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1000 Sentences With "burghs"

How to use burghs in a sentence? Find typical usage patterns (collocations)/phrases/context for "burghs" and check conjugation/comparative form for "burghs". Mastering all the usages of "burghs" from sentence examples published by news publications.

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Yet the Chicago metropolis as a whole—the city plus suburban burghs like Oak Park—is gradually blending.
The Kilmarnock constituency consisted of "The county district of Kilmarnock, inclusive of all burghs situated therein except insofar as included in the Ayr District of Burghs." The counties of Ayr and Bute had been covered, previously, by the five constituencies of Ayr Burghs, Buteshire, Kilmarnock Burghs, North Ayrshire and South Ayrshire. Two of these, Ayr Burghs and Kilmarnock Burghs, had included areas (parliamentary burghs) outside the two counties.
The constituency comprised the burghs of Anstruther Easter, Anstruther Wester, Pittenweem, Crail, and Kilrenny, in the county of Fife. In 1832, the burghs were combined with the Fife burghs of Cupar and St Andrews, which were previously components of Perth Burghs, to form St Andrews Burghs.
The constituency was a district of burghs representing the parliamentary burghs of Cromarty, Dingwall, Dornoch, Kirkwall, Tain and Wick.For the burghs included see Craig, British Parliamentary Election Results 1832-1885 and 1885-1918. Apart from Cromarty, these burghs had been previously components of Tain Burghs.For the burghs included in Tain Burghs (and the pre-1832 franchise) see Namier and Brooke, The House of Commons, 1754-1790.
Small burghs were units of local government in Scotland created by the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1929 in 1930. The Act reclassified existing burghs into two classes, large and small burghs. While large burghs became largely independent of the county councils of the county in which they lay, small burghs lost many of their powers to the county authority. Small burghs were responsible for such matters as housing, lighting and street cleaning and drainage.
The constituency comprised the burghs of St Andrews, Anstruther Easter, Anstruther Wester, Crail, Cupar, Kilrenny and Pittenweem, all in the county of Fife. St Andrews and Cupar had previously been part of Perth Burghs, and the other burghs part of Anstruther Burghs. In 1918 the constituency was abolished, and the burghs were thereafter represented as part of the East Fife constituency.
St Andrews Burghs was a district of burghs constituency, representing various burghs of Fife, Scotland, in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, from 1832 to 1918.
In 1930 the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1929 was implemented. This re-designated the Burghs into large burghs and small burghs. This new categorisation influenced the level of autonomy that the Burghs enjoyed from the county council. The act also abolished the parish as a unit of local government in Scotland.
He lost his post to the Prince of Wales when George became King in 1727. At the 1727 British general election, he was returned unopposed as MP for Ayr Burghs and for Elgin Burghs, but chose to sit for Ayr Burghs. He was appointed paymaster of pensions in 1731 and was returned again for Ayr Burghs in the consequential by-election. At the 1734 British general election he was returned unopposed for Elgin Burghs alone.
The earliest burghs, founded by 1124, were Berwick and Roxburgh. However, by 1130, David had established burghs in Gaelic areas: Stirling, Dunfermline, Perth and Scone, as well as Edinburgh. The conquest of Moray in that same year led to the establishment of burghs at Elgin and Forres. Before David was dead, St Andrews, Montrose, and Aberdeen were also burghs.
Hawick Burghs was a district of burghs constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1868 until 1918. It consisted of the Roxburghshire burgh of Hawick and the Selkirkshire burghs of Galashiels and Selkirk.
Burghs of regality or of barony, hitherto excluded from participating in foreign trade, were accorded the privilege in 1672.Mackie et al. 1978, p.246 but to maintain the pre-eminent position of the royal burghs an Act of Parliament (1690) stipulated the sum to be paid by the lesser burghs to reduce the burden of taxation imposed on the royal burghs.
Stirling Burghs was a district of burghs constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1708 to 1918.
The Ayrshire constituency represented the county of Ayrshire, minus the parliamentary burghs of Ayr and Irvine, which were components of the Ayr Burghs constituency.
Dumbarton Burghs was a district of burghs constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1918 to 1950.
Some newer settlements were only designated as police burghs from the 19th century onward, a classification which also applies to most of the older burghs.
A number of burghs (generally those with a population of 20,000 or more) became "large burghs". Most of the powers previously exercised by the county council in their area were transferred to the town council of the burgh.Local Government (Scotland) Act, 1929, S.4 The remaining burghs were to be known as "small burghs". In their case many of their powers now passed to the county council.
The first police burghs were created under the Burgh Police (Scotland) Act, 1833 (3 & 4 Wm IV c.46). This act enabled existing royal burghs, burghs of regality, and burghs of barony to adopt powers of paving, lighting, cleansing, watching, supplying with water and improving their communities. This preceded the Municipal Corporations Act 1835, which introduced a similar reform in England and Wales, by two years.
In the reigns of Máel Coluim IV and William, burghs were added at Inverness, Banff, Cullen, Auldearn, Nairn, Inverurie, Kintore, Brechin, Forfar, Arbroath, Dundee, Lanark, Dumfries and (uniquely for the west coast) Ayr. New Lothian burghs also came into existence, at Haddington and Peebles. By 1210, there were 40 burghs in the Scottish kingdom. Rosemarkie, Dingwall and Cromarty were also burghs by the Scottish Wars of Independence.
As defined in 1918 the constituency covered the parliamentary burghs of Dunfermline, Cowdenbeath, Inverkeithing, and Lochgelly. Prior to the constituency's creation, the burghs of Dunfermline and Inverkeithing had been represented as components of Stirling Burghs, while Cowdenbeath and Lochgelly were within the county constituency of West Fife.
Burghs established before 1153 Records of burghs, small towns granted legal privileges from the crown, can be found from the eleventh century. Burghs (a term derived from the Germanic word for fortress), developed rapidly during the reign of David I (1124–53). Up until this point there were no identifiable towns in Scotland. Most of the burghs that were granted charters in his reign probably already existed as settlements.
The constituency returned one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system until the seat was abolished for the 1832 general election. In 1832 the constituency was divided between the new constituencies of Aberdeen and Montrose Burghs. The Aberdeen constituency covered the burgh of Aberdeen, while Montrose Burghs covered the other burghs plus the burgh of Forfar, which was previously a component of the Perth Burghs constituency.
Leith Burghs was a district of burghs constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1832 to 1918. The constituency represented the parliamentary burghs of Leith, Musselburgh and Portobello. In 1918 Leith was included in Leith, while Musselburgh and Portobello were merged into Edinburgh East.
Clyde Burghs, also known as Glasgow Burghs, was a district of burghs constituency of the House of Commons of Great Britain (at Westminster) from 1708 to 1801 and of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom (also at Westminster) from 1801 to 1832. It elected one Member of Parliament (MP).
Falkirk Burghs was a district of burghs constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1832 to 1918. The constituency comprised the burghs of Falkirk, Airdrie, Hamilton, Lanark and Linlithgow, lying in Stirlingshire, Lanarkshire and Linlithgowshire. In 1918, Falkirk became part of Stirling and Falkirk Burghs, Hamilton and Lanark formed the core of new Hamilton and Lanark constituencies, and Linlithgow was represented as part of Linlithgowshire.
Traditionally burghs have been the key unit of the local government of Scotland, being highly autonomous entities, with rights to representation in the old Parliament of Scotland. Even after the Acts of Union 1707, burghs continued to be the principal subdivision. Until 1889 administration was on a burgh and parish basis. The years following 1889 saw the introduction of a hierarchy of local government administration comprising counties, counties of cities, large burghs and small burghs.
The Wick Burghs by-election was a Parliamentary by-election. It was a Scottish Highland constituency that returned one Member of Parliament to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, elected by the first past the post voting system. The constituency was a district of burghs representing the parliamentary burghs of Cromarty, Dingwall, Dornoch, Kirkwall, Tain and Wick.For the burghs included see Craig, British Parliamentary Election Results 1832-1885 and 1885-1918.
Kilmarnock Burghs was a district of burghs constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1832 to 1918. It elected one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first-past-the-post voting system. Kilmarnock county constituency was created when the district of burghs constituency was abolished.
Burghs of regality possessed higher jurisdictional rights in liberam regalitatem, amounting to complete criminal jurisdiction except for treason. These rights were abolished by the Heritable Jurisdictions (Scotland) Act 1746, after which the Burghs enjoyed only the jurisdictional rights of burghs of barony. The titles are redundant today but remain in descriptive use.
The Local Government (Scotland) Act 1889 established a uniform system of county councils in Scotland and realigned the boundaries of many of Scotland's counties. Subsequently, Ayr county council was created in 1890. In 1930 the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1929 was implemented. This re-designated the burghs into large burghs and small burghs.
Lanark Burghs (also known as Linlithgow Burghs) was a district of burghs constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom (at Westminster) from 1708 to 1832, representing a seat for one Member of Parliament (MP). There was also a later Lanark county constituency, from 1918 to 1983.
The Ayr Burghs by-election was a Parliamentary by-election. It returned one Member of Parliament to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, elected by the first past the post voting system. The constituency included the Ayrshire burghs of Ayr and Irvine and the Argyllshire burghs of Campbeltown, Inverary and Oban.
The constituency was created in 1832 by the Scottish Reform Act 1832 by a merger of two former constituencies: Elginshire and Nairnshire. It extended to the counties of Elginshire and Nairnshire, with the exception of the burghs of Elgin, Nairn and Forres which were instead part of Inverness Burghs and Elgin Burghs. It was replaced in 1918 by the new Moray and Nairn constituency, which included all of Elginshire and Nairnshire, including the burghs of Elgin, Nairn and Forres.
Tain was a parliamentary burgh, combined with Dingwall, Dornoch, Kirkwall and Wick in the Northern Burghs constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1708 to 1801 and of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1801 to 1918. Cromarty was added to the list in 1832. The constituency was a district of burghs known also as Tain Burghs until 1832, and then as Wick Burghs. It was represented by one Member of Parliament.
He joined the Army and was a Captain in the 1st Foot in 1790 and was promoted to major in 1794. He retired from the Army when he inherited the family estate at Blythswood, Renfrewshire. He was elected M.P. for Glasgow Burghs 1806–09, Elgin Burghs 1812, Perth Burghs 1818–20, and Glasgow Burghs 1820–31. He served as Lord lieutenant of Renfrewshire from 1826 to his death and as Rector of Glasgow University from 1809 to 1811.
Dornoch was a parliamentary burgh, combined with Dingwall, Kirkwall, Tain and Wick in the Northern Burghs constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1708 to 1801 and of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1801 to 1918. Cromarty was added to the list in 1832. The constituency was a district of burghs known also as Tain Burghs until 1832, and then as Wick Burghs. It was represented by one Member of Parliament.
The constituency elected one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system until the seat was abolished for the 1918 general election. In 1918, Stirling became part of Stirling and Falkirk Burghs and Dunfermline became part of Dunfermline Burghs, with the other burghs being represented as part of their respective counties.
Wick Burghs, sometimes known as Northern Burghs, was a constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1832 to 1918. It elected one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post voting system. A similar constituency had been known as Tain Burghs from 1708 to 1832.
The Elgin Burghs by-election, 1918 was a parliamentary by-election held for the House of Commons constituency of the Elgin Burghs in the north-east of Scotland on 25 October 1918.
Kirkcaldy was represented by the constituency of Dysart Burghs from 1707 to 1832, which was formed from the burgh itself and three other burghs, Dysart, Kinghorn, and Burntisland.Kirkcaldy Civic Society 2010, p.1. Under the Reform Act of 1832, the constituency of Kirkcaldy Burghs was created. Robert Ferguson of Raith was re-elected as Member of Parliament.
Dingwall's Coat of Arms Dingwall was a parliamentary burgh, combined with Dornoch, Kirkwall, Tain and Wick in the Northern Burghs constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1708 to 1801 and of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1801 to 1918. Cromarty was added to the list in 1832. The constituency was a district of burghs known also as Tain Burghs until 1832, and then as Wick Burghs. It was represented by one Member of Parliament.
The Act of Union 1707 and pre-Union Scottish legislation provided for 14 Members of Parliament (MPs) from Scotland to be elected from districts of burghs. All the parliamentary burghs (burghs represented in the pre-Union Parliament of Scotland) were assigned to a district, except for Edinburgh which had an MP to itself. The burghs in a district were not necessarily adjacent or even close together. Until 1832 the Council of each burgh in a district elected a commissioner, who had one vote for the MP. The commissioner from the Returning Burgh (which function rotated amongst the burghs in successive elections) had an additional casting vote if the numbers were equal.
The Royal Burghs Act 1833 reformed the election of the town councils that governed royal burghs. Those qualified to vote in parliamentary elections under the Reform Act 1832 were now entitled to elect burgh councillors.
Reverse side of the burgh seal of Crail, a Fife fishing port The first burghs existed from the 12th century, when King David I created the first royal burghs. By 1130, David I (r. 1124–53) had established other burghs including Edinburgh, Stirling, Dunfermline, Perth, Dumfries, Jedburgh, Montrose and Lanark.J Mackay, The Convention of Royal Burghs of Scotland, From its Origin down to the Completion of the Treaty of Union between England and Scotland in 1707, Co-operative Printing Co. Ltd, Edinburgh 1884, p.
Stirling and Falkirk Burghs was a parliamentary constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1918, comprising the burghs of Stirling, Falkirk and Grangemouth. It ceased to be a District of Burghs in 1950, but a constituency of the same name covering the same burghs continued in existence. In 1974 it became Stirling, Falkirk and Grangemouth. This was in turn abolished in 1983; it was the last British constituency (apart from those including islands) to consist of non-contiguous parts.
An important document for each burgh was its burgh charter, creating the burgh or confirming the rights of the burgh as laid down (perhaps verbally) by a previous monarch. Each royal burgh (with the exception of four 'inactive burghs') was represented in the Parliament of Scotland and could appoint bailies with wide powers in civil and criminal justice.George S Pryde, The Burghs of Scotland: A Critical List, Oxford, 1965. The four inactive burghs were Auchtermuchty, Earlsferry, Falkland and Newburgh By 1707 there were 70 royal burghs.
The burghs of Kirkcaldy, Buckhaven, Methil and Innerleven, Burntisland, Dysart and Kinghorn.
He was Member of Parliament for Ayr Burghs from 1852 until 1874.
186 The Convention expanded over time by admitting lesser burghs to its membership;Mackie et al. 1978, p.107 and by the 16th century had grown in influence to the extent that "it was listened to rather than directed by the government". Though still known as the "convention of royal burghs", it referred to itself from the late 17th century onwards as simply the "convention of burghs", as by then membership was no longer restricted exclusively to royal burghs and commissioners from all types of burgh were represented in parliament.
Kirkwall is the administrative centre for Orkney, and is the home of headquarters for Orkney Islands Council and NHS Orkney. Kirkwall was a parliamentary burgh, combined with Dingwall, Dornoch, Tain and Wick in the Northern Burghs constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1708 to 1801 and of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1801 to 1918. Cromarty was added to the list in 1832. The constituency was a district of burghs known also as the Tain Burghs until 1832, and then as the Wick Burghs.
Before creation of the Dumbarton Burghs constituency the burgh of Dumbarton had formed part of the constituency of Kilmarnock Burghs, and Clydebank had been within the Dunbartonshire county constituency. When Dumbarton Burghs was abolished the whole county of Dunbartonshire was re- organised into two new county constituencies, Dunbartonshire East and Dunbartonshire West. For almost all of its history Dumbarton Burghs was represented by David Kirkwood of the Labour Party, an important Red Clydesider. The only exception was 1918 to 1922, when it was represented by John Taylor, a supporter of David Lloyd George's coalition government.
Wigtownshire was a Scottish shire (later known as a county). The constituency included the whole shire, except that between 1708 and 1885 the burghs of Stranraer, New Galloway, Whithorn and Wigtown, formed part of the Wigtown Burghs constituency.
The new Kilmarnock constituency consisted of "The county district of Kilmarnock, inclusive of all burghs situated therein except in so far as included in the Ayr District of Burghs." The burgh of Dumbarton was transferred to Dumbarton Burghs, the burgh of Port Glasgow was merged into West Renfrewshire, the burgh of Renfrew into East Renfrewshire and the burgh of Rutherglen into the Rutherglen constituency.
The Burgh Police (Scotland) Act, 1833 (3 & 4 Wm IV c.46) enabled existing royal burghs, burghs of regality, and burghs of barony to adopt powers of paving, lighting, cleansing, watching, supplying with water and improving their communities. The Burgh Police (Scotland) Act, 1892 (55 & 56 Vict. c.55) meant each burgh was now united as a single body corporate for police and municipal purposes.
Montrose Burghs was a district of burghs constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1832 until 1950. The constituency elected one Member of Parliament (MP) to represent the parliamentary burghs of Montrose, Arbroath, Brechin, Forfar and Inverbervie. In 1950, Montrose, Brechin and Inverbervie were merged into North Angus and Mearns, and Arbroath and Forfar were merged into South Angus.
As first used in the 1708 general election Inverness Burghs consisted of four burghs: Inverness in the county of Inverness, Fortrose in the county of Ross, Forres in the county of Elgin and Nairn in the county of Nairn.
The constituency represented essentially the traditional county of Sutherland. The county town of Dornoch, however, was represented as a component of the Tain Burghs constituency, from 1708 to 1832, and of the Wick Burghs constituency, from 1832 to 1918.
The constituency covered the county of Renfrewshire, minus the parliamentary burgh of Renfrew throughout the 1708 to 1885 period, and minus the parliamentary burgh of Port Glasgow and the Paisley and Greenock constituencies from 1832 to 1885. The burgh of Renfrew was a component of Glasgow Burghs until 1832, when it became a component of Kilmarnock Burghs. Port Glasgow became a parliamentary burgh in 1832, and another component of Kilmarnock Burghs.
Burghs had rights to representation in the Parliament of Scotland. Under the Acts of Union of 1707 many became parliamentary burghs, represented in the Parliament of Great Britain. Under the Reform Acts of 1832, 32 years after the merger of the Parliament of Great Britain into the Parliament of the United Kingdom, the boundaries of burghs for parliamentary elections ceased to be necessarily their boundaries for other purposes.
The constituency elected one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system until the seat was abolished for the 1832 general election. When the district of burghs constituency was abolished in 1832 the Glasgow parliamentary burgh was merged into the then new two-member Glasgow constituency. The Dumbarton, Renfrew and Rutherglen burghs were combined with Kilmarnock burgh and Port Glasgow burgh in the then-new Kilmarnock Burghs constituency.
They were typically were surrounded by a palisade or possessed a castle, and usually had a marketplace, with a widened high street or junction, often marked by a mercat cross (market cross), beside houses for the burgesses and other inhabitants. The foundations of around 15 burghs can be traced to the reign of David I and there is evidence of 55 burghs by 1296. In addition to the major royal burghs, the late Middle Ages saw the proliferation of baronial and ecclesiastical burghs, with 51 being created between 1450 and 1516. Most of these were much smaller than their royal counterparts.
The Inverness Burghs by-election, 1895 was a parliamentary by-election held on 31 August 1895 for the House of Commons constituency of Inverness Burghs, which was made up of the towns of Inverness, Fortrose, Forres and Nairn in the Scottish Highlands.
Aberdeen Burghs was a district of burghs constituency which was represented from 1708 to 1800 in the House of Commons of the Parliament of Great Britain, and from 1801 to 1832 in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.
Before 1135, David laid the foundations of four more burghs, this time in the new territory he had acquired as King of Scots; burghs were founded at Stirling, Dunfermline and Edinburgh, three of David's favoured residences.Duncan, p. 265. Around 15 burghs have their foundations traced to the reign of David I, although because of the sparsity of some of the evidence, this exact number is uncertain.Stringer, "The Emergence of a Nation-State", p. 67.
In 1768 the Strathmore family put Lyon forward to take back the seat of Forfar from the Panmure family. Lyon also stood as Member of Parliament for Aberdeen Burghs. After an exhausting struggle Panmure was returned for the Forfar and Lyon for Aberdeen Burghs.
Dumfries Burghs was a district of burghs constituency of the House of Commons of Great Britain from 1708 to 1801 and of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1801 until 1918. It elected one Member of Parliament (MP).
The constituency covered the whole of the Scottish county of Lanarkshire, apart from the Lanark Burghs.
Over this period local government in Scotland was based on three units: counties, burghs and parishes.
The status is now chiefly ceremonial but various functions have been inherited by current Councils (e.g. the application of various endowments providing for public benefit) which might only apply within the area previously served by a burgh; in consequence a burgh can still exist (if only as a defined geographical area) and might still be signed as such by the current local authority. The word 'burgh' is generally not used as a synonym for 'town' or 'city' in everyday speech, but is reserved mostly for government and administrative purposes. Historically, the most important burghs were royal burghs, followed by burghs of regality and burghs of barony.
Anstruther Burghs was a district of burghs constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1708 to 1800 and of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1801 to 1832. It elected one Member of Parliament (MP).
Tain Burghs, was a constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1708 to 1801 and of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1801 to 1832, sometimes known as Northern Burghs. It was represented by one Member of Parliament (MP).
Dysart Burghs was a district of burghs constituency of the House of Commons of Great Britain (at Westminster) from 1708 to 1801 and of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom (also at Westminster) from 1801 to 1832. It elected one Member of Parliament (MP).
The constituency was formed by combining Buteshire with part of North Ayrshire. The rest of Ayrshire North was merged into Kilmarnock. In 1918 the constituency consisted of "The county of Bute, inclusive of all burghs, situated therein, and the county district of Northern Ayr, inclusive of all burghs situated therein except insofar as included in the Ayr District of Burghs". In 1950 some of the constituency was transferred to the then new constituency of Central Ayrshire.
The Stewartry of Kirkcudbright was a Scottish stewartry (later considered to be a county and sometimes called Kirkcudbrightshire), which had been represented by two commissioners in the former Parliament of Scotland. The constituency included the whole stewartry, except for the Royal burghs of Kirkcudbright (which formed part of the Dumfries Burghs constituency) and New Galloway (which between 1708-1885 was included in the Wigtown Burghs district). In 1918 the area was combined with Wigtownshire to form the Galloway constituency.
Parliament had evolved from the king's baronial court, with the commons being populated by representatives of the landholders who were too minor to call in person. Burghs were somewhat outside the feudal system, making their franchise ambiguous. Before the mid 19th century, burghs varied in their choice of franchise. In some burghs, the franchise was set at scot and lot; that is, people were only permitted to vote if they were liable for the local levies.
Police forces maintained by small burghs were merged with the county force. Small burghs were abolished in 1975 by the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973, with the administration of their areas passing to new district councils within the regions, or to islands area councils established under the Act. In many cases community councils were established to represent the views of the townspeople. For a complete list of small burghs see List of local government areas in Scotland 1930 - 1975.
The Convention of Royal Burghs, more fully termed the Convention of the Royal Burghs of Scotland, was a representative assembly which protected the privileges and pursued the interests of Scotland’s principal trading towns, the royal burghs, from the middle of the 16th century to the second half of the 20th century.Donaldson and Morpeth 1992 p.31 It evolved as a forum in which burgh delegates, termed "commissioners", could "consult together and take common action in matters concerning their common welfare"W.O. 1899 p.
In 1832 the town of Cromarty was separated from the county, and became a parliamentary burgh, combined with Dingwall, Dornoch, Kirkwall, Tain and Wick in the Northern Burghs constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Known also as Wick Burghs, the constituency was a district of burghs. It was represented by one Member of Parliament. In 1918, the constituency was abolished and the Cromarty component was merged into the county constituency of Ross and Cromarty.
The constituency comprised the Dumfriesshire burghs of Dumfries, Annan, Lochmaben and Sanquhar and the Kirkcudbrightshire burgh of Kirkcudbright.
The burghs of Arbroath, Carnoustie, Forfar, Kirriemuir, and Monifieth, and the districts of Carnoustie, Forfar, Kirriemuir, and Monifieth.
Kirkcaldy Burghs was a burgh constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom (Westminster) from 1832 to 1974. It elected one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first-past-the-post voting system. From 1832 to 1950 it was, officially, a district of burghs constituency.
They had 14 children: 8 sons and 6 daughters. Johnstone succeeded to his father's baronetcy in 1727. He was the MP for Dumfries Burghs from 1743 to 1754. He was succeeded in the baronetcy by his son James (1726–1794), who became MP for Dumfries Burghs and then for Weymouth.
Edward Ellice Captain Edward Charles Ellice (1 January 1858 – 21 February 1934) was Liberal MP for St Andrews Burghs.
Cochrane was a Member of Parliament (MP) for Stirling Burghs from 1800 to 1802, and from 1803 to 1806.
William Birkmyre (1838 – 19 April 1900) was Liberal Member of Parliament (MP) for Ayr Burghs from 1892 to 1895.
55 Burghs were largely autonomous, and when county councils were established they had a limited jurisdiction within burgh boundaries.
In 1950, he was elected as Member of Parliament (MP) for Dunfermline Burghs, serving until his retirement in 1959.
Most of the burghs were on the east coast, and among them were the largest and wealthiest, including Aberdeen, Perth and Edinburgh, whose growth was facilitated by trade with the continent. Although in the south-west Glasgow was beginning to develop and Ayr and Kirkcudbright had occasional links with Spain and France, sea trade with Ireland was much less profitable. In addition to the major royal burghs this era saw the proliferation of less baronial and ecclesiastical burghs, with 51 being created between 1450 and 1516.
The boundaries of counties and burghs for parliamentary purposes ceased to be necessarily those for other purposes, but nominally the Edinburghshire constituency consisted of the county of Edinburgh minus the burghs of Edinburgh, Leith, Portobello, and Musselburgh. Edinburgh was again covered by the Edinburgh constituency, and Leith, Portobello and Musselburgh were covered by the Leith Burghs constituency. 1832 boundaries were used also in the general elections of 1835, 1837, 1841, 1847, 1852, 1857, 1859, 1865, 1874, 1880, 1886, 1892, 1895, 1900, 1906, January 1910 and December 1910.
Therefore, Scotland had 53 parliamentary seats. 14 of the burgh constituencies were districts of burghs. The constituencies related nominally to counties and burghs, but boundaries for parliamentary purposes were not necessarily those for other purposes. For the 1868 general election, new boundaries were defined by the Representation of the People (Scotland) Act 1868.
From the reign of David I, there are records of burghs (a Germanic word for a fortress), towns that were granted certain legal privileges by the crown. Most of the burghs granted charters during David's reign probably already existed as settlements. Charters were copied almost verbatim from those used in England,G.
The constituency consisted of the burghs of Burntisland, Dysart, Kinghorn and Kirkcaldy, all in the county of Fife. It had just four voters, the commissioners elected by the four burgh councils. The place of election rotated between the burghs and the host burgh had a casting vote if there was a tie.
Scottish local elections were held in 1967 to elect members to the various Corporations, Burghs, and County Boards of Scotland.
Haddington Burghs was a Scottish district of burghs constituency of the House of Commons of Great Britain (at Westminster) from 1708 to 1801 and of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom (also at Westminster) from 1801 until 1885. It elected one Member of Parliament (MP) using the first-past-the-post voting system.
In the south-west, Glasgow, Ayr and Kirkcudbright were aided by the less profitable sea trade with Ireland and to a lesser extent France and Spain. The foundations of around 15 burghs can be traced to the reign of David I and there is evidence of 55 burghs by 1296. Burghs were centres of basic crafts, including the manufacture of shoes, clothes, dishes, pots, joinery, bread and ale, which would normally be sold to inhabitants and visitors on market days. In the High Middle Ages there was an increasing amount of foreign trade.
The increasing economic influence of the burghs attracted further English, Fleming and Scandinavian immigration. As the economic power of the burghs grew, Gaelic-speakers from the hinterland found it advantageous to acquire a working knowledge of English. The institutional language of the burghs consisted of vocabulary that was Germanic in origin, such English terms as toft (homestead and land), croft (smallholding), ruid (land let by a burgh), guild (a trade association), bow (an arched gateway), wynd (lane) and raw (row of houses).J. Derrick McClure in "The Cambridge History of The English Language" Vol.
Sigeferth (or Sigefrith) (died 1015) was, along with his brother Morcar, described by the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle as "chief thegn of the Seven Burghs". According to the 12th century chronicle of John of Worcester, Sigeferth and Morcar were the sons of one Earngrim who is otherwise unrecorded. The Seven Burghs of which they were said to be the chief men are believed to have been the Five Burghs—Derby, Leicester, Lincoln, Nottingham and Stamford—together with Torksey and York. These were among the chief towns of the northern part of the Danelaw.
The area covered by the modern constituency was first represented in the British House of Commons in consequence of the Act of Union 1707 in 1708. The county town of Stirling was represented as part of Stirling Burghs and the county was represented by Stirlingshire, each returning one member. In 1918, Stirling Burghs was abolished and Stirling was then represented by the Stirling & Falkirk Burghs and from 1974 Stirling, Falkirk & Grangemouth constituencies. Along with Clackmannanshire the county was meanwhile represented by Clackmannan and Eastern Stirlingshire and Stirling and Clackmannan Western (later Stirlingshire West).
From the 12th century the city fathers of Scottish burghs needed to standardise weights and measures, partly to collect the correct taxation on goods, and partly to stop unscrupulous merchants shortchanging citizens. Trons were set up in marketplaces throughout Scotland. Each burgh had its own set of weights, which sometimes differed from those of other burghs. Some burghs had more than one tron; in Edinburgh a butter tron was located at the head of the West Bow, while a salt tron was located further down the Royal Mile.
Elginshire, in Scotland, was a county constituency of the House of Commons of Great Britain from 1708 to 1801 and of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom from 1801 to 1832. It elected one Member of Parliament (MP) using the first-past-the-post voting system. In 1832, it was combined with Nairnshire was added to form Elginshire and Nairnshire, which was in turn reconstituted in 1918 as Moray and Nairn, with the incorporation of the burghs of Elgin, Nairn and Forres which had previously been part of Inverness Burghs and Elgin Burghs.
At the 1722 British general election, he was returned unopposed for Stirling Burghs again. When the work of the commissioners for the forfeited estates ended in 1725, he resumed the post of muster master in Scotland. He continued to develop a strong electoral interest in county and burghs and at the 1727 British general election was returned for Stirling Burghs and Stirlingshire, and chose to sit for Stirlingshire. By the 1730s he had become a key player in the electoral management system of Lord Ilay, Walpole’s electoral manager in Scotland.
Morris became MP for Elgin Burghs in 1774, largely due to the influence of his stepson, the new Duke of Gordon.
He was a supreme judge and his Decrees could not be questioned by any inferior judicatory. His sentences were to be put into execution by the baillies of burghs. He also settled the prices of provisions within burghs, and the fees of the workmen in the Mint. The Chamberlain lost his financial functions after 1425 to the Treasurer.
Also included in the Act were various sundry powers and duties including: the compulsory lighting of vehicles, licensing for billiard halls and ice cream shops, prohibition on betting in the street, powers on controlling milk supply, and penalties for littering. The Local Government (Scotland) Act 1929 divided burghs, royal or police, into “large” and “small” burghs.
In 1878, Grant was invited to stand as Liberal candidate for Leith Burghs. He was elected Member of Parliament for Leith Burghs at a by-election in 1878, holding the seat for the Liberals, with a majority of 3141. In the General Election of 1880 he was returned unopposed. He represented the constituency until he retired in 1885.
Municipal boroughs were a type of local government district which existed in England and Wales between 1835 and 1974, in Northern Ireland from 1840 to 1973 and in the Republic of Ireland from 1840 to 2002. Broadly similar structures existed in Scotland from 1833 to 1975 with the reform of royal burghs and creation of police burghs.
The constituency elected one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system until 1832. For the 1832 general election, under the Representation of the People (Scotland) Act 1832, the constituency was renamed Kirkcaldy Burghs, the boundaries of the burghs for parliamentary purposes ceased to be those for other purposes, and the voting system was changed.
50 In 1930 the Scottish county councils were completely reconstituted. Their powers were increased in small burghs. On the other hand, large burghs became independent of the county for most purposes. The district committees created in 1890 were abolished and replaced by district councils, partly consisting of county councillors and partly of directly elected district councillors.
Forfar was a royal burgh that returned one commissioner to the Parliament of Scotland and to the Convention of Estates. After the Acts of Union 1707, Forfar, Cupar, Dundee, Perth and St Andrews formed the Perth district of burghs (sometimes called Forfar Burghs), returning one member between them to the House of Commons of Great Britain.
Dundee in Forfarshire was a royal burgh that returned one commissioner to the Parliament of Scotland and to the Convention of Estates. After the Acts of Union 1707, Dundee, Cupar, Forfar, Perth and St Andrews formed the Perth district of burghs (sometimes called Forfar Burghs), returning one member between them to the House of Commons of Great Britain.
When created the constituency covered the county of Caithness and the county of Sutherland, including the burghs of Dornoch, Thurso and Wick.
Any remaining burghs of barony or regality that had not adopted the police acts were implicitly dissolved. They were abolished in 1975.
Campbell was elected unopposed as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Ayr Burghs at a by- election in 1809. At this time, elections in the Ayr Burghs were determined by an alliance between Duke of Argyll and his ally the Earl of Bute, who between them controlled three of the five Burghs; the other two burghs, being outnumbered, acquiesced in the choices of Argyll and Bute. The 1809 vacancy had been caused by the death aged 39 of the previous MP John Campbell of Shawfield and Islay, and Whig leaders had taken the opportunity to press Argyll to support a candidate of their choice. The Earl of Lauderdale proposed Sir William Cunynghame, 4th Baronet, but Argyll preferred a clansman, even though Duncan Campbell was not a close relative.
By the 1960s there was general agreement that the system of local government in Scotland was in need of reform. There were more than four hundred local authorities: 33 county councils (4 of which were paired as "joint county councils" for most purposes), 4 county of city corporations, 197 town councils (administering 21 large burghs and 176 small burghs) and 196 district councils. These structures had mainly been introduced in the late 19th century, and were largely based on units that dated back to the Middle Ages. There was also no clear division of functions between counties, burghs and districts.
The constituency elected one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system until the seat was abolished for the 1832 general election. For the 1832 general election, as a result of the Representation of the People (Scotland) Act 1832, Peebles was merged into the county constituency of Peeblesshire, Selkirk was merged into the county constituency of Selkirkshire, and the remaining burghs were combined with Airdrie and Hamilton, both in the county of Lanark, to form Falkirk Burghs. At the same time, however, the boundaries of burghs for parliamentary election purposes ceased be necessarily those for other purposes.
The Peebles and Southern Midlothian constituency was described in the Representation of the People Act 1918 as comprising: :The county of Peebles with all the burghs situated therein, and the Gala Water and Lasswade County Districts of Midlothian (except that part of the latter district which is included in the Northern Division) with all burghs situated therein except the burghs of Leith and Musselburgh. Until 1918 the area of the constituency was, at least nominally, partly within the Peebles and Selkirk constituency and partly within the Midlothian constituency. When the constituency was abolished in 1950 the Midlothian and Peeblesshire constituency was created.
Provand's Lordship, Glasgow, the only house to survive from the medieval burgh of Glasgow. Most of the burghs were on the east coast, and among them were the largest and wealthiest, including Aberdeen, Perth and Edinburgh, whose growth was facilitated by trade with the continent. Although in the southwest Glasgow was beginning to develop and Ayr and Kirkcudbright had occasional links with Spain and France, sea trade with Ireland was much less profitable. In addition to the major royal burghs this era saw the proliferation of lesser baronial and ecclesiastical burghs, with 51 being created between 1450 and 1516.
From the twelfth century there are records of burghs, chartered towns, which became major centres of crafts and trade.G. W. S. Barrow, Kingship and Unity: Scotland 1000–1306 (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1989), , p. 98. and there is evidence of 55 burghs by 1296.B. Webster, Medieval Scotland: the Making of an Identity (St. Martin's Press, 1997), , pp. 122–3.
In addition to the major royal burghs, the late Middle Ages saw the proliferation of baronial and ecclesiastical burghs, with 51 being created between 1450 and 1516. Most of these were much smaller than their royal counterparts. Excluded from international trade they mainly acted as local markets and centres of craftsmanship.R. Mitchison, A History of Scotland (London: Routledge, 3rd edn., 2002), , p. 78.
These were usually attached to cathedrals or a collegiate church and were most common in the developing burghs. By the end of the Middle Ages grammar schools could be found in all the main burghs and some small towns. There were also petty schools, more common in rural areas and providing an elementary education.Lynch, Scotland: A New History, pp. 104–7.
Erskine then served as Member of Parliament (MP) for Ayr Burghs 1749–1754 and for Anstruther Easter Burghs 1754–1765. He died in 1765. He had married Janet, the daughter of Peter Wedderburn, Lord Chesterhall, and with her had two sons and a daughter. He was succeeded by his eldest son James, who later became the 2nd Earl of Rosslyn.
At the same time, a poll in favour of adopting the act now needed only a simple majority. The General and Police Improvement (Scotland) Act, 1862 (25 & 26 Vict. c.101) set out again the powers of police burghs. It also introduced a system by which commissioners of burghs could apply to the county sheriff for an extension of the burgh boundaries.
Dunfermline Burghs was a burgh constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1918 until 1974. It elected one Member of Parliament (MP) using the first-past-the-post voting system. From 1918 to 1950 it was also, officially, a district of burghs constituency. There was also a Dunfermline county constituency from 1974 to 1983.
The constituency consisted of the Haddingtonshire burghs of Haddington, Dunbar, and North Berwick, the Berwickshire burgh of Lauder, and the Roxburghshire burgh of Jedburgh.
Hunter was Member of Parliament for Dunfermline Burghs from 1964 to 1974, and then (after boundary changes) for Dunfermline until 1979, preceding Dick Douglas.
It consisted of the burghs of Dumbarton and Clydebank in Dunbartonshire. The rest of the county formed the rural (or county) constituency of Dunbartonshire.
The mediaeval roots of the Convention lay in the 13th-century Court of the Four Burghs which comprised delegates from Berwick, Edinburgh, Roxburgh and Stirling. (In 1369 Lanark and Linlithgow replaced Berwick and Roxburgh after these came under English occupation.)Donaldson and Morpeth 1992 Donaldson 1980 Representatives of these burghs met in advance of parliamentary sittings and communicated with the sovereign through the Court or through the Chamberlain who presided over its meetings in his function as the Crown’s chief fiscal officer. The Court, described in a charter from the reign of James II (1430-60) as the Parliament of the Four Burghs, determined burghal law (leges burgorum), settled inter-burghal disputes and heard appeals from burgh courts.Dickinson 1961 The earliest record of its deliberations dates from 1292 when "the four burghs" were asked to interpret the law on a question of debt.
The rights of the royal burghs were preserved (if not guaranteed) by Article XXI of the Treaty of Union between Scotland and England of 1707,Union with England Act 1707 – original text which states "That the Rights and Privileges of the Royal Boroughs in Scotland as they now are Do Remain entire after the Union and notwithstanding thereof". Royal burghs were abolished in 1975 by the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973, and the above-mentioned Article XXI, which was thus rendered redundant, has been deemed by Her Majesty's Government to be abrogated by the 1973 Act. The towns are now sometimes referred to officially as "former royal burghs", for instance by the Local Government Boundary Commission for Scotland. The issue of the future status of royal burghs was discussed during debate on the Local Government Bill.
In 1807 he was elected to represent Stirling Burghs, sitting until 1818. He died in 1832. He had married Christina Menzies and had one son.
In addition there was a system of fortified towns, burghs, that were positioned at choke points along navigable rivers to prevent raiders from sailing inland.
Perth Burghs consisted of the burgh of Perth and burghs in the county of Fife and the county of Forfar. The 1832 boundaries of the Perth constituency were used also in the general elections of 1835, 1837, 1841, 1847, 1852, 1857, 1859, 1865, 1868, 1874 and 1880. The Redistribution of Seats Act 1885 divided the Perthshire constituency to create Eastern Perthshire and Western Perthshire.
As a young man, he embarked on a brief military career, with a commission in the 14th Light Dragoons, and an equally brief political career as MP (first for Aberdeen Burghs and then for Montrose Burghs) between 1831 and 1835. However, he was reluctant to engage too deeply in any activity that might distract him from his primary and abiding passion for field sports.
Inverness Burghs was a district of burghs constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of Great Britain (at Westminster) from 1708 to 1801 and of the Parliament of the United Kingdom (also at Westminster) from 1801 to 1918. It elected one Member of Parliament (MP). There was also, 1708 to 1918, the Inverness-shire constituency, which was, as its name implies, a county constituency.
Despite his best efforts, Brodie was sentenced to death. Erskine sat as Member of Parliament for Haddington Burghs from April to November 1806, and for Dumfries Burghs from 1806 to 1807. He was appointed as a Commissioner to inquire into administration of justice in Scotland in 1808. In 1811 he gave up his practice at the bar and retired to his country residence of Almondell, in Linlithgowshire.
1868 map of Linlithgowshire showing parishes. The county of West Lothian or of Linlithgowshire contained six burghs: Armadale, Bathgate, Bo'ness, Linlithgow, Queensferry, and Whitburn. Areas outside the burghs were administered as districts, of which there were also six: Borrowstounness, Linlithgow, Queensferry, Torphichen & Bathgate, Uphall, and Whitburn & Livingston. The county was also split into twelve parishes; these were not used for administrative purposes after 1929.
It was created on 28 February 1672 for William Lockhart. The fourth Baronet used the surname Ross-Lockhart, which was also borne by the sixth, seventh, eighth and ninth Baronets. The sixth Baronet was an admiral in the Royal Navy and sat as Member of Parliament for Lanark and Lanarkshire. The seventh Baronet was Member of Parliament for Tain Burghs, Ross-shire and Linlithgow Burghs.
In that year was commissioned a Lieutenant-Colonel of the 4th Native Infantry. Baillie returned to the United Kingdom in 1816 and as well as managing the family estates in Inverness-shire he became Member of Parliament and a director of the East India Company. He stood successfully for Parliament: for Hedon (1820–1830), Inverness Burghs (1830–1831) and again for Inverness Burghs (1832 – 20 April 1833).
The Ayr Burghs by-election, 1888 was a parliamentary by-election held for the British House of Commons constituency of Ayr Burghs on 15 June 1888. The seat had become vacant when the sitting Liberal Unionist Member of Parliament Richard Frederick Fotheringham Campbell died. The Liberal candidate, John Sinclair, won the seat in a straight fight with his Liberal Unionist opponent, the Hon Evelyn Ashley.
In 1768 Maitland stood for Parliament at Haddington Burghs when there was a double return, but decided not to contest the matter. He was appointed Clerk of the Pipe in Scottish Exchequer in 1769. He returned to the active list in 1770 and became a major in 1775. Meanwhile he was returned at the 1774 general election as Member of Parliament for Haddington Burghs.
Burghs were created in Scotland from the 12th century. They had the right to hold markets and levy customs and tolls, and tolbooths were originally established for collection of these.Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland (RCAHMS), p.1 Royal burghs were governed by an elected council, led by a provost and baillies, who also acted as magistrates with jurisdiction over local crime.
B. Webster, Medieval Scotland: the Making of an Identity (St. Martin's Press, 1997), , pp. 122–3. In addition to the major royal burghs, the late Middle Ages saw the proliferation of baronial and ecclesiastical burghs; 51 were created between 1450 and 1516. Most were much smaller than their royal counterparts, and excluded from international trade they acted mainly as local markets and centres of craftsmanship.
The constituency was created by the Representation of the People Act 1918 as one of four constituencies covering the county of Ayr and the county of Bute. Of the other three constituencies, two were county constituencies: Bute and Northern Ayrshire and South Ayrshire. The third, Ayr Burghs, was a district of burghs constituency. All four constituencies were entirely within the boundaries of the two counties.
