "security and revolutionary groups" were busing people to Raisi's rallies, and asked who financed them.
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"And it was not only that, but you also worked with them to oppose busing," she added.
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Serbia's president, Aleksandar Vucic, welcomed him by busing in tens of thousands of people for a rally.
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Busing was certainly unpopular with white families (and chances are it would still be quite unpopular today).
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Harris's exchange with Biden on his history with busing — "Do you agree today that you were wrong to oppose busing in America then?" she pressed Biden, putting him on defense — was one of many strong moments for her in the debate, and suggested she could handle Trump ably.
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He wasn't alone in that: Dozens of House Democrats, for instance, routinely voted for legislation to limit busing.
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Yet even before he formally declares his presidential candidacy, Biden's remarks about busing are already facing fresh scrutiny.
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" Harris jumped in: "But do you agree today that you were wrong to oppose busing in America then?
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Further, Biden's history with busing, crime legislation and comments about working with segregationist senators may not wear well.
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"You also worked with them to oppose busing," Harris said, referring to 1970s efforts to integrate public schools.
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But her sharpest and most personal attack was over his past opposition to mandatory busing to desegregate schools.
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She absolutely made Biden look foolish on racial issues, busing, and working with racist senators in the past.
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Busing changed that in Berkeley, Harris said, and the federal government should have required it in every city.
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A district court found Minneapolis public schools to be segregated and ordered the city to start busing students.
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Kamala Harris at the Democratic debate that brought up his record on busing and his relationship with segregationists.
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Harris said she benefited from busing as an elementary school student in Berkeley, California, in the early 1970s.
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Doing so would be an especially smart move for Harris or Biden, in light of their busing tussle.
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Third, Harris surged immediately after the June debate, in the wake of her exchange with Biden on busing.
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Kamala Harris upbraided former Vice President Joe Biden over his past opposition to school busing for racial integration.
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Harris went after Biden for his past position opposing busing students to schools as a means of desegregation.
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James Eastland (D-Miss.) and Herman Talmadge (D-Ga), as well as for his opposition to school busing.
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Harris also accused Biden of working with the lawmakers on opposing busing black students to predominantly white schools.
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"Vice President Biden, do you agree today that you were wrong to oppose busing in America?" she said.
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Nixon groused that the law did not do enough to cut down on the busing of minority children.
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I was wrong to take the positions on busing that I took back then, and I am sorry.
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He opposed busing to integrate schools, wrote a hard-line criminal justice bill and supported the Iraq War.
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The state also proposed designating parking areas, busing protesters and cutting off traffic for at least 10 blocks.
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But there's overwhelming evidence showing that busing was one of the most effective desegregation policies since Brown v.
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The California Democrat said a "point of disagreement" between the two still remains when it comes to desegregation busing.
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The effort also prompted many northern, blue-collar whites to abandon the Democratic Party whose leaders had supported busing.
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And CNN reported in April about Biden's opposition to court-ordered busing to desegregate public schools in the 1970s.
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Busing and quotas became the priorities, and our enemies on the right used the initiatives to regain the initiative.
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"Not as it was during the busing crisis, but we still have a lot of things to work out."
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When Biden was in the Senate in the 1970s, he sought support from segregationists in his fight against busing.
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But later that year, Biden said: "I have become convinced that busing is a bankrupt concept," according to PolitiFact.
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That part of his argument comes close to hitting the essential fact Harris leaves out of her busing comments.
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"I have become convinced that busing is a bankrupt concept," Biden said as he stood to support Helms's amendment.
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In early September 33, the Rajneeshees began busing homeless street people from cities throughout the United States into Rajneeshpuram.
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She effectively assailed Joe Biden for 40 years ago opposing busing, which helped break down some school segregation barriers.
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And we both had to walk a fine line on the very emotional issue of busing for school desegregation.
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"'He wanted to kill me': How a former South Dakota senator battled Joe Biden on busing," reported USA Today.
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Many of those parents said they were supportive of integration, but argued that busing was too extreme a solution.
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Those who opposed busing said they were worried about bus safety, travel times, neighborhood integrity and school district costs.
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Harris absolutely crushed him on busing and race, one of the most electrifying moments in recent presidential debate history.
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She cast Mr. Biden as a figure rooted in an entirely different era, citing his past opposition to busing.
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At the request of the Board of Education, the district is considering how expanded busing could help integrate schools.
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So you say stuff like, uh, forced busing, states' rights, and all that stuff, and you're getting so abstract.
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Biden has taken heat for his past advocacy of working with segregationist senators and opposition to federally mandated busing.
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She challenged Biden not just on busing but on sloppy recent comments of his that seemed affectionate toward segregationists.
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Now, you might dismiss the line for "desegregation busing" because it was searched for less than Harris or Biden.
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Ian Sams, a national spokesman for Harris, maintained in a statement that Harris' answer on Wednesday did not conflict with her comments on the debate stage, arguing that the fight over busing to desegregate schools in the '60s and '70s and the conversation about busing in the modern era cannot be compared.
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Ian Sams, a national spokesman for Harris, maintained in a subsequent statement that Harris' answer on Wednesday did not conflict with her comments on the debate stage, arguing that the fight over busing to desegregate schools in the '60s and '70s and the conversation about busing in the modern era cannot be compared.
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At the first Democratic presidential debate, Harris had a tense exchange with Biden on the issue of school busing, pointing out that a bill he sponsored in 1975, which would have restricted the use of federal funds for busing meant to desegregate schools, could have kept her from attending her elementary school.
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Before Edwards became manager, Smith worked at the restaurant busing tables, washing dishes and cooking, according to the Washington Post.
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She's struggled before, and continues to struggle on accusations of flip-flopping on issues such as busing and health care.
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" "We cannot rewrite history about what segregationists were doing at that time on a number of issues including opposing busing.
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When asked if she had a comment about the ongoing spat on issues of race and busing between California Sen.
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Her position on busing The days following the debate also saw the validity of Harris' attack on Biden face questions.
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And Biden still does not believe busing has lived up to its promise, a spokesman told Zeleny for his story.
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Others, including Biden, said that busing forced schools to achieve racial quotas and did not achieve equal opportunity for students.
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In the 1970s, Gerald Ford refused to use federal marshals to enforce busing court orders in Boston -- which he opposed.
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But forced busing for integration is not as widespread as it was when Biden was fighting federal involvement in it.
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Boston school official Louise Day Hicks had become a national figure by then, crusading against busing children to integrate schools.
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School was integrated, and you know, in other towns, they were forced to integrate, there was busing and all that.
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"I started in the restaurant business when I was 10 years old, busing tables for $20 a day," he says.
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On Wednesday, though, Harris characterized busing as a choice local school districts have, not the responsibility of the federal government.
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During the first Democratic presidential debate, Harris criticized Biden's stance against busing during his early years as a U.S. senator.
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The desegregation busing that Biden opposed looked something like this: These kinds of plans were incredibly effective at desegregating schools.
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The state has been busing people to its maximum-security prison in Tecumseh from Omaha, more than 90 minutes away.
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"Some security and revolutionary groups are busing people to your campaign rallies ... Who finances them?" said Rouhani at another point.
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Harris took Biden to task, saying he worked with segregationist senators to oppose school busing programs meant to integrate schools.
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Joe Biden should do the same on the issue of busing and move on with the rest of his campaign.
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She accused him of working with the lawmakers to oppose busing black students to schools attended by mostly white students.
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School busing was a federally mandated program in the 22019's to fulfill the Supreme Court's mandate in Brown vs.
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Nearly two weeks have passed since the Harris-Biden debate over busing, yet the news media won't let it go.
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In the years after the Brown decision, there was organized white resistance to school rezoning and busing in the city.
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Mr. Biden struggled to respond as she drew upon her own race to question his stance on busing and integration.
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At the time, Democratic-leaning voters opposed busing by 79 percent to 21 percent, according to the General Social Survey.
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It was a small hamlet until the 1970s, when the suburban population expanded as courts ordered busing in nearby Memphis.
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But there's also a self-service water station, and a busing station for diners inclined to clear their own tables.
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The transformation program is also costly; the district renovated several school buildings and is busing students — voluntarily — across the city.
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I think as you went on, and as it deepened, it deepened through new measures like affirmative action and busing.
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The school district has, as far back as the 2140s, made efforts to racially integrate its schools — including using busing.
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Bumper-sticker wedge issues like busing, open borders and free health care for undocumented immigrants have spawned the most headlines.
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Martin said she was stunned by the number of people Sanders' campaign was busing to early voting locations last weekend.
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Busing was part of a desegregation plan Waterloo, Iowa, adopted using federal desegregation funds after being sued by the NAACP.
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Busing was part of a desegregation plan Waterloo, Iowa, adopted using federal desegregation funds after being sued by the NAACP.
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The school district has, as far back as the 2140s, made efforts to racially integrate its schools — including using busing.
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And it frustrated some to hear former Vice President Joe Biden try to explain his position on federally mandated busing.
|
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Even as search traffic for Harris boomed, it saw a significant rise for "desegregation busing" among people who Googled Biden.
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|
" Her answer -- that busing should be a tool to be considered and not mandated -- appeared to be at odds with the position she took on the debate stage, when, in response to Biden saying he opposed the Department of Education stepping in to mandate busing, she said, "That's where the federal government must step in.
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It was a tense moment — Harris said that she took it personally when Biden said that he had found common ground working with segregationists in the Senate decades ago, and she contrasted Biden's opposition to a federal busing law with her own experience with busing as a young minority girl growing up in California.
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It took a federal judge to nullify the state legislature's actions and allow the high school busing plans to go further.
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One was Biden's prominent role in the 1970s promoting legislation to limit the use of school busing to combat racial segregation.
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And busing was always deeply controversial, with polls showing whites overwhelmingly opposed and even African-Americans closely divided over the policy.
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|
During Thursday's event, candidate Kamala Harris dominated her rivals and confronted Biden about his opposition to school busing in the 1970s.
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And for what it's worth, when Gallup polled busing in 1999 -- just 20 years ago -- it found similar results to 1973.
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Board of Education decision, "busing" emerged as the descriptive shorthand used to effectively thwart the racial integration of American public schools.
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Kamala Harris had a tense exchange over Biden's past praise of some senators who supported segregation and his opposition to busing.
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Integration: He attempted to pass anti-busing legislation for school integration in the 1970s, a stance that has garnered renewed criticism.
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During the debate, Harris took on Biden for his past work with segregationists and challenged him on his record on busing.
|
|
After a Democratic Party picnic Wednesday in West Des Moines, Harris was asked by reporters whether she supports federally mandated busing.
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The Supreme Court upheld the use of busing to integrate schools in 1971, but many Americans fought the change, including Biden.
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|
Almost 50 years after busing became a national issue, the larger problem of improving educational opportunities for all still plagues us.
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|
Because she owned him on busing in the first debate, the rematch storyline will be the dominant one heading into Detroit.
