Enclosure comparison with normal wiring & with busbar system HRC Fuse switch disconnector and cylindrical fuse holders mounted on to a busbar Electrical busbar systems (sometimes simply referred to as busbar systems) are a modular approach to electrical wiring, where instead of a standard cable wiring to every single electrical device, the electrical devices are mounted onto an adapter which is directly fitted to a current carrying busbar. This modular approach is used in distribution boards, automation panels and other kinds of installation in an electrical enclosure. Busbar systems are subject to safety standards for design and installation along with electrical enclosure according to IEC 61439-1 and vary between countries and regions.
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The term busbar is derived from the Latin word omnibus, which translates into English as "for all", indicating that a busbar carries all of the currents in a particular system.
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Tighten the steel hexagonal nut to ensure good contact between cable lug and busbar.
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The positive test results now give the green light to the busbar serial production.
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All of the busbar RTGs will run on electricity drawn from the local grid.
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The incoming neutral connects to the lower busbar on the right side of the panel, which is in turn connected to the neutral busbar at the top left. The incoming earth wire connects to the lower busbar on the left side of the panel, which is in turn connected to the earth busbar at the top right. The cover has been removed from the lower-right neutral bar; the neutral bar on the left side has its cover in place. Down the left side of the phase busbars are two two-pole RCBOs and two single-pole breakers, one unused.
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Phaseto-phase voltage measurements are established with voltage transformers in both sections of the busbar.
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The bolted boxes are to be installed when the busbar is disconnected and not energized.
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The M8100 provides illuminated indication of the actual phase difference between generator voltage and busbar voltage.
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Since 1999 a 2-/2,3-ton all terrain truck GAZ Sadko (4×4) is available with single rear axle and busbar system of centralized control of air pressure in the tires, and since 2005, 4-ton truck terrain GAZ-33086 "Zemlyak" with busbar gable rear axle.
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As a result, there is no guarantee that any particular kw will actually reach a given facility's busbar.
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The machine should be connected with the busbar separating the terminals as shown in the terminal connection diagram.
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For connecting grounding conductors, protective conductors, potential compensation, lightning protection installations etc. to the grounding via the busbar.
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In the example above, the top horizontal busbar was eventually removed as it was not necessary to keep it.
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When current flows at the contact points, the respective electrons have to exit one busbar and enter the other.
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All reduction cells are connected in a series by an aluminium busbar, which carries electrical current to the cells.
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Siemens has developed a new air-insulated busbar trunking system that increases the efficiency and reliability of wind turbines.
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In the second quarter of 2005, Legrand acquired a controlling interest in Zucchini, Italy's leading manufacturer of prefabricated busbar systems.
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On the busbar, the residual voltage can be measured with a set of voltage transformers in an open-delta connection.
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Its research and development effort puts it in a better position to face competition in the aluminum smelter busbar market.
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Although demand-side substitutability between cable trays and busbar trunking is limited, the new group would benefit from this unique position.
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The high-voltage supply in modern rail vehicles is fed from the locomotive to the individual passenger coaches via the train busbar.
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Opening the door causes the rod to break the connection from the power supply to the train busbar and grounds the switchgear.
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The connection of the Sivacon 8PS busbar trunking systems to the low-voltage main distribution is also extremely easy via special adaptors.
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If a number of power units are to be synchronised to the busbar at the same time, the frequency may likewise be controlled externally.
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Used to house the voltage and current metering transformers, enabling concetion to the busbar of the general cubicle assembly over a dry-type cable.
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In 2006, the company achieved a world first with a new busbar construction and delivery model for the aluminum smelters at Alcoa's new plant in Iceland.
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In the case of a busbar, the conductor terminals will support the busbar in its location. In the case of a bushing, a fixing device will also be attached to the insulation to hold it in its location. Usually, the fixing point is integral or surrounds the insulation over part of the insulated surface. The insulated material between the fixing point and the conductor is the most highly stressed area.
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The T4000 performs automatic synchronizing of an incoming generator with electronic speed controllers in a minimum of time, by controlling the generator speed and the phase between the generator and the busbar.
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Copper busbar in an LT Panel 1500 328x328px In electric power distribution, a busbar (also bus bar) is a metallic strip or bar, typically housed inside switchgear, panel boards, and busway enclosures for local high current power distribution. They are also used to connect high voltage equipment at electrical switchyards, and low voltage equipment in battery banks. They are generally uninsulated, and have sufficient stiffness to be supported in air by insulated pillars. These features allow sufficient cooling of the conductors, and the ability to tap in at various points without creating a new joint.