In Scotland a royal burgh was a burgh or incorporated town founded by, or subsequently granted, a royal charter. By 1707, when the Act of Union with England and Wales came into effect, there were 70 royal burghs. None were created after 1707, and they were formally abolished in 1975. Notwithstanding their abolition, the term is still used in many of the former burghs.
Alexander was the eldest son of Lady Catherine Montgomerie and James Stewart, 5th Earl of Galloway, a Commissioner of the Scottish Treasury and Privy Councillor of Scotland who opposed the Union between England and Scotland. He had three younger brothers, Lt.-Gen. Hon. James Stewart (an MP for Wigtown Burghs and Wigtownshire), Capt. Hon. William Stewart (also an MP for Wigtown Burghs), and Hon.
The fifth Baronet sat as Member of Parliament for Ayr Burghs and Anstruther Easter Burghs. He married Janet, daughter of Peter Wedderburn (a Lord of Session under the judicial title of Lord Chesterhall) and sister of Alexander Wedderburn, 1st Earl of Rosslyn. Their son, the sixth Baronet, succeeded to the earldom of Rosslyn in 1805 according to a special remainder in the letters patent.
He represented Totnes in parliament as a Liberal MP in 1862 to 1866 (the seat was disenfranchised by the Reform Act 1867), and Wick Burghs from 1872 until his defeat in 1885. He was unsuccessful Liberal Unionist candidate in Wick Burghs in 1886 and in Govan at the by-election in 1889, and again represented Wick Burghs from 1892 to 1896. He was made a K.C.M.G. in 1888 and was promoted in 1892 to be G.C.M.G. His eldest son James (b. 1841) Sir James Pender, 1st Baronet, who was MP. for Mid Northamptonshire in 1895–1900, was created a baronet in 1897; and his third son, John Denison- Pender (b.
After four days of polling, Balfour lost by 9 votes (374—363) to the Whig baronet Sir Francis Blake. Balgonie Castle in Glenrothes, Fife, in Balfour's Fife estate A further vacancy occurred in Berwick in 1822, but Balfour did not contest the seat. Instead, he turned his attentions to the Anstruther Burghs, a set of five burghs which were located only 15 miles from his newly purchased estate at Balgonie in Fife. At the 1826 general election he won the support of three burghs of Pittenweem, Anstruther Easter and Crail, whereas the sitting MP and Lord Advocate of Scotland Sir William Rae won only Anstruther Wester and Kilrenny.
The Scottish Reform Act 1832 amended the composition of the districts, and the boundaries of a burgh for parliamentary purposes ceased to be necessarily those of the burgh for other purposes. The franchise was extended, and votes from all the burghs were added together. There were further changes to the number and the composition of the districts under the Representation of the People (Scotland) Act 1868, Redistribution of Seats Act 1885, and Representation of the People Act 1918. The district of burghs system was eventually discontinued by the House of Commons (Redistribution of Seats) Act 1949, but the term Burghs continued in use in the names of some constituencies until 1974.
There was an Aberdeenshire constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1708 to 1801 and of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1801 to 1868. This constituency did not include the parliamentary burgh of Aberdeen, which was represented as a component of Aberdeen District of Burghs until 1832, when it was enlarged and became the Aberdeen burgh constituency. The other components of the district of burghs became components of the then new Montrose District of Burghs. In 1868 the Aberdeenshire constituency was divided to form two new county divisions, or county constituencies, namely Eastern Aberdeenshire and Western Aberdeenshire.
William Tait MP FRSE (c. 1755 – 7 January 1800) was an 18th-century Scottish politician and landowner. He was MP for Stirling Burghs 1797 to 1800.
In April that year Fraser unsuccessfully contested the by-election in Linlithgow Burghs following the death of Daniel Weir. His petition against the result was rejected.
1885–1918: 1918–1950: 1950–1974: The Burghs of Culross, Leslie, and Markinch; the Districts of Dunfermline, Kirkcaldy, and Lochgelly; and part of the District of Wemyss.
From the reign of David I (1124–53), there are records of burghs (a Germanic word for a fortress), towns that were granted certain legal privileges from the crown. Most of the burghs granted charters in his reign probably already existed as settlements. Charters were copied almost verbatim from those used in England,G. W. S. Barrow, Kingship and Unity: Scotland 1000–1306 (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1989), , p. 98.
King James IIIThe growing importance of the Convention can be traced through the reign of James III (r.1460-88) when the burghs contributed one fifth of the total sum of national taxation granted by Parliament. From 1455 onwards, Parliament was attended on average by 16 burghs, rising to 22 in 1469, 23 in 1471 and 33 by the end of the reign in 1488.Mackie and Pryde 1923, p.
The fourth son of the Rev. H. F. Macdonald DD, Strachur, Argyllshire, he was educated at Glasgow High School, the University of Glasgow and the University of Edinburgh. In 1885 he married Alice Mary Noel, daughter of Edward H. Noel. He was Liberal Member of Parliament for Bow and Bromley from 1892 to 1895, for Falkirk Burghs from 1906–1918 and for Stirling and Falkirk Burghs from 1918–1922.
Local government areas covering the whole of Scotland were first defined by the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1889. As currently defined, they are a result, for the most part, of the Local Government etc (Scotland) Act 1994. The 1889 Act created a country-wide system of local government based on pre- existing counties and burghs. Prior to this act burghs had their own elected local government councils but counties did not.
Burghs were a form of town government dating back to the twelfth century. Originally created by charter, and mainly concerned with trading privileges, they had been reformed earlier in the nineteenth century. Legislation enacted in 1833 allowed the inhabitants of existing burghs to adopt a "police system" allowing for the paving, lighting, cleansing, watching, supplying with water, and improving of the town.Burghs and Police (Scotland) Act 1833 c.
As Prince of the Cumbrians, David founded the first two burghs of "Scotland", at Roxburgh and Berwick.Duncan, Scotland: The Making of the Kingdom, p. 465. These were settlements with defined boundaries and guaranteed trading rights, locations where the king could collect and sell the products of his cain and conveth (a payment made in lieu of providing the king hospitality) rendered to him. These burghs were essentially Scotland's first towns.
14 of the burgh constituencies were districts of burghs. 1832 boundaries were used also in the general elections of 1835, 1837, 1841, 1847, 1852, 1857, 1859 and 1865.
The Burghs were rich, flamboyant and powerful people. Thomas was in great favour with the King as many offices, positions, land grants, and pensions were bestowed upon him.
The name Ross and Cromarty was first used for the Ross and Cromarty county constituency of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1832 to 1983. As created in 1832, the constituency merged two former county constituencies: the Ross-shire constituency and the Cromartyshire constituency, and it elected a Member of Parliament to represent the counties of Ross-shire and Cromartyshire, minus their parliamentary burghs, Dingwall, Tain and Fortrose, which were represented as components of the Wick burghs constituency and the Inverness burghs constituency. Constituency boundaries were altered in 1918, by the Representation of the People Act 1918, and the Ross and Cromarty constituency acquired the boundaries of the county of Ross and Cromarty, including the former parliamentary burghs, but minus Stornoway and Lewis, which became part of a new constituency, the Western Isles constituency. In 1983, the Ross, Cromarty and Skye constituency was created to represent the then Ross and Cromarty district and Skye and Lochalsh district.
In May 1767, the General Court of the East India Company over-ruled its directors, and dropped all prosecutions against its former servants, and Johnstone walked free. The following year, at the 1768 general election, Johnstone contested the parliamentary borough of Haslemere in Surrey, where he was defeated. At the next election, in 1774 Johnstone used guile and money to win the seat of Dysart Burghs, which consisted of five burghs in the county of Fife: Kirkcaldy, Burntisland, Kinghorn, and Dysart. The Caledonian Mercury reported on 2 November 1774 that Johnstone did not declare his interest until after the burghs had chosen their delegates, and caught the sitting MP James Oswald by surprise.
Donald Robert Macgregor (1824 – 9 December 1889) was a Scottish politician. From 1874 to 1878 he was a Member of Parliament (MP) for the Leith Burghs constituency, near Edinburgh.
The Representation of the People Act 1918 provided that the constituency was to consist of "the burghs of Coatbridge and Airdrie".Representation of the People Act 1918, Schedule 9.
Burgh forces were also to be subject to inspection, but those unconsolidated burghs with a population of 5,000 or less were not permitted to avail of central government funds.
He died in London 26 January 1811 and was succeeded by his son Sir John Carmichael- Anstruther, 5th Baronet, who also took his place as MP for Anstruther Burghs.
The constituency covered five burghs: Perth in the county of Perth, Cupar and St Andrews in the county of Fife, and Dundee and Forfar in the county of Forfar.
The National Cyclopaedia of Useful Knowledge, Vol.IV, (1848), London, Charles Knight, p.16 The county began to be used as a unit of local administration, and in 1890 was given an elected county council under the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1889. Although officially within the county, the burghs of Wick and Thurso retained their status as autonomous local government areas; they were already well established as autonomous burghs with their own burgh councils.
In the High Middle Ages there were new sources of education, such as song and grammar schools. These were usually attached to cathedrals or a collegiate church and were most common in the developing burghs. By the end of the Middle Ages grammar schools could be found in all the main burghs and some small towns. Early examples including the High School of Glasgow in 1124 and the High School of Dundee in 1239.
Burghs were centres of basic crafts, including the manufacture of shoes, clothes, dishes, pots, joinery, bread and ale, which would normally be sold to "indwellers" and "outdwellers" on market days. In general, burghs carried out far more local trading with their hinterlands, on which they relied for food and raw materials, than trading nationally or abroad.J. Wormald, Court, Kirk, and Community: Scotland, 1470-1625 (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1991), , pp. 41-55.
At the same time, new "second-tier councils" were proposed, with burghs being merged with the surrounding "landward" rural areas. The minimum population for the areas of these councils was to be 40,000. It was hoped that the reforms could be carried out quickly, with existing authorities agreeing to amalgamation and boundary alterations prior to legislation being passed. The white paper was rejected by the Association of Large Burghs, and by the Scottish Labour Party.
The electoral system for this constituency gave each of the five burghs one vote, with an additional casting vote (to break ties) for the burgh where the election was held. The place of election rotated amongst the burghs in successive Parliaments. The vote of a burgh was exercised by a burgh commissioner, who was elected by the burgh councillors. The normal order of rotation for this district was Perth, Dundee, St Andrews, Cupar and Forfar.
The Kilmarnock Burghs by-election was a Parliamentary by-election held on 26 September 1911. It returned one Member of Parliament to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, elected by the first past the post voting system. The constituency consisted of five parliamentary burghs: Kilmarnock in the county of Ayr, Dumbarton in the county of Dumbarton, Rutherglen in the county of Lanark and Renfrew and Port Glasgow in the county of Renfrew.
The constituency covered four burghs: Linlithgow in the county of Linlithgow, Lanark in the county of Lanark, Peebles in the county of Peebles, and Selkirk in the county of Selkirk.
Thomas Charles Hunter Hedderwick (1850 – 6 February 1918) was a Liberal Party politician in Scotland who served as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Wick Burghs from 1896 to 1900.
The constituency encompassed the county of Haddingtonshire, with the exception, until 1885, of three towns (Haddington, Dunbar and North Berwick) which formed part of the separate constituency of Haddington Burghs.
The last time the party had gained two seats, in different constituencies on the same day, was on 2 June 1896, at the Frome and the Wick Burghs by-elections.
Burghs were expected to pay their taxes in coin. When taxation had to be raised to pay the ransom for the release of David II from English captivity,Rait 1924, p.
The Representation of the People Act 1918 provided that the constituency was to consist of the burghs of Stirling, Falkirk and Grangemouth.Representation of the People Act 1918, Schedule 9, Part I.
Jubilee Bridge The parliamentary burgh which existed from 1708 to 1950 was a component of the Aberdeen district of burghs of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1708 to 1801 and of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1801 to 1832. In 1832 Inverbervie became a component of the Montrose district of burghs. In 1950 it was merged into the North Angus and Mearns constituency. North Angus and Mearns was replaced with new constituencies in 1983.
The Local Government (Scotland) Act 1947 (10 & 11 Geo. 6 c. 65) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, that reformed local government in Scotland, on 1 October 1947. Section 1 of the Act reads "For the purposes of local government, Scotland shall be divided into counties, counties of cities, large burghs and small burghs, and the landward area of every county shall, save as provided in this Part of this Act, be divided into districts".
Burghs were typically settlements under the protection of a castle and usually had a market place, with a widened high street or junction, marked by a mercat cross, beside houses for the burgesses and other inhabitants. The founding of 16 royal burghs can be traced to the reign of David I (1124–53)K. J. Stringer, "The Emergence of a Nation-State, 1100-1300", in J. Wormald, ed., Scotland: A History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), , pp. 38-76.
J Mackay, The Convention of Royal Burghs of Scotland, From its Origin down to the Completion of the Treaty of Union between England and Scotland in 1707, Co-operative Printing Co. Ltd, Edinburgh 1884, p.2 Most of the burghs granted charters in his reign probably already existed as settlements. Charters were copied almost verbatim from those used in England,G. W. S. Barrow, Kingship and Unity: Scotland 1000-1306 (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1989), , p. 98.
Steuart stood as Court candidate for Tain Burghs at the 1710 British general election but was unsuccessful. At the 1713 British general election he was returned as Member of Parliament for Inverness Burghs. Argyll and Ilay had split with Robert Harley and Steuart's return was a hostile act towards ministerial interests, and a reprisal against the Jacobite former member. Steuart followed the Hanoverian line of his patrons and voted against the expulsion of Richard Steele on 18 March.
As Prince of the Cumbrians, David founded the first two burghs of "Scotland", at Roxburgh and Berwick.Duncan, Scotland: The Making of the Kingdom, p. 465. These were settlements with defined boundaries and guaranteed trading rights, locations where the king could collect and sell the products of his cain and conveth (a payment made in lieu of providing the king hospitality) rendered to him. These burghs were essentially Scotland's first towns.See G.W.S. Barrow, Kingship and Unity: Scotland, 1000-1306, (Edinburgh.
Fraser took part in the Jacobite rising of 1715, but was later pardoned. In 1721 he bought the estate of Balgownie (near Aberdeen) from Lord Gray, and called it Fraserfield. John Baptist de Medina At the 1722 general election, Fraser was elected as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Elgin Burghs. However, this was the second successive election in which two rival delegates had claimed to represent one of the burghs, and both votes had been counted.
Robert Reid (1831 – 30 March 1875) was a Liberal Party politician. He was elected Liberal MP for Kirkcaldy Burghs in 1874 but died less than a year into the role in 1875.
The Party had last gained two seats, in different constituencies on the same day, at the 1896 Frome by-election and the 1896 Wick Burghs by-election held on 2 June 1896.
Newhailes, the Dalrymple home Sir James Dalrymple, 2nd Baronet (24 July 1692 – 24 February 1751) was Member of Parliament (MP) for Haddington Burghs and the Principal Auditor of the Exchequer in Scotland.
Charles Orr-Ewing had been Unionist MP for the seat of Ayr Burghs since the 1895 General Election. He died of heart failure on 24 December 1903 at the age of 43.
At the 1715 general election he was returned unopposed as Member of Parliament for Dumfries Burghs, but was defeated in a contest at the 1722 general election Fergusson died on 8 March 1749.
Sir James Cockburn, 8th Baronet (1729 – 26 July 1804) was a Member of the Parliament of Great Britain for Linlithgow Burghs from 1772 to 1784 and a Director of the East India Company.
Dunfermline was a county constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1974 until 1983. There was also an earlier Dunfermline Burghs constituency, from 1918 to 1974.
It was created at the February 1974 election, mostly replacing Kirkcaldy Burghs. In 2005 the seat was abolished, being mostly replaced by Kirkcaldy and Cowdenbeath with a small portion becoming part of Glenrothes.
For the 1918 general election the constituency was defined as covering the county of Dunbarton minus the burghs of Dumbarton and Clydebank, which comprised Dumbarton Burghs. 1918 boundaries were used also in the general elections of 1922, 1923, 1924, 1929, 1931, 1935 and 1945.Boundaries of Parliamentary Constituencies 1885-1972 (), F. W. S. Craig, 1972 For the 1950 general election new constituency boundaries divided the county of Dunbarton between the East Dunbartonshire and West Dunbartonshire constituencies, both entirely within the county.
A burgh of regality is a type of Scottish town. They were distinct from royal burghs as they were granted to "lords of regality", leading noblemen. (In distinction, burghs of barony were granted to a tenant-in-chief, a landowner who held his estates directly from the crown, and had fewer civil and criminal law powers). They were created between 1450 and 1707, and conferred upon the landowner varying trading rights, such as the right to hold weekly markets or to trade overseas.
The Representation of the People Act 1918 defined the constituency as consisting of the county of Forfar, except the county of the city of Dundee and the burghs of Montrose, Arbroath, Brechin, and Forfar. The four excepted burghs formed part of the Montrose District of Burghs.Representation of the People Act 1918, Ninth Schedule, Part II, Parliamentary Counties in Scotland The county of Forfarshire was renamed Angus in 1928. However, no change was made in the name of the constituency prior to its abolition.
These were usually attached to cathedrals or a collegiate church and were most common in the developing burghs. By the end of the Middle Ages grammar schools could be found in all the main burghs and some small towns. Early examples including the High School of Glasgow in 1124 and the High School of Dundee in 1239. There were also petty schools, more common in rural areas and providing an elementary education.M. Lynch, Scotland: A New History (Random House, 2011), , pp. 104–7.
Local Government (Scotland) Act, 1929, S.8 The council was to be partly directly elected and partly chosen by the town councils of large burghs. Each large burgh was to nominate one (or more depending on population) members of the town council to the county council. The rest of the county was divided into electoral divisions (consisting of landward parishes) and small burghs, each returning single members. The first elections to the reconstituted county councils took place in November and December 1929.
They were able to impose tolls and fines on traders within a region outside their settlements. Most of the early burghs were on the east coast, and among them were the largest and wealthiest, including Aberdeen, Berwick, Perth and Edinburgh, whose growth was facilitated by trade with the European continent. In the south-west, Glasgow, Ayr and Kirkcudbright were aided by the less- profitable sea trade with Ireland, and to a lesser extent France and Spain. Burghs had unique layouts and economic functions.
The burgh of Nairn was a parliamentary burgh, combined with the burghs of Inverness, Fortrose and Forres, in the Inverness Burghs constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1708 to 1918. The constituency was abolished in 1918 and the Forres and Nairn components were merged into the then new constituency of Moray and Nairn. Nairn is currently represented by Scottish National Party MP Drew Hendry in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom.
Middleton was closely attached to the Duke of Argyll from 1709 or before and followed the Duke's political affiliations. He was elected Member of Parliament (MP) for Aberdeen Burghs at the 1713 general election. At the 1715 general election he was defeated at the poll, but petitioned and was seated as Whig MP for Aberdeen Burghs on 22 July 1715. In 1717 he followed the Duke of Argyll into opposition and two years later followed him back to the government side.
Neville, Native Lordship, p. 96 Cattle, pigs and cheeses were among the most produced foodstuffs,Driscoll, Alba, (2002), p. 53 but of course a vast range of foodstuffs were produced, from sheep and fish, rye and barley, to bee wax and honey. Pre-Davidian Scotland had no known chartered burghs, though most, if not all, of the burghs granted charters by the crown already existed long before the reign of David I. His charters gave them legal status, a new form of recognition.
David I established the first burghs, and their charters and Leges Burgorum (rules governing virtually every aspect of life and work in a burgh) were copied almost verbatim from the customs of Newcastle upon Tyne. He essentially imported the burgh into his "Scottish" dominions from his English ones. Burghs were for the most part populated by foreigners, rather than native Scots or even Lothianers. The predominant ethnic group were the Flemings, but early burgesses were also English, French and German.
He was a lieutenant in 1701 and a captain in 1707 serving under the Duke of Marlborough in the War of the Spanish Succession. Erskine was unsuccessful standing for parliament at Aberdeen Burghs at the 1713 general election, but was elected Member of Parliament for Aberdeen Burghs at the 1715 general election. However, he was unseated on petition on 22 July 1715. Erskine is believed to have taken an active part in the 1745 rebellion when he would have been 74.
There have been two baronetcies created for persons with the surname Henderson, one in the Baronetage of Nova Scotia and one in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom. The Henderson Baronetcy, of Fordell in the County of Fife, was created in the Baronetage of Nova Scotia on 15 July 1664 for John Henderson. The fifth Baronet sat as Member of Parliament for Fife, Kirkcaldy Burghs, Seaford and Stirling Burghs. The title became extinct on the death of the sixth Baronet in 1833.
This ranged from 33,183 pounds and 8 shillings in Midlothian to 352 pounds, 7 shillings and 3 pence in Clackmannanshire. The royal burghs lying within each sheriffdom were not subject to the commissioners, the cess being collected by the burgh magistrates. In 1686 the commissioners took on their first local government functions. In that year an act was passed providing that the repair of highways and bridges should be the responsibility of "the several shires and burghs... within their respective bounds".
Henry Torrens Anstruther had been Liberal Unionist MP for the seat of St Andrews Burghs since the 1886 general election. He resigned on taking up the position of a Director of the Suez Canal.
Local Government (Scotland) Act, 1929, S.2(b) The Act did not contain a list of large and small burghs. They were eventually listed in the schedule to the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1947.
In the 1950s, the rising waters of the dammed loch subsumed the Cabuie Lodge (near the village of Achanalt), once home to Sir Arthur Bignold, MP for Wick Burghs in the early 20th century.
The constituency covered the whole county of Selkirkshire except for the county town of Selkirk which was represented separately as part of the Lanark Burghs constituency until 1832 when it was combined with Selkirkshire.
The Dumfries Burghs by-election was a Parliamentary by-election. It returned one Member of Parliament to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, elected by the first past the post voting system.
Wemyss Environment Educational Centre 1990, p.1. the remains of the common moor, now known as Volunteers' Green Kirkcaldy joined the Convention of Royal Burghs in 1574.Civic Society Kirkcaldy Remembered 2005, p.6.
The Leith Burghs by-election was a Parliamentary by-election. It returned one Member of Parliament to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, elected by the first past the post voting system.
Joseph Foster, Members of Parliament, Scotland (London and Aylesbury, 1882), p. 48 Following the Act of Union 1707, Campbeltown was represented in the Parliament of Great Britain as part of the Ayr district of burghs.
The St Andrews Burghs by-election was a Parliamentary by-election. It returned one Member of Parliament to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, elected by the first past the post voting system.
Johnston stood as a liberal representing the Dumfries burghs in 1840 but failed. After retirement Johnston founded the Royal Asiatic Society. He died on 6 March 1849 at London and was buried at Carnsalloch, Dumfriesshire.
Adam Rolland Rainy had been Liberal MP for Kilmarnock Burghs since gaining the seat from the Conservatives in 1906. He died on 26 August 1911 at the youthful age of 49, causing the by-election.
1 the daughter of Robert Hedderwick who founded the newspaper the Glasgow Citizen who was the son of Thomas Hedderwick, Liberal MP for Wick Burghs from 1896–1900. They had three sons and two daughters.
The constituency consisted of five parliamentary burghs: Kilmarnock in the county of Ayr, Dumbarton in the county of Dumbarton, Rutherglen in the county of Lanark and Renfrew and Port Glasgow in the county of Renfrew. The Kilmarnock burgh was previously within the Ayrshire constituency and Port Glasgow was previously within the Renfrewshire constituency. Dumbarton, Rutherglen and Renfrew were transferred from Glasgow Burghs. In 1918 the burgh of Kilmarnock was merged into the then new Kilmarnock county constituency, which included areas previously within North Ayrshire and South Ayrshire.
Kildalton was designed in 1867 by John Burnet and built by 1870 for the Islay distiller and MP John Ramsay. Ramsay had taken out a lease on the rundown Port Ellen distillery and made a success of it, improving Port Ellen's dock facilities and pioneering the export of whisky to America. The house he built stood in a moorland estate of 54,000 acres. Ramsay was a Deputy Lieutenant and a J.P. for Argyllshire and elected MP for Stirling Burghs in 1868 and Falkirk Burghs in 1874.
His eldest son, the fourth Baronet, was killed at the Battle of Lauffeld in 1747. His younger brother and successor, the fifth Baronet, was a Lieutenant-General in the Army and sat as Member of Parliament for Ayr Burghs and Anstruther Easter Burghs. Erskine married Janet Wedderburn, daughter of Peter Wedderburn and sister of Alexander Wedderburn, 1st Earl of Rosslyn. He was succeeded by his son, the aforementioned sixth Baronet, who in 1805 succeeded his uncle Lord Rosslyn in the barony of Loughborough and earldom of Rosslyn.
Wilson was a parliamentary candidate twice in the 1890s, both times as a Conservative Party or Liberal Unionist (it is not clear which), and both times unsuccessfully. At the 1895 general election he contested the Leith Burghs against the Liberal Ronald Munro Ferguson (later Lord Norvar). He was defeated again at the by-election in 1896 for the Montrose Burghs, where the sitting Liberal MP John Shiress Will had resigned in order to create a vacancy for John Morley, the Chief Secretary for Ireland.
He was returned unopposed as MP for Dumfries Burghs at a by election on 9 May 1713, and at the 1713 general election was returned unopposed again for Dumfries Burghs and also elected MP for Dumfriesshire. Although he unusually continued to represent both seats in Parliament, he again made little contribution. In 1714, he voted against the expulsion of Richard Steele, and for extending the schism bill to cover Catholic education. He was in favour of the Hanoverian succession, but cooperated with Jacobites on Scottish matters.
In England, Wales and Northern Ireland, a town traditionally was a settlement which had a charter to hold a market or fair and therefore became a "market town". In Scotland, the equivalent is known as a burgh (pronounced ). There are two types of burgh: royal burghs and burghs of barony. The Local Government Act 1972 allows civil parishes in England and Wales to resolve themselves to be Town Councils, under section (245 subsection 6), which also gives the chairman of such parishes the title 'town mayor'.
The attempts were again ineffective as Rae did not change his vote and Archibald Colquhoun was elected instead. Lord Kintore died just before the elections in 1812 but was believed to support Milne as candidate for the Elgin burghs that year. Milne was duly elected as member of Parliament for Elgin Burghs on 30 October 1812, a position he held until 11 July 1818. He usually supported the Government in votes throughout the 1812 parliament and is recorded as continually being against Catholic relief.
The constituency consisted of parliamentary burghs along the River Clyde and the Firth of Clyde: Dumbarton in the county of Dumbarton, Glasgow and Rutherglen in the county of Lanark, and Renfrew in the county of Renfrew.
The constituencies related nominally to counties and burghs, but boundaries for parliamentary purposes were not necessarily those for other purposes. For the 1885 general election, new boundaries were defined by the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885.
Munro Ferguson had been the Liberal MP for Leith Burghs since 1886 when he succeeded William Gladstone. In February 1914, he was appointed to the post of Governor-General of Australia and thus resigned his seat.
This restricted the franchise to a handful of wealthy landowners, small privileged sets who might not even represent the county's true landed wealth.G M Trevelyan, British History in the 19th Century (London 1922) p. 32 In most counties there were fewer than 100 voters, and in some even less: in Sutherlandshire the Duke of Sutherland owned almost the entire county, and all the voters were his tenants, while in Orkney and Shetland there were seven voters in 1759. The total Scottish county electorate was fewer than 3,000 in 1800. The 15 Scottish burghs consisted of the city of Edinburgh, where the 33 members of the city corporation elected a member, and 14 groups of four or five smaller burghs, each group electing one member between them.L Namier, The Structure of Politics at the Accession of George III (London 1929) p. 79 The franchise in the groups of burghs was held by the corporations of each of the burghs making up the group, the corporations being self-co-opting oligarchies.G M Trevelyan, British History in the 19th Century (London 1922) p. 32 Each burgh corporation would choose a delegate, and the delegates would then meet to elect the member.
The constituency elected one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system until the seat was abolished for the 1918 general election. For the 1832 general election, as a result of the Representation of the People (Scotland) Act 1832, the boundaries of burghs for parliamentary election purposes ceased to be necessarily those for other purposes. In 1918, as a result of the Representation of the People Act 1918, the component burghs of Inverness Burghs were merged into three different county constituencies: Inverness into the Inverness constituency, Forres and Nairn into the Moray and Nairn constituency and Fortrose into the Ross and Cromarty constituency. By this date, the county of Elgin had become the county of Moray and the county of Ross had been merged with the county of Cromarty to form the county of Ross and Cromarty.
57#1 pp 40-67 Other burghs also benefited. Greenock enlarged its port in 1710 and sent its first ship to the Americas in 1719, but was soon playing a major part in importing sugar and rum.
Buteshire and Caithness-shire were given a separate MP in every Parliament. Cromartyshire and Nairnshire were each united with a different neighbouring county, to form Ross and Cromarty, and Elginshire and Nairnshire. Edinburgh and Glasgow now had two MPs; Aberdeen, Dundee, Greenock, Paisley and Perth one each. The remaining burghs combined in districts to elect 18 MPs, much as before; but now individual votes were added up among burghs across the constituency--in the past the MP had been elected at a meeting of representatives from each burgh.
The crest was a garb or wheatsheaf representing the agricultural interests of the area. The Latin motto below the shield was Labore et Scientia or by work and by knowledge. In 1929 there was a concerted campaign by the office of Lord Lyon King of Arms to ensure that all burghs using unmatriculated arms regularised their position, and more than fifty burghs registered arms between 1929 and 1931. This led to Clydebank's arms being matriculated on 6 February 1930. The 1930 grant was almost identical to the 1892 device.
Aberdeen and Kincardine East consisted of "The county districts of Deer and Turriff, inclusive of all burghs situated therein." Therefore it included the burghs of Fraserburgh, Peterhead, Rosehearty and Turriff.Boundaries of Parliamentary Constituencies 1885-1972 (), F. W. S. Craig 1972 The same boundaries were used in the 1922 general election, the 1923 general election, the 1924 general election, the 1929 general election, the 1931 general election, the 1935 general election and the 1945 general election. The House of Commons (Redistribution of Seats) Act 1949 created new boundaries for the 1950 general election.
The Mackenzie's Earl of Seaforth title came to an end in 1716, and it seems to have been arranged that while the Clan Ross held the county seat the Munros would represent the Tain Burghs. To secure the burghs, control of three out of the five was necessary. The Ross ascendancy was secure in Tain, and from 1716 to 1745 the Munros controlled Dingwall. In 1719 a company of men from the Clan Ross fought for the government at the Battle of Glen Shiel where the Jacobites, including the Mackenzies were defeated.
For most local government purposes the counties of Kinross and Perth, and of Nairn and Moray were to be combined.Local Government (Scotland) Act, 1929, S.10(7) The counties were to continue to exist, with individual county councils being elected, but they were to form a joint county council. The joint council was, however, permitted to delegate functions to either of the individual county councils.Local Government (Scotland) Act, 1929, S.10(7)(f) With the redistribution of powers between counties, large burghs and small burghs, the method of electing the county council was changed.
The river is bridged twice by railways, three times by highways and twice by footways (the third footbridge was recently destroyed by the river during severe flooding). About 4 kilometres south of Thurso burgh the river is bridged by the rail link between the burghs of Wick and Thurso. About 6 kilometres further south it is bridged by the rail link connecting both burghs with Inverness. The highways cross the river in the burgh of Thurso, in Halkirk, and at Westerdale, which is about 16 kilometres south of the burgh.
Renfrew was a parliamentary burgh as a component of Glasgow Burghs from 1708 to 1832, and as a component of Kilmarnock Burghs from 1832 to 1918, when it was merged into the East Renfrewshire constituency. Since 2005, it has been part of the Paisley and Renfrewshire North constituency. Gavin Newlands, SNP MP currently holds the seat for the constituency (2015-) In the Scottish Parliament, Renfrew is part of the Renfrewshire North & West Constituency. Scottish Government Finance Secretary Derek Mackay has held the seat for the SNP since 2011.
Renfrew was the only town in the county to hold status as a royal burgh. Three other considerable towns, Paisley, Greenock and Port Glasgow, were designated as parliamentary burghs. Barrhead, Pollokshaws (now part of the City of Glasgow), Gourock, and Johnstone were, during parts of the 19th and 20th century, police burghs as a result of their larger population, giving greater powers of local governance to local burgh authorities.Descriptive Gazetteer Entry for Renfrewshire A vision of Britain through time The county also contains a number of significantly sized villages, such as Kilmacolm, Neilston and Lochwinnoch.
Scottish local government counties and burghs were abolished in 1975. A burgh constituency is now one with a predominantly urban electorate, and a county constituency is one with more than a token rural electorate. Counties and burghs were replaced with two-tier regions and districts and unitary islands council areas, and the regions and districts were replaced with unitary council areas in 1996. The history of constituency boundaries can be divided into eleven distinct periods, as below, each starting with the date of a general election when a new set of boundaries was first used.
The representation tended to rotate among the burghs in each group. Since most of the burghs were little more than villages, the leading county families could usually bribe the corporation members to get their nominees elected. Government patronage in Scotland early ensured a docile parliamentary following;J H Plumb, The Growth of Political Stability in England (London 1986) p. 181 and by mid-century the government of the day could usually count on a solid phalanx of Scottish supporters.L Namier, The Structure of Politics at the Accession of George III (London 1929) p.
In 1715 he was created a baronet, of Lochend in the County of Haddington, in the Baronetage of Great Britain. His grandson, the third Baronet, fought at the Battle of Minden in 1759, represented Haddington Burghs in the House of Commons and served as King’s Remembrancer of the Court of Exchequer from 1771 to 1791. He was succeeded by his son, the fourth Baronet. He sat as a Member of Parliament for Haddington Burghs, Truro, Sandwich, Westbury and Honiton and notably served as a Lord of the Admiralty from 1812 to 1812.
Attacked by Mac Uilliam Ochtair, Lord of Thomond, the de Burghs of Mayo and McDonnells of Mayo while camping at Shrule Castle, Fitton was unhorsed and severely wounded in the face. During the next few years he captured many castles in Galway and Mayo. Edward gradually lost ground during 1571–2 with the de Burghs rising up in arms vigorously supported by a large body of Scottish gallóglaighs. Believing that Richard Burke, Earl of Clanricarde was secretly instigating his rebellious sons, he had Richard arrested and clapped in irons at Dublin Castle.
At the 1708 British general election Campbell was chosen by his nephew, the second Duke, as his candidate for the Ayr District of Burghs of Ayr, Irvine, Rothesay, Inveraray and Campbeltown. The 1st Earl of Bute, who controlled Rothesay, acquiesced in the choice and made James Campbell a burgess of Rothesay to allow him to be appointed as the burgh's commissioner for the election. Argyll controlled Inverary and Campbeltown, so with three of five burghs backing James Campbell, a challenge would have been futile. He was returned unopposed as a Whig.
Dezember 1997, Franz Steiner Verlag, 2001, p.14, Soon after the Slavic settlement, Gords fortified with walls of wood and clay were built. One of the oldest gards is the stronghold of Dragovit, king of the Veleti, that was targeted by an expedition led by Charlemagne in 789 and is thought to be at modern Vorwerk near Demmin. The Slavs modeled their burghs and armament following West Central European standards, yet in the 8th and 9th century, the density of burghs in Mecklenburg and Pomerania became exceptionally high compared with other territories.
A county borough was the constituency of a county corporate, combining the franchises of both county and borough. Until 1950 there were also university constituencies, which gave graduates an additional representation. Similar distinctions applied in the Irish House of Commons, while the non-university elected members of the Parliament of Scotland were called Shire Commissioners and Burgh Commissioners. After the Acts of Union 1707, Scottish burghs were grouped into districts of burghs in the Parliament of Great Britain, except that Edinburgh was a constituency in its own right.
A special provision for the 1st Parliament of Great Britain was "that the Sixteen Peers and Forty five Commissioners for Shires and Burghs shall be chosen by the Peers, Barrons and Burghs respectively in this present session of Parliament and out of the members thereof in the same manner that Committees of Parliament are usually now chosen shall be the members of the respective Houses of the said first Parliament of Great Britain for and on the part of Scotland ..." The Kingdom of Great Britain came into existence on 1 May 1707.
The constituency elected one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system until the seat was abolished for the 1832 general election. For the 1832 general election, as a result of the Representation of the People (Scotland) Act 1832, the burgh of Perth was merged into the new Perth burgh constituency, the burghs of Cupar and St Andrews were merged into the Fife county constituency, the burgh of Dundee was merged into new Dundee burgh constituency, and the burgh of Forfar was merged into the new Montrose Burghs constituency.
Falkland in Fife, created a royal burgh in 1458 A royal burgh was a type of Scottish burgh which had been founded by, or subsequently granted, a royal charter. Although abolished in law in 1975, the term is still used by many former royal burghs.Select Committee on Privileges Second Report, September 1999 Most royal burghs were either created by the Crown, or upgraded from another status, such as burgh of barony. As discrete classes of burgh emerged, the royal burghs—originally distinctive because they were on royal lands—acquired a monopoly of foreign trade.
The small burgh of Falkland, Fife, created a royal burgh in 1458 and a police burgh in the 1890s The following list includes all effective burghs in Scotland from the coming into force of the Burgh Police (Scotland) Act 1892, in 1893.1892 c.55 "Ineffective" burghs, which had not used legislation to adopt a "police system", take on local government duties and reform their town councils, were abolished on this date. Burgh () is the Scots term for a town or a municipality. It corresponds to the Scandinavian Borg and the English Borough.
Campbell's family were supporters of the 2nd Duke of Argyll, who arranged his unopposed return at the 1722 British general election as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Buteshire. The seat, whose patron was the county's hereditary sheriff the Earl of Bute, was an alternating constituency with Caithness. Buteshire was not represented in the following Parliament, and Campbell filled a vacancy in the Elgin Burghs at a by election on 16 March 1728. The Elgin Burghs were dominated by the Earls of Kintore and the Earls of Findlater.
The Falkirk Burghs by-election of 1874 was fought on 26 March 1874. The byelection was fought due to the disqualification of the incumbent Liberal MP, John Ramsay, who held a government contract. It was retained by Ramsay.
Sir William Gordon Gordon-Cumming, 2nd Baronet of Altyre and Gordonstoun FRSE (20 July 1787 – 25 November 1854), was a Scottish Member of Parliament. Gordon-Cumming was Member of Parliament (MP) for Elgin Burghs from 1831 to 1832.
James Henry Keith Stewart, eighth son of the seventh Earl, was Member of Parliament for Wigtown Burghs. The Hon. Keith Stewart (1814–1859), younger son of the eighth Earl, was an admiral in the Royal Navy. The Hon.
The Kirkcaldy Burghs by-election of 1921 was held on 4 March 1921. The by- election was held due to the resignation of the incumbent Coalition Liberal MP, Henry Dalziel. It was won by the Labour candidate Tom Kennedy.
On the 20th inst., at his house in Devonshire-place, in the 61st year of his age, Colonel John Baillie, of Leys, Inverness-shire, M.P. for the Inverness District of Burghs and a Director of the East India Company.
The Wigtown Burghs by-election of 1869 was held on 4 January 1869. The by- election was held due to the incumbent Liberal MP, George Young, becoming Solicitor General for Scotland. It was retained by Young who was unopposed.
Haddington town: "David Dei Gratia Rex Scottorum. Sigillum commune burgi de Hadington" The first burgh was Berwick. By 1130, David I (r. 1124–53) had established other burghs including Edinburgh, Stirling, Dunfermline, Haddington, Perth, Dumfries, Jedburgh, Montrose and Lanark.
The result was a victory for Wilson, who held the seat until he stepped down at the 1900 general election. Pender returned to Parliament three years later, when he regained his Wick Burghs seat at the 1892 general election.
Thomas Frederick Hubbard (October 1898 – 7 January 1961) was a British coal miner and politician. He represented Kirkcaldy Burghs in Parliament for fifteen years, being a somewhat low-profile Member but often speaking in support of better conditions for pensioners.
Rev John Sinclair (1842–1892) was a Liberal Party politician in the United Kingdom. He was elected as a Member of Parliament for Ayr Burghs, in Scotland, in 1888, resigning in 1890 by becoming Steward of the Manor of Northstead.
1 before and during the sittings of parliament.Macdonald 2007 p.59 An exclusively merchant body, it was essentially a parliament which "declared the law of the burghs" just as the Scottish Parliament "declared the law of the land".Dickinson 1961, p.
Alexander Johnston (1790 – 9 May 1844) was a Scottish Liberal Party politician. He was elected at the 1841 general election as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Kilmarnock Burghs, and held the seat until his death three years later, aged 53.
The titles became extinct on Lord Islington's death in 1936. The first Baronet was the nephew of James Dickson, Member of Parliament for Lanark Burghs and the brother of the aforementioned William Dickson (d. 1803), an admiral in the Royal Navy.
The Hawick Burghs by-election of 1869 was held on 4 January 1869. The by- election was held due to the incumbent Liberal MP, George Otto Trevelyan, becoming Civil Lord of the Admiralty. It was retained by Trevelyan who was unopposed.
Many Pomeranians were baptized already in Pyritz and also in the other burghs visited.Addison (2003), pp.59ffPalmer (2005), pp.107ffPiskorski (1999), pp.36ff At this first mission, Otto founded at least eleven churches, two of those each in Szczecin and Wolin.
Local banks began to be established in burghs like Glasgow and Ayr. These made capital available for business, and the improvement of roads and trade.J. D. Mackie, B. Lenman and G. Parker, A History of Scotland (London: Penguin, 1991), , p. 297.
He served as Groom of the Bedchamber to the Prince of Wales in 1714, and was a Member of Parliament for Berwick and Dysart Burghs. John became 5th Earl of Roxburghe on the death of his elder brother Robert in 1696.
Others, such as Swanton, Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, p. 111, note 11; Downham, Viking Kings, p. 110; Hudson, "Óláf Sihtricson", associate them with Amlaíb Cuarán. Edmund reconquered the Five Burghs in 942, an event celebrated in verse by the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.
Kinross and West Perthshire was defined as covering the county of Kinross and the Central, Highland and Western districts of the county of Perth, including the county of Perth burghs of Aberfeldy, Auchterarder, Callander, Crieff, Doune, Dunblane and Pitlochry. February 1974 boundaries were used also in the general elections of October 1974 and 1979. In 1975, under the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973, counties and burghs throughout Scotland had been abolished in favour of regions and districts and islands council areas. The county of Kinross and most of the county of Perth had been merged into the Tayside region.
243 the burghs were consulted again at Scone in 1357 and empowered to negotiate the release. Thus, 1357 has been seen as the date for burgh commissioners establishing themselves as a political class within the parliament, indicated by the first use of the term "three estates (tres communitates) of the realm" to describe the parliament's composition. Nicholson 1989, p.166 The burghs were consulted again at the parliament held in Stirling in 1405 when 50,000 merks had to be raised for "the King's fynance", to meet Henry VI's demand for "expenses incurred" by James I during his long imprisonment in England.
From 1708 to 1832, the Caithness constituency covered the county of Caithness minus the parliamentary burgh of Wick, which was a component of the Tain Burghs constituency. In 1832, Wick retained its status as a parliamentary burgh and became a component of the Wick Burghs constituency. By 1892, Caithness had become a local government county and, throughout Scotland, under the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1889, county boundaries had been redefined for all purposes except parliamentary representation. 26 years were to elapse before constituency boundaries were redrawn, by the Representation of the People Act 1918, to take account of new local government boundaries.