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The two shared a viral exchange during the first Democratic debates last week discussing the merits of busing to desegregate schools.
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Authorities also arrested more than 130 workers at various businesses, busing them to Grand Island, Nebraska, to be questioned and processed.
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Harris's team, meanwhile, is suggesting that she supports busing in some form but hasn't clarified what exactly she means by that.
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|
Any reference to "forced busing," the coded language used by opponents of desegregation efforts in the 1960s and 1970s, was not.
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The student assignment plan, however, is the result of a busing order intended to enforce the desegregation of Jefferson County schools.
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Harris saw her poll numbers surge after she confronted Biden on desegregation and busing at the first Democratic debate in June.
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That exchange came after Harris confronted Biden for opposing a federal busing program decades ago that was aimed at integrating schools.
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|
She sharply criticized Biden's "very hurtful comments" about working with segregationist senators and brought attention to his past opposition to busing.
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|
Shortly after the debates, Harris in Iowa said she believed busing was a local, as opposed to a federally mandated, decision.
|
|
Harris dominated the debate last night because she effectively weaved her own story into her attack on Biden's opposition to busing.
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|
She told Biden that she had been one of the black children who had benefitted from the busing that Biden opposed.
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|
Biden continued to defend himself after the debate, telling MSNBC's Garrett Haake that Harris mischaracterized his position and work on busing.
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|
The previous debates have included explosive exchanges over policy issues, from health care to federal busing, that have sometimes become personal.
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|
Clearly, Biden will get little traction talking about the future until the media allow him to get past the busing fight.
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|
To ease the overcrowding at the facilities in the Rio Grande Valley, the agency is also busing migrants to Laredo, Tex.
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He made a false claim by arguing that his opposition to busing had been limited to fighting the federal government's role.
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Busing was not universally popular among African-Americans, several community leaders recalled in interviews, but Mr. Biden's vocal opposition went further.
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No one could have anticipated that one of the most striking moments of the second Democratic debate would be about busing.
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Today, desegregation efforts have gone beyond court-ordered busing to include a variety of methods, ones not necessarily mandated by law.
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|
As white families who opposed busing left town for the suburbs in 1967, they gave way to an insurgent new left.
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Busing has, for decades, been a controversial education policy that has been panned by white voters, even in liberal urban centers.
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|
As an article in The Washington Post last week demonstrated, Biden was at the forefront of opposition to busing in Delaware.
|
|
But the attack ultimately blew back on Harris when her own stance on busing came under scrutiny in the days after.
|
|
The anti-busing movement neutralized powerful pro-integration forces in the party, and altered the electoral calculation for Democrats in Congress.
|
|
Harris sprung into contention after attacking Biden over his record on racial busing at the first Democratic presidential debate in July.
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|
Busing students, rather than improving disenfranchised schools, is the easy way out of solving the issue of schools not performing well.
|
|
Kamala Harris confronted the former vice president for his legacy supporting federally mandated busing and saying positive things about segregationist senators.
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|
They said busing stoked racial tensions, as if race relations had been just fine when black people stayed in their place.
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They said busing stoked racial tensions, as if race relations had been just fine when black people stayed in their place.
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|
INM has said that the busing is for migrants' wellbeing and is intended to help them return to their countries voluntarily.
|
|
Harris challenged his position on the issue, and said she had benefited from busing as a child growing up in California.
|
|
In one of the sharpest exchanges of the night, the former prosecutor took direct aim at the Democratic field's frontrunner -- confronting former Vice President Joe Biden over his 1970s-era opposition to the federal government's role in using school busing to integrate schools while highlighting her personal story as small child who benefited from early busing in Berkeley, California.
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|
"Thousand Oaks Elementary, along with all Berkeley public elementary schools, were integrated through a two-way busing plan, beginning in 1968, so Senator Harris is correct in describing her experience in 1969 as the second year of the busing integration program," Natasha Beery, director of community relations for the Berkeley Unified School District, said in an email on Friday.
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|
These court-mandated desegregation interventions took the form of what was later referred to as "busing"— a process where black students were driven to predominantly white schools in neighboring communities, and white students were driven to predominantly black ones (not every busing program was a two-way program — some only had black students bused to predominantly white schools).
|
|
"If it weren't for the busing during that time period, we likely wouldn't have seen our first African American president," Dunn said.
|
|
" She continued: "We cannot rewrite history about what segregationists were doing at that time on a number of issues including opposing busing.
|
|
But that record comes with a litany of complicated past positions, including his opposition to busing being ordered on the federal level.
|
|
Supporters of busing argued that the practice was necessary to effectively integrate schools -- and help correct the damaging legacy of school segregation.
|
|
After a federal judge ordered the city to desegregate its public schools through busing in 1974, white residents responded with fierce criticism.
|
|
On Thursday, the old guard's views on race — Biden's concession to white anxiety on busing — got obliterated by a black woman. Sen.
|
|
On the debate stage and in a post-debate interview with CNN, Harris emphasized the personal toll of anti-school busing policies.
|
|
Underneath the difficult conversation Democrats are having about Biden's past opposition to federally mandated school busing is a deeper conversation about race.
|
|
The questions about Biden and busing are an opportunity to pivot to a debate about how to better serve all kids today.
|
|
Biden said he supported school integration by other means but opposed busing because he thought it had a negative impact on communities.
|
|
Kamala Harris challenged his record on race, using her own biography to reveal the high cost of his opposition to school busing.
|
|
His temper visibly rising, Biden also got into crosstalk with Harris while explaining that he preferred local government to make busing decisions.
|
|
" Watch Kamala Harris confront Joe Biden on his record opposing federally mandated busing to integrate public schools: "That little girl was me.
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|
Gett Together cabs will be able to use London's dedicated busing lanes, which Waiser points out will help with transit times considerably.
|
|
This sets up a sequel to the tense confrontation between Biden and Harris on busing and civil rights from the first debate.
|
|
Kamala Harris criticized his recent reminiscences about working with segregationist senators and pressed him on his opposition to busing for school integration.
|
|
Kamala Harris, 54, scorched the former the vice president for taking a stance against busing in his early years as a senator.
|
|
There's a reason even the most left-wing Democrats don't tend to emphasize the need to integrate public schools through busing anymore.
|
|
Harris stole the show in the first debate when she went after Biden over his early-career opposition to federally mandated busing.
|
|
I was more often frustrated than bored, and am still eager to build my busing empire after a few days of play.
|
|
Harris was asked the next day if she supports mandatory federal busing, and she said it should be "considered" by school districts.
|
|
Biden couldn't have responded in a worse way, bungling his answer by not only defending busing but making a states-rights argument.
|
|
" Ultimately, he took refuge in a technical argument that, while true, was far from inspirational: "I did not oppose busing in America.
|
|
Jackson, for his part, praised Harris and described Biden as "on the wrong side of history" on busing in a CNN interview.
|
|
That confrontation centered on the former vice president's opposition to school "busing" during his early years as a senator in the 1970s.
|
|
Charlotte was a bit of a test bed for busing, and it was very successful for my years through the school system.
|
|
Officials plan to provide busing in the event that service on AirTrain Newark or AirTrain JFK is suspended because of high winds.
|
|
When busing came up again, Harris failed to land the kinds of punches on Biden that she got in the first debate.
|
|
He has also said he supported busing migrants to so-called sanctuary cities, where local officials are refusing to cooperate with ICE.
|
|
The two sides ultimately negotiated an agreement that included a revised busing program, plans for magnet schools and recruitment of minority teachers.
|
|
In the first Democratic debate this June, Kamala Harris lambasted Biden for his Senate votes against "forced busing" in the mid-1970s.
|
|
In 1974, Sanders told the Middlebury College campus newspaper that he believed busing risked producing racial hostility where it didn't previously exist.
|
|
He'd rather talk for hours defending his worst foreign policy blunders than spend a minute focusing on, say, busing or bankruptcy reform.
|
|
Biden forcefully opposed the government's role in trying to integrate schools, saying he favored desegregation, but believed busing did not achieve equal opportunity.
|
|
The Supreme Court then mandated that any interdistrict violations would have to be shown before any interdistrict remedies, like busing, could take place.
|
|
While busing did produce opportunities for many black students, many court-mandated plans to integrate schools decades ago are no longer in place.
|
|
"Vice President Biden, do you agree today that you were wrong to oppose busing in America then?" she asked, turning to face him.
|
|
On the Biden-Harris spat over race and busing: "I've been doing this rodeo far too long," she said to a laughing crowd.
|
|
"He never thought busing was the best way to integrate schools in Delaware — a position which most people now agree with," Russo said.
|
|
It may look like the Kamala Harris-Joe Biden spat over 1970s-era school busing policies is just a fight about the past.
|
|
Busing was in many places counter-productive; it exacerbated racial tension and left schools as segregated but worse-run than they were before.
|
|
"I have probably talked before 21980 or 21990 groups over the last years about busing," Los Angeles Assemblyman Floyd Wakefield said in 228.
|
|
As someone who grew up with this experience, Harris emphasized the devastating effect these efforts to prevent busing at the federal level had.
|
|
In that debate Harris attacked the former vice president for his record on busing decades earlier when he was a senator in Delaware.
|
|
Harris's obviously premeditated assault was aimed at one of the blots on Biden's long record in public life: his 1970s opposition to busing.
|
|
On Friday, Biden was not asked about his position on school busing, which was thrust into the spotlight after last week's primary debate.
|
|
When it came to defining issues like busing and, subsequently, mass incarceration, Biden was an accommodating enabler in the regressive politics of race.
|
|
It is always the same shameless playbook, replicated since Richard Nixon launched his racist Southern Strategy, stirring up fears on desegregation and busing.
|
|
HARRIS: But, Vice President Biden, do you agree today — do you agree today that you were wrong to oppose busing in America then?
|
|
But by that time, most busing plans had been dismantled and were considered by some to be a vestige of a different era.
|
|
She was directly addressing former Vice President Joseph R. Biden Jr., and what she described as his history of opposition to mandatory busing.
|
|
In June, Harris's defining moment came when she went after Biden for opposing federally mandated busing to racially integrate schools in the 1970s.
|
|
She also accused him of working with them to oppose busing students to schools to better integrate them, a claim Mr. Biden denied.
|
|
She noted she was bused to school as part of integration efforts in California, and she questioned Biden's 1970s opposition to school busing.
|
|
Biden's performance in that debate was widely panned, while Harris had a standout moment challenging him over his views on school busing integration.
|
|
Anti-busing activists empowered House candidates to run competitive challenges against Democratic incumbents in states as diverse as Massachusetts, Michigan, Kentucky and Texas.
|
|
The goal is to help those who live far distances from airports save money and to make the experience of busing more enjoyable.
|
|
The peak of Harris's campaign came in mid-June when she took on Biden over the issue of using busing to desegregate schools.
|
|
Kamala Harris willingly offered a personal narrative of how racist anti-busing policies impacted her life some 10 years after Brown v. Board.