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To measure the unit resistance of the bridge wire EF, put a known resistance (e.g., a standard 1 ohm resistance) that is less than that of the wire as X, and a copper busbar of assumed zero resistance as Y.
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The cause of the blackout was traced back to the Otahuhu sub-station, the city's main transmission switching station. A corroded shackle connecting the Otahuhu to Penrose 220 kV line's earth wire had dislodged in winds, letting the earth wire fall across the 220 kV line and the 110 kV busbar below it, tripping both the line and three sections of the busbar, disconnecting lines to Mount Roskill, Penrose and Pakuranga. The trip also disconnected Otahuhu B and Southdown power stations from the national grid. The trip left only one line, the now-dismantled Arapuni to Pakuranga 110 kV line, supplying Pakuranga, Penrose, and the central city.
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The Boston Globe once reported that the Occult Hand Club was a replacement for the Defective Busbar Club, which was open to any journalist who used the word, such as in "the cause of the fire was attributed to a defective busbar, officials said." The occult-hand phrase did not stop in the Charlotte News and Observer, but has crept onto other media. The use of the phrase has spread to newspaper media around the world like "a cough in a classroom" and "a pox". The Order was occasionally endangered by reckless and artless users of the phrase, but it retained overall secrecy until 2004, when James Janega of the Chicago Tribune published a thorough investigation about the Order.
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Bus coupler is a device which is used to couple one bus to the other without any interruption in power supply and without creating hazardous arcs. Bus coupler is a breaker used to couple two busbars in order to perform maintenance on other circuit breakers associated with that busbar. It is achieved with the help of a circuit breaker and isolators.
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The mixer consisted of two groups of eight channels each. It had remote controls for the four-track tape recorder and the octave filter. In addition, the inputs and outputs of all sound sources, filters, and modulators converged here, in a cross-plug-in busbar panel, so that the connections of the individual devices with one another could easily be established and modified as needed.
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This point is sometimes called 'wholesale grid parity' or 'busbar parity'. Some photovoltaic systems, such as rooftop installations, can supply power directly to an electricity user. In these cases, the installation can be competitive when the output cost matches the price at which the user pays for his electricity consumption. This situation is sometimes called 'retail grid parity', 'socket parity' or 'dynamic grid parity'.
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The plant's number one nuclear reactor automatically shut down on Friday, 21 June 2013. The automatic shutdown occurred because protective device was activated when the generator's grounding signal showed abnormal activity. This was a result of a loose blade in the air damper that fell onto the busbar insulator between the generator and main transformer. The incident did not damage the reactor and there was no release of radioactivity.
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The coil carries rated continuous power frequency currents, therefore this is the power inductor in this system. It provides a low impedance path for the electricity flow. Since the power flow is rather large at times, the coil used in a line trap must be large in terms of physical size. Hence, a line trap unit is inserted between the busbar and connection of coupling capacitor to the line.
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The transmission capacity of the line to Röhrsdorf, which went into service during 1976, is 2640 MW. The 220 kV link to Zwönitz, which was built in the 1950s, no longer exists. There are direct 400 kV interconnections from the substation to Tušimice and Prunéřov power stations. The 400 kV line to Etzenricht is connected from the busbar to the termination portal on the area of the substation via an underground cable.
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The new station had two middle platforms for suburban traffic, connected to a three-track sweeper and a small freight yard. At the end of the 1910s, the Prussian government decided to electrify the three northern sections of Berlin - the Stettiner, Kremmener and Nordbahn - the latter to Hermsdorf. First, the AC operation over overhead line was given preference. In 1922, however, the Free State decided in favor of the DC operation via lateral busbar.
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The spinel was reported to have electronic conductivity, absence of a resistive reaction layer but with some diffusion of iron into the alumina. The diffusion of iron could be controlled with a thin layer of very dense alumina, and water cooling in both the electrodes and alumina insulators. Attaching the high temperature electrodes to conventional copper bus bars is also challenging. The usual methods establish a chemical passivation layer, and cool the busbar with water.
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Most of the time, the panels and the breakers inserted inside them must be by the same manufacturer. Each manufacturer has one or more "systems", or kinds of breaker panels, that will only accept breakers of that type. In Europe, this is still the case, despite the adoption of a standard DIN rail for mounting and a standard cut- out shape, as the positions of the busbar connections are not standardized. Certain panels use seemingly interchangeable breakers.
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An attribute generally used to characterize a bus is that power is provided by the bus for the connected hardware. This emphasizes the busbar origins of bus architecture as supplying switched or distributed power. This excludes, as buses, schemes such as serial RS-232, parallel Centronics, IEEE 1284 interfaces and Ethernet, since these devices also needed separate power supplies. Universal Serial Bus devices may use the bus supplied power, but often use a separate power source.