Redistribution of Seats Act 1885, Seventh Schedule, Part II From 1918 the constituency consisted of "The Upper County District, inclusive of all burghs situated therein, except the burghs of Paisley and Johnstone, together with so much of the burgh of Renfrew as is contained within the parish of Govan in the county of Lanark." The constituency was abolished for the 1983 general election, eight years after the creation of local government regions and districts in 1975. The new constituency, with revised boundaries, was called Eastwood. In 1996 the area of the Eastwood constituency became, also, the East Renfrewshire unitary council area.
This system was further refined by the passing of the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1947 which created a whole new set of administrative areas known as 'counties', 'counties of cities', 'large burghs' and 'small burghs'. These were to last until 1975. A Royal Commission on Local Government in Scotland in 1969 (the Wheatley Report) recommended that the interests of local government would best be served by large Regional councils instead of councils based on small counties. The report was largely implemented by the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973 – creating a system of regions and districts in 1975.
In contrast, the burghs saw the flourishing of mendicant orders of friars in the later fifteenth century, who, unlike the older monastic orders, placed an emphasis on preaching and ministering to the population. The order of Observant Friars were organised as a Scottish province from 1467, and the older Franciscans and the Dominicans were recognised as separate provinces in the 1480s. A mid-16th-century oak panel carving from a house in Dundee. In most Scottish burghs there was usually only one parish church, in contrast to English towns where churches and parishes tended to proliferate.
Probably based on existing settlements, they grew in number and significance through the Medieval period. More than 50 royal burghs are known to have been established by the end of the thirteenth century and a similar number of baronial and ecclesiastical burghs were created between 1450 and 1516, acting as focal points for administration, as well as local and international trade. In the early Middle Ages the country was divided between speakers of Gaelic, Pictish, Cumbric and English. Over the next few centuries Cumbric and Pictish were gradually overlaid and replaced by Gaelic, English and Norse.
Most of the early burghs were on the east coast. Among them were the largest and wealthiest, including Aberdeen, Berwick, Perth and Edinburgh, whose growth was facilitated by trade with the continent. In the south-west Glasgow, Ayr and Kirkcudbright benefited from the less profitable sea trade with Ireland, and to a lesser extent France and Spain. Burghs were typically surrounded by a palisade or had a castle and usually a market place, with a widened high street or junction, often marked by a mercat cross beside which were houses for the burgesses and other inhabitants.
He used his position to vote for himself as Member of Parliament (MP) for Elgin Burghs in the interest of Lord Seafield. By the next election, in 1713, Seafield's influence in the Elgin Burghs had waned, and Reid was defeated by James Murray, a Jacobite. He also contested Aberdeenshire, where he was also defeated in an acrimonious contest by Sir Alexander Cumming, Bt. He never stood for Parliament again, despite reports of him planning to put himself forward for various seats. His father Sir John died some time after 1722, and Alexander then succeeded to the baronetcy.
Despite the name, the typical mercat cross is not usually cruciform, or at least has not been since the iconoclasm of the Scottish Reformation. The cross atop the shaft may have been replaced with a small statue, such as a royal unicorn or lion, symbols of the Scottish monarchy, or a carved stone displaying the arms of the royal burgh, or, in the cases of ecclesiastical burghs or burghs of barony, the bishop's or feudal superior's coat-of-arms. These are often painted. Another finial commonly seen is a stone ball as at Clackmannan and Newton Stewart.
In 1975, under the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973, counties and burghs throughout Scotland had been abolished in favour of regions and districts and islands council areas. The county of Kinross and most of the county of Perth had been merged into the Tayside region. The burghs of Callander, Doune, and Dunblane in the county of Perth, the Perth parish of Muckhart and the Western district of the county (except the electoral division of Ardoch) had been merged into the Central region. New constituency boundaries, taking account of new local government boundaries, were adopted for the 1983 general election.
Leslie’s father who was sheriff at the 1722 British general election, returned his son for Dysart Burghs but it was a double return and the seat was awarded by the Commons to his opponent, Leslie was a lieutenant in the 2nd Dragoons in 1726 and was on half-pay in 1729. At the 1734 British general election, he was returned successfully as Member of Parliament for Dysart Burghs. He voted with the Opposition on the Spanish convention in 1739 and on the place bill in 1740. He did not stand at the 1741 British general election.
He was returned unopposed for Stirling Burghs at the 1715 British general election and developed his connection with the Duke of Argyll. He was awarded the post of muster master in Scotland, which he gave up in 1716 to become a commissioner for the forfeited estates. He was described as ‘the honestest fellow among them’. He voted with the Administration in every recorded division, except that on Lord Cadogan in June 1717, when, with most of Argyll’s supporters, he voted with the Whig minority. He built on his father’s electoral interest in Stirling Burghs and also built up one at Inverkeithing.
This is a list of listed buildings in the former burgh of Clydebank in West Dunbartonshire, Scotland. Although burghs were abolished for administrative purposes in 1975, Historic Scotland continue to use them and civil parishes for the purposes of geographically categorising listed buildings.
This is a list of listed buildings in the former burgh of Milngavie in East Dunbartonshire, Scotland. Although burghs were abolished for administrative purposes in 1975, Historic Scotland continue to use them and civil parishes for the purposes of geographically categorising listed buildings.
From 1708, there were 45 single member constituencies of the Parliament of Great Britain. These constituencies remained unchanged until 1832. All the burghs were grouped into 4- or 5-member districts, apart from Edinburgh. Three pairs of shires were represented in alternate Parliaments.
All burghs were abolished, and a system of districts created. The four districts of Aberdeen, Edinburgh, Dundee and Glasgow had City included in their titles by the Act. The 1975 districts were replaced with the present council areas by the Local Government etc.
In politics Harry Munro was a supporter of the Duke of Newcastle, a prominent Whig who was Prime Minister 1754 - 1756 and 1757 - 1762. Harry Munro also served as MP for Ross-shire 11 December 1746 - 1747 and for Tain Burghs 1747 - 1761.
Therefore, Scotland was entitled to 60 MPs. The constituencies again related nominally to counties and burghs but, again, boundaries for parliamentary purposes were not necessarily those for other purposes. 1868 boundaries were used also in the general elections of 1874 and 1880.
Mackenzie supported the Government during the Jacobite rising of 1745. He represented the constituencies of Inverness Burghs between 1741 and 1747, and Ross-shire between 1747 and 1761. He died in London on 18 October 1761 and was buried in Westminster Abbey.
The constituency represented the county of Kincardineshre., which had previously been represented by two commissioners in the former Parliament of Scotland. The constituency included the whole shire, except for the Royal burgh of Inverbervie which formed part of the Aberdeen Burghs constituency.
In 1790 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposer was Alexander Fraser Tytler. In 1797 he stood for election in Stirling Burghs and was elected on 17 July 1797. He was a member of William Pitt's government.
However, although some estate holders improved the quality of life of their displaced workers, enclosures led to unemployment and forced migrations to the burghs or abroad.J. D. Mackie, B. Lenman and G. Parker, A History of Scotland (London: Penguin, 1991), , pp. 288-91.
1981), pp. 84-104; see also, Keith J. Stringer, "The Emergence of a Nation- State, 1100-1300", in Jenny Wormald (ed.), Scotland: A History, (Oxford, 2005), pp. 66-9. David would found more of these burghs when he became King of Scots.
Early burgesses were usually Flemish, English, French and German, rather than Gaelic Scots. The burgh's vocabulary was composed totally of either Germanic and French terms.Murison (1974) p. 74. The councils that ran individual burghs were individually known as lie doussane, meaning the dozen.
During the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland, called the Protectorate, the Scottish burghs of Banff, Cullen and Aberdeen were jointly represented by one Member of Parliament in the House of Commons at Westminster from 1654 until 1659. Elections were held at Aberdeen.
The constituency comprised the burghs of Stirling in Stirlingshire, Dunfermline, and Inverkeithing in Fife, Queensferry, in Linlithgowshire (West Lothian), and Culross, which was an exclave of Perthshire, transferring to Fife in 1889. By 1832, the burgh of Queensferry had become the burgh of South Queensferry.
The Haddington Burghs by-election of 1879 was fought on 25 February 1879. The byelection was fought due to the succession to a peerage of the incumbent Liberal MP, William Hay, 10th Marquess of Tweeddale. It was won by the Liberal candidate Sir David Wedderburn.
A penny minted during Edward's reign at Stamford, Lincolnshire, one of the Five Burghs After recording Edward's succession, the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle reports that a comet appeared, and that famine and "manifold disturbances" followed.Swanton, Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, p. 121, Ms. D & E, s.a. 975 & p.
The Conservatives did not field a candidate, and the seat was contested only by the Liberal Party candidate, John Wilson, and by John Pender of the Liberal Unionists. Pender had previously been a Liberal MP for Totnes in Devon and then for Wick Burghs.
Constituency boundaries were redrawn in 1950, creating five constituencies to cover the counties of Ayr and Bute. Ayr Burghs was abolished and two new county constituencies, Ayr and Central Ayrshire, were created. Part of the Kilmarnock constituency was transferred to the new Central Ayrshire constituency.
Boundaries of Parliamentary Constituencies 1885-1972 (), F. W. S. Craig, 1972 The idea of parliamentary burghs continues to this day, in the form of burgh constituencies, which are distinct from county constituencies. This distinction is significant in terms of the expenses allowed to election candidates.
In the 19th century the house changed hands. It was first owned by the Burgh of Old Aberdeen, then, by the City of Aberdeen after the merger of the two burghs in 1891. The house was refurbished by the City of Aberdeen Council in 1965.
At the January 1910 general election Robert Munro was elected Member of Parliament for Wick Burghs. In 1913 Munro was sworn of the Privy Council and appointed Lord Advocate by H. H. Asquith. This meant he had to resign his seat and seek re-election.
Eventually he became a Lieutenant-Colonel of the 11th Regiment of Dragoons. Warrender was Member of Parliament (MP) for Haddington Burghs from 1768 until 1774. Between 1771 and 1791, he was King's Remembrancer of the Court of Exchequer. In 1780, Warrender married Helen Blair.
During the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland, called the Protectorate, the Scottish burghs of Linlithgow, Queensferry, Perth, Culross and Stirling were jointly represented by one Member of Parliament in the House of Commons at Westminster from 1654 until 1659. Elections were held at Stirling.
During the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland, called the Protectorate, the Scottish burghs of Forfar, Dundee, Arbroath, Montrose and Brechin were jointly represented by one Member of Parliament in the House of Commons at Westminster from 1654 until 1659. Elections were held at Dundee.
The Caithness constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of Great Britain (1708 to 1801) and the Parliament of the United Kingdom (1801 to 1918) represented essentially the county from 1708 to 1918. At the same time however, the county town of Wick was represented as a component of Tain Burghs until 1832 and of Wick Burghs until 1918. Between 1708 and 1832 the Caithness constituency was paired with Buteshire as alternating constituencies: one constituency elected a Member of Parliament (MP) to one parliament and then the other elected an MP to the next. Between 1832 and 1918 Caithness elected an MP to every parliament.
The Act passed in 1672 required the thirty-two main burghs to build correction houses, in which vagabonds were to be detained and forced to work. The Commissioners of Excise were empowered to issue fines of five hundred merks every three months against any burghs not completing the construction of correction houses within required time scales. But the threat of fines failed to encourage the building of these establishments, and doubt has been recorded by Poor Law Commissioners such as Sir George Nicholls as to whether any at all were built. Alexander Dunlop, politician and lawyer, shared the opinion that no purpose-built correction houses were ever constructed.
At the beginning of the era, with difficult terrain, poor roads and limited methods of transport, there was little trade between different areas of the country and most settlements depended on what was produced locally, often with very little in reserve in bad years.J. Wormald, Court, Kirk, and Community: Scotland, 1470–1625 (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1991), , pp. 41–55. Foreign trade was in the hands of a relatively small number of royal burghs, while generally smaller baronial and ecclesiastical burghs, that proliferated in the second half of the fifteenth century, acted mainly as local markets and centres of craftsmanship.R. Mitchison, A History of Scotland (London: Routledge, 3rd edn.
At the general election of 1880 Asher was unsuccessful as Liberal candidate for the universities of Glasgow and Aberdeen. In 1881, following the resignation of M. E. Grant Duff from the Elgin Burghs constituency, Asher was chosen to represent the Liberal Party at the 1881 Elgin Burghs by-election. He was elected unopposed on 13 July. He immediately took office in the Liberal Government of William Gladstone as Solicitor General for Scotland, serving until 1885. He was elected unopposed at the General Election 1885, at a by-election on 12 February 1886 after re-acceptance of office as Solicitor General for Scotland and again at the General Election 1886.
Erskine's strongly Presbyterian sympathies led him to choose the winning sides during the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and the deliberations prior to the Act of Union of 1707.Foster, Joseph Members of Parliament, Scotland: Including the Minor Barons, the Commissioners for the Shires, and the Commissioners for the Burghs, 1357-1882, p. 128. London: Hazell, Watson and Viney, 1882 He fled from Scotland to join the army of William of Orange, where he was given command of a Regiment of Foot.Foster, Joseph Members of Parliament, Scotland: Including the Minor Barons, the Commissioners for the Shires, and the Commissioners for the Burghs, 1357-1882, p. 128.
There was a Kincardineshire constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1708 to 1801 and of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1801 to 1918, representing the county of Kincardineshire, minus the parliamentary burgh of Inverbervie. Inverbervie was a component of the Aberdeen District of Burghs from 1708 to 1832 and of the Montrose District of Burghs from 1832 to 1950. In 1918 the Kincardineshire constituency was merged with part of the Western Aberdeenshire constituency to form the Kincardine and Western Aberdeenshire constituency. In 1950 Kincardine and Western Aberdeenshire was divided between the West Aberdeenshire constituency and the North Angus and Mearns constituency.
De blodewit et consimilibus in the Leges Quatuor Burgorum The Laws of the Four Burghs is dated between 1135 and 1157, and there is uncertainty and some contention in establishing the specific date. The four burghs were then Stirling, Edinburgh, Lanark, and Linlithgow, with the latter two replaced by Roxburgh and Berwick in 1168. The Laws are known to have been relevant until 1305, as Edward I of England specifically abolished them in that year, 1305 abolishment of the laws by Edward I following his invasion of Scotland. There is no further mention of them, and when Scotland successfully reasserted its independence, the feudal Scots law then became applicable.
In 1956, Halliday was elected leader of the SNP when Robert McIntyre decided to step down due to his belief that there was some opposition to him remaining leader amongst the party ranks. Although aged only 28, Halliday seemed the natural replacement as he had been the SNP parliamentary candidate for Stirling and Falkirk Burghs at the 1955 general election, and the only other SNP candidate besides McIntyre. Halliday contested the Stirling and Falkirk Burghs seat again at the 1959 general election and West Fife in 1970. Halliday led the SNP for four years but felt he had to resign due to the pressures of working life.
There was an Inverness-shire constituency of the Parliament of Great Britain (Westminster) from 1708 to 1801 and of the Parliament of the United Kingdom (also at Westminster) from 1801 to 1918. The constituency represented, nominally, the county of Inverness minus the parliamentary burgh of Inverness, which was represented as a component of the Inverness District of Burghs constituency. In 1918 the county constituency was divided between two new constituencies, the Inverness constituency and the Western Isles constituency. The Inverness constituency included the burgh of Inverness, other components of the district of burghs being divided between the Moray and Nairn constituency and the Ross and Cromarty constituency.
Ross and Cromarty was a county constituency of the House of Commons of the UK Parliament from 1832 to 1983. It elected one Member of Parliament (MP) using the first-past-the-post voting system. When created in 1832 by the Scottish Reform Act 1832 it combined in one seat the former seats Ross-shire and Cromartyshire. In 1918 Lewis (a large island several miles offshore) was taken from the seat and merged into the then new Western Isles constituency, and the Fortrose component of the former Inverness Burghs constituency and the Dingwall and Cromarty components of the former Northern Burghs constituency were merged into the Ross and Cromarty constituency.
He was a Liberal in favour of social reform. He gained a parliamentary seat from the Unionists at the Ayr Burghs by-election of 1904; He sat as Liberal MP for Ayr Burghs from 1904 to 1906, but lost the seat back to the Unionist at the January 1906 general election; He was a Member of the Departmental Committee on Housing in 1908. He was Chairman of the Royal Scots Recruiting Committee from 1914 to 1916. He attempted a return to parliament after a 12-year break, without success, when he contested Edinburgh Central at the 1918 general election; He did not stand for parliament again.
Portrait of Campbell by Henry Raeburn, c.1810. Lord Frederick Campbell (20 June 1729 – 8 June 1816) was a Scottish nobleman and politician. He was lord clerk register of Scotland, 1768–1816; Member of Parliament (M.P.) for Glasgow Burghs (1761–1780) and for Argyllshire (1780–1799).
Duff died on 23 September 1858, leaving a daughter and two sons, of whom the elder, Mountstuart Elphinstone Grant Duff, M.P. for the Elgin Burghs, Under-Secretary for India 1868–1874, and Under-Secretary for the Colonies 1880–1881, and Governor of Madras Presidency 1881–1886.
He was Member of Parliament for Kirkcaldy Burghs (and then Kirkcaldy) from 1959 until he died in office shortly prior to the 1987 general election, at which Dr. Lewis Moonie was elected as his successor. Gourlay was a Government Whip and a Deputy Speaker from 1964-1970.
The second Baronet sat as Member of Parliament for Elgin Burghs. He changed the family surname from Cumming-Gordon to Gordon-Cumming. The fourth Baronet is best known as a central figure in the Royal Baccarat Scandal. Charlotte Gordon Cumming is the daughter of the sixth Baronet.
That constituency was abolished by the Scottish Reform Act 1832, and at the 1832 general election he was returned for the new Falkirk Burghs. He was returned unopposed in 1835 and 1837, but defeated at the 1841 general election by the Conservative Party candidate William Baird.
On 1 June 1769, he purchased 967.37 acres, for £2,902 near Morristown, New Jersey. On 28 August 1790, he sold land in New Jersey to John Ramsey, John Dickson, and Thomas Coyle. Morris became a member of the British Parliament, representing Elgin Burghs from 1774 to 1784.
Around 15 burghs can be traced to the reign of David I,K. J. Stringer, "The Emergence of a Nation-State, 1100–1300", in J. Wormald, ed., Scotland: A History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), , pp. 38–76. and there is evidence of 55 by 1296.
Except for Edinburgh, Dundee and Glasgow, each Scottish constituency represented a seat for one Member of Parliament (MP). Edinburgh and Dundee represented two seats each, and Glasgow represented three seats. Therefore, Scotland was entitled to 60 MPs. 15 of the burgh constituencies were districts of burghs.
Colvend Church was designed by architect Peter MacGregor Chalmers in 1911. Southwick Church designed by Peddie & Kinnear 1891. Southwick House, C18th/19th mansion house, home of Sir Mark McTaggart- Stewart MP, Baronet (1834 -1923), MP for Wigtown Burghs from 1874–80 Kirkcudbrightshire between 1885 and 1910.
On 4 October 1885, he was married to Jane Fordyce Beith. Jane was a daughter of Gilbert Beith MP for Glasgow Central and Inverness Burghs and the granddaughter of Rev. Alexander Beith, D.D. They had three daughters. He retired to 16 Kensington Gate in Kelvinside in Glasgow.
During the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland, called the Protectorate, the Scottish burghs of Dornoch, Tain, Inverness, Dingwall, Nairn, Elgin and Forres were jointly represented by one Member of Parliament in the House of Commons at Westminster from 1654 until 1659. Elections were held at Inverness.
Brown was born in Melrose, Scotland. His father William Brown had served with the Gordon Highlanders during the First World War and was awarded the Military Cross while his paternal grandfather Alexander Laing Brown had been Liberal Unionist MP for the Hawick Burghs between 1886 and 1892.
Aberdeen and Kincardine Central was entirely within the county of Aberdeen and was one of six constituencies covering that county, the city of Aberdeen (which was a county of city) and the county of Kincardine. The rest of the county of Aberdeen was covered by the county constituencies of Aberdeen and Kincardine East, which was also entirely within that county, and Kincardine and West Aberdeenshire, which covered the county of Kincardine minus burghs covered by Montrose Burghs, and part of the county of Aberdeen. The city of Aberdeen was covered by the burgh constituencies of Aberdeen North and Aberdeen South, which were both entirely within the county of city area. Aberdeen and Kincardine Central consisted of the burghs of Ellon, Huntly, Inverurie, Kintore and Old Meldrum, and the districts of Aberdeen, Ellon, Garioch and Huntly.Boundaries of Parliamentary Constituencies 1885-1972 (), F. W. S. Craig 1972 The same boundaries were used in the 1922 general election, the 1923 general election, the 1924 general election, the 1929 general election, the 1931 general election, the 1935 general election and the 1945 general election.
These burhs (or burghs) operated as defensive structures. The Vikings were thereafter unable to cross large sections of Wessex: the Anglo- Saxon Chronicle reports that a Danish raiding party was defeated when it tried to attack the burh of Chichester.Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 894.Starkey, Monarchy, pp. 68–69.
Lanark was a county constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom (Westminster) from 1918 to 1983. It elected one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post voting system. There was also an earlier Lanark Burghs constituency, from 1708 to 1832.
Local elections were held in the United Kingdom in 1970. In April, elections were held to the Greater London Council and 13 county councils. In May there were elections to 83 county boroughs, 259 municipal boroughs and 521 urban district councils. There were also elections to Scottish burghs.
As a royal burgh, Dundee was represented as a component of the Perth Burghs constituency from 1708 to 1832, when the Dundee burgh constituency was created. In 1868 the burgh constituency became a two-member constituency. East and West single- member constituencies have existed, with varying boundaries, since 1950.
The Guildry Incorporation of Brechin was formed in 1629 by merchants and traders in the Burgh and in 1666 obtained recognition of its rights under Decree of the Convention of Burghs. The Guildry's historic purposes have been assumed by local government and its current functions are social and civic.
Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman Sir Henry had been a Liberal MP for the seat of Stirling Burghs since the 1868 general election. Following a series of heart attacks, he resigned as Prime Minister on 3 April 1908. He died on 22 April 1908 at the age of 72.
Boundaries for the police burgh were to be set out, which could be extended up to in any direction from the limits of the existing burgh. Contiguous burghs were allowed to unite for police burgh purposes. The boundaries agreed were recorded in the sheriff court books for the county.
The fifth Baronet sat as Member of Parliament for Kirkcaldy Burghs. The title became dormant on the death of the ninth Baronet in 1873. George Preston, a great- nephew of the first baronet and father of the seventh baronet, was a lieutenant-general and colonel of the Scots Greys.
46 A further act of 1850 could be adopted by any place with a population of 700 which thereupon became a "police burgh".Police (Scotland) Act 1850 c.33 Those burghs which had not adopted a police system were abolished in 1893.Burgh Police (Scotland) Act 1892 c.
Today, although Old Aberdeen still has a separate charter and history, it and New Aberdeen are no longer truly distinct. The area of the city now includes the former burghs of Old Aberdeen, New Aberdeen, Woodside and the Royal Burgh of Torry to the south of the Dee.
1955–1974: The county of Midlothian, including all the burghs situated therein, except the county of the city of Edinburgh and the burgh of Musselburgh. 1974–1983: As above. 1983–1997: Midlothian District. 1997–2005: The Midlothian District electoral wards of Bonnyrigg/Newtongrange, Dalkeith, Loanhead, and Mayfield/Gorebridge.
Burgh commissioners were the third estate, and were the longest-established and most powerful group of commissioners to parliament. They first attended in 1326. Burgh commissioners often acted and lobbied collectively, assisted by the fact that the Convention of Royal Burghs often met in association with parliamentary sessions.
Burghs by 1153 The list is based on the following references., based on the maps in McNeill & MacQueen, Atlas, pp. 196–8, supplemented with Rosemarkie and Leith, which the Atlas omits for unknown reasons; there seems to be two missing, if Barrow's account of things (40) is correct.
During the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland, called the Protectorate, the Scottish burghs of Peebles, Selkirk, Jedburgh, Lauder, North Berwick, Dunbar and Haddington were jointly represented by one Member of Parliament in the House of Commons at Westminster from 1654 until 1659. Elections were held at Lauder.
During the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland, called the Protectorate, the Scottish burghs of Lanark, Glasgow, Rutherglen, Rothesay, Renfrew, Ayr, Irvine and Dunbarton were jointly represented by one Member of Parliament in the House of Commons at Westminster from 1654 until 1659. Elections were held at Glasgow.
During the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland, called the Protectorate, the Scottish burghs of Dumfries, Sanquhar, Lochmaben, Annan, Wigtown, Kirkcudbright, Whithorn and New Galloway were jointly represented by one Member of Parliament in the House of Commons at Westminster from 1654 until 1659. Elections were held at Dumfries.
Hutchison was National Liberal Member of Parliament for Kirkcaldy Burghs from 1922 to 1923, Liberal member for Montrose Burghs from 1924 to 1931 and Liberal National member for that constituency from 1931 to 1932. He served as Scottish National Liberal Whip in 1923, as a Liberal Whip from 1924 to 1926 and as Chief Liberal Whip from 1926 to 1930. On his retirement from the House of Commons in 1932, he was raised to the peerage as Baron Hutchison of Montrose, of Kirkcaldy in the County of Fife. He later served under Stanley Baldwin and Neville Chamberlain as Paymaster-General from 1935 to 1938 and was appointed a Privy Counsellor in 1937.
The county councils assumed may of the powers of existing organisations such as the Commissioners of Supply and County Road Trustees and many of the administrative powers and duties of the Justices of the Peace and parochial boards. Between 1890 and 1929, there were parish councils and town councils, but with the passing of the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1929, the functions of parish councils were passed to larger district councils and a distinction was made between large burghs (i.e. those with a population of 20,000 or more) and small burghs. The Act also created two joint county councils covering Perthshire and Kinross-shire, and Morayshire and Nairnshire, but retained residual Nairnshire and Kinross- shire county councils.
In the south-west, Glasgow, Ayr and Kirkcudbright were aided by the less profitable sea trade with Ireland and to a lesser extent France and Spain. Reverse side of the burgh seal of Crail, a Fife fishing port Burghs were typically settlements under the protection of a castle and usually had a market place, with a widened high street or junction, marked by a mercat cross, beside houses for the burgesses and other inhabitants. The founding of 16 royal burghs can be traced to the reign of David I (1124–53)K. J. Stringer, "The Emergence of a Nation-State, 1100-1300", in J. Wormald, ed., Scotland: A History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), , pp. 38-76.
The Liberals selected Charles Barrie to succeed Sutherland.The Times, 22 October 1918 p3 The Elgin Burghs constituency was due to disappear in boundary changes at the next general election with parts of the seat being redistributed into the seat of Banffshire. Sutherland had been chosen to fight Banffshire The Times, 19 August 1918 p9 come the next election and Barrie inherited the right to contest that seat in due course at the 1918 general election. Sutherland had represented Elgin Burghs since 1905 and by the time of the December 1910 general election, he was so entrenched in his seat that he was returned unopposed.The Times House of Commons, 1911; Politico’s Publishing 2004, p104 Sutherland bequeathed Barrie this political dominance.
In 1802 'Colonel Grant' was elected to the House of Commons for Elgin Burghs, a seat he held until 1806, and then represented Inverness Burghs from 1806 to 1807, Elginshire from 1807 to 1832 and Elginshire and Nairnshire from 1832 to 1840. In 1840 he succeeded his elder brother as sixth Earl of Seafield, and sat in the House of Lords as a Scottish Representative Peer from 1841 until his death in 1853. He therefore attended Parliament for a period of 50 years, voting against the Reform Act of 1832 while sitting in the Commons. Sir William Fraser reported: In politics his Lordship was a Conservative, and during his long public career loyally supported his party.
Scottish Typographical Association was a labour unon representing typesetters in Scotland. It was founded in 1853. In 1974, it merged with the Society of Graphical and Allied Trades (SOGAT). , The formation of the union was organised by the Glasgow Typographical Society, although it incorporated local societies in other Scottish burghs.
Ayr was a royal burgh that returned one commissioner to the Parliament of Scotland and to the Convention of Estates. After the Acts of Union 1707, Ayr, Campbeltown, Inveraray, Irvine and Rothesay formed the Ayr district of burghs, returning one member between them to the House of Commons of Great Britain.
Wigtown was a royal burgh that returned one commissioner to the Parliament of Scotland and to the Convention of Estates. After the Acts of Union 1707, Wigtown, New Galloway, Stranraer and Whithorn formed the Wigtown district of burghs, returning one member between them to the House of Commons of Great Britain.
Nairn was a burgh constituency that elected one commissioner to the Parliament of Scotland and to the Convention of Estates. After the Acts of Union 1707, Nairn, Forres, Fortrose and Inverness formed the Inverness district of burghs, returning one member between them to the House of Commons of Great Britain.
Inverness was a burgh constituency that elected one commissioner to the Parliament of Scotland and to the Convention of Estates. After the Acts of Union 1707, Inverness, Forres, Fortrose and Nairn formed the Inverness district of burghs, returning one member between them to the House of Commons of Great Britain.
Durie A Century of Dunfermline pp.15–17. Dunfermline would remain as the capital of Scotland until the brutal murder of James I at Perth in 1437. The royal family felt safer in Edinburgh Castle, as burghs such as Dunfermline and Stirling could not provide protection in defense of the nobles.
Excluded from international trade they mainly acted as local markets and centres of craftsmanship.R. Mitchison, A History of Scotland (London: Routledge, 3rd edn., 2002), , p. 78. In general, burghs probably carried out far more local trading with their hinterlands than nationally or internationally, relying on them for food and raw materials.
The Martyrs' Monument at Saint Andrews commemorates Protestants executed before the Reformation, including Hamilton and Wishart. From the 1520s the ideas of Martin Luther began to have influence in Scotland, with Lutheran literature circulating in the east-coast burghs. In 1525 Parliament banned their importation.Wormald, Court, Kirk, and Community, p. 91.
John Erskine of Carnock, 1683-1687 Foster, Joseph Members of Parliament, Scotland: Including the Minor Barons, the Commissioners for the Shires, and the Commissioners for the Burghs, 1357-1882, p. 128. London: Hazell, Watson and Viney, 1882 His father was a member of a cadet branch of the Earls of Buchan.
However, in 1719 he resumed the surname of Grant in lieu of Colquhoun. On 24 June 1721 he was created Lord Grant in the Jacobite peerage. Grant notably sat as Member of Parliament for Inverness-shire and Elgin Burghs. The seventh and eighth Baronets also sat as Members of Parliament.
It also made it easier for police burghs to be created. Any “populous place” was now allowed to adopt a police system and become a burgh. A populous place was defined as any town, village, place or locality not already a burgh and with a population of 1,200 inhabitants or upwards.
Dr. Alan Eric Thompson (16 September 1924 – 18 February 2017)The Times, 21 February 2017, p. 55 was a British Labour Party politician. Educated at the University of Edinburgh, he received a Ph.D. in economics in 1953. He served as Member of Parliament for Dunfermline Burghs from 1959 to 1964.
In 1974 the burghs became part of larger districts and regions. Those boundaries lost the significance they were granted by Royal statute. Ancient titles like Provost and Bailie were discarded or retained only for ceremonial purposes. Robes and chains often found their way into museums as a reminder of the past.
The burgh's vocabulary was composed totally of either Germanic terms (not necessarily or even predominantly English) such as croft, rood, gild, gait and wynd, or French ones such as provost, bailie, vennel, port and ferme. The councils that governed individual burghs were individually known as lie doussane, meaning the dozen.
Banff was a burgh constituency that elected one commissioner to the Parliament of Scotland and to the Convention of Estates. After the Acts of Union 1707, Banff, Cullen, Elgin, Inverurie and Kintore formed the Elgin district of burghs, returning one member between them to the House of Commons of Great Britain.
Aberdeen was a burgh constituency that elected one commissioner to the Parliament of Scotland and to the Convention of Estates. After the Acts of Union 1707, Aberdeen, Arbroath, Brechin, Inverbervie and Montrose formed the Aberdeen district of burghs, returning one member between them to the House of Commons of Great Britain.
Elgin was a burgh constituency that elected one commissioner to the Parliament of Scotland and to the Convention of Estates. After the Acts of Union 1707, Elgin, Banff, Cullen, Inverurie and Kintore formed the Elgin district of burghs, returning one member between them to the House of Commons of Great Britain.
By the 1920s, Carnegie was living in Barry near Carnoustie, and working as a building contractor. He served on the Forfarshire Education Authority Works Committee. He stood for the Labour Party in Montrose Burghs at the 1922 and 1923 United Kingdom general elections, taking a close second place on each occasion.
He was Member of Parliament for Elgin Burghs from 1747 to 1754, and carried bills for the abolition of heritable jurisdictions, wardholding and for annexation of forfeited estates to the Crown. He was appointed a Lord of Session and Justiciary as Lord Prestongrange in 1754, and a Commissioner of annexed estates in 1755.
The boundaries of the constituency were unaltered at the next redistribution of seats, which came into effect in 1974.The Parliamentary Constituencies (Scotland) Order 1970 (S.I.1970/1680) Counties and burghs were abolished for local government purposes in 1975, but parliamentary boundaries were unaffected until 1983. In that year the constituency was abolished.
Dornoch in Sutherland was a royal burgh that returned one commissioner to the Parliament of Scotland and to the Convention of Estates. After the Acts of Union 1707, Dornoch, Dingwall, Kirkwall, Tain and Wick formed the Tain district of burghs, returning one member between them to the House of Commons of Great Britain.
Kirkwall in Orkney was a royal burgh that returned one commissioner to the Parliament of Scotland and to the Convention of Estates. After the Acts of Union 1707, Kirkwall, Dingwall, Dornoch, Tain and Wick formed the Tain district of burghs, returning one member between them to the House of Commons of Great Britain.
Irvine in Ayrshire was a royal burgh that returned one commissioner to the Parliament of Scotland and to the Convention of Estates. After the Acts of Union 1707, Irvine, Ayr, Campbeltown, Inveraray and Rothesay formed the Ayr district of burghs, returning one member between them to the House of Commons of Great Britain.
Rothesay in Buteshire was a royal burgh that returned one commissioner to the Parliament of Scotland and to the Convention of Estates. After the Acts of Union 1707, Rothesay, Ayr, Campbeltown, Inveraray, and Irvine formed the Ayr district of burghs, returning one member between them to the House of Commons of Great Britain.
Inveraray in Argyllshire was a royal burgh that returned one commissioner to the Parliament of Scotland and to the Convention of Estates. After the Acts of Union 1707, Inveraray, Ayr, Campbeltown, Irvine and Rothesay formed the Ayr district of burghs, returning one member between them to the House of Commons of Great Britain.
Wick in Caithness was a royal burgh that returned one commissioner to the Parliament of Scotland and to the Convention of Estates. After the Acts of Union 1707, Wick, Dingwall, Dornoch, Kirkwall and Tain formed the Tain district of burghs, returning one member between them to the House of Commons of Great Britain.
Stranraer in Wigtownshire was a royal burgh that returned one commissioner to the Parliament of Scotland and to the Convention of Estates. After the Acts of Union 1707, Stranraer, New Galloway, Whithorn and Wigtown formed the Wigtown district of burghs, returning one member between them to the House of Commons of Great Britain.
Whithorn in Wigtownshire was a royal burgh that returned one commissioner to the Parliament of Scotland and to the Convention of Estates. After the Acts of Union 1707, Whithorn, New Galloway, Stranraer and Wigtown formed the Wigtown district of burghs, returning one member between them to the House of Commons of Great Britain.
Haddington was a royal burgh that returned one commissioner to the Parliament of Scotland and to the Convention of Estates. After the Acts of Union 1707, Haddington, North Berwick, Dunbar, Jedburgh and Lauder formed the Haddington district of burghs, returning one member between them to the House of Commons of Great Britain.
Wigtown was made a royal burgh in 1469 although a settlement here existed long before this. Wigtown attended Parliament regularly from 1469 and the Convention of Royal Burghs from 1575. In 1500-01 only two ships called at Wigtown and Kirkcudbright, and at other times there was no overseas trade at all.
The creation of the modern council area drastically altered West Lothian's boundaries. Significant towns not included in the modern county are the coastal burghs of Bo'ness and Queensferry and the town of Kirkliston. Large parts of the southern urban area of Livingston, which were historically within Midlothian, were however transferred to West Lothian.
Forres in Elginshire was a burgh constituency that elected one commissioner to the Parliament of Scotland and to the Convention of Estates. After the Acts of Union 1707, Forres, Fortrose, Nairn and Inverness formed the Inverness district of burghs, returning one member between them to the House of Commons of Great Britain.
City of Glasgow Act 1891, (54 & 55 Vict.) c. cxxx, section 4. Unlike its neighbour, where development was restricted by feu to residential villas, Pollokshields East was a more working class area with commercial and industrial developments. Land use in modern Pollokshields still reflects the different histories of the two former burghs.
In May 1808 he was successfully returned for Tain Burghs, a seat he held until 1812, and then represented Buckingham until 1827. He was sworn of the Privy Council in 1822. In 1826 he was appointed Treasurer of the Household, which he remained until 1837. He was also Ranger of Windsor Great Park.
Wishart was named one of the commissioners of burghs in the Reformation parliament held at Edinburgh on 1 August 1560.Acts of the Parliaments of Scotland, ii. p. 526. and on 10 Aug. he was chosen a temporal lord of the articles.Calendar State Papers, Scotland: 1547–63, vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1898), p. 458.
In 1918, the Caithness and Sutherland county constituency was created. The Caithness and Sutherland constituency was created to cover the county of Caithness and the county of Sutherland. The Wick Burghs constituency was abolished and two of its former components, Wick and Dornoch, were merged into the new Caithness and Sutherland constituency.
From 1851 to 1857, he was an elected Tory Member of Parliament (MP) for the Falkirk Burghs. His brother William had had this seat just four years before. In 1857 he purchased the Knoydart estate as a quiet country retreat. Baird was, while anti-union, very interested to give his workers education.
Sir Alexander Penrose Cumming-Gordon, 1st Baronet (19 May 1749 – 10 February 1806) was a Scottish politician. Cumming-Gordon sat as Member of Parliament (MP) for Inverness Burghs from 1802 to 1803. In 1804 he was created a baronet, of Altyre near Forres. His second son Charles Cumming-Bruce was also a politician.
Charles Hope (16 October 1768 – 1 July 1828) was a British general and politician. He was Member of Parliament (MP) for Dysart Burghs from 1790 to 1796. On 12 May 1800, he was elected as MP for Haddingtonshire. He resigned from Parliament on 21 March 1816, accepting the stewardship of the Chiltern Hundreds.
Other burghs also benefited. Greenock enlarged its port in 1710 and sent its first ship to the Americas in 1719, but was soon playing a major part in importing sugar and rum.J. D. Mackie, B. Lenman and G. Parker, A History of Scotland (London: Penguin, 1991), , p. 296. Cloth manufacture was largely domestic.
Scottish towns irregularly applied the description to themselves, but were formally organised as royal burghs; the special rights of these were preserved by Article XXI of the Treaty of Union which established the single state of Great Britain in 1707.Kingdoms of England and Scotland. "Act of Union", §XXI. 16 January 1707.
He held the office of Sheriff of Chancery in Scotland 1869–1880. He reorganised the Scottish Liberals and arranged Gladstone's Midlothian campaign of 1879–1880. He was elected Member of Parliament for Wigtown Burghs in April 1880 and appointed Lord Advocate, losing his seat on seeking re-election on 20 May 1880.
Perth was a royal burgh that returned one commissioner to the Parliament of Scotland and to the Convention of Estates. After the Acts of Union 1707, Perth, Cupar, Dundee, Forfar and St Andrews formed the Perth district of burghs, returning one member between them to the House of Commons of Great Britain.
Arbroath in Forfarshire was a burgh constituency that elected one commissioner to the Parliament of Scotland and to the Convention of Estates. After the Acts of Union 1707, Arbroath, Aberdeen, Brechin, Inverbervie and Montrose formed the Aberdeen district of burghs, returning one member between them to the House of Commons of Great Britain.
Brechin in Forfarshire was a burgh constituency that elected one commissioner to the Parliament of Scotland and to the Convention of Estates. After the Acts of Union 1707, Brechin, Aberdeen, Arbroath, Inverbervie and Montrose formed the Aberdeen district of burghs, returning one member between them to the House of Commons of Great Britain.
See G.W.S. Barrow, Kingship and Unity: Scotland, 1000-1306, (Edinburgh. 1981), pp. 84-104; see also, Keith J. Stringer, "The Emergence of a Nation-State, 1100-1300", in Jenny Wormald (ed.), Scotland: A History, (Oxford, 2005), pp. 66-9. David would found more of these burghs when he became King of Scots.
John Gulland had been Liberal MP for the seat of Dumfries Burghs since the 1906 general election. On 5 July 1909, he was appointed as a Junior Lord of the Treasury, which meant, in accordance with the times, that he was required to resign his seat and seek re-election to parliament.
At parliamentary General Elections he contested, as a Liberal party candidate Berwick and Haddington in 1922, Ayr Burghs in 1923 and Berwick and Haddington again in 1924. He did not stand for parliament again.British parliamentary election results 1818-1949, Craig, F. W. S. He was a Scottish Representative of the New Commonwealth Society.
Kilmarnock District of Burghs, for example, is shown as if a single area in Ayrshire: in fact, when abolished in 1918, it consisted of two parliamentary burghs in Ayrshire, two in Renfrewshire and one in Lanarkshire. Craig attributes the maps to David Bird and Peter Westley, saying they prepared the diagrams and frequently had to work from inadequate maps not always free from error. Craig points also to inadequacies in boundary commission reports, which may have generated errors in the text and maps, despite efforts to check details. He draws particular attention to Leeds South, which commissioners had listed as having a major boundary change in 1955: in fact the constituency boundaries were unaltered, although the official description of it changed.
At the 1790 general election he was elected unopposed as the MP for Forfarshire, but resigned that seat in early 1796 to contest a by-election in the Perth Burghs, where he was returned unopposed in March 1796.Stooks Smith, page 675 He was re-elected at the general election later in 1796, and held the seat until his death in Cheltenham on 4 October 1805, aged 59, after a long and severe illness. His son David Scott (1782–1851), who inherited Dunninald, had hoped to succeed his father as MP for Perth Burghs. However, by the time the younger Scott left his father's deathbed, Sir David Wedderburn had already secured so much support that even the backing of Lord Melville was unable to prevent defeat.
In the end, Fox was re-elected by a very slender margin, but legal challenges (encouraged, to an extent, by Pitt and the King) prevented a final declaration of the result for over a year. In the meantime, Fox sat for the Scottish pocket borough of Tain or Northern Burghs, for which he was qualified by being made an unlikely burgess of Kirkwall in Orkney (which was one of the Burghs in the district). The experience of these years was crucial in Fox's political formation. His suspicions had been confirmed; it seemed to him that George III had personally scuppered both the Rockingham-Shelburne and Fox-North governments, interfered in the legislative process and now dissolved Parliament when its composition inconvenienced him.
Johnston was elected in 1831 as a member of parliament (MP) for the Anstruther District of Burghs, and when that constituency was abolished by the Reform Act 1832 he was elected at the 1832 general election for the new St Andrews District of Burghs. He held that seat until he stood down from the House of Commons at the 1837 general election. He married Priscilla Buxton, the daughter of Sir Thomas Fowell Buxton, Bt and they had two sons and four daughters.Clare Midgley, ‘Buxton , Priscilla (1808–1852)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Sept 2015 accessed 25 June 2017 They were parents of MP Andrew Johnston and grandfather of designer Edward Johnston (the son of his younger son Fowell Buxton Johnston).