|
|
" Biden's campaign later pushed back against Harris's characterization of how his votes impacted her personally, arguing none of Biden's votes in the Senate would have had a negative impact on the school busing program in Berkeley, where Harris was a student (the city's integrated busing program for elementary schools was adopted in 1968; Biden was elected to the Senate in 1972). "Sen.
|
|
"What Biden did is he made anti-busing more politically respectable," said Sokol, an associate professor of history at the University of New Hampshire.
|
|
Yet he rarely discusses one of the earliest -- and most controversial -- issues he championed in the Senate: his fight against busing to desegregate schools.
|
|
"I happen to be one of those so-called people that are labeled as a liberal on civil rights, but oppose busing," Biden said.
|
|
Biden said that his decades-old position against federally mandated busing to desegregate schools was "taken out of context" by Harris during the debate.
|
|
When Jake Tapper pointed out to Harris on CNN in January that Biden had once fought federal busing requirements, she was caught off guard.
|
|
While his staff may not have a consistent message on the busing plan, it's clear that it's now back on the table for consideration.
|
|
Norwegian authorities confirmed they began busing people back over the Russian border in a bid to crack down on asylum seekers entering the country.
|
|
Busing proved to be one of the most controversial -- and at times most effective -- policy solutions to the court-ordered racial integration of schools.
|
|
Harris said Biden's work in the 24.6s to stop the Education Department from enforcing busing to integrate schools hurt a little girl in California.
|
|
She then pivoted to a more personal attack, pointing to Biden's early-career efforts to prevent the Department of Education from integrating school busing.
|
|
Joe Biden's a card-carrying liberal, a challenger could tell people, and his campaign to minimize court-ordered busing is just a Trojan horse.
|
|
Biden and Harris sparred at the Miami debate in June over Biden's opposition as a senator to using busing as a tool for desegregation.
|
|
When Harris was asked about whether desegregation busing was necessary today, she told the Washington Post's Chelsea Janes that we don't need it now.
|
|
In polling, there's been little indication that white attitudes about busing have changed all that much from when Biden was a young US senator.
|
|
Busing was heavily criticized in Detroit, for example, where white families boycotted it in 1960 and continued to oppose it in the years after.
|
|
Busing would largely fall from the federal spotlight by the late 1980s and early 1990s, as fewer legislators actively pushed for measures supporting it.
|
|
Harris climbed in the polls after launching a withering attack during the first debate on Biden over his previous opposition to federally-mandated busing.
|
|
Harris got a bump in the polls when she confronted Biden over his past opposition to forced busing and comments about working with segregationists.
|
|
Jesse Jackson on Joe Biden's busing record: "My judgment is it was the wrong side of history ... Kamala Harris, she was on point" pic.twitter.
|
|
Harris challenged the former vice president on busing because that whole saga was a cathartic period in the history of separate but equal schools.
|
|
The problem in the Miami debate was not just that Harris hit Biden on the substantive issue of his opposition to federally-mandated busing.
|
|
Jackson explained that Biden's opposition to federally mandated busing was part of a larger debate over the federal government's role in resolving institutional racism.
|
|
"Common Ground," by J. Anthony Lukas, about the Boston busing crisis of the '70s, is the closest thing I know to a perfect book.
|
|
Harris saw a brief surge in Democratic primary polls after she attacked Biden's past opposition to federally mandated school busing in a July debate.
|
|
Mr. Biden assertively defended his record, but he also made a false claim that he only opposed busing ordered by the Department of Education.
|
|
Jesse L. Jackson, founder of Rainbow PUSH, said he had watched the exchange on busing and civil rights between Mr. Biden and Ms. Harris.
|
|
And there is some political risk: Busing as a means of integrating schools, which aides to Ms. Harris say she embraces, is fairly unpopular.
|
|
Harris's engagement of Biden, in a June debate, on the issue of federally mandated busing to desegregate schools stood out for the same reason.
|
|
Kamala's candidacy really came when she deployed her t-shirt ready attacks on Joe Biden for supporting school busing back in the first debate.
|
|
Random selection put Harris, not Booker, on stage with Biden, and she confronted him over his opposition to federally mandated busing to integrate schools.
|
|
In a sweltering backyard in Indianola, Ms. Harris insisted that she and Mr. Biden did not share the same position on federally mandated busing.
|
|
These efforts, which included measures like busing black students into predominantly white schools, allowed for more students to attend schools with diverse student bodies.
|
|
Thomas saw Boston's "social experiment" busing program taking black kids to schools in white neighborhoods that were "as bad or worse" than local ones.
|
|
Harris told the story as political gamesmanship — to underscore how wrong she thought rival Democrat Joe Biden had been on busing 50 years ago.
|
|
The CBP statement said the border officials are also busing people to El Centrol from Yuma and to Laredo from the Rio Grande Valley.
|
|
Kamala Harris asked Vice President Joe Biden to answer for both his willingness to uplift a segregationist senator and his previous votes on busing.
|
|
Kamala Harris assailed Biden over his previous positions on race and busing, and comments earlier this month about his ability to work with segregationist senators.
|
|
The district court concluded the state's practices were unconstitutional and issued an order to desegregate the school districts by busing students from nearby school districts.
|
|
Kamala Harris and former Vice President Joe Biden was the use of busing to desegregate American schools -- and Biden's opposition to it in the 1970s.
|
|
The New York Times has documented Biden's vigorous opposition to the school busing programs that were at the heart of civil rights in the 1970s.
|
|
Yet at the same time, there are countless black and brown adults middle-aged and older like Harris who remember busing as a formative experience.
|
|
But in the days following her standout moment, Harris and her campaign have struggled to explain her own position on busing to desegregate schools today.
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The public spat has also reignited debate over busing, which was one of the most controversial aspects of the effort to address segregation in schools.
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Biden's decision to invoke Eastland became even more damaging when archival research resurfaced, showing how Biden sought Eastland's help on anti-busing legislation in 1977.
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But her answer on Wednesday was a little more complicated: While she thinks busing was necessary in the 1970s, she doesn't believe it's necessary now.
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In an era of deeply entrenched housing segregation, court-ordered and voluntary busing policies offered one avenue of remediation to the nation's school desegregation crisis.
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"As Senator Harris now concedes, she agrees with VP Biden on busing and the multifaceted approach needed to address segregation," Biden spokesperson TJ Ducklo said.
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"You also worked with them to oppose busing," she said to Biden, referencing the former Delaware senator's history of opposing federally mandated school integration plans.
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Biden has said over the years that he supported the overarching idea of desegregating schools, but not forced busing as a means to achieve it.
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In his 2007 book, Biden recalled worrying with a close adviser about the effect the busing debate could have on his first Senate reelection campaign.
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" In a later letter, he wrote to Eastland to "thank you again for your efforts in support of my bill to limit court ordered busing.
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In the 1970s, Biden's home state of Delaware was embroiled in a fight over whether it should use "busing" to encourage desegregation at public schools.
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The efficacy of Harris' first-debate attack on Joe Biden's voting record on school busing was that the former vice president never saw it coming.
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A campaign can build a big crowd when it needs to with aggressive phone banking, busing in supporters or adding a celebrity to the program.
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Sanders appeared unusually tense Thursday, when he blew up at a reporter who asked if he would be busing in students to the Iowa caucuses.
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The polls are consistent with others showing Biden's lead slipped following the debate after Harris challenged Biden over his opposition to racial busing decades ago.
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The strange thing is that Biden should have expected the attack on his busing record from Harris, the only black candidate on the stage Thursday.
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Harris blasted Biden's previous stance against busing black students to predominantly white schools, a policy that she said she personally benefited from as a child.
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But no one was as effective as Harris, who relentlessly bashed the former vice president over his past work with segregationist Dixiecrats and against busing.
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In a poignant moment, Harris said that she had been one of the children to benefit from the busing policies intended to racially integrate schools.
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Bradley when it struck down a lower court's decision to require two-way busing between Detroit's black schools and the white schools in the suburbs.
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Mr. Biden was a liberal on most civil rights issues, but he did not support integrating schools through busing from the 1970s to the 1980s.
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And indeed, a 1999 Gallup poll showed that Americans believed busing had served a positive historical purpose in improving the education of African-American students.
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In line with that sentiment, the majority of respondents to the Gallup poll said they would prefer to integrate schools through methods other than busing.
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Ms. Harris laced into his recent remarks about working with segregationists in the Senate, as well as his active opposition to busing in the 0003s.
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It was 19883, and Louisville had initiated a court-ordered effort to integrate its public schools by busing students out of their racially segregated communities.
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"Common Ground," J. Anthony Lukas's Pulitzer-winning masterpiece about Boston's turbulent attempt to desegregate its schools via court-ordered busing, is inspiring a stage play.
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Kamala Harris, who confronted Biden on his position on federally mandated busing at the first debate in June, dropped out of the race in December.
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The fireworks continued when the court allowed busing to desegregate schools and issued a series of rulings that shielded criminal suspects from abusive police practices.
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Some agencies control entire labor supply chains, transporting recruits across borders, lodging them, busing them to and from job sites and then moving them elsewhere.
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In 217, he was the only journalist with the first Freedom Riders, who protested transportation segregation in the South by busing from Atlanta to Birmingham.
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The filibuster ended in September, with Biden voting in support of the efforts to ban the court's ability to use busing as a remedy for segregation.
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He looked out of touch during the first debate and continues to deal with the fallout from Harris' attack -- and his botched response -- on segregated busing.
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" But the former vice president argued that the entire debate between Harris and him over busing centered on "how do you equalize education in every area.
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Kamala Harris confronted him at the first Democratic debate about his comments on working with segregationist senators, as well as his past opposition to desegregation busing.
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At the time, busing was a highly unpopular policy in the US. Public polling in the mid-1970s found about three-quarters of Americans opposed it.
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In 1975, when he was a 32-year-old U.S. senator, Biden opposed busing, then an extremely hot-button issue in the battle to desegregate schools.
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For contrast, here's what Harris said to Biden in her initial statement during the NBC debate: You also worked with [those segregationist senators] to oppose busing.
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"This whole thing about race and busing, I think that if you take a look, our positions aren't any different, as we're finding out," Biden said.
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No one took more advantage than U.S. Senator Kamala Harris, who blasted Biden for his opposition to school busing and his boasting of working with segregationists.
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Kamala Harris particularly hit former vice president Joe Biden on his decision decades ago not to support a federal plan to use busing to integrate schools.
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Remember the big moments in past debates — Kamala Harris' busing criticism of Biden, or Warren's memorable denunciation of Buttigieg holding a fundraiser in a wine cave?
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In June's debate, Harris criticized Biden over the way he spoke about segregationists and his approach to busing as a young senator (he was against it).
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Sanders' plan would allow districts to use federal money for busing, ending a longstanding roadblock that has prevented them from spending federal dollars on the programs.
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He should defend his support for criminal-justice reform, explain his opposition to busing—and apologise to Ms Hill and to anyone upset by his handsiness.