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The 400 kV substation interconnects four generator circuits, six feeders, two inter-bus transformers and includes two bus coupler switches and one main busbar section. The circuits are back to back and are arranged with the generator and interbus transformer connections on the power station side and the line entries on the opposite side of the substation. The current line entries are Bicker Fen-Walpole, Bicker Fen- Spalding North, Keadby 2, High Marnham, Cottam, and Keadby 1.
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The original control system served from 1989 with the introduction of Mark VI Blue until June 2007 when the final train, Blue, was converted to the new LMCU2 system. Mark VI's New Controls. The trains in use since 1989 are each long (consisting of six cars) and can carry 360 passengers. The trains are driven by eight motors which are powered by a 600-volt electrical system running through a busbar mounted on each side of the concrete beam.
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The PPA will distinguish where the sale of electricity takes place in relation to the location of the buyer and seller. If the electricity is delivered in a "busbar" sale, the delivery point is located on the high side of the transformer adjacent to the project. In this type of transaction, the buyer is responsible for transmission of the energy from the seller. Otherwise, the PPA will distinguish another delivery point that was contractually agreed on by both parties.
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For merchant solar power stations, where the electricity is being sold into the electricity transmission network, the levelised cost of solar energy will need to match the wholesale electricity price. This point is sometimes called 'wholesale grid parity' or 'busbar parity'. Some photovoltaic systems, such as rooftop installations, can supply power directly to an electricity user. In these cases, the installation can be competitive when the output cost matches the price at which the user pays for his electricity consumption.
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Electronic bending tool with integrated angle measurement and spring-back compensation The electrical industry mostly uses flat materials of copper and aluminium producing equipment for the electrical industry, especially switchgear and busbar production. The properties between two different charges of those materials vary strongly, having a critical influence on the dimensions. In the 60s, Dieter Ehrt invented the bending technology for flat material which measures each bend angle and provides spring back compensation. This gives the bend angle of flat materials true accuracy.
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An ungrounded GFI receptacle will trip using the built-in "test" button, but will not trip using a GFI test plug, because the plug tests by passing a small current from line to the non-existent ground. In Europe, RCDs can fit on the same DIN rail as the miniature circuit breakers; however, the busbar arrangements in consumer units and distribution boards can make it awkward to use them in this way. Electrical sockets with included RCDs are becoming more common.
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The synchronization process can be done automatically by an auto-synchronizer module, or manually by the instructed operator. The auto-synchronizer will read the voltage, frequency and phase parameters from the generator and busbar voltages, while regulating the speed through the engine governor or ECM (Engine Control Module). Load can be shared among parallel running generators through load sharing. Load sharing can be achieved by using droop speed control controlled by the frequency at the generator, while it constantly adjusts the engine fuel control to shift load to and from the remaining power sources.
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This small hand-operated lever could not provide enough power to engage and lock the brake band, thus the need for the foot pedal. The actual movement of the brake bands was controlled by the 'toggle' mechanism, a distinctive feature of the Wilson design. When the pedal was pressed and released, a series or 'busbar' of finger-like levers were pressed upwards by a strong coil spring, against a series of light linkages or 'operating struts'. The position of each linkage was controlled by the gear selection camshaft.
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Larger installations will often use subsidiary distribution boards. In both cases, modern boards handling supplies up to around 100 A (CUs) or 200 A (distribution boards) use circuit breakers and RCDs on DIN rail mountings. The main distribution board in an installation will also normally provide a main switch (known as an incomer) which switches the phase and neutral lines for the whole supply. (n.b., an incomer may be referred to, or sold as, an isolator, but this is problematic, as it will not necessarily be used as an isolator in the strict sense.) For each phase, power is fed along a busbar.
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Like all modern Finnish icebreakers, Otso has a diesel-electric propulsion system. It utilizes the so-called power plant principle in which the main generators provide electricity for all shipboard consumers through a common busbar. Her main generators, four 16-cylinder Wärtsilä Vasa 16V32 four-stroke medium-speed diesel engines producing 5,460kW each and driving 7,540 kVA Kymi-Strömberg alternators, are located on the upper deck beneath the helicopter platform.Cycloconverters for the new icebreaker from Kymmene-Strömberg. Navigator 1985. In addition, she has two smaller Wärtsilä 4R22/26 generators with an output of 350kW for use in ports.