Robert Grant was born in India, the son of Charles Grant, chairman of the Directors of the Honourable East India Company, and younger brother of Charles Grant, later Lord Glenelg. Returning home with their father in 1790, the two brothers were entered as students of Magdalene College, Cambridge, in 1795. In 1801 Charles was fourth wrangler and senior Chancellor's medallist; Robert was third wrangler and second Chancellor's medallist. Grant was called to the bar the same day as his brother, 30 January 1807, and entered into legal practice, becoming King's Sergeant in the Court of the Duchy of Lancaster, and one of the Commissioners in Bankruptcy. He was elected Member of Parliament for the Elgin Burghs in 1818, and for the Inverness Burghs in 1826.
Because whole congregations would now all sing these psalms, unlike the trained choirs who had sung the many parts of polyphonic hymns, there was a need for simplicity and most church compositions were confined to homophonic settings. During his personal reign James VI attempted to revive the song schools, with an act of parliament passed in 1579, demanding that councils of the largest burghs set up "ane sang scuill with ane maister sufficient and able for insturctioun of the yowth in the said science of musik". Five new schools were opened within four years of the act coming into force, and by 1633 there were at least twenty-five. Most of those burghs without song schools made provision within their grammar schools.
In contrast, many Lowland cottages had distinct rooms and chambers, were clad with plaster or paint and even had glazed windows. Perhaps ten per cent of the population lived in one of many burghs that had grown up in the later Medieval period, mainly in the east and south of the country.E. Gemmill and N. J. Mayhew, Changing Values in Medieval Scotland: a Study of Prices, Money, and Weights and Measures (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), , pp. 8–10. A characteristic of Scottish burghs was a long main street of tall buildings, with vennels, wynds and alleys leading off it, many of which survive today.R. Mitchison, Lordship to Patronage, Scotland 1603–1745 (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1983), , pp. 99–100.
It was originally anticipated that the area would be transferred to Stirlingshire for all other purposes by the boundary commissioners proposed by the Local Government Bill of 1889 However, a clause was inserted in the bill that stated "the parishes of Cumbernauld and Kirkintilloch, including the burghs and police burghs situate therein, shall for the purposes of this Act, be considered as forming part of the county of Dumbarton". The clause was vigorously opposed by the Stirlingshire Commissioners of Supply as they had incurred considerable expense in maintaining the roads of the two parishes. The Act as passed provided that the Dunbartonshire County Council was to financially compensate Stirlingshire on the transfer of road powers.Local Government (Scotland) Act 1889 1889 (c.
The Burgh Police (Scotland) Act, 1892 (55 & 56 Vict. c.55), which came into effect on 15 May 1893, superseded all earlier general and police acts in burghs. Each burgh was now united as a single body corporate for police and municipal purposes – in some cases a previous royal burgh or burgh of barony or regality had continued to exist alongside the police burgh. Any remaining burghs of barony or regality that had not adopted the police acts were implicitly dissolved. Populous places that could become a burgh were now to have a population of 2,000 or more – though where a place with a lower population resolved to adopt the act, it was at the county sheriff’s discretion to allow or refuse such an application.
Electrification of the cable-trams began partly in mitigation of the effects of the unpopular merger of the Edinburgh and Leith burghs in 1920. Another factor was the susceptibility of the whole system to gridlock in the event of a single break in the cable. The Corporation's last electric tram ran on 16 November 1956.
Inverness-shire was a county constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1708 to 1801 and of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1801 until 1918. There was also a burgh constituency called Inverness Burghs, 1708 to 1918, and a county constituency called Inverness, 1918 to 1983.
North Berwick in Haddingtonshire was a royal burgh that returned one commissioner to the Parliament of Scotland and to the Convention of Estates. After the Acts of Union 1707, North Berwick, Dunbar, Haddington, Jedburgh and Lauder formed the Haddington district of burghs, returning one member between them to the House of Commons of Great Britain.
Dunbar in Haddingtonshire was a royal burgh that returned one commissioner to the Parliament of Scotland and to the Convention of Estates. After the Acts of Union 1707, Dunbar, North Berwick, Haddington, Jedburgh and Lauder formed the Haddington district of burghs, returning one member between them to the House of Commons of Great Britain.
Jedburgh in Roxburghshire was a royal burgh that returned one commissioner to the Parliament of Scotland and to the Convention of Estates. After the Acts of Union 1707, Jedburgh, North Berwick, Dunbar, Haddington and Lauder formed the Haddington district of burghs, returning one member between them to the House of Commons of Great Britain.
Lauder in Berwickshire was a royal burgh that returned one commissioner to the Parliament of Scotland and to the Convention of Estates. After the Acts of Union 1707, Lauder, North Berwick, Dunbar, Haddington and Jedburgh formed the Haddington district of burghs, returning one member between them to the House of Commons of Great Britain.
Other burghs also benefited. Greenock enlarged its port in 1710 and sent its first ship to the Americas in 1719. It was soon playing a major part in importing sugar and rum.J. D. Mackie, B. Lenman and G. Parker, A History of Scotland (London: Penguin, 1991), , p. 296. In 1700 cloth manufacture was largely domestic.
The constituency was created to cover the county of Perth, minus the burgh of Perth, which was a component of the Perth Burghs constituency. The Scottish Reform Act 1832 transferred from Perthshire to Clackmannanshire and Kinross- shire the parishes of Tulliallan, Culross and Muckhart and the Perthshire portions of the parishes of Logie and Fossaway.
From 1782 he commanded HMS Irresistible. He was elected Member of Parliament for Perth burghs in 1790 but gave up his seat in 1796. Resuming his naval career he commanded HMS Defence from 1790. He was appointed Commander-in-Chief at Chatham in 1792 and went on to command HMS Duke and then HMS Glory.
Fortrose (with Rosemarkie) in Ross-shire was a burgh constituency that elected one commissioner to the Parliament of Scotland and to the Convention of Estates. After the Acts of Union 1707, Fortrose, Forres, Nairn and Inverness formed the Inverness district of burghs, returning one member between them to the House of Commons of Great Britain.
In 1975 counties and burghs were abolished and the constituency became an area within the Highland region. The region included two new local government districts, called Caithness and Sutherland. The Caithness district was entirely within the constituency. The Sutherland district had a small area, the Kincardine electoral division, within the Ross and Cromarty constituency.
James Fortescue Harrison (born 1819) was a Scottish Liberal Party politician. He was elected at the 1874 general election as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Kilmarnock Burghs, and held the seat until he stood down at the 1880 general election, and did not stand again. He is the father of Lady Arthur Hill.
The Montrose Burghs constituency was abolished for the 1950 general election, and Maclay was instead returned for West Renfrewshire, a seat he held until 1964. He served under Winston Churchill as Minister of Civil Aviation and Minister of Transport between October 1951 and May 1952. In 1952 he was admitted to the Privy Council.
After James VI left for London at the Union of Crowns in 1603, it continued to be the centre of government. Even after the Acts of Union in 1707 removed the parliament, it retained the exchequer and law courts.A. R. MacDonald, The Burghs and Parliament in Scotland: c. 1550–1651 (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2007), , p. 110.
The constituency is made up of the two northernmost island groups Scotland, Orkney and Shetland. A constituency of this name has existed continuously since 1708. However, before 1918 the town of Kirkwall (the capital of Orkney) formed part of the Northern Burghs constituency. It is the most northerly of the 650 UK Parliament constituencies.
The burghs themselves established their own separate court system by authority of the King to administer and enforce these laws.Stair, vol. 22, para. 510 (Online) Retrieved 2011-10-26 The burgh laws were collected as the Leges burgorum by 1270, though the laws applied by the burgh courts and the sheriff courts were similar.
The Abbot of Kelso from Kelso Abbey was the local lord, who ruled one of the most powerful ecclesiastical burghs in all of Scotland. The Register of the Great Seal of Scotland; Liber S. Marie de Calchou, Registrum Cartarum Abbacie Tironensis de Kelso, 1113-1567.This burgh was rivaled only by St. Andrews (another burgh).
Brown Fife Coast p.85. The six lamps are from: Kirkcaldy, Burntisland, Kinghorn, Leven, and Buckhaven and Methil. These lamps once stood outside the houses of senior councillors, and were all brought to this site when the royal burghs were abolished in 1975.Durie Britain in old photographs: Kirkcaldy and East Fife p.75.
Inverurie in Aberdeenshire was a royal burgh that returned one commissioner to the Parliament of Scotland and to the Convention of Estates. After the Acts of Union 1707, Banff, Cullen, Elgin, Inverurie and Kintore comprised the Elgin district of burghs, electing one Member of Parliament between them to the House of Commons of Great Britain.
Tain in Ross-shire was a burgh constituency that elected one commissioner to the Parliament of Scotland and to the Convention of Estates. After the Acts of Union 1707, Tain, Dingwall, Dornoch, Kirkwall and Wick formed the Tain district of burghs, returning one member between them to the House of Commons of Great Britain.
Dingwall in Ross-shire was a burgh constituency that elected one commissioner to the Parliament of Scotland and to the Convention of Estates. After the Acts of Union 1707, Dingwall, Dornoch, Kirkwall, Tain and Wick formed the Tain district of burghs, returning one member between them to the House of Commons of Great Britain.
The first election of Scottish representative peers took place on 15 February 1707 at the Parliament House, Edinburgh, shortly before the Parliament of Scotland was adjourned for the last time on 25 March. The commissioners for the barons and the burghs chose their representatives to the British House of Commons at the same time.Fergusson, Sixteen Peers, pp. 16–17.
Montfort summoned the Great Parliament, regarded as the first English Parliament worthy of the name because it was the first time cities and burghs sent representatives. Edward escaped and raised an army. He defeated and killed Montfort at the Battle of Evesham in 1265. Savage retribution was exacted on the rebels and authority was restored to Henry.
The German town was set up on empty space between the burghs. Not a member of the Hanseatic League, the town never grew to the importance and size of neighboring Hanseatic towns like Stralsund. The last prince of Rügen, Witzlaw III, erected a court at the site of former Neue Burg in 1315. He often resided in Barth.
This new categorisation influenced the level of autonomy that the Burghs enjoyed from the county council. The act also abolished the parish as a unit of local government in Scotland. In Ayrshire in excess of 30 parishes were consolidated into ten district councils. The District Councils were Ayr, Cumnock, Dalmellington, Girvan, Irvine, Kilbirnie, Kilmarnock, Maybole, Newmilns and Saltcoats.
Memorial to James Hedderwick, Glasgow Cathedral On 11 January 1846 he married Ellen Ness from South Leith, the harbour area of Edinburgh. They had seven children, including Thomas Charles Hunter Hedderwick a lawyer who became MP for Wick Burghs in 1896. Ellen died in 1879 and Hedderwick then remarried Margaret (1841-1934) who was considerably younger than himself.
The eldest son of Lieutenant-General James Dunlop of Dunlop, he served in the 1st Grenadier Guards. He was Member of Parliament for Kilmarnock Burghs from 1832 to 1835. Styled Captain John Dunlop of Dunlop at the time of election, he was then created a baronet in 1838. Dunlop was either a Whig or a Radical.
The main continental trading partners of Scottish burghs were merchants in Flanders. Before 1321 Scottish merchants had established a staple in Bruges. The staple was moved to Middelburg in Zealand several times in the fifteenth century. Although Bruges remained the major trading partner, from the 1460s trade also developed with Veere, Bergen op Zoom and Antwerp.
In general, burghs probably carried out far more local trading with their hinterlands than nationally or internationally, relying on them for food and raw materials. The Wars of Independence closed English markets and raised the levels of piracy and disruption to naval trade on both sides. They may have led to an increase in continental trade.
The fortunes of Scottish burghs in the export trade changed across the century. Haddington, which had been one of the major centres of trade in the late Medieval period, saw its share of foreign exports collapse in the sixteenth century. Aberdeen's share of trade remained stable for most of the century, but slumped in the last decade.
On 3 December 1708, the House of Commons decided the issue, as at that time the House judged the eligibility of its members itself rather than leaving the issue to be decided by a Judge, and rejected the motion. Lord Strathnaver was declared ineligible to be elected an MP for Tain Burghs and vacated the seat.
Houston, Scottish Literacy and the Scottish Identity, p. 5. In the burghs the old schools were maintained, with the song schools and a number of new foundations becoming reformed grammar schools or ordinary parish schools. Schools were supported by a combination of kirk funds, contributions from local heritors or burgh councils and parents that could pay.
Inverness was a county constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1918 until 1983. It elected one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first-past-the-post system of election. There was also a county constituency called Inverness-shire, 1708 to 1918, and a burgh constituency called Inverness Burghs, 1708 to 1918.
In 1918, the Bute and Northern Ayrshire county constituency was created, to cover the county of Bute and a northern portion of the county of Ayr. The rest of the county of Ayr was divided between three other constituencies, all entirely within the county: the county constituencies of South Ayrshire and Kilmarnock, and a remodelled Ayr Burghs.
The Times House of Commons 1964, p.227 He stood in Aberdeen North at the 1959 general election, where he took 5.8% of the vote, then again in Stirling and Falkirk Burghs at the 1964 general election, managing 10%. In 1966, he increased this to 14.4%. In 1960, Milne was elected as Vice-Chairman of the SNP.
Serfdom disappeared from the records in the fourteenth century and new social groups of labourers, craftsmen and merchants, became important in the developing burghs. This led to increasing social tensions in urban society, but, in contrast to England and France, there was a lack of major unrest in Scottish rural society, where there was relatively little economic change.
The seat was defined in 1918 as comprising the burghs of Airdrie and Coatbridge. The change in the constituency name in 1950 did not affect the boundaries. Apart from a small boundary change to Airdrie, which took effect for parliamentary purposes in 1955, its boundaries did not alter until the areas parliamentary representation was remodelled in 1983.
Edinburgh Leith was a burgh constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1950 to 1997. It elected one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election. There was also an earlier Leith constituency, 1918 to 1950, and a yet earlier Leith Burghs constituency, 1832 to 1918.
In coastal areas fertiliser included seaweed and around the major burghs urban refuse was used. Yields were fairly low, often around three times the quantity of seed sown, although they could reach twice that yield on some infields. The main unit of land measurement in Scotland was the davoch (i.e. "vat"), called the arachor in Lennox.
31, 32 Heriot Row, Edinburgh Alexander Asher (27 January 1834 – 5 August 1905) was a Scottish politician and lawyer, who was elected as Member of Parliament for the Elgin Burghs constituency from 1881 until his death in 1905. He was also Solicitor General for Scotland on three occasions, and was Dean of the Faculty of Advocates.
He was killed at the Battle of Falkirk in 1746. The seventh Baronet sat as Member of Parliament for Ross-shire and Tain Burghs. The ninth Baronet fought in the Peninsular War and later commanded a division of the Colombian Army under Simón Bolívar. The eleventh Baronet served as Lord-Lieutenant of Ross and Cromarty from 1899 to 1935.
The Maxwell, later Heron-Maxwell Baronetcy, of Springkell in the County of Dumfries, is a title in the Baronetage of Nova Scotia. It was created on 7 February 1683 for Patrick Maxwell. The fourth Baronet sat as Member of Parliament for Dumfries Burghs. He married Mary, daughter and heiress of Patrick Heron, and assumed the additional surname of Heron.
These each returned one member to Parliament. Two burgh constituencies received an additional member; these were Glasgow (raised to 3 members) and Dundee (raised to 2). A third burgh constituency, Hawick Burghs, was newly created, receiving one member. Three county constituencies each received one additional member, and were split in half accordingly; these were Lanarkshire, Ayrshire and Aberdeenshire.
The de Burghs of Oldtown have been at Oldtown since the house was built by Colonel Thomas de Burgh, architect of Trinity College Dublin Library, The Custom House, The Royal Barracks and St Steven's Hospital in Dublin. Hubert de Burgh and descendants are the only remaining direct descendants of William de Burgh who first settled in Ireland in 1185.
In certain burghs the title Lord Provost was to be continued. The Burgh Police (Scotland) Act, 1903 (3 Edw. VII. c.33) amended the 1892 Act and included a number of provisions relating to building within a burgh. The burgh was to maintain a register of plans and petitions (in modern terms a register of planning permissions).
So he was looking around for a seat to allow him back into parliament. Sir George Baxter, a 55-year-old local man was chosen by the Dundee Unionists. He was a linen and jute owner and Chairman of Dundee and District Liberal Unionist Association, ever since its creation in 1886. He contested Montrose Burghs in 1895.
Leith was a burgh constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1918 to 1950. The constituency elected one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election. There was also an earlier Leith Burghs constituency, 1832 to 1918, and a later Edinburgh Leith constituency, 1950 to 1997.
Black River. At the beginning of the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, the abbey was confiscated and given to Richard Burgh, the 2nd Earl of Clanrickarde. Burgh, a descendant of the de Burghs who had helped found the abbey, quietly gave it back to the Franciscans. In 1572, an enclosing ditch and wall were constructed around the friary.
Scandinavians had contacts with the Slavs since their very immigration, these first contacts were soon followed by both the construction of Scandinavian emporia and Slavic burghs in their vicinity.Ole Harck, Christian Lübke, Zwischen Reric und Bornhöved: Die Beziehungen zwischen den Dänen und ihren slawischen Nachbarn vom 9. Bis ins 13. Jahrhundert: Beiträge einer internationalen Konferenz, Leipzig, 4.-6.
Most of these were much smaller than their royal counterparts, excluded from international trade they mainly acted as local markets and centres of craftsmanship.R. Mitchison, A History of Scotland (London: Routledge, 3rd edn., 2002), , p. 78. In general burghs probably carried out far more local trading with their hinterlands, relying on them for food, raw materials.
Sir Adam Hay, 7th Baronet (14 December 1795 – 18 January 1867) was a Scottish baronet and politician. He was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Lanark Burghs from 1826 to 1830. He was the brother of Sir John Hay, 6th Baronet (1788–1838). Atholl Crescent in Edinburgh He lived at 12 Atholl Crescent in Edinburgh's West End.
East Aberdeenshire and West Aberdeenshire were entirely within the county of Aberdeen. Kincardine and West Aberdeenshire covered the county of Kincardine (minus the burgh of Inverbervie, which was included in Montrose Burghs) and part of the county of Aberdeen. The same boundaries were used in the 1922, 1923, 1924, 1929, 1931, 1935 and 1945 general elections.
William Ogilvy (19 September 1793 – 10 April 1871) was a Scottish officer in the British Army, and briefly the Member of Parliament (MP) for Perth Burghs. He was a younger son of Walter Ogilvy of Clova (died 1819) and his wife Jean, daughter of John Ogilvy MD, of Balfour and Murkl. He was a brother of Hon. Donald Ogilvy.
Ogilvy initially joined the Royal Navy, and disliked it and followed his brothers into the army. He fought in the Peninsula War and at the Battle of Waterloo. He left the army in 1826, and went to live with his brother in Airlie Castle. In January 1831, he contested a by-election for the Perth Burghs.
As the de Burghs eventually became Gaelicised, the merchants of the town, the Tribes of Galway, pushed for greater control over the walled city. This led to their gaining complete control over the city and to the granting of mayoral status by the English crown in December 1484. Galway endured difficult relations with its Irish neighbours.
Captain James Fall (pronounced Faw) (c. 1685–1743) was Scottish MP for Haddington Burghs (1734–1742). One of four brothers who built a mercantile empire centred on Dunbar, as MP he represented the interests of the family. The family also dominated Dunbar town council, where Fall's career continued; he served as bailie (magistrate) from October 1735 until his death.
The Scots were drawn into King William II's continental wars. Scottish seamen received protection against arbitrary impressment, but a fixed quota of conscripts for the Royal Navy was levied from the sea-coast burghs. There were now Royal Navy patrols in Scottish waters even in peacetime. Scottish privateers played a major part in the Second Anglo-Dutch War.
Most of these were much smaller than their royal counterparts; excluded from international trade, they mainly acted as local markets and centres of craftsmanship.R. Mitchison, A History of Scotland (London: Routledge, 3rd edn., 2002), , p. 78. In general burghs probably carried out far more local trading with their hinterlands, relying on them for food and raw materials.
Ernest Noel, FGS (18 August 1831 – 20 May 1931) was Member of Parliament (MP) for the Scottish seat of Dumfries Burghs from 1874 to 1886. He was chairman of the Artizans, Labourers & General Dwellings Company from 1880, during the construction of a new suburb for the working classes in Wood Green which was named "Noel Park" in his honour.
Inverbervie (formerly just Bervie) in Kincardineshire was a royal burgh that elected one commissioner to the Parliament of Scotland and to the Convention of Estates. After the Acts of Union 1707, Inverbervie, Aberdeen, Arbroath, Brechin and Montrose formed the Aberdeen district of burghs, returning one member between them to the House of Commons of Great Britain.
He was a director of the East India Company from 1716 to 1719. At the 1722 British general election he was returned as MP for Ayr Burghs. In about 1724 Argyll and Ilay quarrelled, and never spoke to each another for many years after. During this time, Steuart acted as a channel of communication between the two brothers.
John Fergus ( – 23 January 1865) was a British Whig politician. Fergus was first elected Whig MP for Kirkcaldy Burghs at the 1835 general election and held the seat until 1837 when he did not seek re-election. He returned to parliament as an MP for Fife in 1847, holding the seat until 1859, when he retired.
During the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland, called the Protectorate, the Scottish burghs of St Andrews, Dysart, Kirkcaldy, Cupar, Anstruther Easter, Pittenweem. Crail, Dunfermline, Kinghorn, Anstruther Wester, Inverkeithing, Kilrenny and Burntisland were jointly represented by one Member of Parliament in the House of Commons at Westminster from 1654 until 1659. Elections were held at Cupar.
Originally a journalist, Dalziel became Member of Parliament (MP) for Kirkcaldy Burghs in 1892. He was also an outspoken advocate of home rule for Scotland, Ireland and Wales. After his retirement he joined the National Party of Scotland. In 1914 he became sole owner of Reynolds's News, in which he had long had a financial interest.
Frederick Campbell was the third son of John Campbell, 4th Duke of Argyll, and his wife, Mary, daughter of John, 2nd Lord Bellenden. Lord Frederick was educated at Westminster School (1743-6) and Christ Church, Oxford (1747) before entering Middle Temple (1751) and being called to the Bar in 1754. Although his father had intended him for the parliamentary seat of Ayr Burghs, he instead succeeded his brother Lord Lorne to the seat of Glasgow Burghs in 1761. In 1765, being very intimate with Mr. Grenville, Lord Frederick was active in the arrangements for transferring the prerogatives and rights of the Duke of Atholl in the Isle of Man (then a nest of smugglers), to the Crown, and in fixing the compensation to be given; but he felt and complained that the compensation was inadequate.
A separate constituency in the Parliament of Scotland from the late 16th century, Rutherglen was a parliamentary burgh represented in the UK Parliament as a component of Glasgow Burghs constituency from 1708 to 1832, and as a component of Kilmarnock Burghs from 1832 to 1918. In 1918, the Rutherglen constituency was created, which became Glasgow Rutherglen in 1983. In 2005, Scottish constituencies for the UK parliament were reviewed with many new seats introduced, and the town is now within the Rutherglen and Hamilton West constituency. Following the 2019 election, Margaret Ferrier of the Scottish National Party is the local MP,Election 2019: Rutherglen & Hamilton West BBC News, 13 December 2019 replacing Gerard Killen of Scottish Labour who in 2017 had narrowly defeated incumbent Ferrier, herself originally elected in 2015.
On 18 August 1803 David Wedderburn, "7th Baronet of Balindean" (but for the attainder), was created a baronet, of Balindean in the County of Perth, in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom, with remainder, failing heirs male of his own, to the heirs male of the fourth Baronet of the 1704 creation. Wedderburn later represented Perth Burghs in the House of Commons and served as Postmaster-General for Scotland. The third Baronet sat as Member of Parliament for Ayrshire South and Haddington Burghs while the fourth Baronet represented Banffshire in Parliament as a Liberal. On the latter's death in 1918 the title was inherited (according to the special remainder) by his kinsman John Andrew Ogilvy-Wedderburn, the fifth Baronet, who had assumed the surname of Ogilvy-Wedderburn the same year.
Banff and Buchan (red) within Scotland (white) within the United Kingdom (light grey). Banff and Buchan was formerly a local government district in the Grampian region, created in 1975, under the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973.Local Government (Scotland) Act, 1973 It combined, from the former county of Banff, a Banff area (including the burgh of Banff), the burghs of Aberchirder, Macduff and Portsoy, and Aberchirder and Fordyce areas, and, from the former county of Aberdeen, the burghs of Fraserburgh, Peterhead, Rosehearty and Turriff, and Cruden and Deer Turriff areas. (The rest of the county of Banff became part of the Moray district of the region.) In 1996, the Banff and Buchan district was merged into the Aberdeenshire unitary council area, under the Local Government etc (Scotland) Act 1994.
The MacTaggart-Stewart Baronetcy, of Southwick in the Stewartry of Kirkcudbright, and Blairderry in the County of Wigtown, was a title in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom. It was created on 7 October 1892 for Mark John Stewart, who represented Wigtown Burghs and Kirkcudbrightshire in the House of Commons. The title became extinct on the death of the second Baronet in 1948.
Albert Russell, KC (1884 – 12 May 1975) was a Scottish Unionist Party politician and advocate. Russell was educated at Glasgow Academy and the University of Glasgow. He was elected Member of Parliament for Kirkcaldy Burghs in 1931 but lost his seat to Labour in 1935. He served as Solicitor General for Scotland from 29 November 1935 to 25 June 1936.
The 19th century was a time of significant changes for the Merchant Company. The company's trade monopoly was ended - along with those of other guilds - in 1849 by the Trading Within Burghs Act. Nevertheless the company continued to play an active role in issues affecting the city, and it flourished. At the same time, the hospital school system was falling into disrepute.
Carnegie entered the British House of Commons in 1830 and sat as Member of Parliament (MP) for Aberdeen Burghs until the following year. He was a Deputy Lieutenant of Forfarshire. In 1847, he petitioned the restoration of the forfeited titles Lord Carnegie and Earl of Southesk, however after assessment by the Committee of Privileges his claim was not followed up.
This is enshrined in the Local Government etc. (Scotland) Act 1994. Elgin Town Council decided to call the royal burgh a city in the mid 19th century. The provost of a city is entitled to the title “lord provost”. However, Elgin’s claim to be a city was never ratified by either the Lord Lyon or the Convention of Royal Burghs.
The Scottish Town in the Age of Enlightenment 1740-1820 is a book by Scottish historians Bob Harris and Charles McKean. It was first published in August 2014, almost a year after McKean's death, by Edinburgh University Press. The book won the Saltire Book of the Year award for 2014. The book examines how Scottish burghs improved themselves during the Enlightenment period.
He was then elected for Haddington Burghs in 1879, resigning in 1882 by becoming Steward of the Manor of Northstead. In April 1873, he visited Victor Hugo in Guernsey. He confessed his republican convictions to the great French poet, but added : "If I said that aloud, I would not be re- elected".Victor Hugo, Choses vues, 20 April 1873, Gallimard, 2002, p. 1269.
As a result of the dual system of local government, burghs (of which there were various types) often had a high degree of autonomy. In 1858 police forces were established in each county under the Police (Scotland) Act 1857. In 1890 with the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1889 came into force. It established a uniform system of county councils in Scotland.
Stackpole Court became the family home. He was elected Member of Parliament (MP) for Pembrokeshire in 1727, sitting until 1747. He afterwards represented Nairnshire from 1747 to 1754, Inverness Burghs from 1754 to 1761 and Corfe Castle from 1762 to 1768. He was also the Lord Commissioner of the Admiralty (1736–42) and Lord Commissioner of the Treasury (1746–54).
Sir John Wilson, 1st Baronet (26 June 1844 – 28 July 1918) was a businessman and Liberal Unionist politician in Scotland. He was Chairman of the Wilsons and Clyde Coal Company, and was Member of Parliament (MP) for Falkirk Burghs from 1895 to 1906. He was made a baronet on 27 July 1906, of Airdrie in New Monkland in the County of Lanark.
Drylaw House, Edinburgh Baron Loch, of Drylaw in the County of Midlothian (now part of Edinburgh), was a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1895 for the soldier and colonial administrator Sir Henry Loch. He was the son of James Loch, Member of Parliament for Wick Burghs. Lord Loch was succeeded by his son, the second Baron.
The sixth Baronet sat as Member of Parliament for Peeblesshire. The seventh Baronet was Member of Parliament for Linlithgow Burghs. The title became dormant on the death of the eleventh Baronet in 1966. The presumed heir to the baronetcy is the Marquess of Tweeddale as a descendant of John Hay, 3rd Lord Hay of Yester, great-great-uncle of the first Baronet.
James Somervell (1845-1924) was Conservative MP for Ayr Burghs. He won a by- election in 1890, but he lost his seat to William Birkmyre, the Liberal candidate, in 1892. Somervell inherited Sorn Castle and its estate from his father Graham Somervell (born Graham Russell) in 1881, and later sold it to the McIntyre family. Somervell was a dairy farmer by trade.
By the end of the Middle Ages most large churches probably had song schools, open to all boys. Grammar schools, which were based on the teaching of Latin grammar for boys, could be found in all the main Scottish burghs and some small towns. Educational provision was probably better in towns; in rural areas, petty schools provided an elementary education.
In 1747 he exchanged the seat with James St Clair and was elected MP for Fife until 1754. In 1752 he was Commissioner for trade and plantations. Oswald exchanged seats with James St Clair again in 1754 and was elected MP for Dysart Burghs. He was Lord Commissioner of the Treasury in 1760 and Vice- Treasurer of Ireland from 1763 to 1767.
The Lothians became a major centre of grain, Ayrshire of cattle breading and the Borders of sheep. However, although some estate holders improved the quality of life of their displaced workers, enclosures led to unemployment and forced migrations to the burghs or abroad.J. D. Mackie, B. Lenman and G. Parker, A History of Scotland (London: Penguin, 1991), , pp. 288–91.
Campbell voted reliably as a Whig, but reportedly did not enjoy the Commons. Nonetheless, when Argyll was persuaded at the 1818 general election to support Bute's candidate Thomas Francis Kennedy, Campbell stood aside in the Ayr Burghs, but did not retire voluntarily. Instead he contested Berwick upon Tweed, where he was defeated by a margin of more than 2:1.
He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in December 1834. On 6 February 1838, on being appointed to the governorship of Bermuda, he resigned his seat in parliament. Circumstances, however, arose which prevented him from going to Bermuda, and on 7 July 1841 he was again elected for the Elgin burghs, and continued to sit till 23 July 1847.
In 1975 Scottish counties and burghs were abolished under the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973 and replaced with two-tier regions and districts and unitary islands council areas. The Third Periodical Review took account of new local government boundaries, and results were implemented for the 1983 general election. The Dunfermline constituency was divided between new Dunfermline East and Dunfermline West constituencies.
Aberdeen extends to 71.22 square miles (184.46 km²), and includes the former burghs of Old Aberdeen, New Aberdeen, Woodside and the Royal Burgh of Torry to the south of River Dee. The city is built on many hills, with the original beginnings of the city growing from Castle Hill, St. Catherine's Hill and Windmill Hill (also known as the Gallowgate).
Of particular note was the splintering of the Liberal representation in Scotland. Some 7 MPs were returned as Independent Liberals, with Edinburgh in particular seeing 3 of its 4 constituencies return Independent Liberals. In the western Highlands the Crofters Party emerged as the dominant force, taking four constituencies. The Independent Liberal MP elected for the Wick Burghs also aligned with the group.
40 Otto this time visited primarily Western Pomeranian burghs, had the temples of Gützkow and Wolgast torn down and on their sites erected the predecessors of today's St Nikolai and St Petri churches, respectively, before turning to Kamień Pomorski, Wolin and Szczecin. The nobility assembled to a congress in Usedom, where they accepted Christianity on June 10, 1128.Buchholz (1999), p.
Kilmarnock was a county constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1918 to 1983. It elected one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election. The constituency included the area of the former parliamentary burgh of Kilmarnock. The parliamentary burgh had been, previously, a component of the Kilmarnock Burghs constituency.
It appears that after Æthelstan's death, not only did Edmund lose control of Northumbria, but that the Five Burghs of the Mercian Danelaw also pledged themselves to Amlaíb mac Gofrith.Higham, "Five Boroughs"; Higham, Kingdom of Northumbria, p. 193; Miller, "Edmund"; Woolf, Pictland to Alba, p. 174; but that either Amlaíb controlled the Mercian Danelaw is questioned by Downham, Viking Kings, pp. 108-109.
The Edmonstone Baronetcy, of Duntreath in the County of Stirling, is a title in the Baronetage of Great Britain. It was created 20 May 1774 for Archibald Edmonstone, 11th of Duntreath, Member of Parliament for Dunbartonshire and Ayr Burghs. He was succeeded by his third but eldest surviving son, the second Baronet. He represented Dunbartonshire and Stirlingshire in the House of Commons.
John Meyrick, vicar of Edwinstowe, East Retford, Nottinghamshire. They had no children. He joined the marines in 1748 as a Second Lieutenant, and rose to the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel in 1772. Johnstone first tried to enter Parliament at the 1774 general election, when he began canvassing Dumfries Burghs, where the interest of the 3rd Duke of Queensberry was dominant.
In 1732 he ended his directorship of the Royal Exchange Assurance and was appointed Commissioner for settling commerce at Antwerp. He gave up his directorship of the East India Company in 1734. He was returned again for Perth Burghs in 1734 and 1741. He voted with the Administration and often spoke in the House, usually on matters relatiung to trade.
In 1734 he unsuccessfully stood as the Duke of Buccleuch's candidate for Dumfries Burghs. He advised against another Jacobite uprising in 1739. In 1741 he was returned to Parliament for Kirkcudbright, but died the following year. He had two sons and two daughters by his wife Isabella, daughter of Alexander Mackenzie and granddaughter of Kenneth Mackenzie, 4th Earl of Seaforth.
As John Miller of Leithen, he unsuccessfully contested the Stirling Burghs at the 1852 general election, and was defeated again in Edinburgh at the 1865 general election. He was elected unopposed as one of two Members of Parliament for Edinburgh at the 1868 general election, but at the 1874 election he lost his seat to another Liberal candidate, James Cowan.
A statue of Henry Campbell-Bannerman by Paul Raphael Montford stands in Stirling, Scotland. Erected in 1913, it depicts Henry Campbell-Bannerman, the former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and Liberal Member of Parliament for Stirling Burghs. It is located on Corn Exchange Road and is close to Stirling railway station. Historic Environment Scotland notes the statue as a listed building.
Throughout the Rani lands there were castles (burghs), all having a ring-like wall of wood and clay, protecting villages and/or religious sites, and functioned as strategic strongholds or seats of the gentry. The Rani also established a main, mixed Slavic and Scandinavian trading center in Ralswiek. In the 11th and 12th centuries, they also raided their neighbors in a Viking manner.
He then returned to the representation of the Kirkcaldy division of Burghs. He was a cordial supporter of the measures of the Whig government, and opposed to the ballot. Due to his amateur interests in mineralogy, in 1805 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of London. In 1806 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.
Walsingham sat as Member of Parliament for Wareham in 1774,leighrayment.com House of Commons: Wakefield to Waterford County West for Tamworth from 1774 to 1780,leighrayment.com House of Commons: Tain Burghs to Tipperary North and for Lostwithiel from 1780 to 1781,leighrayment.com House of Commons: London University to Lymington when he succeeded his father and took his seat in the House of Lords.
Bedesmen lived in Don Street for a short period. However, by the early 20th century the building needed repairs. After the union of Old Aberdeen and Aberdeen burghs in 1891, the City Council of Aberdeen used the Bede House as rented accommodation. In 1965, a complete refurbishment of the building was undertaken and two modern style flats or apartments created.
He was elected at the 1747 general election as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Aberdeenshire, and held the seat until the 1754 general election. He was elected as MP for Elgin Burghs at a by-election in January 1755,Stooks Smith, page 642 and held that seat until his death in 1771. He was created KB on 13 December 1765.
Robert Waterton, likely born circa 1360, was the son of John WatertonJ.W. Walker, 'The Burghs of Cambridgeshire and Yorkshire and the Watertons of Lincolnshire and Yorkshire', The Yorkshire Archæological Journal XXX (1931), pp. 314-419. of Waterton, Lincolnshire and Joan, daughter of Peter de Mauley, 2nd Baron Mauley. He had a brother, John Waterton, and was a nephew of Sir Hugh Waterton.
William McLean Watson (1874–1962) became Labour MP for Dunfermline Burghs, Scotland, in 1922. He lost his seat in the National Government landslide of 1931, but won it back in 1935 and retained it until 1950. Before his career in politics, he was a miner and an official in the Scottish miners' union. He first contested the seat unsuccessfully in 1918.
Institutions such as the burghs first established by David I, mostly in the south and east of Scotland, brought new communities into the areas in which they were established. Incoming burghers were mainly English (notably from regions like Yorkshire and Huntingdonshire), Dutch and French. Although the military aristocracy employed French and Gaelic, these small urban communities appear to have been using English as something more than a ' by the end of the 13th century, although this may not be surprising as the area south of the Forth in eastern lowland Scotland was already English speaking and had been since Anglo-Saxon times. Although the population of the largest burghs would have been counted in hundreds rather than thousands, a radical social shift occurred whereby many Gaelic speakers became assimilated into the new social system and its language.
The three burghs had appointed Stewart to look at alternative supplies, and he and Bateman had proposed obtaining water from St Mary's Loch, some to the south of Edinburgh. Bateman recognised that this would be more expensive than the Moorfoot Hills scheme, but it had the potential to yield three times as much water in the longer term, and so ultimately would prove to be cheaper. This scheme had been included in the bill for the 1870 Act, but had been rejected by the House of Lords because of a minor technical error. After the takeover had occurred, the burghs put the scheme before Parliament again, but local opposition was stirred up, particularly about the alleged problems of water fleas when using lake water, and they managed to persuade the House of Lords to reject the scheme for a second time.
Charles was born in Glasgow the son of Dr John Robert Dickson. His elder brother was James Douglas Hamilton Dickson. Educated at the High School of Glasgow, the University of Glasgow and the University of Edinburgh he was admitted to the bar as an advocate in 1877. He was an unsuccessful candidate for Kilmarnock Burghs in 1892, and Glasgow Bridgeton in 1895 and 1897.
Govanhill gained the status of an independent police burgh in 1877; on achieving this status a police office was set up off Belleisle Street. Cells for prisoners, tenements for constables, and stables were added. Govanhill shared a burgh hall with its neighbour, Crosshill; this building is now known as the Dixon Halls. Both burghs were absorbed by the expanding city of Glasgow in 1891.
Benedictine and Augustinian foundations probably had charitable almonry schools to educate young boys, who might enter the priesthood. Some abbeys opened their doors to teach the sons of gentlemen. By the end of the Middle Ages, grammar schools could be found in all the main burghs and some small towns. In rural areas there were petty or reading schools that provided an elementary education.
Colonel Robert Anstruther (31 December 1757 – 1832) was a Scottish soldier in the British Army, and briefly a politician. He was the son of Sir John Anstruther of that Ilk, 2nd Bt. and Janet Fall. He married Anne Nairne, daughter of Colonel Alexander Nairne and Preston née Balneavis on 9 May 1801. He was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Anstruther Burghs from 1793 to 1794.
Reverend Campbell Stephen (1884 – 25 October 1947) was a Scottish socialist politician. A native of Glasgow, he was educated at Townhead Public School, Allan Glen's School and Glasgow University. He worked first as United Free Church Minister and then as a barrister. He resigned his charge at the United Free Church in Ardrossan, Ayrshire in 1918 to contest Ayr Burghs in the same year.
Perhaps ten per cent of the population lived in one of many burghs that grew up in the later Medieval period, mainly in the east and south. It has been suggested that they would have had a mean population of about 2,000, but many would be much smaller than 1,000 and the largest, Edinburgh, probably had a population of over 10,000 by the end of the era.
He was a captain of foot again from 1658 to December 1660 and commissioner for militia for Northumberland in 1659. In 1659 he was returned as representative for Dumfries Burghs in the Third Protectorate Parliament. He was commissioner for assessment for Dumfries and Northumberland in January 1660, commissioner for militia for Cumberland and Northumberland in March 1660 and governor of Newcastle from March to December 1660.
By the end of the Middle Ages grammar schools could be found in all the main burghs and some small towns. Early examples including the High School of Glasgow in 1124 and the High School of Dundee in 1239. There were also petty schools, more common in rural areas and providing an elementary education.M. Lynch, Scotland: A New History (Random House, 2011), , pp. 104–7.
In addition to the British Linen Company's move into finance there were other developments in banking in this period. The Bank of Scotland was suspected of Jacobite sympathies and so a rival Royal Bank of Scotland was founded in 1727. Local banks began to be established in burghs like Glasgow and Ayr. These included the Ship Bank in 1749 and the Arms Bank in 1750 in Glasgow.
Robert succeeded to his father's baronetcy in 1820, and served as MP for Dundalk 1824–1826, Ripon 1828–1829 and Oxford University from 1829 to 1854. He was appointed High Sheriff of Bedfordshire for 1824. Inglis was strongly opposed to measures which, in his view, weakened the Anglican Church. When Robert Grant, MP for Inverness Burghs, petitioned for Jewish relief in 1830, Inglis was violently opposed.
Thomas Francis Kennedy (11 November 1788 – 1 April 1879), Scottish politician, was born near Ayr in 1788. He studied for the bar and became advocate in 1811. Having been elected Member of Parliament for the Ayr Burghs in 1818, he devoted the greater part of his life to the promotion of liberal reforms. In 1820 he married the only daughter of Sir Samuel Romilly.
The constituency elected one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system until the seat was abolished for the 1832 general election. The first Member of Parliament (MP), for the five Burghs, was elected at Tain in 1708. Lord Strathnaver was the eldest son of a Scottish peer. He would not have been eligible to be elected to the Parliament of Scotland.
The Local Government (Scotland) Act 1929 (19 & 20 Geo 5 c. 25) reorganised local government in Scotland from 1930, introducing joint county councils, large and small burghs and district councils. The Act also abolished the Scottish poor law system with institutions passing to the local authorities. The Act was drafted by Walter Elliot, the Unionist (Conservative) politician who became later (1936) Secretary of State for Scotland.
Sir Ian Leslie Orr-Ewing (4 June 1893 - 27 April 1958) was a British Conservative Party politician. Orr-Ewing was born in Ayr, Scotland, the son of Charles Orr-Ewing, Member of Parliament (MP) for Ayr Burghs. He contested Gateshead in 1929. He was elected as Member of Parliament (MP) for Weston- super-Mare in the 1934 by-election after the resignation of Lord Erskine.
He was the son of the newspaper proprietor James Hedderwick and Ellen Ness.Oxford Dictionary of National Biography: James Hedderwick His first electoral contest was when he unsuccessfully fought South Lanarkshire at the 1892 general election. In his time in Wick Burghs he had a number of fairly close contests with the Liberal Unionists. He fought the seat unsuccessfully at the 1895 general election,Craig, op.
Serfdom had died out in Scotland in the fourteenth century, but was virtually restored by statute law for miners and saltworkers.R. Mitchison, Lordship to Patronage, Scotland 1603–1745 (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1983), , p. 80. Society in the urban settlements of the burghs was headed by wealthier merchants, who often held local office as a burgess, alderman, bailies, or as a member of the burgh council.
Strathnaver was returned in a contest at the 1708 British general election as the first Member of Parliament for Tain Burghs. His election, and that of a number of other heirs to Scottish peerages, was contested. Before the Act of Union 1707, the eldest sons of peers were ineligible to be elected to the Parliament of Scotland. No such restriction existed for the Parliament of England.