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Wallace ran for president again in 1972 as a Democrat, focusing on opposition to school busing, but a would-be assassin's bullet stopped his primary campaign.
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He has also faced questions over his previous opposition to the practice of busing, an effort to allow for the integration of schools after Brown v.
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But it was also true that in districts that had been the most resistant to integration, the absence of busing programs would leave many schools segregated.
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But after narrowly winning election to the Senate, in 1973 and 1974, Biden began to vote for anti-busing measures after feeling pressure from his constituents.
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To be sure, this is standard practice for political events in Poland, where large crowds are sometimes built by busing groups of supporters from surrounding areas.
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She later said that she would support federally mandated busing if other means of integration were ineffective, but "that's not where we are today," she added.
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Biden and Harris will headlining the second night after their heated clash in Miami over the former vice president's record on civil rights and busing. Sen.
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Swalwell also criticized Biden over his past stances on school busing and touting his ability to work with two segregationist senators during his time in Congress.
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NBC's Steve Kornacki posted on Twitter a 1974 poll of Delaware voters that showed that three-quarters of the electorate opposed busing to achieve racial balance.
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" Bakari Sellers, a former South Carolina state representative who is supporting Harris, said that the high-profile exchange at the debate was "not really about busing.
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Rivals chip away at Harris Harris was the unquestioned breakout candidate from the Miami debates last month after her brutal exchange with Biden on federal busing.
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That's what the early battles over busing and affirmative action were about, and what the outcry over welfare and taxes and big government has been about.
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Kamala Harris's breakout moment in the race so far occurred on June 27 during the night of the Democratic debate, when she confronted Biden on busing.
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"Go easy on me, kid," Biden said at the start of the CNN debate in Detroit, a moment of levity a month after her busing attack.
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I covered Ku Klux Klan rallies, court-ordered busing, "dirty tricksters" of the right from Richard Nixon to Paul Manafort, and Trump rallies across the country.
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Busing has largely been seen as a failed effort: Across the country today, schools are still segregated, and the number of intensely segregated schools is growing.
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The default is [for it to hold] three trays, so it can carry food to a table or a server can use it for busing help.
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Harris enjoyed a polling surge after she went after Biden's history on racial issues, including school busing, in the first clashes in Miami in late June.
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He has embarked on unusual tangents, strained to defend his record on issues like busing and struggled to respond crisply to even predictable questions and attacks.
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Think of school desegregation orders that required busing, or funding requirements to turn prisons that looked like plantations into prisons that looked more like, well, prisons.
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Kamala Harris ambushed him for his record on segregation and busing, leaving him stammering and unable to answer clear answers — Biden survived with comparatively minimal damage.
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But those numbers declined steadily in the months that followed, beginning when she had difficulty articulating her own position on mandated busing — undercutting her star turn.
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Kamala Harris confronted Joe Biden over his opposition to busing, faded quickly when it became clear that Harris herself is not proposing large-scale integration programs.
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Harris was accused of manufacturing the exchange and struggled to respond when she was accused of having the same position as Biden on federally mandated busing.
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At the same time, Mr. Dingell appeased some liberals by supporting civil rights legislation, though he opposed expanding school desegregation to Detroit suburbs via mandatory busing.
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All of these were ammunition used against him on Thursday night, most electrically when Harris pressed him to defend his opposition to busing to integrate schools.
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But it now seems that without remedies like wide-scale busing or school zones drawn deliberately to integrate students, school desegregation will remain out of reach.
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Biden and Eastland might have gotten along because Biden sought his support in 1977 in fighting busing as a way to desegregate schools, according to CNN.
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This was evidenced Thursday both by his past stance on desegregated school busing and his comments about the collegiality of working with segregationists in the Senate.
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They didn't want to be subject to racial integration orders that involved busing, and they didn't want to share tax dollars with people who were less fortunate.
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Biden further explained that he supported desegregation by any legal means at hand -- including busing in cases where a school district has upheld racially segregated district lines.
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And Harris struggled to articulate her own position of desegregation busing, which the Biden campaign seized on to try to undercut her attack on the Democratic frontrunner.
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And it forced Biden to explain why a guy who is proud of his civil rights record can once have fought busing amendments on the Senate floor.
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Harris confronted Biden on his record against busing to desegregate schools and comments earlier this month about his ability to be civil and work with segregationist senators.
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Normally, he would be singing to mesmerized patrons in between busing tables and asking if customers needed any assistance in a place that is essentially self-serve.
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"I think of busing as being in the toolbox of what is available and what can be used for the goal of desegregating America's schools," Harris said.
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Ford didn't condone the violence, but he didn't do much to stop it either, and the result was that busing in the United States was eventually defeated.
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In an exclusive sit-down with CNN's Chris Cuomo on July 4th, he tried to clarify his position on the busing issue, citing the experience in Delaware.
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Both of these are signals that people not named Donald Trump are sufficiently unenthusiastic about the busing proposal to render it all but moot as a possibility.
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After facing criticism over his remarks on desegregation and busing in the 1970s, Biden now calls for the Education Department to create grants to help schools diversify.
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Kamala Harris on his 1975 Senate bill opposing federally ordered desegregated busing, former Vice President Joe Biden was busy defending his record in front of black voters.
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"I think of busing as being in the toolbox of what is available and what can be used for the goal of desegregating America's schools," she responded.
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The former vice president looked shocked and unprepared when Harris challenged him on his attitude toward opposition to government-mandated busing in the 1970s to integrate schools.
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"When Biden said it wasn't true that he supported anything that would have stopped the busing program that impacted her, he was correct," the Biden campaign said.
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While Kamala Harris received widespread plaudits for hammering Joe Biden in the first debate, public opinion on federally mandated busing is clear — most people really hated it.
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Biden was very mediocre in the first debate of the race last month -- seemingly caught entirely flat-footed by Harris' attack on his votes on school busing.
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Busing, a nationwide campaign to end school segregation by shipping students of color to white schools, collapsed in large part because of fierce opposition by white parents.
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"If we got back to the point where governments were actively opposing integration, yes," Harris told reporters in Iowa in response to a question about mandatory busing.
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Harris, for example, soared in the polls after she confronted Biden over his past opposition to school busing in the first round of Democratic debates in June.
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But he wasn't prepared for Harris's all out assault on his record as one of the staunchest opponents of court-ordered school busing during the same period.
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Biden played a key role in advancing the 1994 crime bill and has been reluctant to address criticisms over his previous opposition to school integration through busing.
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How did this WASP descendancy meet the rise of the Kennedys, Boston's school-busing wars, the city's emergence as the high-tech educational megalopolis it is today?
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Kamala Harris (D-Calif.) Harris had the biggest moment of any candidate in the debate when she took on Biden over school busing in starkly personal terms.
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The Police Department's announcement on Twitter came hours after the chief executive of Durham School Services, the busing contractor for the school district in Hamilton County, Tenn.
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Biden made the comments in a 85033 CNN interview while voicing his support of efforts to limit the courts' power to order busing, CNN's KFILE reported Sunday.
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After Richard Nixon won, he absorbed the Wallace base into the Republican Party by moving right on "law and order," busing and other issues Wallace had stressed.
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In his 2007 memoir, Mr. Biden discussed a cross-district busing effort in the 1970s aimed at desegregating schools in a county in Delaware — his home state.
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"I would like to speak on the issue of race," she said, before attacking Mr. Biden's decades-old fights against federally-mandated busing programs to integrate schools.
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What happened in San Francisco suggests that without remedies like wide-scale busing, or school zones drawn deliberately to integrate, school desegregation will remain out of reach.
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In 1981, at the peak of busing, a Harris Poll of parents whose children were bused to promote integration found only 11 percent viewed the experience negatively.
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Some young black activists have pointed to Biden's support for the 1994 crime bill and recent bumbling moments about forced busing as reasons for not supporting him.
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The two candidates have criticized Mr. Biden for reframing his own history, including his previous opposition to busing and his role in drafting the 1994 crime bill.
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But the United States Supreme Court later all but banned the busing of children between mostly black urban districts and mostly white suburban ones to achieve integration.
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Some of the debates so far have highlighted unpopular positions like busing, decriminalizing unauthorized border crossings, providing health insurance to undocumented immigrants and abolishing private health insurance.
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She criticized his opposition to many busing measures dating to the 1970s and his warm recollections last month about his working relationships with segregationists in the Senate.
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Increased funding for improvements, though it may not be easily generated, is preferable to busing students to different schools if they do not wish to attend them.
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I think the most crucial difference is that there are seven train stations sprinkled throughout town, and a magnet school and school choice system with free busing.
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Harris delivered the biggest moment in any debate so far, with a direct, personal rebuke of Biden over his opposition to federally mandated busing during the 1970s.
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Her political mentor was Martin J. Knorr, a Republican and Conservative state senator whom she assisted in opposing busing initiatives to achieve racial balance in city schools.
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That is the type of desegregation method Ms. Harris experienced as a child, and Mr. Biden's position is not a shift: He has never opposed voluntary busing.
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That is the type of desegregation method Ms. Harris experienced as a child, and Mr. Biden's position is not a shift: He has never opposed voluntary busing.
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"I oppose busing because it does not contribute to the quality of education, and because it is not the answer to the desirable goal of equal educational opportunity," Biden continued, before explaining that he voted against a provision, known as the Gurney amendment, that would have barred the federal government from ordering busing, because of the "Pandora's Box of problems" that made it vulnerable to a constitutional challenge.
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" Two weeks later, Biden followed up with a note to Eastland "to thank you again for your efforts in support of my bill to limit court ordered busing.
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A spokesperson for Biden recently told CNN that the former vice president's opposition was because he felt mandatory busing was an insufficient means to equal opportunity for students.
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But you shouldn't miss it -- as Trump touched on a wide variety of subjects from busing to western liberalism to, well, everything else that was on his mind.
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Biden's apology and defense of his record comes after Harris confronted Biden at the first Democratic debate, pushing him on whether he was wrong to oppose desegregation busing.
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Biden, who at the time was 34, was serving his first term in the Senate and looking to pass legislation that prevented the federal government from busing students.
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The worst of these that came up at the Democratic primary debate in Miami Thursday night was his past opposition to court-ordered busing to integrate schools. Sen.
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Today, the broader aim of practices like busing -- the total integration of schools and leveling of the playing field for American children of all races -- remains largely unfulfilled.
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Carson disparaged 1970s busing programs meant to desegregate city schools as one of a series of "failed socialist experiments" in a Washington Times op-ed from July 2015.
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She characterized herself as a little girl who was part of the second racially integrated class at Berkeley, California public schools, desegregation made possible by legally sanctioned busing.
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Her deeply personal recollection of her own experiences with race in California -- and her scolding of Joe Biden for his support of anti-busing legislation was hugely powerful.
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"It would have opened up virtually every civil rights decision of the past decade to new litigation, including issues that have nothing to do with busing," he wrote.
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The idea of busing was quite unpopular among white voters in his small state, but also among some of the local black activists whose perspectives helped inform Biden.