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Like all modern Finnish icebreakers, Kontio has a diesel-electric propulsion system. It utilizes the so-called power plant principle in which the main generators provide electricity for all shipboard consumers through a common busbar. Her main generators, four 16-cylinder Wärtsilä Vasa 16V32 four-stroke medium-speed diesel engines producing 5,460kW each and driving 7,540 kVA Kymi-Strömberg alternators, are located on the upper deck beneath the helicopter platform.Cycloconverters for the new icebreaker from Kymmene-Strömberg. Navigator 1985. In addition, she has two smaller Wärtsilä 4R22/26 generators with an output of 350kW for use in ports.
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Current-generation commercial nuclear power plants (so-called "Gen III" plants) typically produce electricity at a busbar cost of 2-3 cents per kilowatt-hr after the initial capital cost of the plant is amortized. The typical amortization period for a commercial nuclear power plant is twenty years. Thus a Centurion Reactor could theoretically produce electricity at a cost of a few cents per kilowatt-hr for eighty years or longer after the initial plant investment is recovered. The press to extend the operating lifetime of commercial power plants is driven by fundamental investment economics, land use considerations, and social justice considerations.
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A DIN rail is a metal rail of a standard type widely used for mounting circuit breakers and industrial control equipment inside equipment racks. These products are typically made from cold rolled carbon steel sheet with a zinc- plated or chromated bright surface finish. Although metallic, they are meant only for mechanical support, and are not used as a busbar to conduct electric current, although they may provide a chassis grounding connection. The term derives from the original specifications published by Deutsches Institut für Normung (DIN) in Germany, which have since been adopted as European (EN) and international (IEC) standards.
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When the TSC is switched off, or ‘’blocked’’, no current flows and the voltage is supported by the thyristor valve. After the TSC has been switched off for a long time (hours) the capacitor will be fully discharged, and the thyristor valve will experience only the AC voltage of the SVC busbar. However, when the TSC turns off, it does so at zero current, corresponding to peak capacitor voltage. The capacitor only discharges very slowly, so the voltage experienced by the thyristor valve will reach a peak of more than twice the peak AC voltage, about half a cycle after blocking.
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Electrical panel and subpanel with cover removed from subpanel thumb The photograph to the right shows the interior of a residential service panelboard manufactured by General Electric. The three service conductors—two 'hot' lines and one neutral—can be seen coming in at the top. The neutral wire is connected to the neutral busbar to the left with all the white wires, and the two hot wires are attached to the main breaker. Below the main breaker are the two bus bars carrying the current between the main breaker and the two columns of branch circuit breakers, with each respective circuit's red and black hot wires leading off.
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In a building with electricity it is normal for safety reasons to connect all metal objects such as pipes together to the mains earth to form an equipotential zone. This is done in the UK because many buildings are supplied with a single phase supply cable where the neutral and earth conductors are combined. Close to the electricity meter this conductor is divided into two, the earth terminal and the wire going to the neutral busbar in the consumer unit. If the ground connection to the neutral is lost, all wiring and other objects tied to the neutral will be energized at the line voltage.
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The contract term began on January 1, 2015. APM Terminals has embarked on a program to convert and retrofit more than 400 Rubber-Tire Gantry Cranes (RTGs) in use throughout the APM Terminals global port, terminal and inland services network to a combination electric and diesel power as a measure to reduce both costs and emission of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the current diesel-powered RTG fleet. RTGs, which are used to move loaded and unloaded containers at the terminals, are usually powered by diesel engines. The new power supply will be a combination of electricity and diesel, utilizing a busbar- a rail providing access to electrical power.
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To provide some protection with an interrupted neutral, some RCDs and RCBOs are equipped with an auxiliary connection wire that must be connected to the earth busbar of the distribution board. This either enables the device to detect the missing neutral of the supply, causing the device to trip, or provides an alternative supply path for the tripping circuitry, enabling it to continue to function normally in the absence of the supply neutral. Related to this, a single-pole RCD/RCBO interrupts the energized conductor only, while a double-pole device interrupts both the energized and return conductors. Usually this is a standard and safe practice, since the return conductor is held at ground potential anyway.
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If the cam (for each gear) held the linkage in place, rather than allowing it to swing out of the way, the busbar finger would then press, via the operating strut, onto the toggles controlling the brake bands themselves. These toggles provided the additional leverage necessary to hold the brake band in place, under the force of the coil spring, until the pedal was next pressed. A further characteristic of the Wilson design was the use of self-adjusting nuts on each band, to compensate for wear. The action of engaging and disengaging each band was sufficient to advance the ratchet nuts and so adjust for wear by taking up any slack.