In 1889, Dundee was granted city status by letters patent. The grant by formal document led to doubts about the use of the title city by other burghs. In 1891, the city status of Aberdeen was confirmed when the burgh was enlarged by local Act of Parliament. The Royal Burgh of Inverness applied for promotion to a city as part of the Jubilee honours in 1897.
These were founded by, or subsequently granted, a royal charter. They were abolished in law in 1975, but the term is still used by many former royal burghs.Select Committee on Privileges Second Report, September 1999 Most royal burghs were either created by the Crown, or upgraded from another status, such as burgh of barony. Many were ports and they shared a monopoly of foreign trade.
Buxton married the Scottish politician Andrew Johnston who was an ally of her father. Johnston had stood in the reformed 1832 general election where he became the MP for the St Andrews District of Burghs. They chose to get married on 1 August 1834 which was the day that the majority of slaves in the British Empire were legally freed. They had four children.
The historic constituency was created under the House of Commons (Redistribution of Seats) Act 1949 and first used in the 1950 general election.Boundaries of Parliamentary Constituencies 1885-1972 (), F. W. S. Craig, 1972 As created in 1950, the constituency was one of two covering the county of Dunbarton. The other was East Dunbartonshire. The two new constituencies replaced the earlier constituencies of Dunbartonshire and Dumbarton Burghs.
2 Most of the burghs granted charters in his reign probably already existed as settlements. Charters were copied almost verbatim from those used in England,G. W. S. Barrow, Kingship and Unity: Scotland 1000-1306 (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1989), , p. 98. and early burgesses were usually invited English and Flemish settlers.A. MacQuarrie, Medieval Scotland: Kinship and Nation (Thrupp: Sutton, 2004), , pp. 136-40.
Sir Thomas Buchan-Hepburn, 3rd Baronet (30 September 1804 – 17 December 1893) was a Scottish baronet and Conservative Party politician. At the 1837 general election he unsuccessfully contested the Haddington Burghs. The following year a vacancy arose in the county seat of Haddingtonshire, where he was elected unopposed. He was re-elected without a contest in 1841, and stepped down at the 1847 general election.
Forres was a parliamentary burgh, combined with Inverness, Fortrose and Nairn, in the Inverness Burghs constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1708 to 1801 and of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1801 to 1918. The constituency was abolished in 1918 and the Forres and Nairn components were merged into the then new constituency of Moray and Nairn.
In 1788, Captain Arthur Phillip was aware of timber resources on the north shore, in the area now known as Ku-ring-gai. By 1789 a detailed survey of the river up to De Burghs Bridge was made. Marine Lieutenant Ralph Clark explored the area in 1790.Fairyland Site Assessment - Tony Butteriss, 2006 In 1805 George Caley explored the area, finding stands of blackbutt and blue gum.
Fortrose was a parliamentary burgh, combined with Inverness, Forres and Nairn, in the Inverness Burghs constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1708 to 1801 and of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1801 to 1918. The constituency was abolished in 1918 and the Fortrose component was merged into the then new constituency of Ross and Cromarty.
After the abolition of the old Scottish burghs in 1975, the arms became redundant. In 1988 they were regranted to the Royal Burgh of Peebles and District Community Council, who continue to use the arms today, with the addition of a community council's coronet. The traditional province of Ångermanland in Sweden also has a very similar coat of arms, but with a blue background.
After the Act of Union in 1707, he was not one of those returned to the British House of Commons for Scotland. Mackenzie became provost of Fortrose in 1710 and was also elected Member of Parliament for Inverness Burghs at the 1710 general election. He voted consistently against the government. He lost the seat at the 1713 general election and also ceased to be provost of Fortrose.
By the 14th century some of these feudal courts had developed into "petty kingdoms" where the King's courts did not have authority, except for cases of treason.Stair, vol. 22, para. 509 (Online) Retrieved 2011-10-26 Burghs, towns which had been given this special status usually by the King, also had their own set of local laws dealing mostly with commercial and trade matters.
Glasgow emerged as the focus of the tobacco trade, re-exporting particularly to France. The merchants dealing in this lucrative business became the wealthy tobacco lords, who dominated the city for most of the century. Other burghs also benefited. Greenock enlarged its port in 1710 and sent its first ship to the Americas in 1719, but was soon playing a major part in importing sugar and rum.
He was sometime provost of Forres. Urquhart was returned as Member of Parliament for Inverness Burghs at a by-election on 21 July 1737 by his uncle, Duncan Forbes. In 1738 he was promoted to lieutenant and captain in the 2nd Foot Guards. In Parliament, he supported the Administration, and voted with them on the Spanish convention in 1739 and on the place bill in 1740.
Cheryl Law, Women: a modern political dictionary, p.138 He was first selected in 1914 as Labour candidate for Leith Burghs to contest the by-election when he came third. In 1918 he was selected for the Edinburgh seat of Leith, but was replaced later that year. He was then selected by the Labour Party to fight the Newcastle East constituency at the 1922 General Election.
February 1974 boundaries were used also in the general elections of October 1974 and 1979. In 1975, under the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973, counties and burghs throughout Scotland had been abolished in favour of regions and districts and islands council areas. Therefore, in 1975, the constituency of Greenock and Port Glasgow had become effectively a constituency within the Inverclyde district of the Strathclyde region.
Paisley, formerly the seat of Renfrew County Council In 1858 police forces were established in each shire under the Police (Scotland) Act 1857. Burghs were largely outside the jurisdiction of shire authorities. Under the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1889, thirty-four county councils were formed. The areas governed by these councils, referred to as "administrative counties", resembled the traditional shires of Scotland, but not entirely.
By 1811, he was suffering poor health and was concerned for his son Peter (by then MP for the Inverness burghs) who died in 1812. He therefore decided not to stand in the 1812 election. Baillie retired to Scotland and left the business operations to his sons. He resigned as alderman of Bristol in 1821 pleading old age, but survived to the age of 94.
The corporations of the burghs of Scotland were similar in origin and were reformed or replaced in the nineteenth century before being abolished by the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973. The Irish borough corporations within what is now Northern Ireland were reformed by the Municipal Corporations (Ireland) Act 1840 and Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898 and replaced by the Local Government Act (Northern Ireland) 1972.
The Bank of Scotland, founded in 1695 was suspected of Jacobite sympathies and so a rival Royal Bank of Scotland was founded in 1727. Local banks began to be established in burghs like Glasgow and Ayr. These would make capital available for business and the improvement of roads and trade.J. D. Mackie, B. Lenman and G. Parker, A History of Scotland (London: Penguin, 1991), , p. 297.
Scottish seamen received protection against arbitrary impressment by English men of war, but a fixed quota of conscripts for the Royal Navy was levied from the sea-coast burghs during the second half of the seventeenth century.D. Brunsman, The Evil Necessity: British Naval Impressment in the Eighteenth- Century Atlantic World (University of Virginia Press, 2013), . Royal Navy patrols were now found in Scottish waters even in peacetime.
An Inspector of Constabulary was to be appointed to ensure that an efficient police system was being operated by the various forces in Scotland. He was to certify annually that each force was being effectively, making it eligible to payment of one quarter of its costs by the treasury. According to the Inspector's first report in 1859, 32 counties and 57 burghs had established police forces.
Born at Stranraer, the son of James Caird and Isabella McNeil,Scotland, Select Births and Baptisms, 1564-1950 Caird was educated at Edinburgh High School and University of Edinburgh. He was Member of Parliament for Dartmouth from 1857–59 and for Stirling Burghs from 1859–65. He was a free-trade farmer. In 1849, he wrote High Farming as the best Substitute for Protection.
Anglian settlement in the south-east reached into West Lothian, and to a lesser extent into south-western Scotland. Later Norse settlement was probably most extensive in Orkney and Shetland, with lighter settlement in the Western Islands. From the reign of David I (r. 1124–53), there is evidence of burghs, particularly on the east coast, which are the first identifiable towns in Scotland.
Sir Philip Anstruther-Paterson, 3rd Baronet (born Anstruther; 13 January 1752 – 5 January 1808) was a Scottish politician. He served as Member of Parliament for Anstruther Burghs from 1774 to 1777. In 1778 he married Anne Paterson, daughter of Sir John Paterson, 3rd Baronet and Anne Hume-Campbell, Baroness Polwarth, but they had no children. In 1782 he changed his name to Anstruther- Paterson.
The convention of royal burghs also promised him £100 to promote their interests. At Michaelmas 1708, he was succeeded as Lord Provost by Johnston, who returned to office after a period of self-imposed exile. His record in Parliament does show much activity, and he did not meet any of his constituent's objectives, but he claimed an additional sum of £106 7s. 2d in expenses.
The historic constituency was created under the House of Commons (Redistribution of Seats) Act 1949, and first used in the 1950 general election.Boundaries of Parliamentary Constituencies 1885-1972 (), F. W. S. Craig, 1972 As created in 1950, the constituency was one of two covering the county of Dunbarton. The other was West Dunbartonshire. The two new constituencies replaced the earlier constituencies of Dunbartonshire and Dumbarton Burghs.
At the 1722 British general election he moved to Dumfries Burghs and was returned as MP on the Queensberry-Annandale interest. At the 1727 British general election, he left his seat at Dumfries in favour of his father and returned to Roxburghshire. He was appointed Keeper of the Register of Hornings in 1728. He voted against the Hessians in 1730 but was absent from other divisions.
However, he made little progress and withdrew in favour of Alexander Fergusson of Craigdarroch, who was also unsuccessful. Queensberry's candidate William Douglas took the seat. Johnstone tried again at the 1784 general election. The 4th Duke of Queensberry lived in England and was unpopular in the area, and Johnstone won the seat in a 4-way contest, with the support of two of the five burghs.
However, Heron-Maxwell's chance did not come until the 1807 general election, when he was returned unopposed as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Dumfries Burghs. He is not known to have spoken or voted in the House of Commons, and stood down at the 1812 general election. Having gone on half pay from the army in 1802, he resumed full-time service in 1814.
He stood unsuccessfully as a Liberal Unionist in a by-election for Hawick Burghs in 1909. He was elected to Parliament in January 1910 as Liberal Unionist member for the Glasgow Camlachie constituency and was defeated in 1922 as a Unionist. He was knighted in the 1920 New Year Honours for his services as an MP. A 1904 map from Mackinder's The Geographical Pivot of History.
He started with three hundred men and came back with three...'Exploration of Darkest Borneo, Leeds Mercury Weekly Supplement, p.2, 19 March 1892Adventures in Dutch Borneo, Sydney Morning Herald, p.2, 15 July 1892 or, as it was also described: 'going away to Borneo to perform some wonders to outstrip Rider Haggard's heroes'.Representation of the Burghs, Ross-shire Journal , 1 July 1892, p.
Reconstructed tron in the village of Stenton, East Lothian A tron was a weighing beam in medieval Scotland, usually located in the marketplaces of burghs. There are various roads and buildings in several Scottish towns that are named after the tron. For example, Trongate in Glasgow and Tron Kirk in Edinburgh. Etymologically the word is derived from the Old French tronel or troneau, meaning "balance".
Perhaps ten per cent of the population lived in one of fifty burghs that existed at the beginning of the period, mainly in the east and south. It has been suggested that they would have had a mean population of about 2,000, but many would be much smaller than 1,000 and the largest, Edinburgh, probably had a population of over 10,000 by the end of the era.
Alan R. MacDonald, The Burghs and Parliament in Scotland, c. 1550–1651 (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2007), , p. 14.K. M. Brown, Parliament and Politics in Scotland, 1235–1560 (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2004), , p. 50. It acquired significant powers over particular issues, including consent for taxation, but it also had a strong influence over justice, foreign policy, war, and other legislation, whether political, ecclesiastical, social or economic.
The remainder of the council were co- opted by the town councils of the burghs in the county. Scottish county councils also differed from those in England and Wales as they were required to divide their county into districts. A district committee of the county councillors elected for the area were an independent local council for some administrative purposes.Local Government (Scotland) Act 1889, c.
From 1950 onwards, due to local government changes, it was defined as the Burghs of Bridge of Allan, Denny and Dunipace and the Central No. 1, Central No. 2, Western No. 1, Western No. 2 and Western No. 3 Districts of the County of Stirling."Initial Report of the Boundary Commission for Scotland", Cmd. 7270, p. 26. The constituency was abolished for the 1983 general election.
Baxter was Liberal Member of Parliament for Montrose Burghs from 1855 to 1885, and served under William Ewart Gladstone as Secretary to the Admiralty from 1868 to 1871 and as Financial Secretary to the Treasury from 1871 to 1873. He was appointed a Privy Councillor in 1873. He was also President of the first day of the 1883 Co-operative Congress. He retired from Parliament in 1885.
The Archers by Sir Henry Raeburn illustrates Robert with his brother Ronald Robert Ferguson (8 September 17693 December 1840) of Raith, was at various times a Whig Member of Parliament for Fifeshire, Haddingtonshire and Kirkcaldy Burghs, and at the time of his death he was Lord Lieutenant of the county of Fife. As an amateur geologist and mineralogist the mineral Fergusonite was named after him.
Cattle, pigs and cheeses were among the chief foodstuffs,Driscoll (2002) p. 53. from a wide range of produce including sheep, fish, rye, barley, bee wax and honey. David I established the first chartered burghs in Scotland, copying the burgher charters and Leges Burgorum (rules governing virtually every aspect of life and work) almost verbatim from the English customs of Newcastle-Upon-Tyne.Barrow (1981) p. 98.
Alan R. MacDonald, The Burghs and Parliament in Scotland, c. 1550–1651 (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2007), , p. 14.K. M. Brown, Parliament and Politics in Scotland, 1235–1560 (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2004), , p. 50. It acquired significant powers over particular issues, including consent for taxation, but it also had a strong influence over justice, foreign policy, war, and other legislation, whether political, ecclesiastical, social or economic.
Ferentillo is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Terni in the Italian region Umbria, located about 60 km southeast of Perugia and about 12 km northeast of Terni. The comune, located in the valley of the Nera, is divided by the river into the burghs of Matterella and Precetto. Ferentillo borders the following municipalities: Arrone, Leonessa, Montefranco, Monteleone di Spoleto, Polino, Scheggino, Spoleto.
1974–1983: The burghs of Greenock and Port Glasgow. 1983–1997: The Inverclyde District electoral divisions of Cartsdyke, Clune Brae, Greenock South West, Greenock West Central, Greenock West End, Port Glasgow East, Port Glasgow South, and Port Glasgow West. As first used, in the February 1974 general election, the constituency had been defined by the Second Periodical Review of the Boundary Commission to cover the burghs of Greenock and Port Glasgow in the county of Renfrew.Boundaries of Parliamentary Constituencies 1885-1972 (), F. W. S. Craig 1972 The rest of the county was covered by the county constituencies of East Renfrewshire and West Renfrewshire, and the burgh constituency of Paisley. Prior to the February 1974 election, the county had been covered by East Renfrewshire, West Renfrewshire, Greenock, and Paisley, with the Greenock constituency covering the burgh of Greenock, and the burgh of Port Glasgow within the West Renfrewshire constituency.
The modern constituencies may be seen as more sub-divisions of the Highland area than as representative of counties (and burghs). For its own purposes, however, the Highland Council uses more conservative sub-divisions, with names which refer back to the era of district councils and, in some cases, county councils. In the Scottish Parliament Caithness is represented also as part of the Highlands and Islands electoral region.
Charles Lindsay Orr-Ewing (8 September 1860 – 24 December 1903) was a Scottish Tory politician. The youngest son of Sir Archibald Orr-Ewing and Elizabeth Lindsay Reid; he was educated at Harrow School. After travel in the East, he was commissioned as a captain in the 3rd Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders. He was Member of Parliament for Ayr Burghs from 1895 until he died of heart failure in 1903 aged 43.
When the Liberal Party split in 1886 over Irish Home Rule, Sinclair joined with the breakaway Liberal Unionist Party, and was elected at the 1886 general election as MP for Falkirk Burghs in Scotland, with a majority of only 19 votes (0.4% of the total) over the Liberal Party candidate. He lost the seat to the Liberals at the 1892 general election, and did not stand for Parliament again.
Inglis was elected to the Blackrock town council in 1874. He was liberal, yet a prominent supporter of the union between Ireland and the rest of the United Kingdom. In 1885 he contested Kirkcaldy Burghs as an Independent Liberal, but lost to a fellow liberal, Sir George Campbell. The following year Inglis was among the Liberal Party members who broke away from the party to form the Liberal Unionist Party.
Macdonald's campaigning led him to his later career in politics. In addition to his trade union activism, Macdonald also campaigned through journalism. He wrote many articles for the Glasgow Sentinel, a newspaper in which he invested and in which he later gained a controlling interest.Laybourn, Biographical Dictionary of European Labor Leaders In 1868, Macdonald was briefly selected to be one of the candidates to contest the parliamentary constituency of Kilmarnock Burghs.
He unsuccessfully contested Montrose Burghs in 1906. In the two elections in 1910 he stood in East Fife against the Prime Minister H. H. Asquith. In 1918, Asquith was not opposed by a Coalition candidate, but the local Conservative Association decided to field a candidate against him. Sprot, despite being refused the "Coupon" – the official endorsement given by David Lloyd George and Bonar Law to Coalition candidates – defeated Asquith.
D. E. R. Wyatt, "The provincial council of the Scottish church", in A. Grant and K. J. Stringer, Medieval Scotland: Crown, Lordship and Community (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1998), , p. 152. Serfdom disappeared from the records in the fourteenth centuryJ. Goodacre, State and Society in Early Modern Scotland (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), , pp. 57–60. and new social groups of labourers, craftsmen and merchants, became important in the developing burghs.
Burghs established before 1153 There are not the detailed custom accounts for most of the period that exist for England, that can provide an understanding of foreign trade, with the first records for Scotland dating to the 1320s.B. Webster, Medieval Scotland: the Making of an Identity (St. Martin's Press, 1997), , pp. 122–3. Anecdotal and archaeological evidence gives some indication of the nature of trade for the early Middle Ages.
In the 1780s, the legendary Scottish poet Robert Burns was a frequent visitor to Sanquhar. When he was renovating a farm in 1788, he often passed through on the way back to his wife, Jean, in Ayrshire. Afterwards, he became a well- known face because of his excise duties. Burns called the town "Black Joan" in his ballad "Five Carlins" in which he represented the local burghs as characters.
Anderson was appointed Lord Provost of Glasgow in 1848 and was created a Knight Bachelor on Queen Victoria's visit in the following year. He held this post until 1851 and entered the British House of Commons in the next year, sitting for Stirling Burghs until 1859. He married Janet, the only daughter and heiress of Robert Hood, Bailie of Glasgow. The couple had three sons and a daughter.
In 1717, Halkett was commissioned in the Royal Scots and elected Member of Parliament for Stirling Burghs in 1734. He supported the Walpole administration but declined to stand again in 1741. Instead, he was appointed lieutenant-colonel of the 44th Foot, a new regiment raised by James Long. During the 1745 Rising, he was in temporary command when the 44th was overrun at the Battle of Prestonpans, and captured.
He was appointed colonel of the 92nd Regiment of Foot in 1823, transferring to 37th Regiment of Foot in 1831. He was made GCH and knighted in 1834, and was promoted full general on 28 June 1838. He was elected the Member of Parliament for Elgin Burghs, sitting from 1826 to 1831. From 1848 until his death he was Lord Lieutenant of Elginshire, and a deputy lieutenant of Banffshire.
Scotland had no cities by royal charter or letters patent before 1889. The nearest equivalent in pre-Union Scotland was the royal burgh. The term city was not always consistently applied, and there were doubts over the number of officially designated cities. The royal burghs of Edinburgh and Perth anciently used the title civitas, but the term city does not seem to have been used before the 15th century.
The more extensive outfield was used for largely for oats. It was fertilised from the overnight folding of cattle in the summer and was often left fallow to recover its fertility. In fertile regions the infield could be extensive, but in the uplands it might be small, surrounded by large amounts of outfield. In coastal areas fertiliser included seaweed and around the major burghs urban refuse was used.
The earliest written reference to Forres may be the (', 'Varar Estuary') mentioned in the second century Geography of Claudius Ptolemy. A royal castle was present in the area from at least 900 AD, and around 1140 AD Forres became a royal burgh. Royal burghs were founded by the Kings of Scots of the 12th century to encourage trade and economic improvement. The local abbey was plundered by the Wolf of Badenoch.
Dezember 1997, Franz Steiner Verlag, 2001, pp.15,16, It is named after the modern villages of Bardy and Świelubie. Bardy-Świelubie differs from other emporia: The location is rather far from the coastline, and Bardy was built before 800, making it one of the earliest Slavic burghs in the coastal area. Archaeological findings indicate participation in Carolingian trade, but evidence of non-Slavic presence is missing for this early stage.
Dierkow near Rostock, Mecklenburg, was a Viking Age Slavic-Scandinavian settlement at the southern Baltic coast in the late 8th and early 9th century.Christian Lübke, Das östliche Europa, Siedler, 2004, p.99Sebastian Brather, Archäologie der westlichen Slawen: Siedlung, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft im früh- und hochmittelalterlichen Ostmitteleuropa, Walter de Gruyter, 2001, , p.142 Neither the site itself, nor the adjacent Slavic burghs Kessin and Fresendorf have yet been sufficiently researched.
Demmin was a stronghold of the West Slav Circipanes during the Middle Ages. Due to its strategical importance, burghs were erected (and often attacked and destroyed) at the Vorwerk and Haus Demmin sites, named Dimin or Dymin. A Saxon army unsuccessfully besieged the settlement during the 1147 Wendish Crusade. Yet, the armed conflicts with their neighbors and invasion troops from Germany and Denmark devastated the Circipanes land badly.
In 1826 he changed constituencies to become MP for Haddington Burghs, succeeding a relative, Sir Hew Dalrymple-Hamilton, 4th Baronet. In 1830 his father, who had been created a baronet in 1815, died. Adolphus accordingly inherited the title to become the 2nd Baronet. In the same year he was promoted to colonel and appointed aide de camp to William IV. He lost his Commons seat at the 1832 general election.
Ordnance Survey map of Mull and surrounding area Mull has a coastline of , and its climate is moderated by the Gulf Stream. The island has a mountainous core; the highest peak on the island is Ben More, which reaches . Various peninsulas, which are predominantly moorland, radiate from the centre. The Aros peninsula to the north includes the main town of Tobermory, which was a burgh until 1973 when burghs were abolished.
William Downe Gillon (31 August 1801 – 7 October 1846) was a Scottish Whig politician. The son of Andrew Gillon of Wallhouse (Linlithgowhire (now West Lothian)), Lieut-Col. in the Scots Fusilier Guards and Mary Anne Downe, daughter of William Downe of Downe Hall, Dorset, he was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge. He was elected at the 1831 general election as the Member of Parliament (MP) for the Lanark Burghs.
The two burghs were part of the Marca Aleramica in the 10th, and in 1091 they became possession of Boniface del Vasto and, from 1142, of the Del Carretto family, who built a castle in Orco. In the 16th century it was acquired by Spain, to which it belonged until 1713, when it passed under the Republic of Genoa. Later it was part of the Kingdoms of Sardinia and Italy.
Kirkcudbright was a royal burgh that returned one commissioner to the Parliament of Scotland and to the Convention of Estates. After the Acts of Union 1707, the commissioner for Kirkcudbright was one of the Scottish representatives to the first Parliament of Great Britain. From 1708 Kirkcudbright, Annan, Dumfries, Lochmaben and Sanquhar formed the Dumfries district of burghs, returning one member between them to the House of Commons of Great Britain.
Some of the minster churches survived the plundering and eventually the Danish leaders were converted to Christianity. In the late 9th century Jorvik was ruled by the Christian king Guthfrith. It was under the Danes that the ridings and wapentakes of Yorkshire and the Five Burghs were established. The ridings were arranged so that their boundaries met at Jorvik, which was the administrative and commercial centre of the region.
"The 28 Cities of Britain " at Britannia. 2000. Following the Saxon invasion of Britain, Leicester was occupied by the Middle Angles and subsequently administered by the kingdom of Mercia. It was elevated to a bishopric in either 679 or 680; this see survived until the 9th century, when Leicester was captured by Danish Vikings. Their settlement became one of the Five Burghs of the Danelaw, although this position was short-lived.
He is not known to have spoken in debate, but continued his support for the Court. He was returned unopposed as Member of Parliament for Elgin Burghs at the 1708 British general election. He was relatively inactive in Parliament and his only significant committee appointment was to draft a bill for the encouragement of the fishery, on 16 December 1708. In 1710, he voted for the impeachment of Dr Sacheverell.
In 1930 he was elected to Dunbartonshire County Council. In 1931 he was appointed Provost of Kirkintilloch, serving a two-year term. By 1931 the depression was affecting Scotland, at the request of the Chancellor of the Exchequer an Economic Committee was set up and Rutherford was appointed to represent the Royal Burghs. The Committee on Local Expenditure (Scotland), also known as the Lovat Committee, reported later that year.
Dallas continued to enjoy an active practice, receiving numerous briefs to assist parliamentary committees in investigating disputed elections. He briefly entered the House of Commons himself from 1802 until 1805 as Member of Parliament for the rotten borough of Mitchell, resigning in February 1805 to accept the office of Chief Justice of Chester. He re-entered Parliament in March, representing Dysart Burghs, but left that seat in 1806.
In 1797 he was appointed Chief Justice of Bengal and created a baronet in 1798. From 1799 to 1807 he was President of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. In 1806 he returned to Britain, was sworn on the privy council and re-entered parliament the same year as member for the Anstruther district of burghs. In 1808 he succeeded to his father's baronetcy in addition to his own.
The sixth Baronet was Lord Lieutenant of Fife. The seventh Baronet succeeded his kinsman as twelfth Baronet of Anstruther in 1980 (see below). The titles have remained united ever since. The Anstruther, later Anstruther-Paterson, later Carmichael-Anstruther, later Anstruther Baronetcy, of Anstruther in the County of Lanark, was created in the Baronetage of Nova Scotia on 6 January 1700 for John Anstruther, Member of Parliament for Anstruther Burghs and Fifeshire.
He was the eldest surviving son of Sir Henry Innes, 5th Baronet (–1762), and Anne Drummonda Grant (1711–1771). His grandfathers were Sir Harry Innes, 4th Baronet, who represented the Parliament of Scotland constituency of Elginshire from 1704 to 1707, and Sir James Grant, 6th Baronet, a Member of Parliament for Inverness-shire and Elgin Burghs. Upon his father's death in 1762, he succeeded to the Innes Baronetcy.
In the internecine disputes that agitated the Liberal party during Lord Rosebery's administration and afterwards, Morley sided with Sir William Harcourt and was the recipient and practically co-signatory of his letter resigning the Liberal leadership in December 1898. He lost his seat in the 1895 general election but soon found another in Scotland, when he was elected at a by-election in February 1896 for the Montrose Burghs.
Munro Ferguson served in the Army in India until 1884 and upon returning to Britain was elected to Parliament. He represented Ross and Cromarty and then Leith Burghs until 1914. Before the outset of WWI he accepted the post of Governor General of Australia, which he held until 1920. He was then elevated to the Peerage as Viscount Novar, of Raith in county Fife and Novar in the county of Ross.
Already in April 1919 he was made Under-Secretary of State for the Home Department, which he remained until the coalition government fell in October 1922. Bonar Law became Prime Minister the same month, and appointed Baird Minister of Transport and First Commissioner of Works. He was sworn of the Privy Council a few days later. In the November 1922 general election, he was returned for Ayr Burghs.
Thomas Atkinson (1801?–1833), was a Scottish poet and miscellaneous writer. Atkinson was a native of Glasgow, where he carried on business as a bookseller. He published, under his own editorship, the ‘Sextuple Alliance’ and the ‘Chameleon,’ and also a weekly periodical, the ‘Ant.’ After the passing of the Reform Bill, he became a candidate in the liberal interest for the representation of the Stirling burghs in parliament, but was unsuccessful.
The Manager of the local Kinder Print Works shown with car depicting a Conservative 'Vote Profumo' poster Polling Day was fixed for 22 July, allowing for a short 17-day campaign. On 9 July the Liberals retained a by-election in Cleveland, Yorkshire. On 15 July, the Liberals retained a by-election in nearby Mid Derbyshire. On 20 July, the Liberals retained a by-election in Dumfries Burghs.
Born Ferguson, he was the eldest son of Whig MP for Haddington Burghs Henry Ferguson Davie (then Henry Ferguson) and Frances Juliana Davie. He adopted the additional surname of Davie in 1846 at the same time as his parents. In 1857, he married Edwin Augusta Williams, daughter of Sir James Hamlyn-Williams and Lady Mary Fortescue, and they had at least one child: Mary Fanny Ferguson Davie (born 1857).
In 1880 he was elected to the House of Commons as Member of Parliament (MP) for St Andrews, a seat he held until 1885, and then represented Kilmarnock Burghs between 1886 and 1895. Williamson had homes in Copley in Cheshire and Glenogil in Forfarshire. He died at Copley in June 1903 aged 65. His son Archibald Williamson was also a politician and was created Baron Forres in 1922.
For the 1708 (first) general election and every subsequent election of the Parliament of Great Britain the Dumbartonshire constituency consisted of the county of Dumbarton minus the burgh of Dumbarton, which was a component of the Clyde Burghs constituency. In 1801 the Parliament of Great Britain was merged with the Parliament of Ireland to form the Parliament of the United Kingdom. The Dumbartonshire constituency retained its boundaries as a constituency of the Parliament of Great Britain for the 1802 (first) general election of the new parliament and for the general elections of 1806, 1807, 1812, 1818, 1820, 1826, 1830 and 1831. Nominally, the constituency had the same boundaries for the 1832 general election, but the burgh of Dumbarton was now a component of Kilmarnock Burghs. 1832 boundaries were used also in the general elections of 1835, 1837, 1841, 1847, 1852, 1857, 1859, 1865, 1868, 1874, 1880, 1885, 1886, 1892, 1895, 1900, 1906, January 1910, and December 1910.
Under the Treaty of Union of the Two Kingdoms of England and Scotland it was provided: Queen Anne did declare it to be expedient that the existing House of Commons of England sit in the first Parliament of Great Britain. The Parliament of Scotland duly passed an Act settling the manner of electing the sixteen peers and forty five commoners to represent Scotland in the Parliament of Great Britain. A special provision for the 1st Parliament of Great Britain was "that the Sixteen Peers and Forty five Commissioners for Shires and Burghs shall be chosen by the Peers, Barrons and Burghs respectively in this present session of Parliament and out of the members thereof in the same manner that Committees of Parliament are usually now chosen shall be the members of the respective Houses of the said first Parliament of Great Britain for and on the part of Scotland ..." The Kingdom of Great Britain came into existence on 1 May 1707.
But in the meantime, Robert had received a small part of the family estate from his father, and become a member of the Parliament of Great Britain. His patrimony, of which he received a crown character in 1708, comprised Meikle and Little Clynes and the lands of Drummond, near the present village of Evanton. Scotland's share in the Parliament of Great Britain at the Palace of Westminster was 15 burgh members and 30 from the shires and at the general election of 1710 Robert was chosen under the limited franchise of those days by the northern constituency of Tain Burghs (the burghs of Dingwall, Tain, Dornoch, Wick and Kirkwall), which he was to represent through five more elections for a period of 31 years. With his Whig sympathies—which probably cost him his rank in the army on his return from Flanders—the young M.P. could always be relied on to oppose Tory measures, including their efforts to subvert the Protestant succession.
Annual records of the Convention begin in that year.Donaldson and Morpeth 1992 p.46 Marwick summarised the Convention’s functions thus, Blaeu map of Veere, Scotland's staple port in Flanders from 1541 to 1799 > Scarcely anything affecting Burghs of Scotland, in their internal > administration, or in their commercial relations at home and abroad, escaped > the cognizance of the Convention. It defined the rights, privileges and > duties of Burghs; it regulated the merchandise, manufactures and shipping of > the country, it exercised control over the Scottish merchants in France, > Flanders and other countries in Europe, with which from time to time > commercial relations existed; it sent commissioners to foreign powers, and > to great commercial communities, entered into treaties with them, and > established the staple trade of Scotland wherever this could be most > advantageously done: it claimed the right, independently of the Crown, to > nominate the Conservator [official charged with safeguarding the privileges > of the Scottish staple in Flanders].
From there she was one of the main organizers the first meeting of the Bath branch of the WSPU in April 1908. It was here also that she got to know the Blathwayt Family of Eagle House, Batheaston which they operated as a home of refuge for suffragettes between 1908 and 1912. In 1911 Lamb was one of the last WSPU members to go there, planting a commemorative tree in their arboretum which they had named the 'Suffragette's Rest', before the Blathwayts withdrew their support due to the militancy of the organization.of the Blathwayt family of Eagle House, Batheaston, near Bath in Records of The Blathwayte Family of Dyrham Park, Gloucestershire Archives D2659/19-29Plates , , , & Glass plate negatives collection of Col Linley Blathwayt, Bath Central Library In April 1908 she helped Mary Gawthorpe in the Kincardineshire by-election campaign, after which she went on to help in the Montrose Burghs, Dundee and Stirling Burghs by election campaigns in May, and then another in Pudsey in June 1908.
The Downfall of the Liberal Party by Trevor Wilson [1966] He stood in the 1925 Ayr Burghs by-election, but finished a poor third After Lloyd George took over as Leader from Asquith, Pringle put his efforts into a newly created body called the Liberal Council, which sought to rally those in the Liberal Party who opposed Lloyd George.The Downfall of the Liberal Party by Trevor Wilson [1966] He did not stand for Parliament again.
The burghs of Callander, Doune, and Dunblane in the county of Perth, the Perth parish of Muckhart and the Western district of the county (except the electoral division of Ardoch) had been merged into the Central region. New constituency boundaries, taking account of new local government boundaries, were adopted for the 1983 general election. Constituencies defined to cover the Tayside region included Perth and Kinross, and constituencies designed to cover the Central region included Stirling.
Dryhope Tower Dryhope Tower is a ruined Scottish peel tower in the valley of the Yarrow Water, in the historic county of Selkirkshire, now part of the Scottish Borders. It lies approximately equidistant between the burghs of Moffat and Selkirk, and defended the north eastern end of St Mary's Loch. The site itself was protected on two sides, to the east by the Dryhope Burn and to the west by the Kirkstead Burn.
Tayside () was one of the nine regions used for local government in Scotland from 15 May 1975 to 31 March 1996. The region was named for the River Tay. It was created by the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973, following recommendations made by the 1969 Wheatley Report which attempted to replace the mishmash of counties, cities, burghs and districts, with a uniform two- tier system of regional and district councils. Since the Local Government etc.
This remained the legal basis of the union until the Ordinance became an Act of Union under the Second Protectorate Parliament on 26 June 1657. Under the terms of the union Scotland received thirty seats in the enlarged Westminster parliament, ten from the burghs and twenty from the shires. There were only five Scottish members out of 140 in the Barebones parliament and only twenty-one were sent to the Protector's first parliament (1654–55).
Government troops soon arrived in Inverness and for some months the process of disarming the rebels went on, assisted by a Munro detachment under George Munro, 1st of Culcairn. The clan rivalries which had erupted in rebellion were finding an outlet in local politics. Mackenzie's Earl of Seaforth title came to an end in 1716, and it was arranged that while Clan Ross held the county parliamentary seat the Munros would represent the Tain Burghs.
The two did not collaborate closely after this, and Pitt neither brought him into his government, nor offered him a pocket borough to represent in the 1784 general election. Johnstone instead attempted to win the seat of Haddington Burghs, but was defeated. He contested Ilchester the following year, but was again defeated. After a petition however his opponent John Harcourt was declared not to have been elected, and Johnstone was elected in his stead.
Linlithgow Palace, the first building to bear that title in Scotland, extensively rebuilt along Renaissance principles from the fifteenth century Medieval vernacular architecture utilised local building materials, including cruck constructed houses, turf walls and clay, with a heavy reliance on stone.R. W. Brunskill, Houses and Cottages of Britain (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2nd edn., 2000), , pp. 235–40. As burghs developed there were more sophisticated houses for the nobles, burgesses and other inhabitants.
Different regions used broom, heather, straw, turfs or reeds for roofing.C. McKean, "Improvement and modernisation in everyday Enlightenment Scotland", in E. A. Foyster and C. A. Whatley, ed., A History of Everyday Life in Scotland, 1600 to 1800 (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2010), , pp. 55–6. From the twelfth century, burghs, towns that were granted certain legal privileges from the Crown, developed, particularly on the east coast with distinctive urban building patterns.
Monasteries served as major repositories of knowledge and education, often running schools and providing a small educated elite, who were essential to create and read documents in a largely illiterate society.A. Macquarrie, Medieval Scotland: Kinship and Nation (Thrupp: Sutton, 2004), , p. 128. In the High Middle Ages new sources of education arose, with song and grammar schools. These were usually attached to cathedrals or a collegiate church and were most common in the developing burghs.
The Committee of Estates had no money to pay troops with. All of the burghs in the south of Scotland had been exasperated by taxes. The former Covenanter general William Baillie had been a member of the Engagers and general John Urry (or Hurry) was now a companion of Montrose. On the opposing side was general David Leslie, 1st Lord Newark who was supported by his lieutenants, Archibald Strachan and James Holborne of Menstrie.
Blackie & son. London. The old Powder or Pouther magazine at Irvine dating from 1642. The Pouther (Scots for Powder) House in Irvine (Map reference: NS 3238 3847), North Ayrshire, Scotland is a rare survival and was possibly first constructed in 1642, as records show that orders for large quantities of gunpowder were met in 1643, 1644, and 1646. James VI, of Scotland, had instructed that all Royal burghs should have powder magazines.
Sir Peter Halkett, 2nd Baronet (21 June 1695 – 9 July 1755) was a Scottish baronet who served in the British army and was Member of Parliament for Stirling Burghs from 1734-1741. His regiment was posted to North America during the 1754-1763 French and Indian War; he and his youngest son James served in the ill-fated Braddock Expedition and were killed at the Battle of Monongahela, on 9 July 1755.
During the same time he was also director of British Westinghouse , Atlas Assurance Company and of Burma Railways. He was twice a council member of the Royal Geographical Society. In 1906, Bryce entered the British House of Commons, sitting as a Member of Parliament (MP) for Inverness Burghs until 1918. Following his first election, he was appointed to the Royal Commission on Congestion in Ireland, in which he stayed for two years.
D Daiches, Edinburgh (1978) pp.13–14 In the 12th century (c.1130), King David I, established the town of Edinburgh as one of Scotland's earliest royal burghs, protected by his royal fortress, on the slope below the castle rock. Merchants were allocated strips of land known as "tofts", ranged along both sides of a long market street, on condition that they built a house on their land within a year and a day.
In the burghs there were probably high proportions of poor households headed by widows, who survived on casual earnings and the profits from selling foodstuffs or ale. Spinning was an expected part of the daily work of Medieval townswomen of all social classes. In crafts, women could sometimes be apprentices, but they could not join guilds in their own right. Scotland was relatively poorly supplied with nunneries, but prioresses were figures with considerable authority.
Mackay 1884, p.16 For this session it was decided that two or three commissioners from every burgh south of the Spey should attend to "treat, ordain and determine upon all things concerning the utility of the common weal of all the King’s burghs". Historians have therefore judged 1405 as the true date for the start of the Convention,Nicholson 1989, p.264 which met at every session of parliament from that time onwards.
Sir Arthur Bignold (8 July 1839 – 23 March 1915) was a Conservative Party politician in Scotland who served as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Wick Burghs from 1900 to 1910. Bignold was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge. In 1873 he was a founding member of The Kennel Club. He won his seat in the House of Commons at the 1900 general election, when he defeated the sitting Liberal Party MP Thomas Hedderwick.
The Crown has the right to operate ports and ferry services, and this right continues to be held by the Crown except where the tenement has been granted to owners of the land.Stair Memorial Encyclopaedia, Vol 18, Ch. 6, Water, The Separate Tenements, para 334. The Crown's right to ferry was often granted to royal burghs, as the Crown did not have the capacity to provide these services.Stair Memorial Encyclopaedia, Vol 11, para 1301.
Back home in Scotland, Grant was elected to Parliament in 1773 as an MP for Tain Burghs. In the period leading up to the American Revolutionary War, he became one of the most outspoken of the anti-American members. In a speech early in 1775, he remarked that the colonists "...could not fight...", and declared that he could "go from one end of America to other and geld all the males."Leckie, Robert (1993).
Burghs, towns which had been given this special status usually by the King, also had their own set of local laws dealing mostly with commercial and trade matters and may have become similar in function to sheriff's courts.Reid and Zimmerman (2000), p. 24. Ecclesiastical courts also played an important role in Scotland as they had exclusive jurisdiction over matters such as marriage, contracts made on oath, inheritance and legitimacy.Reid and Zimmerman (2000), p. 30.
Mackay was elected at the 1761 general election as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Sutherland, succeeding his brother George. As part of an electoral agreement between the Mackays and the Duke of Sutherland, he stood down from Sutherland at the 1768 election, and was returned instead for Tain Burghs. He resigned his seat in March 1773, by the procedural device of accepting appointment to the sinecure of Steward of the Chiltern Hundreds.
Dalmeny was a supporter of the Reform Act 1832, and became a Member of Parliament for Stirling Burghs in the elections held that year after the passage of the bill. From 25 April 1835 until the fall of Melbourne's Second Government in 1841, Dalmeny was a Civil Lord of the Admiralty. In Parliament, he opposed both the secret ballot and the income tax. He did not contest the seat in 1847, and left Parliament.
It was enclosed with substantial earthworks by King Alfred the Great in the ninth century as part of a network of fortified towns known as burhs, or burghs, to protect Wessex against the Vikings. These defences can still be clearly discerned as a group of four roughly square areas around the centre of the town and are well-preserved. Wallingford became the chief town of Berkshire and the seat of the county's Ealdorman.
Alexander Laing Brown (1851–1936) was a British Liberal Party politician. He was elected at the 1886 general election as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Hawick District of Burghs, defeating the sitting Liberal Unionist MP Sir George Otto Trevelyan. At the 1892 general election, Brown did not stand for re-election to the House of Commons. His grandson Major William Brown served with the Gilgit Scouts during the final years of the British Raj.
Laurence Oliphant Laurence Oliphant (3 August 1829 – 23 December 1888), a Member of Parliament, was a South African-born British author, traveller, diplomat, British intelligence agent, Christian mystic, and Christian Zionist. In his lifetime, his best known book was his satirical novel Piccadilly (1870). In modern times, his scheme for planting Jewish agricultural colonies in the Holy Land, The Land of Gilead, draws more attention. Oliphant was Member of Parliament for Stirling Burghs.
Erskine was married four times. He married as his first wife Jane, daughter of William Mure of Caldwell, in 1690.Foster, Joseph Members of Parliament, Scotland: Including the Minor Barons, the Commissioners for the Shires, and the Commissioners for the Burghs, 1357-1882, p. 128. London: Hazell, Watson and Viney, 1882 After Jane's early death the same year he married as his second wife Anna, daughter of Sir William Dundas of Kincavel.www.peerage.
Scots responded by selling larger quantities of traditional goods, increasing the output of salt, herring and coal.C. A. Whatley, Scottish Society, 1707–1830: Beyond Jacobitism, Towards Industrialisation (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2000), , p. 17. The fortunes of Scottish burghs in the export trade changed across the century. Haddington, which had been one of the major centres of trade in the late Medieval period, saw its share of foreign exports collapse in the sixteenth century.