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The senator from California criticized former Vice President Joe Biden — the primary's early frontrunner — over his record on race and the desegregation of school busing in personal terms.
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Biden has recovered most of his polling numbers after a rough first debate, when Harris tore into his opposition to federally mandated busing aimed at desegregating school districts.
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But rather than busing serving as the fast-acting first step to an ongoing process of desegregation, it turned out to be something of a political dead end.
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That appeared to change in Miami, when Harris took on Biden in a blistering assault on his opposition to busing in the early days of his Senate career.
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She also invested the exchange with real emotional power by calling his words "hurtful" and noting that she herself had been a beneficiary of busing as a child.
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Kamala Harris raked him over the coals for his policy on busing in the 1970s, personalizing the policy's impact and landing a solid hit on the elder statesman.
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Biden suggested at the time that liberals were having a knee-jerk reaction to supporting busing as a method of school integration simply because racists were against it.
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Her own view of school busing is not entirely clear and she has given confusing answers on whether or not she favors the elimination of private health insurance.
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"I think we should consider it, but we're not voting 220006 years ago," the Congressional Black Caucus member said of Biden's opposition to using busing to desegregate schools.
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Boston has a really complicated history around school segregation, going back to the backlash to busing in the 1970s, so any changes to that process seem far off.
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And across the political spectrum, there was a near-universal consensus that Kamala Harris triumphed on Thursday, scoring a devastating blow against Biden in an exchange about busing.
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He was behind the purge of homeland security officials and has advocated aggressive, legally dubious policies, including busing migrants to so-called sanctuary cities to retaliate against Democrats.
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That's when then-2020 rival Kamala Harris called him out for highlighting his ability to work with Southern segregationists in the 1970s and challenged him on busing policies.
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Her critique of Biden for his opposition to federally mandated school busing, and for his warm words about segregationist senators, dominated media coverage on the night and afterward.
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To accommodate this challenge, organizers received a grant from the Chicago Public Schools Office of Student Health and Wellness that was used for busing services at eight schools.
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Kamala Harris during the June debate, when she challenged his opposition to the federally mandated busing of schoolchildren to diversify schools decades ago in neighborhoods that opposed it.
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She landed a few standout moments — most notably in the first debate, when she faced off with Biden over his opposition of federally mandated busing in the 1970s.
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The busing of thousands of black and white Boston students to equalize the racial mixes in the schools led to racial turmoil and death threats against Judge Garrity.
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Besides his opposition to busing, they include his championing of several bills in the 1980s and 1990s that imposed tough-on-crime measures that directly impacted black communities.
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The dangers of punching up The most memorable moment of the first two Democratic debates was Harris eviscerating Biden over his previous opposition to federally mandated school busing.
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Eventually, her most memorable moment — her exchange with Biden in the June debate over busing for school desegregation — turned into a mess when Harris flubbed the follow-through.
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"I believe there is a growing sentiment in the Congress to curb unnecessary busing," Biden wrote to fellow senators on March 25, 1977, according to letter reviewed by CNN.
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"… There wasn't a thing we didn't touch, I said at the time, other than, you know, school busing — which was a hot topic — abortion and gun control," he said.
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Just days before the most recent election, Chris Sununu, who was then a candidate and now the sitting governor, said Democrats were busing in voters to win the election.
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Bradley -- struck down a busing plan in Detroit, saying it was "wholly impermissible" to bus white children who lived in the suburbs into inner-city schools to integrate them.
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It's a vestige of the 1970s, when Biden was fighting mandates or court orders for busing, although it's not clear if he had a hand in this particular provision.
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Harris opened the debate's second hour with the most stunning moment of the night, launching a scathing attack on former Vice President Joe Biden over race and school busing.
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"To beard Jackson at the national NAACP convention in Baltimore would be a mark of courage, particularly when his speech defended his anti-busing stance," they wrote of Biden.
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Board declared separate schools unequal, striking down the laws that forced black and white children to attend different schools, and sparking an era of mandatory desegregation efforts like busing.
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Harris had a breakthrough moment at the candidates' first debate when she criticized Biden for his opposition to mandatory school busing when he was a senator in the 1970s.
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Harris, one of three black candidates in the field, created the debate's most discussed moment when she targeted Biden's record on race and his stance on school busing policy.
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That particular characteristic was on clear display during the June Democratic debates, when Harris confronted Biden about his record on desegregation busing and work alongside segregationists in the Senate.
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Biden gets a second chance at debating Harris, who put him on the defensive in the first debate over his opposition to federally mandated desegregation busing in the 1970s.
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Harris delivered a scathing criticism of Biden's views from the 1970s on school busing to desegregate schools, and Biden took heavy criticism afterward for his defensive and ineffective response.
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Highlighting Biden's work with Democratic segregationists in the Senate, Harris zeroed in on busing, which the then-senator opposed (at least in its court-ordered form) in the 1970s.
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Politically, they were a reminder of his extraordinary baggage—his tendency to put his foot in his mouth and his years of opposition to busing and other integration efforts.
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"When Vice President Biden was in the United States Senate working with segregationists to oppose busing, which was the vehicle by which we would integrate public schools," Harris said.
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Biden has also been under increased scrutiny in recent weeks over his past opposition to desegregation busing, which resulted in a viral moment when his fellow presidential candidate, Sen.
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Biden has been pushed, first by Harris, and now by the news media, to defend his civil rights credentials because he was not a proponent of busing back then.
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Coverage of the signing of the Education Amendments of 1972 that June was dominated not by sports or even parity in college admissions, but by the issue of busing.
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Meanwhile, Kamala Harris appears to have declined from her significant bounce in the polls in late June following a tense exchange with Biden on busing in that first debate.
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Harris wears a bigger target Harris' criticism of Biden's early-career opposition to federally mandated desegration busing rocketed her up in the polls after the first debate in June.
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Quotable: "I don't know what I'm going to do," said Jose Luis Candia, a father of three who lost his two jobs busing tables at high-end Manhattan restaurants.
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Spell said his Life Tabernacle Church in Central, Louisiana, drew about 1,000 people to its services on March 22, in part by busing people in from across five parishes.
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But fearful of stoking a fresh round of middle-class flight or another busing revolt like Boston's in the 1970s, most cities have shied away from addressing the issue.
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In 2000, when I was 20, I begged Christopher Lee, the co-chef at Chez Panisse, where I had a job busing tables, to teach me how to cook.
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P.S.• We're listening to "The Daily." busing as a tool of school desegregation in the U.S.• Here's today's Mini Crossword puzzle, and a clue: subway map dot (four letters).
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Ms. Harris's attack on Mr. Biden over race and busing gave a jolt of energy to her campaign, attracting a surge in donations and a bump in the polls.
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And when the time came to reappoint the state commissioner, detractors in the State Senate blocked his rehiring, denouncing him for his efforts to support racial integration through busing.
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Today, he cites the Gurney vote in defending his record on school desegregation, insisting that he backs busing to eliminate intentional "de jure" segregation, but not "de facto" segregation.
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Today, he cites the Gurney vote in defending his record on school desegregation, insisting that he backs busing to eliminate intentional "de jure" segregation, but not "de facto" segregation.
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More than 9,000 migrants have been taken to Chiapas from the border cities of Matamoros and Nuevo Laredo under the busing program, Mexican government documents seen by Reuters show.
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Some parents and lawmakers stated that outright, but others used different anti-busing arguments: that their children were being placed in lower-quality schools (ignoring that schools in predominantly black neighborhoods had fewer resources and that per capita spending on black students was smaller), or that what they referred to as "forced busing" wouldn't work to bring about racial equality and would do nothing more than allow schools to meet quotas for racial diversity.
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Harris, a former prosecutor, confronted Biden over his decades-old Senate fight against busing to desegregate schools and comments about his ability to be civil and work with segregationist senators.
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He said that's the program Harris -- who used her experience growing up in Berkeley to assail Biden's early-career opposition to federally mandated busing to integrate schools -- grew up with.
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But opponents of busing, many of whom were also opponents of school desegregation, argued that children were being transported to unsafe neighborhoods and objected to the long commutes children experienced.
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Busing is a still raw issue for many black people One of the most electric moments in Harris' exchange with Biden came when she invoked her own experience being bused.
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"Busing" was the federally mandated integration of public schools by forcing the transportation of school children into different neighborhoods -- moving white students into predominantly black school districts and vice-versa.
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It began with Harris referencing Biden's recent comments about working with segregationist senators, and ended with her personal story of benefiting from busing, a policy she criticized Biden for opposing.
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"I do not believe you are a racist," she told Biden, but still pressed him over past opposition to school busing plans that aimed to end racial segregation in schools.
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"I do not believe you are a racist," she began, before adding that it was hurtful to hear Biden speak highly of two segregationist senators and his work opposing busing.
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And as Vox's Ella Nilsen recently reported, his campaign swiftly moved to push back on Harris's argument, issuing a statement that Biden's busing stance had been misrepresented at the debate.
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But in the late 1960s and through the 1970s, many busing orders were mandated by courts after civil rights groups like the NAACP filed — and later won — school desegregation lawsuits.
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"Describing opposition to busing as something other than resistance to school desegregation was a move that obscured the histories of racial discrimination and legal contexts for desegregation orders," Delmont added.
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Her riveting, made-for-TV takedown of the former VP in Miami over his opposition to mandatory school busing in the '70s was the iconic moment of the last debate.
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Biden's track record on civil rights isn't as straightforward as he suggests: Though he supported racial integration in Delaware, he clashed with local black leaders on busing in the 1970s.
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But that changed when Kamala Harris took aim at his decades-long opposition to busing and his embrace of other initiatives seen as antithetical to the advancement of civil rights.
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After an internship at The Boston Herald-American, she wrote about food there before reporting on education in the aftermath of the tumult over busing to desegregate schools in Boston.
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Historians often identify this phrase as a conceptual and political tool that marked a shift toward racial retrenchments of the 1970s, markedly white flight and fights over court-ordered busing.
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In 1974, Mayor Kevin H. White of Boston named him deputy mayor, a role in which he focused on public safety during the city's vitriolic protests over court-ordered busing.
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The Page 6 story is on how Biden was in South Carolina Sunday trying to make amends with black voters over his stand against busing nearly a half-century ago.
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The busing topic as it relates to Biden has been a mainstay of discussion on the 24-hour cable TV networks: CNN, MSNBC and Fox News for the past week.
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Harris hammered him for his past support for measures to limit federal power to use busing to help school integration in the 1970s when he was a senator representing Delaware.
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While Harris re-upped her federal busing attack, Booker confronted Biden over his role in drafting the 2628 crime bill, which has been blamed for the rise of mass incarceration.
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On Sunday, Pastor Tony Spell said, his Life Tabernacle Church in Baton Rouge drew about 1,000 people to its services, in part by busing people in from across five parishes.
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Given alternatives like low-income housing in middle-income areas or changed school boundaries, only 2682 percent of blacks said they preferred busing, and just 2500 percent of whites did.