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High voltage equipment, particularly that which is installed outside, such as overhead power lines, is commonly subject to transient overvoltages, which may be caused by phenomena such as lightning strikes, faults on other equipment, or switching surges during circuit re-energisation. Overvoltage events such as these are unpredictable, and in general cannot be completely prevented. Line terminations, at which a transmission line connects to a busbar or transformer bushing, are at greatest risk to overvoltage due to the change in characteristic impedance at this point. An electrical insulator serves to provide physical separation of conducting parts, and under normal operating conditions is continuously subject to a high electric field which occupies the air surrounding the equipment.
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On 11 November 2005, a fault on a transmission busbar caused the reactor to go into safe mode, cutting supply to most of the Western Cape for about two hours. On 16 November a fire under a 400 kV transmission line caused the line to trip, causing severe voltage dips which resulted in Koeberg once again shutting down. Various parts of the Cape were left without electricity for hours at a time. On the evening of 23 November, a routine inspection of the backup safety system revealed a below-spec concentration of an important chemical, resulting in a controlled shutdown of the reactor. Due to the sufficiency of backup supply, major power cuts were not experienced until Friday 25 November, when the backup capacity began running out.
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After the construction of the Wall on August 13, 1961, the S-Bahn line was interrupted to Berlin on the border with West Berlin between Hohen Neuendorf and Berlin-Frohnau, thus travelling alone. Later on, the track of the Berlin outer ring between Hohen Neuendorf and the Karower Kreuz was temporarily provided with a busbar and built an additional connecting curve between outer ring and northern railway at Hohen Neuendorf, so that from 19 November 1961 again a direct S-Bahn traffic to East Berlin was possible. After some restrictions in the early years was possible since the mid-1960s again a continuous 20-minute cycle on the S-Bahn. For decades, the S-Bahn trains from Oranienburg via Birkenwerder, Blankenburg, Ostkreuz to Schönefeld Airport; in the evening and weekend traffic partly to Spindlersfeld.
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The 330 kV line is normally not used, and serves as an external power supply, connected by a station transformer to the power plant's electrical systems. The plant can be powered by its own generators, or get power from the 750 kV grid through the generator transformer, or from the 330 kV grid via the station transformer, or from the other power plant block via two reserve busbars. In case of total external power loss, the essential systems can be powered by diesel generators. Each unit transformer is connected to two 6 kV main power boards, A and B (e.g. 7A, 7B, 8A, 8B for generators 7 and 8), powering principal non-essential drivers and connected to transformers for the 4 kV main power and the 4 kV reserve busbar.
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The original design of the inter-island link at Benmore was integrated with the design of the 540 MW Benmore hydroelectric power station. The 16 kV generator busbars in the power station were the point of connection between the HVDC link and the South Island grid. The power from the six Benmore generators could flow directly from the 16 kV busbars to the HVDC link via converter transformers, with the interconnecting transformers connecting to the Benmore 220 kV busbar to export or import electricity from the rest of the South Island. The design of the power station was optimised with the HVDC link, and the interconnecting transformers were designed with a significantly lower rating than the maximum output of the Benmore generators, because so much of the generator output power would normally flow to the HVDC link.
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Over 3700 drawings were prepared, a design staff peak of 150 engineers and draftsmen (at a time before computer aided drawing) with a field staff of 140 engineers and supervisors. 180 installation contracts were let with a peak workforce of 1400 on site in 1981. The potline buildings were considered the longest buildings in Australia at nearly a kilometre in length and requiring for each potline 7,300 tonnes of steel, 32,000 cubic meters of concrete and 75,000sq meters of roofing and siding, with 7500 tonnes of aluminium busbar each. First concrete was placed in March 1980, and first steel in June 1980. In November 1981 the site was connected to electricity at 132 kV. For the initial smelter there were 1,500,000 cu m of earthworks, 116,000 cu m of concrete, 20,000 tonnes of steel, 250,000 sq m of sheeting, 1,000 electric motors, 560 km of cables, 50 km of piping and 60 km of cable racking.
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Colonial times The architectural and urban evolution of Sagua la Grande is the result of an economic development favoured by the natural conditions of its soil, its privileged geographical position with respect to trade and political and social events from its foundation to the present. In this respect, in 1830, only 18 years after its foundation, it was already the economic center of a region with more than 26 sugar mills, which from the architectural point of view, favored the evolution of the typology of housing, with the insertion of residences of masonry, but still predominate, wood and tile, as well as mud and guano. In this period the first cemetery is built, the first administration of post office of the town, the first school is founded by José Cabrera, who was later proposed, member of the Real Sociedad Patriótica de la Habana, by José de la Luz y Caballero. In 1841 there were already 1216 inhabitants in Sagua distributed in 253 houses, 4 high buildings of masonry, 113 of boards and tiles and 115 of busbar and guano.
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