Banking also developed in this period. The Bank of Scotland was suspected of Jacobite sympathies and so a rival Royal Bank of Scotland was founded in 1727. Local banks began to be established in burghs like Glasgow and Ayr. These would make capital available for business and the improvement of roads and trade, which would help create the conditions for the Industrial Revolution that accelerated in the second half of the century.
The General Police (Scotland) Act, 1847 (10 & 11 Vict. c.39) reduced the majority of householders required to adopt the police system from three quarters to two thirds. It also allowed the parliamentary burghs to adopt the burgh police act, and to levy for moneys to carry out municipal government. The Police of Towns (Scotland) Act, 1850 (13 & 14 Vict. c.33) - also known as “Lock’s Act” - repealed much of the earlier legislation.
He was educated at Lincoln's Inn and called to the bar in 1773. He then lived in the Inn, practicing law there and on the Northern Circuit. In 1794, he was elected on the interest of his first cousin, the 5th Duke of Argyll as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Ayr Burghs. He made little impact in Westminster, but held the seat until he stood down at the 1807 general election.
19th century map of Baldorran In or around 1488 William Stewart of Baldorran was appointed Royal Bailie of the Crown Lands of Balquhidder. A baillie (alternative spelling bailie, from Old French) was a local civic officer in Scottish burghs, approximately equivalent to the post of alderman or magistrate (see bailiff) in other countries. They were responsible for a jurisdiction called a bailiary (alt. bailiery). Scottish barons often appointed a Baillie as their judicial officer.
He also served on the National Housing and Town Planning Council and on the executive of the International Housing Congress. In 1938, he was made an honorary associate of the Royal Institute of British Architects. Barron was a supporter of the Labour Party, standing unsuccessfully in Nuneaton at the 1923 United Kingdom general election and Montrose Burghs at the 1924 United Kingdom general election. He retired in 1939 and died four years later.
However, although some estate holders improved the quality of life of their displaced workers, enclosures led to unemployment and forced migrations to the burghs or abroad.J. D. Mackie, B. Lenman and G. Parker, A History of Scotland (London: Penguin, 1991), , pp. 288–91. The major change in international trade was the rapid expansion of the Americas as a market.J. D. Mackie, B. Lenman and G. Parker, A History of Scotland (London: Penguin, 1991), , p. 292.
The title became extinct on his death in 1878. The Matheson Baronetcy, of Lochalsh in the County of Ross, was created in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom on 15 May 1882 for the businessman and Liberal politician Alexander Matheson. He was the nephew of the first Baronet of the 1850 creation and a partner in Jardine Matheson. Matheson also represented Inverness Burghs and Ross and Cromarty in the House of Commons.
In 867, under Ivar the Boneless, the Danes captured Nottingham. Despite attempts by King Æthelred of Wessex and his brother, Alfred, the Danes remained, establishing Nottingham as one of the five Burghs of the Danelaw. Marching from Lindsey to Repton in 874, Ivar drove Burgred from his kingdom, bringing Norse paganism with him. The north of Mercia remained under pagan influence until Ivar’s successor, Guthrum, converted to Christianity at the Treaty of Wedmore in 878.
The election was overturned on petition, and in March he was returned at a by-election for Malton, a borough in the interest of Lord Fitzwilliam. He was re-elected in Malton at the general election in May 1831, but was also returned for the Perth burghs and chose to sit for the latter. After the passing of the Scottish Reform Bill, which he introduced in parliament, he was returned for Edinburgh in December 1832.
In the 1857 election he was elected to the House of Commons as the Liberal Party's candidate for Elgin Burghs. He was a member of the House of Commons from 1857 to 1881. As a parliamentarian, he took up the cause of education in his constituency and gave regular annual speeches on foreign policy. In order to make these speeches as informative and realistic, he took trips abroad to study the situation in foreign countries.
From 1832 to 1885 there was a single Aberdeen constituency. Prior to 1832, the burgh of Aberdeen had been represented as a component of the Aberdeen Burghs constituency. When Aberdeen South was created by the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885 and first used in the 1885 general election, so was Aberdeen North. Aberdeen South then consisted of the municipal wards of St Nicholas, Rosemount, Rubislaw and Ferryhill, and the 9th Parliamentary Polling District.
Stromness on the Mainland is the second largest settlement in Orkney. The Mainland is the largest island of Orkney. Both of Orkney's burghs, Kirkwall and Stromness, are on this island, which is also the heart of Orkney's transport system, with ferry and air connections to the other islands and to the outside world. The island is more heavily populated (75% of Orkney's population) than the other islands and has much fertile farmland.
In 1897, he took silk. At the dissolution of parliament in April 1880, Mattinson unsuccessfully stood for Carlisle, followed by two more unsuccessful attempts in Dumfries Burghs in 1885 and in 1886. On his fourth attempt, he was returned unopposed at a by-election to Liverpool Walton in 1888, but stood down at the next general election in 1892. He stood unsuccessfully for the Conservatives in Bolton (UK Parliament constituency) in 1910.
At the 1790 general election, he faced a strong challenge from Queensberry's interest, who spent over £8,000, while Johnstone spent over £12,000 (equivalent to £ in ). Corruption was rampant, and despite out-spending his opponent, Johnstone won only 2 of the five burghs. However Johnstone's younger brother William had inherited a large fortune from his wife's family. He became one of the richest commoners in the empire and changed his name to William Pulteney.
In 1865, the villages of Bonnyrigg, Red Row, Polton Street, Hillhead and BroomieknoweBroomieknowe, Gazetteer for Scotland combined to form the burgh of Bonnyrigg, and then, in 1881, the village of Lasswade and part of Broomieknowe combined to form the burgh of Lasswade. In 1929 the two burghs joined together to form the burgh of Bonnyrigg & Lasswade. This burgh lasted for 45 years until it was abolished in 1974/75, when local government changes were introduced.
Leng married twice: in 1851, to Emily, to the elder daughter of Alderman Cook of Beverley; she died at Kinbrae, Newport, Fife, in 1894, leaving two sons and four daughters. He had a chapel built in her memory in Vicarsford. He married in 1897, Mary, daughter of William Low, of Kirriemuir, who survived him. His grandson was the journalist John Leng Sturrock, who was MP for Montrose Burghs from 1918 to 1924.
As a result, the Strathmore and Panmure families made an agreement to avoid future contests. Lyon was re-elected in MP for Aberdeen Burghs in 1774. He married Mary Elizabeth Wren, daughter of Farren Wren of Binchester, co. Durham on 13 June 1774. Lyon’s brother John the 9th Earl died in 1776 and Lyon as sole surviving uncle and one of the guardians of the Strathmore children became deeply involved in financial and legal business.
Two candidates were nominated. The Conservative candidate was the John Waller Hills, who had represented the City of Durham until he was defeated in the 1922 general election. He was opposed in the by-election by the Liberal candidate John Murray, another former MP who had lost his seat in the 1923 general election in Leeds West. Murray had subsequently fought unsuccessfully in the Kirkcaldy Burghs constituency in the 1924 general election.
Debretts Guide to the House of Commons 1886 Anstruther was Member of Parliament for Fife from 1864–1880 and for St Andrews Burghs from 1885–1886. Anstruther married Louisa Maria Chowne Marshall, daughter of Reverend William Knox Marshall and Louisa Marsh, on 29 July 1857 at Beckenham, Kent. Their children included Sir Ralph Anstruther, who succeeded to the baronetcy, Henry Torrens Anstruther who was elected to his father's constituency and Admiral Robert Anstruther.
77–80 Many towns with a burgh in close proximity had the duke level this burgh when they grew in power. Stettin, where the burgh was inside the town, had the duke level his burgh already in 1249, other towns were to follow. The fortified new towns had succeeded the burghs as strongholds for the country's defense. In many cases, the former burgh settlement would become a Slavic suburb of the German town ("Wiek", "Wieck").
Brandenburg since 1250 expanded eastward. In 1250–52, the margraves gained half of Lebus Land, including the terra Küstrin between Warthe and Mietzel (Myśla), and the terra Chinz north of the Mietzel river, both previously held by Barnim. In the course of the 1250s, the margraves further gained the castellanies Zantoch and Driesen except for the burghs itself, of both castellanies actually belonging to Greater Poland, Barnim had held the northern parts.
He was Colonel of the 13th Foot from 1804 to 1813, promoted full general in 1812 and transferred to be Colonel of the 32nd Foot from 1813 to his death. He served in the American War of Independence, as well as in Scotland, Ireland and Flanders, and in the West Indies in 1796. In 1797 he was on the Army staff at Newcastle when he was returned to Parliament as the member for Anstruther Burghs.
Haster is a small remote rural hamlet and district in Wick, in the Highland area of Scotland. It is located just west of the Bridge of Haster, which carries the A882 road linking the burghs of Wick and Thurso over Achairn Burn to the main A9 road. It is about four kilometres west of Wick and about eight kilometres east of Watten. An older centre is about one kilometre to the south.
In 1787 he was sent as delegate to London by the Scottish burghs to promote this object, when he gained the friendship of Fox and other leaders. It was not till 1790 that he was called to the Scottish bar. The following year he married Miss Eliza Dawson, a lady of literary tastes. At first his success at the bar was hindered by his advanced political opinions, but he gradually acquired a considerable practice.
He was awarded the Order of the Crescent by Emperor Selim III for this service. In 1800, Hope began his second career, gaining the seat of Dumfries Burghs in the House of Commons through family influence. During his time as MP, Hope rarely visited his constituency and equally rarely appeared in parliament. He lost the constituency to his brother in 1802, but in 1804 was elected to the seat of Dumfriesshire, again through family connections.
During his tenure the Pabna Disturbances occurred. With his proclamation on 4 July 1873 during the Pabna Peasant Uprisings, guaranteeing government support of peasants against excessive zamindar demands he ensured that the prostest remained peaceful, at the same time antagonising the landlords and his namesake George Campbell, 8th Duke of Argyll at that time Secretary of State for India. He was Member of Parliament (MP) for Kirkcaldy Burghs from 1875 to 1892.
A follower of the Duke of Argyll, he represented Inverary in the Scottish parliament from 1702 till the union, and was one of the commissioners who signed the treaty. He also sat in the first Parliament of Great Britain, 1707-8, and represented the Glasgow burghs from 1716 to 1734. In 1711 he built, for his town residence in Glasgow, Shawfield mansion, which became famous in connection with the Shawfield riots in 1725.
On 16 June 1814, he was made a DCL. He served in the British Army as an Ensign in the 1st Foot Guards from 1792, as a lieutenant and captain from 1794 and as a major in the 28th Light Dragoons from 1799 to c.1800. He was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Haddingtonshire 1795–1800, Ayrshire 1803-1807 and 1811–1818 and Haddington Burghs 1820–1826. He died at Bargany in 1834.
There have been five baronetcies created for persons with the surname Reid, one in the Baronetage of Nova Scotia and four in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom. As of 2019 one creation is extant. The Reid Baronetcy, of Barra in the County of Aberdeen, was created in the Baronetage of Nova Scotia on 30 November 1703 for John Reid. The second Baronet represented Elgin Burghs in the House of Commons between 1710 and 1713.
The Labour Party candidate was 35-year-old Willie Ross, a schoolteacher before World War II who was recently demobilised from the British Army, where he had risen to the rank of Major. At the 1945 general election he had unsuccessfully contested the Ayr Burghs constituency. The Unionist candidate was Lieutenant-Colonel George E. O. Walker, who had also been the Unionist candidate at the general election. The Scottish National Party fielded George Dott.
In Scotland, the term originated in royal burghs created in the twelfth century, the word deriving from the Old French word venelle meaning "alley" or "lane". Unlike a tenement entry to private property, known as a "close", a vennel was a public way leading from a typical high street to the open ground beyond the burgage plots.S Harris, The Place Names of Edinburgh, London, 2002; Photos and history of The Vennel in Edinburgh The Latin form is venella.
A separate peace negotiation between Scotland and the Holy Roman Empire was required, chiefly so that trade and piracy disputes could be resolved. In August 1550, Regent Arran taxed forty of the chief trading burghs of Scotland to fund an embassy to Charles V. This treaty was concluded in Antwerp by Thomas, Master of Erskine on 1 May 1551.Extracts from the Burgh Records of Edinburgh, 1528–1557 (Edinburgh, 1871), p. 149: Ledger of Andrew Halyburton (Edinburgh, 1867), pp.
He was the only son of the Honourable Francis Charteris, second son of James Wemyss, 5th Earl of Wemyss. The fifth Earl's eldest son David Wemyss, Lord Elcho had been attainted for his part in the Jacobite Rising of 1745 so after the Earl's death in 1756 the earldom became forfeit. Charteris was elected to Parliament for the Haddington district of burghs in 1780. From 1784 he was in opposition to the government of William Pitt the Younger.
W. S. Barrow, "David I of Scotland: The Balance of New and Old", in G. W. S. Barrow, ed., Scotland and Its Neighbours in the Middle Ages (London: Bloomsbury, 1992), , pp. 9–11.M. Lynch, Scotland: A New History (London: Random House, 2011), , p. 80. in which he introduced a system of feudal land tenure, established the first royal burghs in Scotland and the first recorded Scottish coinage, and continued a process of religious and legal reforms.
Weir's brother, John Weir became the secretary of the Fife and Kinross Miners' Association."Election intelligence", Manchester Guardian, 20 June 1889 He unsuccessfully contested the Falkirk Burghs constituency in 1885, when he got a derisory vote. He was elected for Ross and Cromarty as one of five Crofters' Party MPs in 1892, transferring his allegiance to the mainstream Liberal Party in 1895.Drummond, Andrew (2020), A Quite Impossible Proposal: How Not to Build a Railway, Birlinn, p.
Campbell used his wealth to become a major landowner in his native Argyll. He spent over £30,000 purchasing the estates of the Island of Danna, Inverneill, Knap, Taynish, and Ulva. He also purchased the houses of Inverkeithing and Queensferry. In 1774, after an unusually bitter electoral battle with Colonel James Masterton (1715–1777), of Newton, Colonel Archibald Campbell (now styled 'of Inverneill') became the Member of Parliament for the Stirling Burghs, aided by his guardian, Viscount Melville.
4Temperence Reform, The Times, 10 February 1921, p.7 At the 1918 general election Raffan was re-elected at Leigh as a Liberal and received the "coupon" despite being an opponent of the Coalition Government.The Downfall of the Liberal Party by Trevor Wilson At the 1922 election he stood unsuccessfully for election as a Liberal at Ayr Burghs."Wee Free" Plans, The Times, 21 October 1922"The Times" List of Candidates, The Times, 27 October 1922, p.
A burg in the Beowulf In the Middle Ages, boroughs were settlements in England that were granted some self-government; burghs were the Scottish equivalent. In medieval England, boroughs were also entitled to elect members of parliament. The use of the word borough probably derives from the burghal system of Alfred the Great. Alfred set up a system of defensive strong points (Burhs); in order to maintain these particular settlements, he granted them a degree of autonomy.
Peddie secured the Liberal nomination for Kilmarnock in 1878, and was elected at the 1880 general election as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Kilmarnock Burghs, on a disestablishment platform. In 1884 he introduced a private members bill on disestablishment, although it never came to a vote. In Parliament he also represented the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings. Peddie narrowly lost his seat in the 1885 general election, due to a split in the Liberal vote.
For the 1832 general election, Scottish Westminster constituencies were redefined by the Representation of the People (Scotland) Act 1832. As a result of the legislation, there were 21 burgh constituencies and 30 county constituencies. Except for Edinburgh and Glasgow, which were two-seat constituencies, each Scottish constituency represented a seat for one MP. Therefore, Scotland had 53 parliamentary seats. The constituencies related nominally to counties and burghs, but boundaries for parliamentary purposes were not necessarily those for other purposes.
In 1882 he was elected Member of Parliament for Haddington Burghs until the constituency was merged in the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885. In 1885 he was elected MP for Partick which he held until his death at the age of 54 in 1890. When the Liberal split in 1886 over Irish Home Rule, Sellar joined the breakaway Liberal Unionist Party. Sellar is commemorated with his scholar brother William Young Sellar on the south wall of Balliol College Chapel.
Debretts Guide to the House of Commons 1886 At the 1885 general election, Beith was elected as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Glasgow Central, but at the 1886 election he lost the seat in a large swing to the Conservative Party candidate. He was returned to the House of Commons at the 1892 general election as the MP for Inverness Burghs, and held that seat until he stood down at the next election, in 1895.
George Cumming (20 November 1752 – 1 May 1834) was a Scottish politician. He sat in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom for two periods between 1803 and 1826. A brother of Sir Alexander Cumming-Gordon, he served with the British East India Company before becoming a financial speculator in London. He was elected at a by-election in 1803 as the Member of Parliament (MP) for the Inverness Burghs, succeeding his brother in the family-controlled seat.
John Johnstone (28 April 1734 – 10 December 1795) was a Scottish nabob, a corrupt official of the British East India Company who returned home with great wealth. Described as "a shrewd and unscrupulous business man", he survived several scandals and became a major landowner when he returned to Scotland in 1765. Johnstone sat in the House of Commons of Great Britain from 1774 to 1780, having bribed his way to a victory in the Dysart Burghs.
Anstruther was returned unopposed as Member of Parliament for Anstruther Burghs at the 1715 general election. He was still an active army officer and was made colonel of the 26th Foot (Cameronians) in 1720 holding the rank until his death. At the 1722 general election there was a contest at Anstruther with a double return, but he was declared elected on 27 October 1722. He was returned at Anstruther unopposed at the general election in 1727.
Blairgowrie and Rattray () is a twin burgh in Perth and Kinross, Scotland. Locals refer to the town as "Blair". Blairgowrie is the larger of the two former burghs which were united by an Act of Parliament in 1928 and lies on the southwest side of the River Ericht while Rattray is on the northeast side. Rattray claims to be the older and certainly Old Rattray, the area round Rattray Kirk, dates back to the 12th century.
Many burghs acquired tollbooths in this period, which acted as town halls, courts and prisons. They often had peels of bells or clock towers and the aspect of a fortress. The Old Tolbooth, Edinburgh was rebuilt on the orders of Mary Queen of Scots from 1561 and housed the parliament until the end of the 1630s.R. A. Mason, Scots and Britons: Scottish Political Thought and the Union of 1603 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), , p. 82.
Carnegie entered the British House of Commons as Member of Parliament (MP) for Aberdeen Burghs in 1784, sitting for the constituency until 1790. He then represented Forfarshire in the Parliament of Great Britain from 1796 until the Act of Union in 1801, then subsequently in the Parliament of the United Kingdom until his death in 1805. Carnegie was Deputy Governor of the British Linen Company. He partly rebuild and improved Kinnaird Castle, Brechin, the family's ancestral seat.
Sir Thomas Cecil Russell Moore, 1st Baronet CBE (16 September 1886 – 9 April 1971) was a long-serving Scottish Unionist Party politician. He was elected Member of Parliament (MP) for Ayr Burghs in a 1925 by-election, and served until his retirement in 1964, when he was succeeded by George Younger. Moore was created a Baronet, of Kyleburn in the County of Ayr, in 1956. He died in April 1971, aged 84, when the baronetcy became extinct.
Located on the ancient trade route "strata coloniensis" the Lotharingian hamlet of Medamana (engl. between the streams, which bears an etymological similarity to the origins of the name for the Northern Italian city of Milan (lat. Mediolanum)) first appeared in the charter of the last Carolingian King, Louis the Child, 904 AD, thus existing "officially" for more than 1100 years. In 1363 Mettmann was one of eight administrative burghs in the Earldom of Berg and Jülich.
In addition, he was involved in the National Union of Unemployed Workers, serving as its treasurer. Irwin was selected by the Boilermakers as a prospective Parliamentary candidate, and at the 1929 United Kingdom general election, he stood in Montrose Burghs. He took 44.5% of the votes cast, and a strong second place. As a result of this, he was selected to stand in the 1930 East Renfrewshire by-election by the local Labour Party and Trades Council.
Returning home, he was elected, in 1768, as member of parliament for the Inverness Burghs, which he continued to represent for over thirty years, though much of this period was spent in India. He was one of the shareholders of the failed Ayr Bank of Douglas, Heron and Company which collapsed in the financial crisis of 1772. The resultant financial embarrassment may be why in 1778 he returned to take command of the East India Company's Madras Army.
Johnstone's younger son, John, married Annandale's stepmother which exacerbated the ill-feeling between the families. In 1726 the Marquess tried to prevent his titles and lands descending collaterally to ‘a certain family of Johnstone’, by which he was acting against his stepmother and the Johnstones of Westerhall. Johnstone died on 8 October 1727, leaving two sons. He was succeeded in the baronetcy by his son James, who was MP for Dumfries Burghs from 1743 to 1754.
He took part in the Battles of Dettingen (where he had 3 horses shot from under him and an eyebrow shot away) and Minden. In 1756 he was made Aide-de-Camp to King George II. In 1758 he was made Regimental Colonel of the 13th Dragoons, a position he held until his death. He sat as member for the Dumfries Burghs (Lochmaben, Annan and Sanquhar) from 1754 to 1761, and for Dumfriesshire from 1761 to 1774.
At the 1831 general election Williams-Bulkeley was elected Member of Parliament (MP) for Beaumaris.leighrayment.com House of Commons: Baillieston to Beckenham In the reformed parliament he was elected at the 1832 general election as MP for Anglesey, and held the seat until 1837.Leigh Rayment Commons constituencies He was elected as MP for Flint Burghs in 1841 and held the seat until 1847. He then stood again and was elected at Anglesey and held the seat until 1868.
Her other brother Roland, was later to be one of the commissioners in 1922 to lay out the borders for Yugoslavia. Her father was Liberal MP for the Inverness Burghs, voted against the Conciliation Bill which was to give some women the franchise and wrote letters to the press against women's suffrage. Her mother, Violet held the opposite view and was a cousin to Countess Markievicz and Eva Gore- Booth, both activists for women's rights. Bryce remained single.
He practised and taught law for a short time before starting a political life and entering the House of Commons as the Liberal Member of Parliament for Elgin Burghs. His abilities won him government positions and he was Under-Secretary of State for India, Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies and Governor of Madras. On his return from Madras, he retired from politics and served in various art and scientific societies. He travelled extensively and wrote voluminously.
From 1832 to 1885 there was a single Aberdeen constituency. Prior to 1832, the burgh of Aberdeen had been represented as a component of the Aberdeen Burghs constituency. When Aberdeen North was created by the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885 and first used in the 1885 general election, so was Aberdeen South. Aberdeen North then consisted of the municipal wards of St Clement, St Andrew, St Machar and Greyfriars, and the 10th and 11th Parliamentary Polling Districts.
Aberdeen and Kincardine East and Central Aberdeenshire were entirely within the county of Aberdeen. Kincardine and West Aberdeenshire covered the county of Kincardine minus the burgh of Inverbervie, which was covered by Montrose Burghs, and part of the county of Aberdeen. The same boundaries were used in the 1922 general election, the 1923 general election, the 1924 general election, the 1929 general election, the 1931 general election, the 1935 general election and the 1945 general election.
AsBoundaries of Parliamentary Constituencies 1885-1972 (), F. W. S. Craig, 1972 In Scotland, constituencies related nominally to counties and burghs, but boundaries for parliamentary purposes were not necessarily those for other purposes. Also, county boundaries were altered by the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1889 and by later related legislation. The Representation of the People Act 1918 redefined constituency boundaries in relation to new local government boundaries, and these newer constituency boundaries were first used in the 1918 general election.
He began working for Newcastle upon Tyne Council, and in 1908 formed the first branch of the National Union of Clerks (NUC) in North East England. He soon formed a Northern Council in the union, promoting the creation of other branches in the area.The Clerk (1923) In 1910, Lindsley was selected to contest Barkston Ash for the Labour Party. He ultimately withdrew his candidacy, but was selected as Prospective Parliamentary Candidate for Dumfries Burghs in 1911.
Pictish may have survived into this period, but the evidence is weak. After the accession of David I, or perhaps before, Gaelic ceased to be the main language of the royal court. From his reign until the end of the period, the Scottish monarchs probably favoured the French language, as evidenced by reports from contemporary chronicles, literature and translations of administrative documents into the French language. English, with French and Flemish, became the main language of Scottish burghs.
Port Glasgow was a parliamentary burgh as part of the Kilmarnock Burghs constituency from 1832 to 1918, when it was merged into the West Renfrewshire constituency. From 1974 to 1997, it was part of the Greenock and Port Glasgow constituency. It returned to the West Renfrewshire constituency in 1997, before becoming part of the present Inverclyde constituency in 2005. In the Scottish Parliament, Port Glasgow has been part of the West Renfrewshire Holyrood constituency since 1999.
Peterhead is the largest settlement in Buchan, a committee area of Aberdeenshire. The town was a burgh in the historic county of Aberdeenshire. In 1930 it became a small burgh under the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1929, but in 1975 small burghs were abolished and Peterhead became part of the district of Banff and Buchan within the new Grampian Region. When districts and regions were abolished in 1996, Peterhead became part of the new unitary authority of Aberdeenshire.
New monastic endowments from the nobility also declined in the fifteenth century.Andrew D. M. Barrell, Medieval Scotland (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), , p. 246. In contrast, the burghs saw the flourishing of mendicant orders of friars in the later fifteenth century, who placed an emphasis on preaching and ministering to the population. The order of Observant Friars were organised as a Scottish province from 1467 and the older Franciscans and Dominicans were recognised as separate provinces in the 1480s.
Carnegie Trust for the Universities of Scotland, Annual Report, Volumes 52-56, p.15 In 1962, Lees moved to Kirkcaldy and worked at the Victoria Hospital. He became active in the Scottish National Party (SNP), working closely with James Braid and Ian Macdonald to build up branches around the country. He stood unsuccessfully for the party in the 1963 Dundee West by-election, and then in Kirkcaldy Burghs at the 1964, 1966 and 1970 general elections.
In burghs, sceat was levied to cover maintenance of the town walls and defences. In Norman times, under the influence of the word escot, in Old French, the vowel changed, and the term became scot. In 19th century Kent and Sussex, low-lying farmland was still being called scot-land. Scot, though, gradually became a general term for local levies; a person who was not liable for the levy, but received its benefits, got off 'scot-free'.
Kennedy was born in Kennethmont, Aberdeenshire, and became a railway clerk. He joined the Social Democratic Federation (SDF) and soon became its organiser for Aberdeen, standing for Parliament in Aberdeen North in the 1906 and January 1910 general elections. He supported the SDF's formation of the British Socialist Party (BSP) and became its National Organiser in 1913, but in 1914 left to fight in World War I. As a supporter of the War, he left the BSP in 1916 to join the new National Socialist Party. He became the editor of the Social Democrat, successor to Justice. His first wife, Christian Farquharson, whom he married in 1905, was also a socialist, having attended the International Socialist Congress in Paris in 1900. She died in 1917 and he subsequently remarried. He was Labour Member of Parliament (MP) for Kirkcaldy Burghs from 1921–1922, from 1923–1931 and from 1935–1944 and also unsuccessfully fought the 1932 Montrose Burghs by- election. He was Scottish Labour Whip in 1921–1922 and from 1923–1925.
Outside the British House of Commons, we find him at various times trying to secure the reinstatement in a Customs post at Inverness of a neighbour's brother; he took an active part in pressing for Simon Fraser's pardon and succession to the Lovat estates; he helped to find employment for the son of a Mackenzie friend, and for a scape-grace of the Atholl family, but a political foe alleged that as Sheriff of Ross he had a Mackenzie sheriff-substitute stripped of office and replaced by a Munro. The clan rivalries which had erupted in rebellion were finding an outlet in local politics. The MacKenzies Earl of Seaforth came to an end in 1716, and it seems to have been arranged that while the Rosses held the county seat the Munros would represent the Tain Burghs. To secure the burghs, control of three out of the five was necessary, and the manoeuvrings by which the councils were persuaded to send the "right" delegate to vote in parliamentary elections were often exciting, and even a show of force was likely.
Robert defeated that army at the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314, securing de facto independence.M. Brown, Bannockburn: the Scottish War and the British Isles, 1307–1323 (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2008). In 1320, the Declaration of Arbroath, a remonstrance to the Pope from the nobles of Scotland, helped convince Pope John XXII to overturn the earlier excommunication and nullify the various acts of submission by Scottish kings to English ones so that Scotland's sovereignty could be recognised by the major European dynasties. The Declaration has also been seen as one of the most important documents in the development of a Scottish national identity.M. Brown, The Wars of Scotland, 1214–1371 (Edinburgh University Press, 2004), p. 217. In 1326, what may have been the first full Parliament of Scotland met. The parliament had evolved from an earlier council of nobility and clergy, the colloquium, constituted around 1235, but perhaps in 1326 representatives of the burghs – the burgh commissioners – joined them to form the Three Estates.Alan R. MacDonald, The Burghs and Parliament in Scotland, c.
Reid, p. 56 From the reign of King James I to King James V the beginnings of a legal profession began to develop and the administration of criminal and civil justice was centralised.Reid, p. 52 The Parliament of Scotland was normally called on an annual basis during this period, with the notable exception of King James IV, and its membership was further defined.Reid, p. 54 The number of burghs also continued to expand, including the introduction of burghs of barony, and their authority remained largely undisturbed.Reid, p. 55 The evolution of the modern Court of Session also traces its history to the 15th and early 16th century with the establishment of a specialised group of councillors to the King evolving from the King's Council who dealt solely with the administration of justice. In 1528, it was established that the Lords of Council not appointed to this body were to be excluded from its audiences and it was also this body that four years later in 1532 became the College of Justice.Stair, vol.
II, c. 41. He was for the third time returned for the Elgin burghs at the general election in May 1754, but vacated his seat on his appointment as an ordinary lord of session and a Lord of Justiciary in the place of Patrick Grant, Lord Elchies. He took his seat on the bench on 14 November 1754, and assumed the title of Lord Prestongrange. In the following year he was appointed one of the commissioners for the annexed estates.
By the time the Reform Act 1832 had become law, Manchester had become a borough and many social reforms had come to fruition. Members of the group had established themselves in society, with Joseph Brotherton becoming MP for Salford, Richard Potter, MP for Wigan and John Benjamin Smith became MP for Stirling Burghs and later Stockport. Thomas Potter became the first Mayor of Manchester on its incorporation. Ten out of the first 28 mayors of Manchester were associated with Cross Street Chapel.
The Church of Scotland has a Presbyterian structure, which means it is organised under a hierarchy of courts. Traditionally there were four levels of courts: the Kirk Session (at congregational level), the Presbytery (at local area level), the Synod (at a regional level) and the General Assembly (the Church's highest court). However, the synods were abolished in the early 1990s. Scottish local government was reorganised in 1975, creating a new system of regions and districts to replace the long-standing counties and burghs.
225 § 853; Rotuli Scotiæ (1814) pp. 31–32; Document 1/27/0 (n.d.a). his was given authority over specific magnates such as the steward, (the keeper of Ross) William Hay, John Comyn II, and Niall Caimbéal; as well as the burghs of Ayr, Renfrew, Dumbarton; and given authority over the men of Argyll and Ross.Penman, M (2014) p. 51; Watson (2013) ch. 2 ¶ 18; Boardman, S (2006) p. 20; McDonald (1997) p. 164; Watson (1991) p. 244; Rotuli Scotiæ (1814) pp. 31–32.
1 (Edinburgh, 1898), p. 429. and after the reformation of 1560, MacDowall was excluded from the town works, which recommenced with the conversion of a part of St Giles Kirk into a new Tollbooth.Alan R. MacDonald, The Burghs and Parliament in Scotland, c1550-1661 (2007), 140-3. Although MacDowall was not again employed by the town, he worked for Mary, Queen of Scots, and repaired a pair of organs at Holroodhouse.RS. Mylne, Master Masons to the Crown of Scotland (1893), p. 53.
At this time, most of the Scotch patronage was in the hands of the Dundas family, and William Erskine, Alexander Maconochie. and Henry Cockburn were actually chosen deputes by Lord Melville before Colquhoun had received the appointment. In the following May, he was returned as Member of Parliament for the Elgin district of burghs, but after three years resigned his seat. In July 1810 he was elected member for Dumbartonshire, which county he continued to represent until his death in 1820.
Lorne lost its geopolitical status with the passage of the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973, effective in 1975. It had survived the same act of 1947 and again 1972, which retained most of the traditional local structure. In 1975, two Lorne's appeared, North and South, both now burghs in the county of Argyll, in the region of Strathclyde. With the abolition of the counties in 1996, Argyll and Bute and part of Dumbarton were united into the Argyll and Bute Council Area.
While some historians have discerned a decline of monasticism in the Late Middle Ages, the mendicant orders of friars grew, particularly in the expanding burghs, to meet the spiritual needs of the population. New saints and cults of devotion also proliferated. Despite problems over the number and quality of clergy after the Black Death in the fourteenth century, and some evidence of heresy in this period, the church in Scotland remained relatively stable before the Reformation in the sixteenth century.
In 1649, Dumfries had shown a marked increase, but the rest had all declined. Wigtown paid a set rate of 14 shillings in 1649, and the figure remained the same in 1670, but slumped to six shillings in 1692. The report to the Convention of Royal Burghs in that same year pessimistically reported that there was no foreign trade and that the town owned no ships or boats. Existing inland trade was "very considerable" and came in from Ayr, Glasgow and Dumfries.
Gulland entered Parliament as Member for Dumfries Burghs at the 1906 general election. He was a junior Lord of the Treasury from 1909 until 1915, when he was promoted to Parliamentary Secretary to the Treasury (Chief Whip) upon the unexpected death of Percy Illingworth. However, the Coalition Government that formed in May resulted in his sharing the post with the Conservative Lord Edmund Talbot until Asquith's Liberals left the government in 1916. He was made a Privy Counsellor in 1917.
Political opponents challenged Fox's election. As Westminster had the largest electorate of any English borough, the scrutiny of votes (to check that each voter had been legally qualified to participate in the election) was thought likely to take a long time. To avoid Fox being out of Parliament, until the Westminster election petition was decided, a Scottish friend arranged for him to become member for Tain Burghs. It took until 1786 for Fox to be confirmed as a duly elected MP for Westminster.
The reconstituted county councils were obliged to submit a district council scheme to the Secretary of State for Scotland by 1 February 1930, dividing the landward part of the county into districts.Local Government (Scotland) Act, 1929, S.25(1) The original bill had not included district councils, with the county council assuming all powers outside burghs. The intermediate level of administration was introduced following backbench pressure. Each district was to consist of one or more electoral divisions used for electing county councillors.
Pollokshields East was a police burgh in Scotland that had a brief independent existence in the 19th century. The burgh was created within the Govan parish in the county of Renfrewshire in 1880. Bartholomew's Gazetteer of the British Isles (1887) states that Pollokshields East had a population of 4,360. Along with the neighbouring burgh of Pollokshields, it was officially absorbed into the city of Glasgow in 1891, the two burghs being induced to agree by the promise of taxation concessions.
There is some evidence to suggest that High Hoyland has quite an ancient history, though no archaeological survey has yet taken place. Some people believe the village may have been the site of an Iron Age hill fort, and its strategic hilltop location would surely have been a good place for one. Nearby Kexbrough (originally Cezeburgh) also lends weight to the theory, since the "burghs" were originally strongholds. The village was nevertheless in existence in 1086 when the Domesday survey was compiled.
From 1845 to 1862, he served in the Bengal Civil Service, including some years as Deputy Commissioner of Simla and then as Superintendent of the Hill States of Northern India.'Tweeddale, 10th Marquess of (born 29 Jan. 1826, died 25 Nov. 1911)' in Who Was Who 1897–1915 (London: A. & C. Black, 1988 reprint: ) Following his permanent return from India Hay was Liberal Member of Parliament for Taunton from 1865 to 1868, and was elected again for Haddington Burghs in 1878.
I. D. Whyte, "Population mobility in early modern Scotland", in R. A. Houston and I. D. Whyte, eds, Scottish Society, 1500–1800 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), , pp. 55–7. Poor relief was more abundant in urban centres, particularly in the largest centres like Edinburgh. As a result, particularly in times of extreme hardship the poor would gravitate to the burghs. They could form a large section of society, with roughly a quarter of population of Perth in 1584 being classified as poor.
Repairs to the town's Harbour and High Tolbooth took place between 1724 and 1726, with funding provided by the Convention of Royal Burghs. Street lighting was installed around the town centre in 1747. A sugar refinery at the harbour was in operation during the 1770s. The grounds of Alloway were sold in 1754 to help pay off Ayr burgh's public debts, resulting in the establishment of the Belleisle and Rozelle estates to the south of the town, which are now public parks.
Feudal lords also held courts to adjudicate disputes between their tenants. By the 14th century, some of these feudal courts had developed into "petty kingdoms" where the King's courts did not have authority except for cases of treason.Stair, vol. 22, para. 509 (Online) Retrieved 2011-10-26 Burghs also had their local laws dealing mostly with commercial and trade matters and may have become similar in function to sheriff's courts.Reid and Zimmerman, A History of Private Law in Scotland: I, p. 24.
The first of the family to settle in Ireland was the an Anglo-Norman adventurer and knight William de Burgh (c.1160–1206), who arrived in 1185 with Henry II of England. He was the elder brother of Hubert de Burgh, Earl of Kent, Justiciar of England.C. A. Empey, ‘Burgh, William de (d. 1206)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, online edn, Oxford University Press, 2004 William's descendants include the Anglo- Irish de Burghs (Lords of Connaught, Earls of Ulster, and Earls of Clanricarde).
As created in 1885 the constituency was one of four covering the area of the county of Renfrewshire (except the burgh of Renfrew and the burgh of Port Glasgow, which were components of Kilmarnock Burghs until 1918). The four constituencies were: East Renfrewshire, West Renfrewshire, Paisley and Greenock. Greenock was enlarged and renamed Greenock and Port Glasgow in 1974. From 1885 the constituency consisted of the parishes of Eastwood, Cathcart, Mearns and Eaglesham, and part of the parish of Govan.
In 1875, he joined his father's firm, Peddie and Kinnear, and in 1878 became a partner. Peddie senior retired in 1879 and entered Parliament as Liberal MP for Kilmarnock Burghs. The practice became known as Kinnear and Peddie, with Charles Kinnear as senior partner. The Peddie family incurred substantial debts following the failure of some of John Dick Peddie's business interests, and fraud committed by his uncle. In 1878, the City of Glasgow Bank also collapsed, leading to recession in Scotland.
Ewart was born in Liverpool on 1 May 1798. He was educated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford, gaining the Newdigate prize for English verse. He was called to the bar at the Middle Temple in 1827, and the next year entered Parliament for the borough of Bletchingley in Surrey, serving until 1830. He subsequently sat for Liverpool from 1830 to 1837, for Wigan from 1839 to 1841, and for Dumfries Burghs from 1841 until his retirement from public life in 1868.
Early Burghs were granted the power to trade, which allowed them to control trade until the 19th century. The population of burgesses could be roughly divided between merchants and craftsmen, and the tensions between the interests of the two classes was often a feature of the cities. Craftsmen were usually organised into guilds. Merchants also had a guild, but many merchants did not belong to it, and it would be run by a small group of the most powerful merchants.
The Mainland, also known as Hrossey, is the main island of Orkney, Scotland. Both of Orkney's burghs, Kirkwall and Stromness, lie on the island, which is also the heart of Orkney's ferry and air connections. Seventy-five per cent of Orkney's population live on the island, which is more densely populated than the other islands of the archipelago. The lengthy history of the island's occupation has provided numerous important archaeological sites and the sandstone bedrock provides a platform for fertile farmland.
In 1796 he was returned for Ross-shire, which returned him again in 1802. At the 1806 election he was returned for the Linlithgow Burghs, where he was defeated in 1807. He married twice, first in 1788 to Matilda Theresa, daughter of James Lockhart-Wishart of Lanarkshire, a Count of Holy Roman Empire and officer in the Austrian army. After her death in 1791 he married again in 1799, to Lady Mary Rebecca Fitzgerald, daughter of the 2nd Duke of Leinster.
Douglas was elected as Member of Parliament for Lanark Burghs, also known as Linlithgow Burgs, in 1708 and was returned there unopposed in 1710. In 1713 he was elected MP for Orkney and Shetland. He was returned as MP for Lanark Burgs in 1715 when he was unopposed, but in the 1722 general election he was defeated there in a contest. However at the same general election he was also returned unopposed at Orkney where he was returned again in 1727.
In this period, from 1714 to 1716, he was Edinburgh's Commissioner of the General Convention of Royal Burghs. Here he saw applications from other Scottish towns and cities to expand and improve through new harbours, bridges and roads. In his later years as an active politician until 1720 Robert Craig could be found in Town Council meetings and affairs as "Old Dean of Guild" Craig or "Old Baillie" Craig. He oversaw tax collection, accounts, the city's market and property management.
It was fertilised from the overnight folding of cattle in the summer and was often left fallow to recover its fertility. In fertile regions the infield could be extensive, but in the uplands it might be small, surrounded by large amounts of outfield. In coastal areas fertiliser included seaweed and around the major burghs urban refuse was used. Yields were fairly low, often around three times the quantity of seed sown, although they could reach twice that yield on some infields.
Robert Vans Agnew (4 March 1817 – 26 September 1893) was a Scottish Conservative Party politician. At the 1868 general election he unsuccessfully contested the Wigtown Burghs. Vans Agnew was elected as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Wigtownshire at a by-election in February 1873, filling the vacancy caused by Lord Garlies succeeding to the peerage as 10th Earl of Galloway . He was re-elected in 1874, and held the seat until he stood down at the 1880 general election.
The region developed in the 10th and 11th centuries, when it was the tribal territory of the Circipanes (), a West Slavic tribe which along with the neighboring tribes was a part of the Lutici federation. The main burghs were Teterow, Malchin, and Demmin. In 936, the Circipania was incorporated into the Billung March of the Holy Roman Empire. The Circipanes were one of the four constituent tribes of the Lutici federation centered on Rethra, which started a successful uprising in 983.
For boys, in the burghs the old schools were maintained, with the song schools and a number of new foundations becoming reformed grammar schools or ordinary parish schools. There were also large number of unregulated "adventure schools", which sometimes fulfilled a local needs and sometimes took pupils away from the official schools.M. Todd, The Culture of Protestantism in Early Modern Scotland (Yale University Press, 2002), , pp. 59–62. At their best, the curriculum included catechism, Latin, French, Classical literature and sports.
His service included the War of the Spanish Succession, and the Battle of Sheriffmuir, where he was an aide-de-camp to the 2nd Duke of Argyll. After King George II took the throne, Stuart won a position in the royal court as a Gentleman Usher, which he held until his death. Stuart was returned by the Duke of Argyll as Member of Parliament (MP) for Ayr Burghs at the 1734 British general election. There is no record of him voting in Parliament.
On his death in 1721 the house passed to his heir Sir James Dalrymple, 2nd Baronet, a Member of Parliament (MP) for Haddington Burghs and the Principal Auditor of the Exchequer in Scotland.the Principal Auditor of the Exchequer in Scotland.Horrocks, Hilary (2017), Newhailes, National Trust for Scotland Sir James extended and reshaped the house, adding a balancing west apartment wing, and moving the entrance from the north-east to the south-west. The gardens were probably laid out at the same time.
Their major obligations were participation in the duke's military campaigns, defense of the duchy, erection and maintenance of the ducal buildings (burghs, courts, bridges), to hand over horses, oxen, and carriages to the duke or his officials on demand, to host and to cater the duke or his officials on demand, to supply rations for the duke's journeys, a periodic tribute in form of a fixed amount of meat and wheat, and also a church tax ("biskopownica", since 1170 "Garbenzehnt").