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Older members said Ms. Harris's challenge to Mr. Biden last week — over his opposition to busing during the 1970s — was evidence that years of sacrifice had not been in vain.
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Kamala Harris did that in the first Democratic 2020 debate, packaging her "that little girl was me" line from her exchange with Joe Biden over busing into a T-shirt.
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"Explain your stance against busing, explain what you were thinking with the 1994 crime bill, explain what you meant when your language dredged up something like that," Mr. Booker said.
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Some agencies control entire labor supply chains, transporting recruits across borders, lodging them, busing them to and from job sites, and then moving them elsewhere when they're no longer needed.
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Kamala Harris rebuked former Vice President Joe Biden for his history opposing student busing, telling him that if he had had his way, she wouldn't be where she is today.
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He condemned liberals, attacked busing and railed against welfare, winning primaries in Mississippi, Alabama and South Carolina, and winning substantial support from working-class white Democrats in Illinois and Massachusetts.
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But those interests were racialized, which is how a younger Biden could at once be a committed liberal and an ardent opponent of busing to desegregate his state's public schools.
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Kamala Harris made steep polling gains -- as high as 17% nationally -- after attacking democratic frontrunner and former Vice President Joe Biden over his record on issues of race and busing.
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Harris and Biden notably sparred on the debate stage early in the primary process, when the senator was critical of Biden's past opposition to federally mandated busing to diversify schools.
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Its cover stories ran the gamut, from the keyboardist Herbie Hancock to the politician Coleman Young, then seeking election as the city's first black mayor, to the school-busing crisis.
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The airport's executive director, Gabe Monzo, who first met Palmer while busing tables at the country club as a teenager, said he had relished the enthusiasm Palmer brought to meetings.
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Biden's competitors in the Democratic primary have used those remarks against him, like when Harris attacked Biden's comments about working with Southern segregationist Democrats on busing policies in the 1970s.
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During the battles of the 1970s over busing and affirmative action, Mr. Glazer published "Affirmative Discrimination" (1975), a landmark statement for neoconservatives and others opposed to government-enforced racial balancing.
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Harris raising her personal experience with busing in reaction to Biden's recent comments brought a different dimension — generational and racial — to the discussion that the process has often not seen.
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Sen. Kamala Harris had a few memorable moments during Thursday's Democratic primary debate, from ending a shouting match with a quip to challenging Joe Biden on his record on busing.
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Where Biden appeared to be caught flatfooted on Harris' attack during the debate, his team quickly sprang into action to defend him and raise questions about Harris' own position on busing.
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Biden's fight against busing more than four decades ago, as well as his praise of segregationist senators, has subjected him to scrutiny against the backdrop of today's more progressive Democratic Party.
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As some have noted, this is an odd thing to draw attention to, given Biden's own awkward history of opposing busing to desegregated schools while he was a senator in 1975.
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Kamala Harris confronted former Vice President Joe Biden about his history of opposition to "busing," the policy of transporting students to schools outside their neighborhoods to try to reduce racial segregation.
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Kamala Harris takes Joe Biden to task The former prosecutor commanded the debate stage Thursday night, challenging Biden over his record of working with former colleagues who were segregationists and busing.
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He listed several issues he sees as working against Biden, from his opposition to busing as a means of integrating schools in the 1970s to the crime bill and Anita Hill.
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"I oppose forced busing, and I want to make my position on this matter clear," the then-32-year-old senator wrote in the Biden Letter, a newsletter his office circulated.
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During Thursday's tussle, Ms Harris pressed Mr Biden, the front-runner, over his civil rights record, including his opposition to school busing ordered by America's Department of Education in the 1970s.
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His opposition to busing to desegregate schools has received renewed attention, as has his 1982 vote in support of a constitutional amendment that would have let states overturn Roe v. Wade.
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Then Harris went after him for his comments about working with segregationist senators — calling them "hurtful" to her as a black woman — and his record on the desegregation of student busing.
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Almost 10 days earlier, other Democratic rivals for the White House criticized Biden for describing his relationship with segregationists in the Senate, who had helped him pass an anti-busing amendment.
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Even if they were, the Supreme Court's Parents Involved decision in 22007 put significant constraints on even voluntary district busing programs, and the Court has only grown more conservative since then.
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School district administrators do not have to draw up elaborate busing schemes to break the geographic boundaries, they just need to broaden their offerings and open them up to all students.
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That changed when Kamala Harris pivoted a discussion about Pete Buttigieg's response to a recent police shooting in South Bend to Joe Biden's record on busing, race, and civil rights. Sen.
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The most tense exchange of the evening came when Kamala Harris actually seemed to get under Joe Biden's skin over his questionable record on race in general, and busing in particular.
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Harris' campaign took flight at the debate when she sparred with Biden over his past opposition to mandatory busing to integrate schools and his past work in the Senate with segregationists.
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Collectively, the new polls suggest that Ms. Harris benefited from an exchange with Mr. Biden during the debate on Thursday in which she highlighted his record on school busing and desegregation.
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Though the city was a microcosm of seismic political changes in the country as a whole, including antiwar sentiment and free speech activism, one major catalyst for transformation was school busing.
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Booker broke through No one appeared to have the sort of standout moment that Harris had in the first debate, when she assailed Biden's previous opposition to federally mandated school busing.
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She upended the debate as she directly challenged the early front-runner in the race, former Vice President Joseph R. Biden Jr., over his history of opposing school integration through busing.
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After her exchange with Mr. Biden on Thursday night, a Harris spokesman said that she supported busing as a method for school integration, but the campaign declined to provide additional information.
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Go deeper: How Harris' "Medicare for All" plan differs from Bernie Sanders Biden's record on busing to integrate schools Biden flips on support for Hyde Amendment This is a developing story.
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"I would argue that when you look at all the other ways we could have attempted to integrate our schools, busing was actually the most effective tool," says Nikole Hannah-Jones.
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Nonwhite characters are as scarce as fully articulated r's, and the uncomfortable racial history that has existed in reality (the Boston busing battles of the 1970s, for instance) is easily ignored.
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I called the principals of schools with high homeless populations whom I had built relationships with, and reached out to advocacy groups that help families find services and busing to school.
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So when I started busing tables at Chez Panisse a couple of years later, I wasn't prepared for the daily sight of grown men and women cooing over fruits and vegetables.
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She scored the biggest victory of her campaign in June, when, at the first debate, the senator excoriated Biden on his past opposition to busing as a way to desegregate schools.
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Police officials around the country have been busing in reinforcements, and on Thursday, many cinemas were ringed by packs of officers wielding long wooden sticks, just in case there was trouble.
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He was a liberal on most civil rights issues, but he was also a leading opponent of integrating schools through busing from the 1970s to 1980s, though his efforts largely failed.
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Still, there was a problem with this integration plan: Even with busing, white families who didn't want to integrate could just use the city borders to wall themselves off from black families.
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In the University of Michigan's National Election Studies, a comprehensive post-election survey, at least 21% of self-identified Democrats opposed busing to achieve school integration in 20203, 22020, 22020 and 22016.
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"Could opposition to busing be defended in the context of the times?" asked Galston, who served as Walter Mondale's issues director in the 1984 presidential campaign and Clinton's deputy domestic policy adviser.
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"He obviously said very troubling, outright disqualifying things, particularly during the busing days, given where the party and the country is at today," said Phillips, who is supporting Cory Booker in 2020.
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CNN has previously reported on other letters from the 21985s that show Biden appealing to senators who supported segregation in the 1950s, seeking their support in his legislative fight against school busing.
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Biden's comments on the CNN program Newsmaker occurred in July 1981 as the Senate debated a proposal to limit the power of courts to impose busing, which the senator said he supported.
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With a four-decade voting record, there will be plenty to hit him on, public positions that haven't aged well, from busing to his handling of Anita Hill's accusations against Clarence Thomas.
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The Middlebury College campus newspaper reported in 1974 that Sanders believed busing -- "(doing) bad in the guise of good things," as he put it -- risked creating racial hostility where none previously existed.
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In cases where a school system has been racially segregated by gerrymandering district lines or by other legalistic means, Biden said he supported desegregation by any legal means at hand -- including busing.
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They include Biden's comments about working with segregationist senators, his support for and role shepherding the passage of the 1994 crime bill, and his opposition to busing in Delaware in the 203s.
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Biden's past opposition to busing as a means of integrating schools and his support for strict crime bills that disproportionately punished people of color are likely to be reexamined in the primary.
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"By that point in history, there were very few school districts voluntarily integrating by other means, which is why judges were ordering busing," the historian told Politifact at the end of June.
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Eventually, the mayor and the city caved to the pressure and killed off years of work and what could have been the first real positive change in busing in Boston in decades.
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After the Kamala Harris-Joe Biden moment, busing for the purpose of integrating schools--an issue from the 1970s -- is making a comeback as a topic in the news, John Avlon noted.
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The clash between Joe Biden and Kamala Harris over desegregation busing programs that Biden opposed in the 1970s brought more heat than any other single incident across four hours of Democratic debating.
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He will have had ample time to prepare and could make a more spirited defense of his record, or challenge Harris's caginess on whether or how she would really bring back busing.
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Harris captured the spotlight during Thursday's second round of Democratic debates when she confronted Biden for his comments about working with segregationist senators decades ago and his past stance on school busing.
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Harris and Booker are expected to team up to take on Biden over his record on racial and civil rights issues, including his alliances with pro-segregation Senators and opposition to busing.
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The California Democrat called Biden's remarks about finding common ground with segregationist senators "hurtful," and she attacked him for his decades-old opposition to a federal busing program aimed at integrating schools.
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As he was leaving his previous job with the Department of Justice in the Ford administration in Washington, he saw that the school busing fight was starting to brew back in Louisville.
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Over the next couple of days, Biden and his team put together some good responses to Harris and exposed the reality that her own thinking on the busing topic is pretty unclear.
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" Pressed for his own view of court-ordered busing, Mr. Trump was vague, at one point observing that the use of buses "certainly is a primary method of getting people to schools.
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Many landed there after Syrian President Bashar al-Assad's government seized control of other opposition areas in recent years, busing rebels and civilians who refused to live under his rule to Idlib.
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In 1967, Logue ran for mayor of Boston, and, though regarded as a serious contender, was squeezed between another reformist candidate, Kevin White, and Louise Day Hicks, a ferocious anti-busing activist.
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Officials managing the evacuation last Saturday were later surprised to learn, while busing evacuees to a Japanese airfield, that 14 Americans they were transporting were reported to have tested positive for coronavirus.
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Both were involved in the primary contest's most memorable moment to date: when Ms. Harris challenged Mr. Biden's work with avowed segregationists and opposition to busing on the debate stage last month.
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" About 150 miles northeast of there, Mr. Biden, in Independence, Iowa, resisted the opportunity to return fire at Ms. Harris, calling her "a good person" whose perspective on busing was "absolutely right.