Society in the burghs was headed by wealthier merchants, who often held local office as a burgess, alderman, bailies, or as a member of the council.K. Stevenson, "Thai war callit knynchtis and bere the name and the honour of that hye ordre: Scottish knighthood in the fifteenth century", in L. Clark, ed., Identity and Insurgency in the Late Middle Ages (Woodbridge: Boydell, 2006), , p. 38. Below them were craftsmen and workers that made up the majority of the urban population.
After the union Lockhart was not one of the but he decided to seek election to Westminster to serve the Jacobite cause, and to distract the ministry from suspicion about the intended invasion. He gave his interest in Lanarkshire to Lord Archibald Hamilton and was returned as Member of Parliament for Edinburgh. He was also returned for Wigtown burghs where he stood as an insurance. In 1713 he took part in an abortive movement aiming at the repeal of the union.
Perhaps ten per cent of the population lived in one of burghs. It has been suggested that they would have had a mean population of about 2,000, but many would be much smaller than 1,000 and the largest, Edinburgh, probably had a population of more than 10,000 by the end of the era.E. Gemmill and N. J. Mayhew, Changing Values in Medieval Scotland: a Study of Prices, Money, and Weights and Measures (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), , pp. 8–10.
At the 1741 general election, he transferred to Elgin Burghs, continuing to vote with the Government. He remained in London during the 1745 rebellion, and advised his son ‘to stay at home, take care of his country and join no party’. He sent two notes to Henry Pelham, suggesting the formation of an army based on clans from among the loyal clans, and forwarded an unopened letter from the Young Pretender to Lord Tweeddale, the secretary of state for Scotland.
Another negotiator, Sir John Clerk of Penicuik, who was an ardent Unionist, observed it was "contrary to the inclinations of at least three-fourths of the Kingdom". As the seat of the Scottish Parliament, demonstrators in Edinburgh feared the impact of its loss on the local economy. Elsewhere, there was widespread concern about the independence of the kirk, and possible tax rises. As the Treaty passed through the Scottish Parliament, opposition was voiced by petitions from shires, burghs, presbyteries and parishes.
The second and third Baronets also represented Anstruther Burghs in Parliament. The third Baronet married Anne Paterson, daughter of Sir John Paterson, 3rd Baronet, and assumed the additional surname of Paterson. The fourth Baronet was created a baronet, of Anstruther in the County of Lanark, in the Baronetage of Great Britain on 18 May 1798, ten years before succeeding his elder brother in the baronetcy of 1700. In contrast to his brother he did not assume the surname of Paterson.
The eighth Baronet sat as Member of Parliament for Beaumaris while the ninth Baronet represented Caernarvonshire and Beaumaris. The tenth Baronet was Member of Parliament for Beaumaris, Anglesey and Flint Burghs and served as Lord Lieutenant of Caernarvonshire. In 1826 he assumed by Royal licence the additional surname of Bulkeley on succeeding to the estates of Thomas James Bulkeley, 7th Viscount Bulkeley. The twelfth and thirteenth Baronets were both Lord Lieutenant of Anglesey while the latter was also Lord Lieutenant of Gwynedd.
Many Pomeranians were baptized already in Pyritz and also in the other burghs visited.Addison (2003), pp. 59ffPalmer (2005), pp. 107ff Wollin (Wolin) Otto of Bamberg returned in 1128, this time invited by duke Wartislaw I himself, aided by the emperor Holy Roman Emperor Lothar II, to convert the (Lutician) Slavs of Western Pomerania just incorporated into the Pomeranian duchy, and to strengthen the Christian faith of the inhabitants of Stettin and Wollin, who fell back into heathen practices and idolatry.
The local government areas of Scotland were redefined by the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973 and redefined again by the Local Government etc (Scotland) Act 1994. The 1973 Act created a system of nine two-tier regions and three islands areas, and this system completely replaced local government counties and burghs in 1975.Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973, c.65 The new regions were generally very different from the counties which had been in use since the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1889.
Thomas Lockhart (1739 – 22 July 1775) was a Scottish lawyer and politician. Lockhart was the oldest son of Alexander Lockhart, Dean of the Faculty of Advocates. He was educated at the University of Edinburgh, University of St Andrews, at Emmanuel College, Cambridge, at the Inner Temple and at Leiden University. He became a barrister at the English bar, and in 1771 he was elected to the House of Commons of Great Britain at the Member of Parliament (MP) for Elgin Burghs.
Tower of St. Salvator's College, University of St. Andrews. In medieval Scotland education was dominated by the Church and largely aimed at the training and education of clerics. In the later medieval period there was a general increase in the numbers of educational institutions as well as increasing use by the laity. These included private tuition in the families of lords and wealthy burghers, song schools attached to most major churches and an increasing number of grammar schools, particularly in the expanding burghs.
There they read Augustine's letter 95 addressed to them. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the city was sacked by barbarians and the population moved to two distinct burghs on the nearby hill, which were under the rule of Gaeta. Charles II of Anjou built a fortress in the maritime burgh, Mola di Gaeta. The other burgh was known as Castellone, from the castle erected there in the mid-14th century by Onorato I Caetani, count of Fondi.
Before the reign of David I Scotland had no towns. The closest thing to towns were the larger than average population concentrations around large monasteries, such as Dunkeld and St Andrews, and regionally significant fortifications. Scotland, outside Lothian at least, was populated by scattered hamlets, and outside that area, lacked the continental style nucleated village. David I established the first burghs in Scotland, initially only in Middle-English-speaking Lothian (note:Tain claims a charter dating from 1066 under Malcolm III) .
Montrose in Forfarshire was a burgh constituency that elected one commissioner to the Parliament of Scotland and to the Convention of Estates. At the time of the Acts of Union 1707, the commissioner for Montrose was chosen as one of the Scottish representatives to the first Parliament of Great Britain. From the 1708 British general election, Montrose, Aberdeen, Arbroath, Brechin and Inverbervie formed the Aberdeen district of burghs, returning one member between them to the House of Commons of Great Britain.
Perhaps nothing in David's reign compares in importance to this. No institution would do more to reshape the long-term economic and ethnic shape of Scotland than the burgh. These planned towns were or became English in culture and language; as William of Newburgh would write in the reign of King William the Lion, describing the persecution of English- speakers in Scotland, "the towns and burghs of the Scottish realm are known to be inhabited by English"A.O. Anderson, Scottish Annals, p. 256.
The Parliament of Scotland (; ) was the legislature of the Kingdom of Scotland. The parliament, like other such institutions, evolved during the Middle Ages from the king's council of bishops and earls. It is first identifiable as a parliament in 1235, during the reign of Alexander II, when it was described as a "colloquium" and already possessed a political and judicial role. By the early 14th century, the attendance of knights and freeholders had become important, and from 1326 commissioners from the burghs attended.
Two charters, later confirmed by Malcolm's son David I in 1128 and 1130, refer to Kircalethin and Kirkcaladunit respectively, but do not indicate their locations. In 1304, a weekly market and annual fair for Kirkcaldy was proposed by the Abbot of Dunfermline to King Edward I, during a period of English rule in Scotland from 1296 to 1306.Eunson 1998, pp.3–4. During these discussions, the town may have been referred to as "one of the most ancient of burghs".
For the February 1974 general election, the results of Second Periodical Review of the Boundary Commission were implemented, and there was a minor change to the boundaries of Perth and East Perthshire. It was redefined as covering the burghs of Abernethy, Alyth, Blairgowrie and Rattray (now a single burgh), Coupar Angus, and Perth in the county of Perth, and the Eastern, and Perth districts of the county. February 1974 boundaries were used also in the general elections of October 1974 and 1979.
There was a decline in traditional monastic life, but the mendicant orders of friars grew, particularly in the expanding burghs. New saints and cults of devotion also proliferated. Despite problems over the number and quality of clergy after the Black Death in the fourteenth century, and evidence of heresy in the fifteenth century, the Church in Scotland remained stable. During the sixteenth century, Scotland underwent a Protestant Reformation that created a predominately Calvinist national kirk, which was strongly Presbyterian in outlook.
The electorate of the constituency was approximately 12,000. The towns of the county were very diverse socially: the burghs of Broughty Ferry, Carnoustie and Monifieth were largely suburbs of the City of Dundee. They contained large numbers of wealthy manufacturers and merchants, as well as working class voters engaged in the fishing, chemical, boot-making and textile industries. Kirriemuir, at the north of the constituency, was regarded as Radical: in the past Chartism had been strong among the weavers of the town.
In the urban settlements of the burghs there were more mechanisms that could be used to provide for the poor. In addition to the kirk sessions and general sessions of the church, there were guilds, trades' societies and town councils. Town councils also had the ability to intervene in local grain markets in an attempt to maintain low prices in times of scarcity.K. J. Cullen, Famine in Scotland: The “Ill Years” of the 1690s (Edinburgh University Press, 2010), , p. 105.
However he was returned in the same election in a contest at his fall-back seat at Stirling Burghs. He supported a Tory candidate in a disputed election and was listed among the ‘worthy patriots’ who exposed the mismanagements of the previous ministry, but otherwise sided with the Whigs for most of the Parliament. He voted on 17 January 1712 against the Tory motion to send the younger Robert Walpole to the Tower, and on 7 February against the Scottish toleration bill.
Boundaries described under 1955-1970 remained effective until 1974, and boundaries described under 1971- were effective 1974 to 1983. The maps divide England into three areas, southern, central and northern, and boundaries between these areas appear to have been very stable throughout the 1885 to 1983 period. Wales is mapped as Wales and Monmouthshire. Craig makes clear that a work of this kind is unlikely to be free from error, and error is apparent in the way district of burghs constituencies are shown in the maps.
Dr. Robert McIntyre, secretary of the SNP, organised a procession complete with bagpipes to serenade Young on Sundays at the prison-gates. Shortly after his release from prison, Young stood as the SNP candidate at the Kirkcaldy Burghs by-election in February 1944. His election agent was Arthur Donaldson and the campaign owed much to the input of Dr. Robert McIntyre. In a three-way contest, Young polled 6,621 votes, 42% of the poll, securing a strong second place to the successful Coalition Labour candidate Thomas Hubbard.
Lord Dorchester sat as Member of Parliament for Cricklade between 1768 and 1774, for Anstruther Burghs between 1778 and 1780, for Dorchester between 1780 and 1790 and for Malton between 1792 and 1798. He also represented Naas in the Irish House of Commons between 1795 and 1798 and served under William Pitt the Younger as Chief Secretary for Ireland between 1794 and 1795. He was sworn of the British Privy Council in 1794leighrayment.com Privy Counsellors 1679–1835 and of the Irish Privy Council in 1795.leighrayment.
John Taylor (23 December 1857 – 19 September 1936) was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Dumbarton Burghs elected at the 1918 general election, when he narrowly defeated David Kirkwood. He is usually regarded as a Liberal, although his candidacy was jointly organised by the National Democratic and Labour Party. In the House of Commons, he was a supporter of David Lloyd George's coalition government. He lost the seat to Kirkwood in 1922, when he stood as a National Liberal, and he did not stand again.
After the Protestant party became dominant in 1560, the First Book of Discipline set out a plan for a school in every parish, but this proved financially impossible. In the burghs the existing schools were largely maintained, with the song schools and a number of new foundations becoming reformed grammar schools or ordinary parish schools. There were also large number of unregulated private "adventure schools". Girls were only admitted to parish schools when there were insufficient numbers of boys to pay an adequate living for schoolmasters.
The representation of the burghs and those of the shires and stewartries, by the time of the Union, consisted of 154 Commissioners elected from 99 constituencies. An election was not held immediately after the Union because the establishment feared a possible landslide victory for the anti-Union Commissioners. Instead 45 Commissioners were hand-picked to represent the whole country (see Scottish representatives to the first Parliament of Great Britain) as the first MPs from Scotland. 43 of these hand-picked representatives were pro-Union.
The Church in Scotland always accepted papal authority (contrary to the implications of Celtic Christianity), introduced monasticism, and from the eleventh century embraced monastic reform, developing a flourishing religious culture that asserted its independence from English control. Scotland grew from its base in the eastern Lowlands, to approximately its modern borders. The varied and dramatic geography of the land provided a protection against invasion, but limited central control. It also defined the largely pastoral economy, with the first burghs being created from the twelfth century.
The claim passed to Charles Innes, de jure ninth Baronet, a descendant of John Innes, great-uncle of the first Baronet. The eleventh Baronet proved his succession in 1973 and was placed on the Official Roll of the Baronetage. The Innes Baronetcy, of Lochalsh in the County of Ross, was created in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom on 28 April 1819 for Hugh Innes, Member of Parliament for Tain Burghs. He never married and the title became extinct on his death in 1831.
Ryde Road runs to the south-west across a gully, and then to the south, through the suburb of West Pymble. Ryde Road terminates at the intersection of Lady Game Drive, and adjacent to the De Burghs Bridge crossing the Lane Cove River, where the A3 continues as Lane Cove Road. Ryde Road forms the only road connection between the Ku-ring-gai and Ryde local government areas, and is one of only four road crossings of the Lane Cove River. It is often a traffic bottleneck.
The Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973 abolished the counties, burghs, and districts, instead creating a system of regions and districts. West Lothian was made a district of Lothian region but lost the burgh of Bo'ness and the district of Bo'ness to Falkirk district of Central Region, the burgh of Queensferry and the district of Kirkliston and part of Winchburgh to Edinburgh district of Lothian Region. It gained East Calder and West Calder districts from Midlothian. The two-tier system was abolished by the Local Government etc.
According to the Annals of Connacht, the two men "had been good comrades till now". To assert West Breifne's independence, Conchobar made peace with the de Burghs without the permission of the king of Connacht, prompting Aedh O'Conor to launch raids on West Breifne. In 1257, after a brief war, Conchobar submitted to O'Conor and signed a peace treaty offering O'Conor any lands of his choice in Breifne. O'Conor obtained the stone-castle on Cherry Island in Garadice Lough and put a garrison into it.
By the sixteenth century perhaps ten per cent of the population lived in one of the many burghs.E. Gemmill and N. J. Mayhew, Changing Values in Medieval Scotland: a Study of Prices, Money, and Weights and Measures (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), , pp. 8–10. A characteristic of Scottish burghs were long main streets of tall buildings, with vennels, wynds and alleys leading off it, many of which survive today.R. Mitchison, Lordship to Patronage, Scotland 1603–1745 (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1983), , pp. 99–100.
In 1918 Dornoch and Wick were merged into Caithness and Sutherland, Kirkwall into Orkney and Shetland and Cromarty, Dingwall and Tain into Ross and Cromarty.For the boundary changes in 1918 see Craig, Boundaries of Parliamentary Constituencies 1885-1972.Representation of the People Act 1918, Ninth Schedule - Parliamentary Counties, Scotland The first election in Wick Burghs was in 1832. The franchise was extended to wider groups of the population than under the old system of burgh councillors electing a burgh commissioner to participate in the election.
Younger left college at the age of 17 on his father's death to run the family brewery of George Younger and Son, the business founded by his great-grandfather, George Younger (baptised 17 February 1722), of Alloa, Clackmannanshire. He became chairman in 1897. Younger was a Deputy Lieutenant of Clackmannanshire from November 1901, and Unionist Party member of parliament for Ayr Burghs from 1906 until 1922. He was also Chairman of the Unionist Party Organisation from 1916 to 1923, and Treasurer of the Unionist Party in 1923.
He lost at least £500 in the Darien scheme and lost money in the farm of the Scottish excise, but had married two heiresses. He was able to purchase in 1698 an estate at Balcaskie, on the Fife coast where he went on to build a house. He also served as a commissioner to the convention of royal burghs for the neighbouring burgh of Anstruther Easter. He married as his third wife, his cousin Marian Preston, the daughter of Sir William Preston, 2nd Baronet of Valleyfield, Fife.
In 1883 he was made Queen's Counsel, and was made a Bencher of the Middle Temple in 1888. In 1885, he was elected as a Member of Parliament (MP) for Montrose Burghs, a position he was re-elected to in 1886, 1892, and 1895. He was a strong supporter of William Ewart Gladstone, and resigned his seat on 5 February 1896 by taking the post of Steward of the Manor of Northstead so that John Morley could be re-elected after a defeat in Newcastle-upon-Tyne.
The Act provided that a county council should be established in each county, consisting of elected councillors. The county was to be divided into electoral divisions, made up of groupings of parishes, each returning one councillor. In addition police burghs in the county were also regarded as electoral divisions, though the councillors for these areas were co-opted by the members of the burgh's town council. The chairman of each county council, elected by the members, was given the title "Convenor of the county".
At this time, a literary anti-Gaelic sentiment was born and developed by the likes of Gerald of Wales as part of a propaganda campaign (with a Gregorian "reform" gloss) to justify taking Gaelic lands. Scotland also came under Anglo-Norman influence in the 12th century. The Davidian Revolution saw the Normanisation of Scotland's monarchy, government and church; the founding of burghs, which became mainly English-speaking; and the royally-sponsored immigration of Norman aristocrats. This Normanisation was mainly limited to the Scottish Lowlands.
Born the son of John Campbell, 4th Duke of Argyll and Mary Campbell (née Bellenden, the daughter of John Bellenden, 2nd Lord Bellenden of Broughton), Campbell was educated at a private school in London and commissioned as second lieutenant in the 21st Royal Scots Fusiliers in 1739. He was promoted to captain in 1741 and major in 1743. He became Member of Parliament for Glasgow Burghs in March 1744 but was immediately deployed to Flanders to serve in the War of the Austrian Succession.Heathcote, p.
The review took account of population growth in the county of Dunbarton, caused by overspill from the city of Glasgow into the new town of Cumbernauld and elsewhere, and West Dunbartonshire became one of three constituencies covering the county. The other two were East Dunbartonshire and Central Dunbartonshire. West Dunbartonshire now covered the Helensburgh and Vale of Leven districts and the burghs of Cove and Kilcreggan, Dumbarton and Helensburgh. February 1974 boundaries were used also for the general elections of October 1974 and 1979.
In most Scottish burghs, in contrast to English towns where churches and parishes tended to proliferate, there was usually only one parish church,P. J. Bawcutt and J. H. Williams, A Companion to Medieval Scottish Poetry (Woodbridge: Brewer, 2006), , pp. 26–9. As the doctrine of Purgatory gained importance in the period, the number of chapelries, priests and masses for the dead within them, designed to speed the passage of souls to Heaven, grew rapidly.Andrew D. M. Barrell, Medieval Scotland (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), , p. 254.
Arable farming grew in the High Middle Ages and agriculture entered a period of relative boom between the thirteenth century and late fifteenth century. Unlike England, Scotland had no towns dating from times of Roman Britain. From the twelfth century there are records of burghs, chartered towns, which became major centre of crafts and trade. There are also Scottish coins, although English coinage probably remained more significant in trade, and until the end of the period barter was probably the most common form of exchange.
While burghs acted as centres of basic crafts. These included the manufacture of shoes, clothes, dishes, pots, joinery, bread and ale, which would normally be sold to inhabitants and visitors on market days. However, there were relatively few developed manufacturing industries in Scotland for most of this period. By the late fifteenth century, there were the beginnings of a native iron-casting industry, which led to the production of cannon and of the silver and goldsmithing for which the country would later be known.
The Royal Burgh of Culross in Fife A burgh is an autonomous municipal corporation in Scotland and Northern England, usually a city, town, or toun in Scots. This type of administrative division existed from the 12th century, when King David I created the first royal burghs. Burgh status was broadly analogous to borough status, found in the rest of the United Kingdom. Following local government reorganisation in 1975, the title of "royal burgh" remains in use in many towns, but now has little more than ceremonial value.
In 1811 Grant was elected to the British House of Commons as Member of Parliament for Inverness Burghs. He held that seat until 1818, when he was returned for Inverness-shire. He was a Lord of the Treasury from December 1813 until August 1819, when he became Chief Secretary for Ireland and a Privy Counsellor. In 1823 he was appointed Vice- President of the Board of Trade; from September 1827 to June 1828 he was President of the Board of Trade and Treasurer of the Navy.
By the end of the Middle Ages, all the main burghs and some small towns had grammar schools. Educational provision was probably much weaker in rural areas, but there were petty or reading schools in rural areas, providing an elementary education. There was also the development of private tuition in the families of lords and wealthy burghers that sometimes developed into "household schools". Girls of noble families were taught in nunneries and by the end of the fifteenth century Edinburgh also had schools for girls.
He remained involved with union while transferring to work at nearby Bent Colliery, then, when the LMCU decided to appoint a full-time secretary, he was elected to the post, serving for more than twenty years. He also served on the executive of the Scottish Miners' Federation for much of the period."Mr David Gilmour", Glasgow Herald, 13 September 1926, p.11 Gilmour was active in the wider labour movement, and stood unsuccessfully for the Scottish Workers Representation Committee at the 1906 general election in Falkirk Burghs.
Joseph Foster Members of Parliament, Scotland, Including the Minor Barons, the Commissioners for the Shires BiblioBazaar, LLC, 2009 He was admitted at Lincolns Inn in 1733. The Oswald family became the dominant force in Kirkcaldy politics in the 18th century and Dysart, the second largest burgh was controlled by the St. Clair interest. The combined Oswald and St. Clair influence often decided who was to be elected. Oswald was elected Member of Parliament for Dysart Burghs in 1741 and was a Commissioner of the Navy in 1745.
The constituency was defined by the Second Periodical Review of the Boundary Commission, and first used in the February 1974 general election, as one of four constituencies covering the county of Fife. The other three constituencies were Central Fife, East Fife and Kirkcaldy.Boundaries of Parliamentary Constituencies 1885-1972 (), F. W. S. Craig 1972 The Dunfermline constituency covered the Dunfermline district of the county and the burghs of Culross, Dunfermline, and Inverkeithing. February 1974 boundaries were used also in the general elections of October 1974 and 1979.
In contrast, the burghs saw the flourishing of mendicant orders of friars in the later fifteenth century. As the doctrine of Purgatory gained importance the number of chapelries, priests and masses for the dead within parish churches grew rapidly. New "international" cults of devotion connected with Jesus and the Virgin Mary began to reach Scotland in the fifteenth century. Heresy, in the form of Lollardry, began to reach Scotland from England and Bohemia in the early fifteenth century, but did not achieve a significant following.
In the course of the 1250s, the margraves further gained the castellanies Zantoch and Driesen except for the burghs itself, of both castellanies actually belonging to Greater Poland, Barnim had held the northern parts. In 1261, Barnim lost the Soldin area, and in the following years the terra Zehden to Brandenburg. In 1264, Duke Wartislaw III of Demmin died, his cousin Barnim I (the Good) became the sole ruler of the duchy. In 1266, Barnim I married Mechthild, the daughter of Otto III, Margrave of Brandenburg.
A royal commission of 1917 reported on the "unspeakably filthy privy-middens in many of the mining areas, badly constructed incurably damp labourers' cottages on farms, whole townships unfit for human occupation in the crofting counties and islands ... groups of lightless and unventilated houses in the older burghs, clotted masses of slums in the great cities".A. McIntosh Gray and W. Moffat, A History of Scotland: Modern Times (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), , pp. 70–1. The result was a massive programme of council house building.
Constables of a county police force were to have full powers within their county, which was to include for policing purposes any detached parts of other counties locally situate within it. Similar provisions were made in regard to sheriffs and justices of the peace. They had jurisdiction in all harbours, lochs and bays, and in burghs within the county, and in any adjoining county. Constables in Berwickshire, Dumfriesshire and Roxburghshire were permitted to serve warrants in the counties of Cumberland and Northumberland across the English border.
Sir John Wallace (1 July 1868 – 12 April 1949) was a Scottish Liberal Party and National Liberal Party politician. He was elected at the 1918 general election as Coalition Liberal Member of Parliament (MP) for Dunfermline Burghs. However, when sought re-election as a National Liberal at the 1922 general election, he lost the seat by only 201 votes to the Labour Party candidate William Watson. Wallace stood again at the 1923 general election, this time as a Liberal, but Watson increased his majority.
Anstruther served as Burgh Commissioner in the Parliament of Scotland for Anstruther Easter from 1702 to 1707. His voting record was mixed and his opinions appeared inconsistent. In general he opposed the Union, but took some lead from Lord Rothes and eventually fell in line with the Squadrone. After the Union of England and Scotland, he was not included among the Scottish representatives in the House of Commons in 1707, but was returned unopposed as Member of Parliament for Anstruther Burghs at the 1708 general election.
A new tax on annual rents amounting to five per cent on all interest on loans, mainly directed at the merchants of the burghs was introduced in 1621, but the 1621 levy was still being collected over a decade later.Wormald, Court, Kirk, and Community: Scotland, 1470–1625, p. 161. Under Charles I the annual income from all sources in Scotland was under £16,000 sterling and inadequate for the normal costs of government, with the court in London now being financed out of English revenues.
By 1709, he married Agatha Vanderbent of the Netherlands, sister of the Elector of Brandenburgh's agent at Amsterdam Drummond returned to England, and was a Commissioner for regulating English trade to the Spanish Netherlands from 1713 to 1714. In 1722 he became a Director of the East India Company and assistant of the East African Company. He became Director of the Royal Exchange Assurance Company in 1726. Drummond was returned as Member of Parliament (MP) for Perth Burghs at the 1727 British general election.
The Church of the Friars Preachers of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary at Wigtown, commonly called Blackfriars, was a mendicant friary of the Dominican Order founded in the 13th century at Wigtown, Galloway, Scotland. The Chronica Extracta said that it was founded by Dervorguilla of Galloway, who died in 1290. Perhaps because of the remoteness of Wigtown, the history of the house is extremely badly documented and obscure. It appears on 7 March 1297, in receipt of money from the fermes of burghs.
The second son of Sir Robert Anstruther, 5th Baronet MP, he was educated at Eton College and the University of Edinburgh. He became an advocate in Edinburgh in 1884, and was Liberal Unionist Member of Parliament for St Andrews Burghs from 1886-1903 in succession to his father. He served in government as a Lord of the Treasury from 1895-1903\. He was a Justice of the Peace for Buckinghamshire and Fife, and from 1903 was a member of the Administrative Council of the Suez Canal Company.
Before the Ostsiedlung, Pomerania was rather sparsely settled. Around 1200, a relatively dense population could be found on the islands of Rügen, Usedom and Wollin, around the burghs of Stettin, Köslin, Pyritz (Pyritzer Weizacker) and Stargard, around the Persante river (Kolberg area), the lower Peene river, and between Schlawe and the Leba valley. Largely unsettled were the hilly regions and the woods in the South. The 12th century warfare, especially the Danish raids, depopulated many areas of Pomerania and caused severe population drops in others (e.g. Usedom).
Article 20 provided for the protection after the union of a number of heritable offices, superiorities, heritable jurisdictions, offices for life, and jurisdictions for life. Article 21 provided for the protection of the rights of the royal burghs. Article 22 provided for Scotland to be represented in the new Parliament of Great Britain by sixteen of its peers and forty-five members of the House of Commons. Article 23 provided for Scotland's peers to have the same rights as English peers in any trial of peers.
With the support of the Hamilton and Argyll interest he transferred to Glasgow Burghs where he was returned. In the new Parliament he continued to keep a foot in each camp. Having sold his estates of Errol and Drumsoy, he was now well funded and renewed his solicitations on behalf of his brother James Craufurd. In May he was toadying to Lord North, but in July, when he had received nothing, he "took occasion to say everything disagreeable to Lord North that one could well imagine".
Edmonstone, born on 6 December 1765, was fifth son of Sir Archibald Edmonstone of Duntreath, M.P. for Dumbartonshire 1761–80 and 1790–6, and the Ayr Burghs 1780–90, who, made a baronet in 1774, died in 1807. He obtained a writership in the East India Company's civil service, and reached India in 1783. He was soon attached to the secretariat at Calcutta, and was appointed deputy Persian translator to government by Lord Cornwallis in 1789, and Persian translator by Sir John Shore in 1794.
However, Alfred managed to contain this threat by reforming his military and setting up a system of fortified cities, known as burghs or burhs. In 885 Asser reports that the Viking army that had settled in East Anglia had broken in a most insolent manner the peace they had established with Alfred, although Guthrum is not mentioned.Asser, Life, ch. 72 Guthrum reigned as king in East Anglia until his death in 890, and although this period was not always peaceful he was not considered a threat.
Henderson further muddied the waters by standing down as Liberal candidate and the local Association turned instead to Major Murdoch McKenzie Wood, a barrister and former Gordon Highlander, who had unsuccessfully fought Ayr Burghs at the 1918 general election.The Times, London, 14 April 1919 By the time the by-election campaigning was properly under way, the 'coupon', such as it was, had presumably been bestowed on Davidson as he was described in the election literature and the press as the Coalition Unionist or Coalition Conservative candidate.
Despite being granted royal burgh status in 1458, Falkland had developed as a medieval settlement dependent on Falkland Palace and the Falkland Castle and therefore did not function in the same way as other royal burghs did. Falkland was the birthplace of the famous 17th century Covenanter Richard Cameron who was the town schoolmaster before he became a field preacher. His house still stands in the main street of the village. Another Covenanter, Robert Gillespie was arrested for preaching here before being imprisoned on the Bass Rock.
Balnagown Castle With the death of his brother James in September 1760 Lockhart succeeded to the Ross estate of Balnagown, the entail of which obliged him to take the name of Ross; this he formally did in the following spring, announcing the change to the admiralty on 31 March 1761. He was then at Lockhart Hall, where he seems to have passed the winter on leave, but afterwards rejoined the Bedford during the summer. In September he applied to be relieved from the command, and on 27 September was placed on half pay. In the previous June he had been elected member of parliament for Lanark Burghs, but it does not appear that he took any active interest in parliamentary business. He devoted himself principally to the improvement of his estates and the condition of the peasantry, and became known as ‘the best farmer and the greatest planter in the country; his wheat and turnips showed the one, his plantation of a million of pines the other’. He was MP for Lanark Burghs from 1761 to 1768 and in 1762, he initiated land tenure reform which would later evolve into the Highland Clearances.
Sir James Macdonald, 2nd Baronet, GCMG (14 February 1784 – 29 June 1832) was a British politician. He sat in the House of Commons between 1805 and 1832. Macdonald was born 14 February 1784, the eldest and only surviving son of Sir Archibald Macdonald, a Baron of the Exchequer, by Lady Louisa, the eldest daughter of Granville Leveson-Gower, 1st Marquess of Stafford. With the support of his uncle, George Leveson-Gower, 2nd Marquess of Sutherland (later first duke), Macdonald was first elected to parliament at the by-election for the Tain Burghs in 1805.
By the later Middle Ages, the standard of pastoral care outside the main burghs had significantly declined.Oram, Moray & Badenoch, p. 83 Bishop John Innes (1407–14) contributed greatly to the rebuilding of the cathedral, as evidenced by the inscription on his tomb praising his efforts. When he died, the chapter met secretly—"in quadam camera secreta in campanili ecclesie Moraviensis"—and agreed that should one of their number be elected to the see, the bishop would grant one-third of the income of the bishopric annually until the rebuilding was finished.
It was at one of her parties that Scott became personally acquainted with Monk Lewis. At the age of twenty-two she anonymously published a volume of poems. She married on 14 June 1796 Colonel John Campbell (eldest son of Walter Campbell of Shawfield, by his first wife Eleanora Kerr), who, at the time of his decease in Edinburgh on 15 March 1809, was Member of Parliament for the Ayr Burghs. By this marriage she had nine children, of whom, however, only two survived her, Lady A. Lennox and Mrs.
The Inverness- shire Member of Parliament (MP) represented, nominally, the county of Inverness minus the Inverness parliamentary burgh, which was represented as a component of Inverness District of Burghs. However, by 1892 the boundaries of the county had been redefined for all purposes except parliamentary representation, and it had become a local government area, under the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1889. 26 years were to elapse before a review of constituency boundaries took account of new local government boundaries. Results of the review were implemented under the Representation of the People Act 1918.
The completed census forms were transcribed into the local enumerators' schedule. In England, the schedule was countersigned by a Superintendent Registrar. In Scotland, the civil registration of birth marriages, and death had not started, so the schedules were countersigned by a schoolmaster, or somebody with a similar status. The payment of the expenses for completing the census was delegated, in England, to the Justices of the Peace, who were to finance it through the poor rates, and in Scotland, to the Sheriff Deputies, or in Edinburgh or Glasgow, the Provost of the Royal Burghs.
Harcourt had to wait only a few more weeks to get into Parliament. He was adopted as Liberal candidate at a by-election at Montrose Burghs following the elevation to the peerage of the sitting member there, the veteran Liberal John Morley, was elected on 12 May 1908, and served as Member for Montrose until 1918. Du Cros held Hastings at the subsequent General Election. Du Cros held the seat until 1918 when he transferred to stand as a Coalition Conservative in Clapham, a seat he held until 1922.
Macquisten unsuccessfully contested the Leith Burghs parliamentary constituency in 1910, and then Glasgow St. Rollox in 1912 as a Unionist. In 1918, he was elected as the Conservative party Member of Parliament (MP) for Glasgow Springburn. In 1921 he put forward a proposal to criminalize lesbianism which was rejected by the House of Lords; during the debate, Lord Birkenhead, the then Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain argued that 999 women out of a thousand had "never even heard a whisper of these practices."House of Lords Debates, 15 August 1921, column 574.
The Conservative government published a white paper in June 1963 entitled The Modernisation of Local Government in Scotland (Cmnd.2067). They proposed a reduction in the number of units by the amalgamation of existing authorities. The number of counties would be reduced to between 10 and 15, and they would be given responsibility for major services such as police, education and water supply. Below the counties would be a second tier of councils (which were not named) formed by merging burghs and districts exercising powers over purely local services.
The earlier protests had been largely confined to Skye. In 1884 protest action was much more widespread, many thousands of crofters became members of the Highland Land League and among List of MPs elected in the 1885 United Kingdom general election there were Crofters' Party MPs elected by the constituencies of Argyllshire (Donald Horne Macfarlane), Inverness-shire (Charles Fraser-Mackintosh), Ross and Cromarty (Roderick Macdonald) and Caithness (Gavin Brown Clark). At Wick Burghs John Macdonald Cameron was also allied with the Crofters Party. A year later Parliament created the Crofters Act.
In early October, he began to strengthen his northern defences against a possible invasion. It was at this point that Robert Bruce, 6th Lord of Annandale (father of the future King Robert the Bruce) was appointed by Edward as the governor of Carlisle Castle. Edward also ordered John Balliol to relinquish control of the castles and burghs of Berwick, Jedburgh and Roxburgh. In December, more than 200 of Edward's tenants in Newcastle were summoned to form a militia by March 1296 and in February, a fleet sailed north to meet his land forces in Newcastle.
The main continental trading partners of Scottish burghs were German merchants of the Hanseatic League in Flanders. Before 1321 Scottish merchants had established a staple in Bruges through which all wools, woolfells and hides were theoretically channelled. Scots in the town received certain privileges and from 1407 the interests of Scottish merchants were represented by a "conservator of the Scottish privileges". Relationships with Bruges were often difficult. The involvement of Scottish merchants in piracy resulted in embargoes on Scottish traders by the Hanseatic League in 1412–15 and 1419–36.
Rosslyn was returned to Parliament for Dysart Burghs, in Fife, in 1830, a seat he held until 1831, and then represented Grimsby from 1831 to 1832. He succeeded his father in the earldom in 1837. In 1841 he was sworn of the Privy Council and appointed Master of the Buckhounds under Sir Robert Peel, which he remained until the government fell in 1846. He held the same office from February to December 1852 under Lord Derby, and was briefly Under-Secretary of State for War under Derby from March to June 1859.
Meanwhile, St Clair, was returned on his father’s interest as Member of Parliament for Dysart Burghs at the 1708 British general election in May. He was unseated on 3 December 1708, primarily because he was ineligible as the eldest son of a Scottish peer, although his death sentence would also have unseated him. Sinclair avoided punishment by escaping from camp with the connivance of the John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough who arranged his enlistment in the service of King Frederick I of Prussia where he served for the rest of the war.
In a contest estimated to have cost a quarter of the total spending in the entire country, Fox bitterly fought against two Pittite candidates to secure one of the two seats for the constituency. Great legal wranglings ensued, including the examination of every single vote cast, which dragged on for more than a year. Meanwhile, Fox sat for the pocket borough of Tain Burghs. Many saw the dragging out of the result as being unduly vindictive on the part of Pitt and eventually the examinations were abandoned with Fox declared elected.
Caithness and Sutherland was a county constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1918 to 1997. It elected one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election. The constituency was created by merging the constituencies of Caithness and Sutherland and the Dornoch and Wick components of the Wick Burghs constituency. In 1997 the constituency was superseded by the creation of Caithness, Sutherland and Easter Ross, which merged Caithness and Sutherland and the Easter Ross area of Ross, Cromarty and Skye.
He sought re-election for Kilmarnock at the next general election in January 1910. The popularity of the Liberals fell from its height of 1906, but despite this, Rainy actually managed to increase his majority; Within 11 months another general election took place, producing an almost identical result both nationally and in Kilmarnock. He died on 26 August 1911 at the youthful age of 49, causing the 1911 Kilmarnock Burghs by-election. In 1915 his widow Annabelle had published by J. Maclehose the Life of Adam Rolland Rainy, MP.
By the time of the Scottish Reformation, St Cuthbert's parish covered a large area surrounding the burghs of Edinburgh and the Canongate: it bounded Newhaven and Cramond in the north; Corstorphine in the west, Colinton and Liberton in the south; and Duddingston and Restalrig in the north. The parish also contained nunneries at Sciennes and the Pleasance. The first Protestant minister of St Cuthbert's was William Harlaw, a colleague of John Knox, who, unlike Knox himself, had remained in Scotland in the face of persecution.Lorimer, 1915, p. 3.
Perhaps ten per cent of the population lived in one of many burghs that had grown up in the later Medieval period, mainly in the east and south of the country. It has been suggested that they had a mean population of about 2,000, but many were much smaller than 1,000, and the largest, Edinburgh, probably had a population of over 10,000 at the beginning of the era.E. Gemmill and N. J. Mayhew, Changing Values in Medieval Scotland: a Study of Prices, Money, and Weights and Measures (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), , pp. 8–10.
Malcolm is stated as the 'most famous' Provost on Dollar community website where her picture in full ceremonial robes appears. > "She wanted women to have the vote but she was against doing anything > militant or violent," said Janet Carolan, the curator of the Dollar Museum > who has spent 20 years researching Malcolm's background. Throughout the World War I she served in the Provost role and was one of the first women to attend the national Convention of Scottish Burghs. She was one of the first women to be appointed as a Justice of the Peace.
Following the Act of Union 1707, which created Great Britain as a sovereign state, Renfrewshire was a county constituency for elections to the House of Commons in Parliament. The town of Renfrew was not included in the county constituency, being a parliamentary burgh, and from 1832 the other burghs of Greenock, Paisley and Port Glasgow were similarly excluded. Following the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885, Renfrewshire was mainly divided into four constituencies . These were the county constituencies of East Renfrewshire and West Renfrewshire; and the burgh constituencies of Paisley and Greenock.
From 1708 to 1832, the Buteshire constituency covered the county of Bute minus the parliamentary burgh of Rothesay, which was a component of the Ayr Burghs constituency. In 1832, Rothesay was merged into the Buteshire constituency. By 1892, Bute had become a local government county and, throughout Scotland, under the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1889, county boundaries had been redefined for all purposes except parliamentary representation. 26 years were to elapse before constituency boundaries were redrawn, by the Representation of the People Act 1918, to take account of new local government boundaries.
He was selected as the Liberal candidate to fight the 1906 election, and Churchill spoke in his support at two meetings. Vivian met with serious opposition to his candidacy, and only received 726 votes, losing heavily to Labour party candidate C. W. Bowerman. In 1908, Vivian investigated standing as a candidate in the Stirling Burghs constituency, following the death of the former Prime Minister Henry Campbell-Bannerman who had held the seat for the Liberal Party. Vivian again espoused Legitimist views in support of the restoration of the House of Stuart.
Prior to that election Scotland was represented in the new parliament by MPs who were co- opted as commissioners of the former Parliament of Scotland. In the Parliament of Great Britain, Scotland had 15 burgh constituencies and 33 county constituencies, with each representing a seat for one MP. The county constituencies included, however, three pairs of alternating constituencies, so that only one member of a pair was represented at any one time. Therefore, Scotland had more constituencies than seats. With the exception of Edinburgh, the burgh constituencies consisted of districts of burghs.
Scottish Westminster constituencies, 1983–1997. The results of the Third Periodical Review became effective for the 1983 general election. The review defined 30 burgh constituencies and 42 county constituencies, with each electing one MP. Therefore, Scotland had 72 parliamentary seats.Third Periodical Report, Boundary Commission for Scotland, HMSO, 1983, In 1975, Scottish counties and burghs had been abolished for local government purposes, under the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973, and the Third Periodical Review took account of new local government boundaries, which defined two-tier regions and districts and unitary islands council areas.
His eldest brother, William McDowall, was also a Member of Parliament for Renfrewshire, Ayrshire and the Glasgow Burghs, and another elder brother, Hay MacDowall was a Lieutenant General and General Officer Commanding, Ceylon . In 1790 he married Eleanor Mary, daughter and heir of Col. Alexander Grant of Arndilly, taking the additional name of Grant. He was returned as Member of Parliament for Banffshire in 1795 following the resignation of Sir James Grant, but is not recorded as having spoken or voted, and did not seek election at the 1796 general election.
When the commissioners had devised a scheme of divisions for a county the details were to be advertised in the local press. A date would then be announced when one of the commissioners would attend at "a principal town" in the county to hear objections or proposed alterations. The procedure for boroughs (or burghs in Scotland) was similar. Firstly the commissioners were to determine whether the present boundaries, or the boundaries proposed in the bill, embraced "the whole of the population which ought to be included within the borough".
The rate of new monastic endowments from the nobility also declined in the fifteenth century.Andrew D. M. Barrell, Medieval Scotland (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), , p. 246. In contrast, the burghs saw the flourishing of mendicant orders of friars in the later fifteenth century, who, unlike the older monastic orders, placed an emphasis on preaching and ministering to the population. The order of Observant Friars were organised as a Scottish province from 1467 and the older Franciscans and the Dominicans were recognised as separate provinces in the 1480s.
There is evidence from late Medieval burghs like Perth, of women, usually wives, acting through relatives and husbands as benefactors or property owners connected with local altars and cults of devotion. By the end of the fifteenth century, Edinburgh had schools for girls, sometimes described as "sewing schools", which were probably taught by lay women or nuns.M. Lynch, Scotland: A New History (Random House, 2011), , pp. 104–7. There was also the development of private tuition in the families of lords and wealthy burghers, which may have extended to women.
They were able to impose tolls and fines on traders within a region outside their settlements. Most of the early burghs were on the east coast, and among them were the largest and wealthiest, including Aberdeen, Berwick, Perth and Edinburgh, whose growth was facilitated by trade with other North Sea ports on the continent, in particular in the Low Countries, as well as ports on the Baltic Sea. In the south-west, Glasgow, Ayr and Kirkcudbright were aided by the less profitable sea trade with Ireland and to a lesser extent France and Spain.
Kilrenny, Anstruther Easter and Anstruther Wester was a royal and small burgh in Fife, Scotland from 1930 to 1975. The burgh was formed by the amalgamation of three neighbouring royal burghs of Kilrenny, Anstruther Easter and Anstruther Wester by the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1929. The three merging towns had all received royal burgh status between 1578 and 1583. In 1975 the small burgh was abolished by the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973, and the area of the burgh was included in the North East Fife District of Fife Region.