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Biden opposed busing to integrate schools in the 1970s, didn't call witnesses to back up Anita Hill during her testimony at the Clarence Thomas confirmation hearings and voted for the Iraq War.
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After the first presidential debate in June, Harris enjoyed a peak in her polling numbers, likely due to her viral takedown of Joe Biden's opposition to federally mandated busing to desegregate schools.
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Those drives may be about to get longer: Donald J. Trump's pick for education secretary, Betsy DeVos, is a proponent of vouchers and charter schools, and more school choice means more busing.
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When Senator Kamala Harris hammered former Vice President Joe Biden on busing, for instance, she said, it was off-putting, given how she saw Ms. Harris's record as affecting communities of color.
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He continued his efforts that year with a bill curbing court-ordered busing and thanked Mr. Eastland for attempting to bring his legislation to a vote in a letter uncovered by CNN.
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With those voters in sight, Biden was one of many generally liberal Democrats during that era who took nuanced, or even openly conservative, positions on racially infused issues, including school busing and crime.
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Nearly 6 in 10 believed more should be done to integrate schools, but over 80% opposed busing as the best way to achieve that, and 60% preferred increased funding for urban schools instead.
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" But Harris rebuked Biden Thursday, telling reporters before a campaign event in Iowa that "there has been no ambiguity whatsoever" with her position on busing, stating her and Biden "sadly do not agree.
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Harris's debate performance culminated in a fiery, emotional, and uncharacteristically personal exchange with Biden over segregation and busing, one in which Harris spoke about her experiences as a black child in Berkeley, California.
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Why it matters: Harris' campaign is experiencing an upswing following the second night of Democratic primary debates when she confronted former Vice President Joe Biden over his record on busing to integrate schools.
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"He wasn't just a silent supporter of anti-busing, he was out there crafting bills," Noliwe Rooks, a professor of Africana studies and director of American studies at Cornell University, told EdWeek recently.
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In Poland, the drill involved busing in a friendly crowd to cheer at Trump's campaign-style lines embedded in a major foreign policy speech, countering ideas that Europe abhors the new US President.
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Upon arrival, he noticed that one worker, a man whose name tag indicated his name was Ben, was doing it all, from taking orders and cleaning dishes to busing tables and making food.
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Carson has been slowly killing Fair Housing enforcement (which he once compared with "the failure of school busing") since January, when HUD issued a notice to suspend enforcement of the rule until 2020.
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Jackson made the remark to Politico in an interview published Sunday, referring to Harris's remarks calling out the former vice president over his previous stance on busing black students to majority white schools.
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Kamala Harris' direct challenge to frontrunner and former Vice President Joe Biden on school busing, everyone is aware that the things that are said on the debate stage can make a big difference.
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A. I grew up in Charlotte, N.C. The year I was born, the school system had just been through a major desegregation case that legitimized busing as a means of implementing Brown v.
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Harris, enmeshed in an argument with Bernie Sanders about health care that couldn't be pursued with the two of them on different stages, shied away from reengaging with Biden on the busing topic.
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Ms. Harris received favorable reviews, particularly on the left, for her stinging attack on Mr. Biden's history of opposing school integration through busing and his warm recollections of his work with segregationist senators.
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Mr. Biden was the main target of last night's debate, with Ms. Harris scoring the biggest blow when she criticized his work with segregationists and former opposition to school busing (in the 210s).
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Ms. Harris said Mr. Biden's recent comments in which he waxed nostalgic about working with segregationist senators were "very hurtful," and she criticized his opposition to busing to integrate schools in the 1970s.
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But that word is also a racial epithet, of course, and the photo is of a woman's furious face from a well-known image of an anti-busing protest in Little Rock, Ark.
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Kansas City has a free streetcar system in some neighborhoods that's built up a healthy reserve fund, so $2 million that goes to the streetcar system will now be redirected to free busing.
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Biden, elected to the Senate in 1972, notably opposed mandatory busing to integrate schools in the 1970s and early 1980s, something his rivals for the nomination have brought up on the debate stage.
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Some of these moments have affected Biden's poll numbers — he took a dip after Harris publicly called him out for his position on school busing in the 1970s — but he's always bounced back.
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Harris, who went after Biden in the first debate for his warm words about past segregationist senators as well as his opposition to federally mandated school busing, provides a more complicated case study.
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The challenge is that Ms. Harris has already delivered one of the most memorable debate moments of the primary — her takedown of Mr. Biden on busing — but the bump she received quickly faded.
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The 28-year-old Honduran woman and her family were stranded in Chiapas, Mexico's southernmost state, where they were taken in a Mexican government busing program under what they say were false pretenses.
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Biden, meantime, will face fresh scrutiny for his handling of the Anita Hill testimony — and for his positions, such as his support for the crime bill and opposition to busing for school desegregation.
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Kamala Harris confronted former Vice President Joe Biden about his opposition to busing to a robust discussion of immigration on Wednesday, candidates did not shy away from connecting their identities with the conversation.
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Harris, who dominated the stage on the second night of the first debate and criticized Biden over race and school busing, is surging both nationally and in Iowa, according to two post-debate polls.
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Now, speaking of how good people can disagree, polling results on busing can be dismissed under the idea that civil rights shouldn't be subject to popularity contests; it's the underlying principle that matters most.
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Not helping a false perception of this reality are politicians like Robert Rickman, mayor of East Bay area town Tracy, California, who last week suggested busing the town's homeless population 17 miles to Stockton.
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Kamala Harris took former Vice President Joe Biden to task over his recent comments about segregationist senators, as well as his opposition to using federally mandated busing to racially integrate schools in the 1970s.
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In a striking confrontation at the debates, Harris went after current frontrunner Biden on his past record working alongside segregationists and opposing federally mandated busing as a means of school integration in the 1970s.
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Perhaps most worrisome for Harris is that her support among African Americans doesn't seem to have risen much as you might have thought after going after Biden on his 1970s opposition to desegregation busing.
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" Biden spokesman TJ Ducklo said this week that the former vice president has "always and consistently been supportive of busing where courts order it to remedy illegal segregation, or where communities adopt it voluntarily.
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The two White House hopefuls quarreled at the previous debate, when Harris questioned Biden on his comments about working with segregationist senators and his past stance on busing black students to majority-white schools.
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Polls from Morning Consult show that Biden's support has dropped by 7 points since a June 28 presidential debate, when Harris confronted him over his opposition to federally mandated school busing in the 1970s.
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The California Democrat scored the biggest victory of her campaign in June, when, at the first debate, the senator excoriated Joe Biden on his past opposition to busing as a way to desegregate schools.
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While Biden did lose some support (about 5 points in RCP's average) after his tense exchange with Harris on busing during the first debate, he regained basically all of it before the second debate.
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Last month the police in Paris carried out their 34th evacuation of migrants since 2015, removing nearly 3,000 from the Porte de la Chapelle, then busing them to gymnasiums in the region for processing.
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The days when female servers were scarce in the dining rooms of formal restaurants should be over, and more people of color should be working at jobs besides busing tables and filling water glasses.
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Martin knows the deep roots that the South Carolina program has here, the pipeline that the former coach Frank McGuire once established out of the boroughs, busing a city's flair to the southern countryside.
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He sought to put the episode behind him after Senator Kamala Harris chided him in the first presidential primary debate, lacing into him for his opposition to some busing initiatives dating to the 1970s.
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He had been particularly savaged in the previous debate by Kamala Harris, a California senator who had rebuked his warm recollections of segregationist senators, along with his one-time opposition to mandatory school busing.
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It was on an earlier debate stage in June when Ms. Harris generated one of the most electric moments of the race so far, challenging Mr. Biden over his record on race and busing.
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And it helped in the biggest moment of her campaign, when she directly attacked former Vice President Joe Biden during a June presidential debate for his opposition to requiring busing to integrate school systems.
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Matthew Delmont, author of "Why Busing Failed: Race, Media and the National Resistance to School Desegregation," said many white parents outside the South didn't want their kids to share classrooms with black and brown kids.
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Kamala Harris and Joe Biden aren't done sorting out the fallout from her lightning rod moment at last week's Democratic debate, when the senator criticized the former vice president for his record on school busing.
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But it was the spell-binding moment when she challenged Joe Biden over his invocation of working with former colleagues who were segregationists and his record on busing that will be replayed hundreds of times.
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Seeking to rectify the situation, the school board voted unanimously in early 1968 in favor of a busing plan in which more than 3,000 students, both black and white, would be bused to different communities.
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But in last week's debate Biden delivered a performance almost universally regarded as unsteady, when he was challenged most forcefully by Harris on his record on school busing during the 290s but also by Sen.
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And it's clear that Biden's perspective as a US senator in the 1970s was very different and far less personal than Harris' perspective as a child who benefited from the impact of busing in Berkley.
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By saying he only opposed "forced busing" imposed by the federal government, Biden essentially offered a "states' rights" defense of a racist political position -- not an approach with a sterling track record in American history.
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The young Kamala Harris represented perhaps the least recognized face of the era of busing: the young black child in search of a quality education and equal opportunity to citizenship, freedom, and the American Dream.
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Kamala Harris' busing attack, expressed regret for his comments about his work with segregationists, and pitched a progressive vision for criminal justice reform — trying to preempt attacks on his support for the 1994 crime bill.
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In fact, I cast a deciding vote in 1974 against an amendment called the Gurney amendment which would have banned the right of the federal courts to be able to use busing as a remedy.
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You might guess in the middle of the most extensive busing order in American history in my city and state, it wasn't what you'd call the most popular vote in the country at the time.
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Kamala Harris said busing students should be considered by school districts trying to desegregate their locations, not the federal mandate she appeared to support in pointedly criticizing rival Democratic presidential candidate Joe Biden last week.
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He will have had ample time to prepare this time around and could make a more spirited defense of his record, or challenge Harris's caginess on whether or how she would really bring back busing.
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The hashtag first surfaced in August 2018, and has only spread since Harris's breakout moment during the debates in June when she confronted former Vice President Joe Biden about his opposition to federally mandated busing.
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Busing was used to immediately desegregate schools in the hopes of not only ending state-sanctioned segregation of blacks and whites, but to also give black and white students equal access to resources and opportunities.
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Restarting would, if it can be pulled off, offer the same basic promise as the original busing era — if it works, it works fast — while changing housing is necessarily going to be a slow undertaking.
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" While the actor has become nearly synonymous with his city, he says, "With the busing strikes [in the 1970s] and the racial tension, I wasn't always as proud [of Boston], other than my sports heroes.
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SINGAPORE (Reuters) - A fire that had broken out at an oil storage tank at Tankstore's Pulau Busing terminal in Singapore on Tuesday evening has been extinguished, the Singapore Civil Defence Force (SCDF) said on Wednesday.
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Mr. Kaspersky appears in self-effacing nerd mode around Kaspersky Lab headquarters, busing his own cafeteria tray and riding the elevator downstairs to smoke outside like everybody else, despite the vast balcony outside his office.
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They were watching a television retrospective on the busing crisis, which led to attacks on black schoolchildren by the parents of their white peers, and to the eventual flight of many white families from Boston.
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Her breakout moment in the first debate came when she excoriated Biden for his opposition to school busing, but in the aftermath, she was pressed on how much her own position actually differed from his.
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After 1968, Richard Nixon embraced some of George Wallace's proposals to slow the impact of busing, and the Republican "Southern strategy" owed much to the lessons of Wallace and other third-party tinkerers, including Thurmond.
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It's also hard to believe that your principal would impose such rough justice as busing a child, assuming that you and his mother are comfortable with him in your classroom (even after a possible split).
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He voted multiple times for anti-busing legislation in the early 85033s, stating at the time that while he supported school desegregation, he opposed the federal government stepping in to force schools to integrate students.
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The African American senators have hammered Biden over his record on race, from rhetoric that they deem offensive to his decades-old support for a crime bill and his opposition to a federal busing program.
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He will have had ample time to prepare this time around, and could make a more spirited defense of his record, or challenge Harris's caginess on whether or how she would really bring back busing.
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He repeated that defense Friday, receiving a polite but not wildly enthusiastic welcome from the group of labor unions in Chicago, as he pushed back against Ms. Harris's contention that he had opposed school busing.
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Mr. Biden and Mr. Eastland sharply disagreed on several civil rights-related matters, but they were also convenient allies, as both were vocal opponents of school integration through busing, a controversial topic at the time.
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There are still bruised feelings among some in the Biden camp over her lacerating remarks about his views on busing during a debate-stage clash, but Mr. Biden has said that he doesn't hold grudges.
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Biden is going to be asked why he once helped weaken gun control, opposed busing for racial integration, supported the Iraq war and seemed to ignore complaints about sexual harassment by a Supreme Court nominee.
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Mr. Biden, who is himself facing intense questions about his 1970s opposition to school busing, handled Mr. Hollings's evolution on race delicately in his speech, referring only obliquely to the senator's earlier support for segregation.
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About a thousand migrants entered Guatemala on Thursday, with local officials busing some of the migrants back to the Honduran border to fill out official paperwork, said Alejandra Mena, a spokeswoman for Guatemala's migration institute.
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Egged on by the progressive Twitterati, many candidates flaunted their ideological zeal by lambasting Barack Obama's immigration policies and going back in time to relitigate the 1994 crime bill and even the 1970s busing controversy.
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One semester we were focused on the story of a high school, George Wythe, that had been all-white until it was integrated through court-ordered busing in 1970 — and then resegregated, becoming all-black.
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In order to keep migrants safer and relieve overflowing shelters in Nuevo Laredo, the Mexican government began busing migrants to Monterrey, a city 130 miles and a two-hour drive from the border, in July.
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Harris's confrontation with Biden over busing during the first debate back in June did give her a boost in the polls, but it didn't last, and Harris has since lost all the gains she made.
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Biden told CNN in an exclusive interview that aired Friday that his stance on busing was taken out of context during the debate and that he wasn't expecting Harris to attack him the way she did.
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He has also always been an advocate for integration, but saw that forced busing was not the right mechanism for achieving it in Delaware because it put an undue burden on African-American families and children.
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Segregation and busing are not nearly as big an issue today as they were in the middle of the civil rights era (although there's data to suggest progress on desegregation has actually stalled in recent years).
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Harris asked Biden directly about his opposition to federally mandated busing as a means to integrate public schools in the 1970s, and about his comments on working with segregationist politicians during his time in the Senate.
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"Vice president Biden, I do not believe you are a racist," Harris began, then lashed into Biden about his having worked with segregationist lawmakers on the issue of school busing — saying she personally was discriminated against.
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She expressed disappointment that he had spoken positively about his relationships with segregationists and, offering a personal story from her childhood, lit into him for opposing busing as a means to integrate schools in the 1970s.
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And you might guess in the middle of the most extensive busing order in American history in my city and state, it wasn't what you'd call the most popular vote in the country at the time.
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" More recently, Jackson — as he prepared to host Biden the day after the Harris hit — told USA Today that Biden's busing stance "doesn't make him a bad guy, but it puts him on the other team.
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In a severe example, Lee Atwater described this when he compared "coded" racial appeals to the more overt ones of decades past, noting that when you talk about busing or states' rights, it becomes more abstract.
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His book explains how phrases from "Sharia law" to "forced busing" to "states' rights" have historically allowed politicians to send messages to encourage upholding racist policies while avoiding the kind of criticism that Trump has faced.
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Sen. Kamala Harris (D-Calif.) dragged former Vice President Joe Biden's record on civil rights into the bright lights of Thursday's debate stage, as she confronted him about his voting record on busing to integrate schools.
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In Boston, politicians campaigned and won on anti-busing platforms, arguing that black students' struggles to access a quality education and succeed in schools were not affected by segregation, but were instead the result of pathology.
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Trump earlier this month floated the idea of busing undocumented migrants stopped at the border to "sanctuary cities," a move critics called illustrative of a callous approach to the issue and some Trump allies called impractical.
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The former vice president even said he was surprised by Harris's move, telling CNN earlier this month that he did not expect her to come after him the way she did on civil rights and busing.
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Debates are supposed to shake things up—we expect some soundbite or canned controversy to realign the field, as Kamala Harris's exchange with Biden on busing during the first round of debates did, for a moment.
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The authors of the report, Professor Frankenberg, Jongyeon Ee, Jennifer Ayscue and Gary Orfield, suggest several policy remedies, such as using magnet programs and busing to draw students voluntarily to schools outside their neighborhoods and districts.
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At one point during his exchange with Ms. Harris, Mr. Biden noted that she had been able to participate in a busing program because of "a local decision" made by a City Council to allow it.
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Mr. Biden was on the receiving end of the most memorable attack in the debates so far, when Senator Kamala Harris of California confronted him over his comments about segregationist senators and his record on busing.
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Supposedly Kamala Harris "destroyed" him in one debate last summer, with a sound bite critiquing his position on school busing more than four decades ago (a position that, to some eyes, was not dissimilar to hers).
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The senator from California was coming off a star turn in the first debate of the Democratic primary campaign -- telling her personal story powerfully even while effectively exposing Joe Biden's weakness over his record on busing.
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He talked down the use of busing to integrate schools without realizing that the controversial program was found to be one of the most effective tools in closing the achievement gap between black students and white students.
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Some of the backlash was rooted in racism -- as captured by a Pulitzer Prize-winning photo by Stanley Forman titled "The Soiling of Old Glory" taken at a busing rally in Boston, by the way, not Birmingham.
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In 1978, Biden co-sponsored and strongly advocated for legislation that would have limited the ability of federal judges to compel school districts to integrate public schools by busing black students to white areas and vice versa.
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Seattle's busing program, and the integration it sought to preserve, is a classic Seattle idea: Even the very best of intentions cannot overcome the sort of racism and self-division that occurs in a deeply white city.
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Where before he framed his decision as a technicality that should by no means raise doubts about his anti-busing views, he now frames it as a principled stand he took in spite of the political risks.
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During Senate hearings in 1977 for a Biden anti-busing bill, Clarence Mitchell, a top NAACP leader, attributed the effort to "racism … deep in the state of Delaware," according to coverage from the Morning News of Wilmington.
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Biden, who is leading Sanders in Democratic polls, sought the support of segregationists in a bitter battle against court-ordered "busing," or the transportation of students to other schools and districts in order to end racial separation.
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Club for Growth's poll found voters are less inclined to vote for Biden if they were told he previously had taken positions that include opposing slavery reparations and busing of school children as part of desegregation systems.
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Kamala Harris of California seized on them in the first Democratic presidential debate to ask Biden why he had joined some of those same lawmakers to fight against busing as a means to integrate segregated school systems.
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Busing was often used as a last resort for cities and districts that clearly showed little interest in desegregation, many of which continued to see black and white families live in different communities and attend different schools.
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There were some black people who also criticized busing, but for different reasons: they wanted to see a deeper investment in black schools, teachers, and communities, rather than simply sending black students to previously all-white schools.
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Mr Scalia had solidly conservative credentials as a judge on the US Appeals Court for the District of Columbia, and made no bones about his opposition to busing, affirmative action and abortion choice, among other liberal priorities.
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In the north, white flight from our cities, housing segregation, and finally the increasingly narrow decisions of the Supreme Court on issues of busing and other desegregation efforts beginning in the 1970s, undermined the project of integration.
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Biden admitted he was taken by surprise last month when Harris criticized him for opposing federally mandated busing for school integration in the 1970s and for working with segregationists while serving in the U.S. Senate decades ago.
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Talk to anybody who has worked in politics there for a long time ... I can tell you that this issue of busing voters into New Hampshire is widely known by anyone who's worked in New Hampshire politics.
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" — Frank Luntz, Republican consultant and pollster "Harris directly confronting Biden on busing/segregationists was historic, powerful, and unimaginable on a presidential stage until very recently, which is itself symptomatic of a world Biden is struggling to defend.
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In Delaware, the southern portions of the state are often likened to the lands of the Old South; and at the same time, many northern white liberals had fled Wilmington and shared Mr. Biden's opposition to busing.
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One T.A.T. program, Busing on the Lookout, trains drivers of long-haul, city and even school buses; alongside it, T.A.T. is beginning programs for oil and gas workers, who, like truck drivers, are often sought as customers.
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To ease the overflow at the stations, the Department of Homeland Security has begun busing migrants to other facilities along the border, and just last week, it began flying immigrants from Texas to California to be processed.
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But if Louisville is proof that busing can work when there is the political will to have an integrated school system, its community is now grappling with what happens when that political will starts to dry up.
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She scored the campaign's biggest debate moment in her confrontation with Mr. Biden over his record on school busing — but also stepped into a morass of hazy talk on health care and the current desegregation of schools.
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In a 2015 editorial in the conservative Washington Times, Mr. Carson criticized the effort in sweeping ideological terms, calling it "social engineering," and predicted that its enforcement would repeat "the failure of school busing" in the 1970s.
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But the depth that could make these moments feel more lasting than a tweet just hasn't been there — just see how quickly Harris's polling spike evaporated after the first debate when she took on Biden over busing.
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Harris's campaign believed that popularity with black voters would be one of her biggest assets, and she appeared to score a hit in the first debate when she went after Biden on his record on school busing.
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She landed perhaps the hardest and clearest punch of the early primary debate cycle when she tore into the front-runner Joe Biden over his comments about working with segregationist lawmakers and his past views on busing.
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According to the tech companies pushing this solution, making on-demand busing work is a matter of crunching vast amounts of transit data, now made available by location tracking, and using algorithms to create custom shared routes.
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Harris successfully portrayed Biden as out of touch with the current Democratic Party, but after her viral moment, she is also being asked to go on the record about how she would handle busing in the current era.
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"This American Life" aired a must-listen piece in 2015 about modern-day busing efforts in Missouri and how they affected a girl who was first bused and then forced out of the school she was bused to.
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