John Campbell of Cawdor (1695–1777), was a British politician. He was a Member of Parliament (MP) for Pembrokeshire, Nairnshire, Inverness Burghs and Corfe Castle. He was born the second son of Sir Alexander Campbell, MP in the Scottish Parliament, and his wife Elizabeth, daughter of Sir John Lort, 2nd Baronet, of Stackpole Court, Pembrokeshire. He was educated at Lincoln's Inn (1708) and Clare College, Cambridge (1711) and succeeded his mother to the Stackpole estate in 1714 and his grandfather Sir Hugh Campbell to estates in Nairnshire (Cawdor), Inverness-shire, and Argyll in 1716.
Banff's first castle was built to repel Viking invaders and a charter of 1163 AD shows that Malcolm IV was living there at that time. During this period the town was a busy trading centre in the "free hanse" of Northern Scottish burghs, despite not having its own harbour until 1775. The first recorded Sheriff of Banff was Richard de Strathewan in 1264, and in 1372 Royal Burgh status was conferred by King Robert II, who had a established a Carmelite priory near Banff in 1321. (The priory was destroyed by arson in 1559).
Baron Teviot, of Burghclere in the County of Southampton, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1940 for Charles Kerr, who had previously represented the Montrose Burghs in the House of Commons, and served as Chief Whip for the National Liberal Party, and government whip and Comptroller of the Household in the National Government. He later served as Chairman of the National Liberals. Kerr was a grandson of Lord Charles Lennox Kerr, fourth son of William Kerr, 6th Marquess of Lothian.
Most were housed in small hamlets and isolated dwellings. The Little Ice Age saw the abandonment of marginal land, but new settlements were created as a result of the opening up of hunting reserves like Ettrick Forest and less desirable low-lying land was also settled. As the population expanded, some settlements were sub-divided to create new hamlets. Perhaps ten per cent of the population lived in one of the many burghs that had grown up in the later Medieval period, mainly in the east and south of the country.
Cargenbridge is referred to as a 'village' in 1848 in the entry for 'Cargen Bridge Smithy' in the Ordnance Survey Name Book. In 1962, it is recorded that the population quadrupled following the building of 36 new local authority houses. Despite being close to Dumfries, Cargenbridge remained in Kirkcudbrightshire when part of Troqueer parish was taken into Dumfriesshire as part of the amalgamation of the burghs of Dumfries and Maxwelltown. The extension of the boundaries of the county of Dumfriesshire over the River Nith did not extend as far as Cargenbridge.
The six-storey Gladstone's Land, Edinburgh, demonstrating the tendency to build up in the growing burghs The vernacular architecture of Scotland, as elsewhere, made use of local materials and methods. The homes of the poor were usually of very simple construction, and were built by groups of family and friends. Stone is plentiful throughout Scotland and was a common building material, employed in both mortared and dry stone construction. As in English vernacular architecture, where wood was available, crucks (pairs of curved timbers) were often used to support the roof.
Fletcher Norton, Speaker of the House of Commons and 1st Baron Grantley, by William Beechey Baron Grantley, of Markenfield, in the County of York is a title in the Peerage of Great Britain. It was created on 9 April 1782 for Sir Fletcher Norton, Attorney General from 1763 to 1765 and Speaker of the House of Commons from 1770 to 1780. His son, the second Baron, was also a politician and represented Richmond, Wigtown Burghs, Guildford and Surrey in Parliament. He was succeeded by his nephew, Fletcher Norton, the third Baron.
The population may have grown from half a million to a million by the mid-fourteenth century when the Black Death reached the country. It may then have fallen to as low as half a million by the end of the fifteenth century. Roughly half lived north of the River Tay and perhaps 10 per cent in the burghs that grew up in the later medieval period. Inflation in prices, indicating greater demand, suggests that the population continued to grow until the late sixteenth century, when it probably levelled off.
Jardine was born at Edinburgh the son of David Jardine of Muir House, Lockerbie, Dumfries and his wife Rachel Johnstone. In 1865 he became head of Jardine, Matheson and Co., one of the largest Far East trading houses based in Hong Kong.the Peerage.com At the general election in July 1865, Jardine was elected as Member of parliament (MP) for Ashburton in Devon where his uncle William Jardine had been an earlier MP. The Ashburton constituency was abolished at the 1868 general election and he was elected instead at Dumfries Burghs.
Lord Ponsonby was opposed to Britain's involvement in World War I and helped form the Union of Democratic Control (UDC). He stood as an "Independent Democrat" in the new Dunfermline Burghs constituency in the 1918 general election and was defeated, and joined the Labour Party, becoming the MP for the Brightside Division of Sheffield in the 1922 general election. He was appointed Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Transport after the 1929 general election. He was granted a peerage and became Leader of the House of Lords in 1930.
Duntocher expanded due to housebuilding by Clydebank Burgh Council after the Second World War, although the area was never formally absorbed into the burgh. When burghs were abolished by local government reorganisation in 1975, however, Duntocher was included in the larger Clydebank District, which existed until the creation of West Dunbartonshire in 1997. Further housing was built by the Wimpey firm in the late 1960s and early 1970s, on what had been green belt land. Along with Faifley and Hardgate, Duntocher falls within West Dunbartonshire's Kilpatrick ward with a combined population of 12,719 in 2011.
From the Late Middle Ages and into the Early Modern Period Scotland and its burghs also benefited from close economic and trading links with France in addition to its links to the Low Countries, Scandinavia and the Baltic. The prospect of dynastic union came in the 15th and 16th centuries, when Margaret, eldest daughter of James I of Scotland, married the future Louis XI of France. James V of Scotland married two French brides in succession. His infant daughter, Mary I, succeeded him on his death in 1542.
Loreburn's national political career began in 1880, when he was elected to the House of Commons as Member of Parliament for Hereford. He stayed there until 1885, when he ran unsuccessfully in Dunbartonshire, but returned to the Commons in 1886 for Dumfries Burghs. He remained in the House of Commons until 1905; during this time period, he was appointed to the offices of Solicitor General and knighted (1894) and Attorney General (1894–1895). He was appointed a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (GCMG) in 1899.
However, to the dismay of Earl Fitzwilliam in 1817, he also opposed the suspension of civil liberties and supported parliamentary reform. In the next parliament he sat on his friend Lord Lauderdale's interest for Jedburgh burghs (1818–20). He voted for Francis Burdett's critical motion of 1 July 1819, and was a supporter of George Tierney's move to lead the Whigs in the Commons, though he was absent from the last session of that parliament. He again represented Newtown, Isle of Wight, in 1820, but on 9 February 1821 resigned his seat.
He had made his name as something of an expert on government accounting. He stood the same year for the newly created industrial constituency of Blackburn but was unsuccessful. In 1835, Bowring entered parliament as member for Kilmarnock Burghs; and in the following year he was appointed head of a government commission to be sent to France to inquire into the actual state of commerce between the two countries. After losing his seat in 1837, he was busied in further economic investigations in Egypt, Syria, Switzerland, Italy, and some of the states in Imperial Germany.
The rate of new monastic endowments from the nobility also declined in the fifteenth century.Andrew D. M. Barrell, Medieval Scotland (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), , p. 246. In contrast, the burghs saw the flourishing of mendicant orders of friars in the later fifteenth century, who, unlike the older monastic orders, placed an emphasis on preaching and ministering to the population. The order of Observant Friars were organised as a Scottish province from 1467 and the older Franciscans and the Dominicans were recognised as separate provinces in the 1480s.
The Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973 created a system of nine two-tier regions and three single-tier islands council areas, and this system completely replaced local government counties and burghs in 1975. Each two- tier region had a regional council and of a number of district subdivisions, each with its own district council. The number of districts in each region varied from three to 19. The 1973 Act was based closely on proposals in the Wheatley Report, produced by a Royal Commission into Scottish local government in 1969.
By the end of the Middle Ages the Parliament had evolved from the King's Council of Bishops and Earls into a 'colloquium' with a political and judicial role.K. M. Brown and R. J. Tanner, The History of the Scottish Parliament volume 1: Parliament and Politics, 1235–1560 (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2004), , pp. 1–28. The attendance of knights and freeholders had become important, and burgh commissioners joined them to form the Three Estates.Alan R. MacDonald, The Burghs and Parliament in Scotland, c. 1550–1651 (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2007), , p. 14.
In 1652, the English parliament declared that Scotland was part of the Commonwealth. Various attempts were made to legitimise the union, calling representatives from the Scottish burghs and shires to negotiations and to various English parliaments, where they were always under-represented and had little opportunity for dissent. However, final ratification was delayed by Cromwell's problems with his various parliaments and the union did not become the subject of an act until 1657.J. D. Mackie, B. Lenman and G. Parker, A History of Scotland (London: Penguin, 1991), , pp. 225–6.
Dezember 1997, Franz Steiner Verlag, 2001, pp.15,16, Menzlin was set up in the mid-8th century. In Wollin, seaside foritifications have been dated back to the beginning 10th century, yet remnants of older fortifications were also found, probably pointing to an earlier burgh with an adjacent open settlement. Wollin and Ralswiek began to prosper in the course of the 9th century. Bardy-Świelubie differs from other emporia: The location is rather far from the coastline, and Bardy was built before 800, making it one of the earliest Slavic burghs in the coastal area.
A number of burghs had established police forces, either under the Burgh Police (Scotland) Act 1833 or by local Acts. The magistrates and town council of a burgh could agree with the commissioners of supply of a county to consolidate the burgh force with the county police. One or more members of the town council would be appointed to the county police committee in this case. Conversely, the Act allowed any burgh which had not yet established a police force to do so within six months of the passing of the Act.
A small copper ball, in diameter, at the bottom of the vane, is supposed to represent the world. The figure is located at the top of the weather vane with the intention he can look across the town as the vane turns around in the wind, with the world at his feet. The vane, probably made of wrought iron, was designed by Thomas Hadden of Edinburgh. At the back of the town house lie six of the seven provost's lamps of the former royal burghs within Kirkcaldy district.
In 1891, there were further substantial changes to the areas of many parishes, as the boundary commission appointed under the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1889 eliminated many anomalies, and assigned divided parishes to a single county. Parishes have had no direct administrative function since 1930. In that year, all parishes and parts of parishes outside burghs (technically known as landward), were grouped into districts with elected district councils. These council districts were abolished in 1975, and the new local council authorities established in that year often cut across parish boundaries.
Coal was extracted from land to the east of St Monans in Fife, and some used to heat salt pans which operated, in conjunction with the still- standing St Monan's Windmill, on the shore to the east of the village. Production at the salt pans employed 20 men and the colliery 36 men. Both saltpans and coal mine were linked by a waggonway to Pittenweem harbour, which was expanded and developed at Sir John's expense. He served as Member of Parliament for Anstruther Burghs from 1766–1774, 1780–1783 and 1790–1793.
Millar was elected Liberal MP for St Andrews Burghs at the general election of January 1910 when he defeated the sitting Conservative, William Anstruther-Gray. However he lost the seat back to Anstruther-Gray at the December 1910 general election. In 1911, an opportunity arose for Millar with the resignation from Parliament of the Liberal MP for North East Lanarkshire, Thomas Fleming Wilson and Millar was re-elected to the House of Commons at a by-election held on 9 March 1911. He held North East Lanarkshire until 1918, when the seat was abolished.
The grave of Sir David Wedderburn, Inveresk churchyard In 1796 David Wedderburn joined the business, at 35 Leadenhall Street in London, and made large profits. In 1803, he inherited his father's estates in Jamaica and at Ballindean, and was made a baronet, of Ballindean in Perthshire. He was elected at a by-election in 1805 as the Member of Parliament (MP) for the Perth Burghs. He had the support of the 9th Earl of Kellie, but was opposed by Sir David Scott, 2nd Baronet, son of the deceased MP David Scott (of Dunninald).
Dingwall was the county town. When counties and burghs were abolished as local government areas, in 1975, under the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973, the area of the county was divided between two new areas, the Highland region and the Western Isles, and the Ross and Cromarty district of the region was created as one of eight districts of the new region. Stornoway and the district of Lewis merged into the Western Isles. Also, the new Ross and Cromarty district excluded two other areas, which merged into other districts of the region.
He became a captain the in 14th Dragoons in 1789, and was with his regiment in Ireland when he was elected at the 1790 general election as the MP for Dumfries Burghs. The election was fiercely contested, with Miller's patron the 4th Duke of Queensberry spending over £8,000, while rival candidate Sir James Johnstone spent over £12,000 (equivalent to £ in ). Johnstone lodged a petition, but Miller's election was upheld on 1 April 1791. Miller left the army in 1791, and although he does not appear to have spoken in Parliament, he did vote in divisions.
By the end of the Middle Ages the Parliament had evolved from the King's Council of Bishops and Earls into a 'colloquium' with a political and judicial role.K. M. Brown and R. J. Tanner, The History of the Scottish Parliament volume 1: Parliament and Politics, 1235–1560 (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2004), , pp. 1–28. The attendance of knights and freeholders had become important, and burgh commissioners joined them to form the Three Estates.Alan R. MacDonald, The Burghs and Parliament in Scotland, c. 1550–1651 (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2007), , p. 14.
Johnstone was a political ally of his distant relation the Earl of Annandale. In the Parliament of Scotland he was a member from 1698 to 1707 for the burgh of Annan, of which Annandale was the patron. He initially supported the Union with England, and when Annandale shifted towards opposing it, Johnstone intermittently joined him. After the Union, Johnstone received the continuing support of Lord Annandale. At the 1708 general election, he was involved in a double return at Dumfries Burghs and was declared elected Member of Parliament on 30 November 1708.
When another by-election arose in North East Lanarkshire, in 1904, another miners' leader was selected, John Robertson, who again failed to win the seat.Frank Bealey and Henry Pelling, Labour and Politics, 1900-1906, p.296 At the 1906 general election, The SWRC stood five candidates: John Robertson in North East Lanarkshire, Joseph Sullivan in North West Lanarkshire, David Gilmour in Falkirk Burghs, James Brown in North Ayrshire, and Robert Smillie in Paisley. The candidates altogether won a total of 14,877 votes, but all failed to win a single seat.
A missing charter was only confirmed in a charter granted by James VI in 1587. However the title was indeed granted to Dysart in 1594 with the honour of having a seat in the parliament.Omand The Fife Book A dispute between the St Clair family and the town inhabitants about the right to use the moorland resources was referred to the Convention of Royal Burghs in 1694 and was resolved only in 1718. Originally St Serf's Church was the meeting place of the town council, until this moved to Dysart Town House in 1877.
Ogilvy joined the army of East India Company in 1804, but was not promoted, so settled in Scotland first in Fettercairn, and then from 1820 at Clova. At the 1830 general election he contested the Perth Burghs, losing to John Stuart- Wortley. Wortley was unseated on petition, but the resulting by-election was contested by Ogilvy's brother William Ogilvy. Donald was elected at a by- election in October 1831 as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Forfarshire, at a by-election following the sitting MP William Maule's elevation to the peerage.
Johnston was admitted to the Faculty of Advocates in 1942 and quickly established a substantial and varied practice which he developed during the forties and fifties. He served as an Advocate Depute from 1953 to 1955 to the Crown Office and became a Queens Counsel (Scotland) in 1955. In 1959 he unsuccessfully contested the Stirling and Falkirk burghs constituency in the general election as a Unionist candidate. He served as Home Advocate Depute between 1959 and 1962 and as the Sheriff-Depute of Roxburgh, Berwick and Selkirk from 1964 to 1970.
He studied at Winchester College and Christ Church, Oxford, before running away briefly to Paris. Described as the "black sheep of the family", his father obtained a writership for him at the East India Company in 1769, which was unusual for a family with such as position in society. He worked in Bengal and befriended Warren Hastings, who gave him a mission to the Nawab of Arcot. After returning from India in 1775, Stuart entered parliament, representing the family interest of Ayr Burghs following a by-election in 1776.
M. Gardiner, Modern Scottish Culture (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2005), , p. 173. During World War I the government became increasingly aware of Scotland's housing problems, particularly after the Glasgow rent strike of 1915. A royal commission of 1917 reported on the "unspeakably filthy privy-middens in many of the mining areas, badly constructed incurably damp labourers' cottages on farms, whole townships unfit for human occupation in the crofting counties and islands ... groups of lightless and unventilated houses in the older burghs, clotted masses of slums in the great cities".
Ronald Munro Ferguson c1895 In 1884, Munro Ferguson was elected to the House of Commons but was defeated at the general election of November 1885 by a Crofter candidate in Ross and Cromarty. One historian had accused him of scheming with the Duke of Argyll to corrupt the electoral process.Ian Fraser Grigor, "Highland Resistance: The Radical Tradition in the Scottish North", He was defeated again the following year in Dunbartonshire. But at a by-election in July 1886 he secured the nomination at Leith Burghs, principally on the advice of Lord Rosebery.
He voted in favour of extending the schism bill to cover Catholic education on 12 May, and was a teller against a Scottish Tory initiative for the investigation of episcopal revenues in Scotland on 3 July. He was appointed secretary to the Prince of Wales for Scotland in 1714. At the 1715 British general election Steuart was returned unopposed as MP for Inverness Burghs, but was unsuccessful standing for Orkney and Shetland. He voted with the Government from 1715, except on the motion against Argyll’s rival, Lord Cadogan, on 4 June 1717.
Steel engraving and enhancement of the obverse side of the Great Seal of David I, portraying David in the "European" fashion of the other worldly maintainer of peace and defender of justice. The Davidian Revolution is a name given by many scholars to the changes which took place in the Kingdom of Scotland during the reign of David I (1124-1153). These included his foundation of burghs, implementation of the ideals of Gregorian Reform, foundation of monasteries, Normanization of the Scottish government, and the introduction of feudalism through immigrant Norman and Anglo-Norman knights.
How long it took to pacify Moray is not known, but in this period it is now thought that David appointed his nephew William fitz Duncan to succeed Óengus, perhaps in compensation for the exclusion from the succession to the Scottish throne caused by the coming of age of David's son Henry. At the same time David founded the burghs of Elgin and Forres, with castles alongside. William may have been given the daughter of Óengus in marriage, cementing his authority in the region.For all this, see Oram, David: The King Who Made Scotland, pp.
The Scottish form of this post is the bailie. Bailies served as burgh magistrates in the system of local government in Scotland before 1975 when the system of burghs and counties was replaced by a two-tier system of regional councils and district councils. The two-tier system was later replaced by a system of unitary authorities. Under the new arrangements the bailies were abolished and replaced by justices of the peace serving in the District Courts of Scotland, these posts no longer holding any authority within the local authority as an administrative body.
He then studied law at the University of Edinburgh. He qualified as an advocate in 1791. Robert Ferguson was elected to the Whig parliament of 1806 for Fifeshire, but was not afterwards elected until the time of the Reform Bill, upon which he represented the Kirkcaldy district of Burghs from 1831 to 1835, and in the latter year was returned for Haddingtonshire, defeating Mr Hope, the Tory candidate, by 268 to 231 votes. At the general election of 1837 he was in turn defeated by Lord Ramsay, who polled 299 votes to 205.
After the twelfth-century reign of King David I, the Scottish monarchs are better described as Scoto-Norman than Gaelic, preferring French culture to native Scottish culture. A consequence was the spread of French institutions and social values including Canon law. The first towns, called burghs, appeared in the same era, and as they spread, so did the Middle English language. These developments were offset by the acquisition of the Norse-Gaelic west and the Gaelicisation of many of the noble families of French and Anglo-French origin.
These shire commissioners attended from 1592 onwards, although they shared one vote until 1638 when they secured a vote each. The number of burghs with the right to send commissioners to parliament increased quite markedly in the late 16th and early 17th centuries until, in the 1640s, they often constituted the largest single estate in Parliament.Rait, Parliaments of Scotland The first printed edition of the legislation of the Parliament, The New Actis and Constitutionis, was published in Edinburgh in 1542 by the printer Thomas Davidson under commission from James V.
However, without further reforms the closure of the GRS is unlikely by 2024 given the large amount of long-owned lands still recorded in the GRS. This includes land such as large estates that have remained in the same family for generations, land owned by local authorities historically owned by other local government bodies such as burghs or town councils (this is commonly the case with parks managed by local authorities) and land owned by the Forestry and Land Scotland & other public bodies etc.Sinclair, Euan,. Conveyancing practice in Scotland(Seventh edition. ed.). London. p. 27\. .
The design includes part of the baronial arms of the Earls of Douglas, Earls of Arran, the Cunninghames of Corsehill, and the Montgomeries of Lainshaw. These prominent families had early association with the Burgh, and their arms share a place with the bonnets, which represent the Town and Trade. From 1955 to 1975 the people of Stewarton were familiar with the Coat of Arms. The Local Government reorganisation, enforced in 1975, meant the existing Burghs and their Councils were abolished and the rights to use the Coat of Arms was lost.
This status as a burgh dependent on Dunfermline Abbey was later confirmed in 1327 by Robert I, King of Scots.Remains of the common muir now known as Volunteers' Green A charter granted in 1363 by David II, King of Scots (reigned 1329–71), awarded the burgh the right to trade across the regality of Dunfermline. This charter allowed the burgesses of Kirkcaldy to purchase and sell goods to the burgesses of the three other regality burghs — Queensferry, Dunfermline and Musselburgh — that belonged to the Abbey.Omand 2000, p.138.
As his port commission progressed, and encouraged by his friend and patron Lord Argyll, he contested the seat of Stirling Burghs at the 1761 General Election, beginning a career in politics. He was returned as MP for Stirling and in 1768 he represented Plymouth, holding the seat until his death in 1771. He was appointed to the Board of Admiralty as Senior Naval LordRodger, pp. 51–52 under the North Ministry in February 1770, holding office until he was made Governor of Greenwich Hospital, by way of retirement, in February 1771.
He succeeded his father in 1768. By the time of his inheritance he was Member of Parliament for the Dumbartonshire, to which seat he was elected in 1761, 1768, and 1774. In 1780 he was chosen for Ayr Burghs but was again Member for Dumbartonshire in 1790, and continued to hold this office until he retired from Parliament in 1799. A staunch Tory supporter, he upheld Lord North's government during the American War of Independence, and due to his public services, he was created a baronet on 20 May 1774.
Kennedy was joint Solicitor General for Scotland from 1709 to 1714, sharing the office with Sir James Stewart, 1st Baronet. He was appointed as Lord Advocate in March 1714, but he was dismissed in October 1714 after George I succeeded to the throne. He later supported the 2nd Duke of Argyll, who organised his return at a by-election in January 1720 as Member of Parliament (MP) for Ayr Burghs. He ended his parliamentary career a year later, when he was appointed as a judge of the Scottish Court of Exchequer.
The members of the last House of Commons of England had been elected between 7 May and 6 June 1705, and from 1707 they all continued to sit as members of the new House of Commons. The last general election in Scotland had been held in the autumn of 1702, and from 1707 only forty-five of the members of the Parliament of Scotland joined the new house. In Scotland there was also no new election from the burghs, and the places available were filled by co-option from the last Parliament.
In the burghs, the old schools were maintained, with the song schools and a number of new foundations becoming reformed grammar schools or ordinary parish schools. Schools were supported by a combination of kirk funds, contributions from local heritors or burgh councils and from parents that could pay. They were inspected by kirk sessions, who checked for the quality of teaching and doctrinal purity. There was also a large number of unregulated "adventure schools", which sometimes fulfilled a local need and sometimes took pupils away from the official schools.
John Osborn, 5th Baronet (1772-1848) and his wife Frederica Osborn, née Davers (d. 1870) Sir John Osborn, 5th Baronet (3 December 1772 – 28 August 1848), of Chicksands Priory in Bedfordshire, was an English politician. He was the only son of Sir George Osborn, 4th Baronet who he succeeded in 1818. He was educated at Westminster School and Christ Church, Oxford. Osborn was Member of Parliament for Bedfordshire, 1794–1807; for Cockermouth, 1807–1808; for Queenborough, 1812–1818; again for Bedfordshire, 1818–1820 and for the Wigtown Burghs 1821–1824.
In mediaeval times, this could mean dozens of people, and by the 19th century tens of thousands of people could qualify in a single scot and lot burgh. In Gatton, however, only two people qualified under scot and lot; since burghs received 2 MPs, this meant that each MP for Gatton represented exactly 1 voter. The quirks of the existing system, such as Gatton, was one of the reasons for the 1832 Great Reform Act. There were two scot and lot boroughs in Wales: Flint Boroughs (1727–1832) and Haverfordwest.
In 1741 he became a captain in the 46th Foot and in October 1742 was appointed equerry to the Prince of Wales. Leslie was returned on his family’s interest for as MP for Perth Burghs at a by-election 20 January 1743. Following his cousin Lord Tweeddale, he voted with the Government on the Hanoverians in 1744. He served against the rebels in the Forty-five rebellion, when he was wounded and captured at the Battle of Prestonpans. In 1746, he was classed as a follower of Tweeddale’s friend, Granville.
He twice told against the bill restoring lay patronage in Scotland and was teller for three other bills affecting Scotland. He presented an address on the peace from Stirling Burgh in March but also voted against the ministry over the French commerce bill in June. In 1713 he became a burgess of Edinburgh and was returned again for Stirling Burghs. He supported the Hanoverian succession and in January 1714, was reported to be travelling around the west of Scotland with his uncle Colonel John Erskine promoting Hanoverian addresses.
In April 1868, at the age of thirty-one, Campbell- Bannerman stood as a Liberal candidate in a by-election for the Stirling Burghs constituency, narrowly losing to fellow Liberal John Ramsay. However, at the general election in November of that year, Campbell-Bannerman defeated Ramsay and was elected to the House of Commons as the Liberal Member of Parliament for Stirling Burghs, a constituency that he would go on to represent for almost forty years. Campbell-Bannerman rose quickly through the ministerial ranks, being appointed as Financial Secretary to the War Office in Gladstone's first government in November 1871, serving in this position until 1874 under Edward Cardwell, the Secretary of State for War; when Cardwell was raised to the peerage, Campbell-Bannerman became the Liberal government's chief spokesman on defence matters in the House of Commons. He was appointed to the same position from 1880 to 1882 in Gladstone's second government, and after serving as Parliamentary and Financial Secretary to the Admiralty between 1882 and 1884, Campbell-Bannerman was promoted to the Cabinet as Chief Secretary for Ireland in 1884. In Gladstone's third and fourth governments, in 1886 and 1892 to 1894 respectively, as well as the Earl of Rosebery's government from 1894 to 1895, he served as Secretary of State for War.
Caithness originally formed part of the shire or sheriffdom of Inverness, but gradually gained independence: in 1455 the Earl of Caithness gained a grant of the justiciary and sheriffdom of the area from the Sheriff of Inverness. In 1503 an act of the Parliament of Scotland confirmed the separate jurisdiction, with Dornoch and Wick named as burghs in which the sheriff of Caithness was to hold courts. The area of the sheriffdom was declared to be identical to that of the Diocese of Caithness. The Sheriff of Inverness still retained power over important legal cases, however, until 1641.
This is a list of listed buildings in the civil parish of Cathcart, Scotland. Although parishes ceased to be used for administrative purposes in 1930, Historic Scotland continue to use them and burghs for the purposes of geographically categorising listed buildings. The parish includes areas that were historically split between the counties of Renfrew and Lanark, and are today in the council areas of Glasgow and East Renfrewshire. However, as Historic Scotland categorise buildings within former burgh boundaries under that location rather than their parish, this list only covers the portion of Cathcart parish that was not within the Glasgow burgh boundary.
Boundary changes meant that a burgh for parliamentary elections might not have the same boundaries as the burgh for other purposes. The effect of the Reform Act was considerable. Before 1832 the Scottish Parliamentary electorate had been about 5,000 adult males. Following the passing of the Act, the number of Scottish MPs increased from 45 to 53 and the franchise increased by an even greater proportion, growing from under 5,000 of the 2,300,000 population to 65,000 voters (now covering householders of £10 value in the burghs and property owners of £10 or tenants of £50 rental in the country seats).
William Baird of Elie William Baird of Elie DL (23 April 1796 – 8 March 1864), was the Tory Member of Parliament (MP) for Falkirk Burghs. He was first elected at the 1841 general election, and held the seat until he resigned from Parliament on 2 May 1846, by the procedural device of becoming Steward of the Chiltern Hundreds. The resulting by-election in Falkirk was won by the Tory candidate, Henry Pelham-Clinton, known by his courtesy title "Earl of Lincoln". When Lincoln acceded to his Dukedom in 1851, Baird's brother James Baird was elected in his place.
273–305, republished in Winfried Schich, Ralf Gebuhr, Peter Neumeister, Wirtschaft und Kulturlandschaft – Siedlung und Wirtschaft im Bereich der Germania Slavica, BWV Verlag, 2007, p.289, Important sites in the settlement were a place for periodical markets and a tavern, mentioned as forum et taberna in 1140. In the 9th and 10th centuries, the Budzistowo stronghold was the largest of several smaller ones in the Persante area, and as such is thought to have functioned as the center of the local Pomeranian subtribe. By the turn from the 10th to the 11th century, the smaller burghs in the Parseta area were given up.
In 1921 they moved to Troon. She was subsequently a member of Troon Town Council and Ayrshire County Council, and during the next twenty years she fulfilled a number of roles in civic administration, continuing her educational campaign and serving as a JP. She was appointed a member of the Scottish Food Council, the price regulation committee for Scotland, and the 1928 Royal Commission on Educational Endowments in Scotland. Twice—in 1929 and 1931—she unsuccessfully fought Ayr Burghs at the general election. When international tensions began to develop in the 1930s, Clarice initially held to her pacifist principles.
Barrie served during the First World War in an advisory capacity at the Transport Department of the Admiralty, and latterly in the Ministry of Shipping. He was the Minister of Munitions representative in Paris during the Peace Conference, and was a Member of the Supreme Economic Council. He also served as Chairman of the Navy, Army, and Air Force Institutes and as a Member of the Advisory Council to the General Post Office. He was Liberal Member of Parliament (MP) for Elgin Burghs briefly during 1918, for Banffshire from 1918–1924 and later sat for Southampton from 1931-1940 as a Liberal National.
The Yeomen of the Guard and the Early Tudors: The Formation of a Royal Bodyguard, p.164-167, Anita Hewerdine (I B Tauris, 2012) Following the death of Gilbert, Lord Tailboys, on 15 April 1530, the manor and lands were still connected with his family, suggesting that there was legal complexity regarding the various properties owned by the Tailboys and the Burghs due to the 1460 Escheatment Act.Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of London, Volume 3, p.246, Society of Antiquaries of London (1856) (Tailboys married Elizabeth Blount, a former mistress of King Henry VIII.
Aberdeen and Kincardine East was created by the Representation of the People Act 1918 and first used in the 1918 general election. The constituency was entirely within the county of Aberdeen and one of five constituencies covering the county of Aberdeen, the city of Aberdeen and the county of Kincardine (except that the Kincardine burgh of Inverbervie was part of a sixth constituency, Montrose Burghs). Also entirely within the county of Aberdeen, there was Aberdeen and Kincardine Central. Kincardine and West Aberdeen covered the county of Kincardine (minus the burgh of Inverbervie) and part of the county of Aberdeen.
Lord William Robert Keith Douglas, circa 1855 Lord William Robert Keith Douglas (1783 - 5 December 1859) was a British politician and landowner. He was the fourth son of Sir William Douglas, 4th Baronet of Kelhead and younger brother of both Charles Douglas, 6th Marquess of Queensberry and John Douglas, 7th Marquess of Queensberry. He represented the Dumfries Burghs constituency between 1812 and 1832 and served, on a number of occasions, as one of the Lord Commissioners of the Admiralty. He owned sugar plantation estates in Tobago which had formerly belonged to Walter Irvine, whose daughter, Elizabeth, he married on 24 November 1824.
One act of his reign urges the Scottish burghs to reform and support the teaching of music in Sang Sculis.See: Jack, R. D. S. (2000), "Scottish Literature: 1603 and all that ", Association for Scottish Literary Studies, retrieved 18 October 2011. In furtherance of these aims, he was both patron and head of a loose circle of Scottish Jacobean court poets and musicians known as the Castalian Band, which included William Fowler and Alexander Montgomerie among others, Montgomerie being a favourite of the king.Jack, R. D. S. (1985), Alexander Montgomerie, Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, pp. 1–2.
From the twelfth century, burghs, towns that were granted certain legal privileges from the crown, developed, particularly on the east coast. They were typically surrounded by a palisade or had a castle and usually had a market place, with a widened high street or junction, often marked by a mercat cross, beside houses for the nobles, burgesses and other significant inhabitants,A. MacQuarrie, Medieval Scotland: Kinship and Nation (Thrupp: Sutton, 2004), , pp. 136–40. which were often built in a relatively elaborate style and by the end of the period some would have slate roofs or tiles.
The six story Gladstone's Land, Edinburgh, demonstrating the tendency to build up in the growing burghs Most of the early modern population, in both the Lowlands and Highlands, was housed in small hamlets and isolated dwellings.I. D. Whyte and K. A. Whyte, The Changing Scottish Landscape: 1500–1800 (London: Taylor & Francis, 1991), , p. 5. Most farming was based on the lowland fermtoun or highland baile, settlements of a handful of families that jointly farmed an area notionally suitable for two or three plough teams.J. Wormald, Court, Kirk, and Community: Scotland, 1470–1625 (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1991), , pp. 41–55.
The House of Commons (Redistribution of Seats) Act 1949 created new boundaries for the 1950 general election, and East Aberdeenshire was created as one of four constituencies covering the county of Aberdeen and the city of Aberdeen. East Aberdeenshire and West Aberdeenshire were entirely within the county, and Aberdeen North and Aberdeen South were entirely within the city. East Aberdeenshire consisted of the burghs of Ellon, Fraserburgh, Huntly, Peterhead, Rosehearty and Turriff and the districts of Deer, Ellon, Huntly and Turriff.Boundaries of Parliamentary Constituencies 1885-1972 (), F. W. S. Craig 1972 The same boundaries were used for the 1951 general election.
For the 1955 general election, the burgh of Huntly and the district of Huntly were transferred to West Aberdeenshire. East Aberdeenshire retained the same boundaries for the 1959 general election, the 1964 general election, the 1966 general election, the 1970 general election, the February 1974 general election and the October 1974 general election. In 1975, throughout Scotland, under the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973, counties and burghs were abolished as local government areas, and East Aberdeenshire became a constituency within the Grampian region. The 1979 general election was held before a review of constituency boundaries took account of new local government boundaries.
The House of Commons (Redistribution of Seats) Act 1949 created new boundaries for the 1950 general election, and West Aberdeenshire was created as one of four constituencies covering the county of Aberdeen and the city of Aberdeen. West Aberdeenshire and East Aberdeenshire were entirely within the county, and Aberdeen North and Aberdeen South were entirely within the city. West Aberdeenshire consisted of the burghs of Ballater, Inverurie, Kintore, and Oldmeldrum, and the districts of Aberdeen, Alford, Deeside, and Garioch.Boundaries of Parliamentary Constituencies 1885-1972 (), F. W. S. Craig 1972 The same boundaries were used for the 1951 general election.
He was elected at the 1895 general election as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Kilmarnock Burghs. and re-elected in 1900, holding the seat until standing down at the 1906 general election. He was a founder member of the Glasgow and West of Scotland Association for Women's Suffrage During the First World War, he was chairman of the Dumbartonshire Territorial Force Association, and became an honorary colonel in the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders, which he was largely responsible for raising. He was made a Companion of the Order of the Bath in the 1917 New Year Honours.
The kirk became a major element of the system of poor relief, and justices of the peace were given responsibility for dealing with the issue. The 1574 poor law act was modelled on the English act passed two years earlier; it limited relief to the deserving poor of the old, sick and infirm, imposing draconian punishments on a long list of "masterful beggars", including jugglers, palmisters and unlicensed tutors. Parish deacons, elders or other overseers, and in the burghs bailies and provosts,O. P. Grell and A. Cunningham, Health Care and Poor Relief in Protestant Europe, 1500–1700 (London: Routledge, 1997), , p. 221.
In practice, the strictures on begging were often disregarded in times of extreme hardship.R. Mitchison, Lordship to Patronage, Scotland 1603–1745 (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1983), , p. 143. Poor rates were very slow to be set up in the burghs, with Edinburgh the first as a result of the outbreak of plague in 1584. It was then gradually introduced in other cities, such as St Andrews in 1597, Perth in 1599, Aberdeen in 1619, and Glasgow and Dundee in 1636.O. P. Grell and A. Cunningham, Health Care and Poor Relief in Protestant Europe, 1500–1700 (London: Routledge, 1997), , , p. 37.
The earlier Inverness-shire constituency covered, nominally, the county of Inverness minus the burgh of Inverness, which was a part of the Inverness Burghs constituency. By 1918, however, county boundaries were out of alignment with constituency boundaries. In 1918, the Representation of the People Act 1918 created new constituency boundaries, taking account of new local government boundaries, and the new constituency boundaries were first used in the 1918 general election. The new Inverness constituency included the burgh of Inverness and was one of three constituencies covering the county of Inverness and the county of Ross and Cromarty.
The other two were the Ross and Cromarty constituency and the Western Isles constituency.Boundaries of Parliamentary Constituencies 1885-1972 (), F. W. S. Craig 1972 The Inverness constituency covered the county of Inverness minus Outer Hebridean areas (the districts of Harris, North Uist and South Uist), which were covered by the Western Isles constituency. The same boundaries were used in every election from 1918 onwards. In 1975, counties and burghs were abolished as local government areas, under the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973, and from 1975 until 1983, the Inverness constituency was entirely within the Highland local government region.
Prior to that election Scotland was represented by MPs who were co-opted as commissioners of the former Parliament of Scotland. In the Parliament of Great Britain, Scotland had 15 burgh constituencies and 33 county constituencies, with each representing a seat for one MP. The county constituencies included, however, three pairs of alternating constituencies, so that only one member of a pair was represented at any one time. Therefore, Scotland had more constituencies than seats. With the exception of Edinburgh, the burgh constituencies were districts of burghs. 1708 boundaries were used for all subsequent election of the Parliament of Great Britain.
The 1885 legislation detailed boundary changes but did not detail boundaries for all constituencies. For a complete picture of boundaries in Scotland, it has to be read in conjunction with the Representation of the People (Scotland) Act 1832 and the Representation of the People (Scotland) Act 1868.Boundaries of Parliamentary Constituencies 1885-1972, F. W. S. Craig, 1972, As under legislation of 1832 and 1868, constituencies related nominally to counties and burghs, but boundaries for parliamentary purposes were not necessarily those for other purposes. Also, boundaries for other purposes were altered by the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1889 and by later related legislation.
In Scotland, the term huckster referred to a person, usually a woman, who bought goods, watered them down, and resold them in tiny quantity to others who were too poor to buy quality products available at market value. These items tended to be in the poorer quality range since economy was paramount. Scots burghs often felt the need to control hucksters because they operated without a stall, on the economic fringes. In particular, they were subject of accusations of forestalling, in this case the practice of buying goods wholesale, "before the stall" and therefore before tax was paid.
"Obituary: Mr Arthur Brady", Glasgow Herald, 20 February 1954 With Patrick Dollan and a number of ILP Members of Parliament, Brady founded the Scottish Socialist Party (SSP), which sought to continue ILP policies while re-affiliating to the Labour Party. Brady was elected as the group's general secretary, and successfully affiliated the group to Labour. He represented it on the Scottish Council of Labour until it dissolved in 1940, and afterwards served for a while as Chairman of the Scottish Labour Party. At the 1935 general election, Brady stood for the Labour Party in Ayr Burghs.
In 1940 Maclay was elected in a wartime by-election as Member of Parliament (MP) for Montrose Burghs. During the Second World War, he led the British Merchant shipping Mission to Washington, D.C., leading to his appointment to the Order of St Michael and St George as a Companion (CMG) in the 1944 Birthday Honours. In 1945 he briefly served as Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Minister of Production. He retained his Montrose seat at the 1945 general election. During the 1945 to 1951 Labour government, he led the National Liberals in the House of Commons.
34-5 \- although technically represented in the House of Commons, was part of a district of burghs that meant it was in practice without representation, and since none of its citizens met the county franchise none of them had a direct vote. Some other industrial towns which elected members but with a very narrow franchise were in the same situation: Wigan, for example, had 10,000 people in 1800 but only 100 electors, while residents of the fast-growing London suburbs were also unrepresented unless they met the county franchise to vote in Middlesex, Surrey or Kent.
Historians have noted considerable political conflict in the burghs between the great merchants and craftsmen throughout the period. Merchants attempted to prevent lower crafts and guilds from infringing on their trade, monopolies and political power. Craftsmen attempted to emphasise their importance and to break into disputed areas of economic activity, setting prices and standards of workmanship. In the fifteenth century a series of statutes cemented the political position of the merchants, with limitations on the ability of residents to influence the composition of burgh councils and many of the functions of regulation taken on by the bailies.
Separation from bed and board was allowed in exceptional circumstances, usually adultery.E. Ewen, "The early modern family" in T. M. Devine and J. Wormald, eds, The Oxford Handbook of Modern Scottish History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), , p. 273. In the burghs there were probably high proportions of poor households headed by widows, who survived on casual earnings and the profits from selling foodstuffs or ale.E. Ewen, "An Urban Community: The Crafts in Thirteenth Century Aberdeen" in A. Grant and K. J. Stringer, Medieval Scotland: Crown, Lordship and Community: Essays Presented to G.W.S Barrow (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1998), p. 164.
The Commons of the second English Parliament of Queen Anne had been elected in May and June 1705. By proclamation of 29 April 1707 this parliament was declared to be the first Parliament of Great Britain.Return of Members of Parliament, Part II, page 1. In February 1707 the shire commissioners and burgh commissioners of the last Parliament of Scotland in Edinburgh had elected 45 of their number (30 for the shires and 15 for the burghs) to represent Scotland in the House of Commons of Great Britain, and these new members took their seats at Westminster in November 1707.
During the Wars of Scottish Independence legal developments in Scotland appeared to have slowed, likely affected by the widespread social turmoil. There is some evidence that there were attempts to codify the law of the time and a small number of reforming statutes were passed by the Parliament of Scotland evidencing at least some concern for remedying deficiencies in the law.Stair, vol. 22, para. 514 (Online) Retrieved 2011-10-26 Under Robert the Bruce the importance of the Parliament of Scotland grew as he called them more frequently and its composition shifted to include more representation from the burghs and lesser landowners.
The act did not alter the overall distribution of parliamentary seats in Ireland.Moore's Almanack improved: or Will's farmer's and countryman's calendar for the year 1869. Joseph Greenhill, London, 1869 It was originally proposed to merge twelve smaller boroughs into six pairs on the model of Scottish district of burghs and Welsh contributory boroughs, with the freed-up seats being transferred to the six most populous county constituencies. This was rejected by Parliament, although the act as passed did alter the boundaries of those parliamentary boroughs which were also municipal boroughs, extending the parliamentary boundary to include all the municipal boundary.
1995, p. 29 Their settlement area was centered on the lakes Oberuckersee and Unteruckersee at the spring of the Uecker River. In this region, burghs with a proto-town suburbium were set up at Drense and on an isle in Lake Oberuckersee (near modern Prenzlau). In 954, Margrave Gero of the Saxon Eastern March (the marca Geronis), aided by Holy Roman Emperor Otto I's son-in-law, Conrad of Lorraine, launched a successful campaign to subdue the Ukrians, who had come within reach of the Holy Roman Empire's Northern March after the 929 Battle of Lenzen.
The tradition of shooting the silver Musselburgh Arrow, a small arrow presented by the town of Musselburgh in 1603, predates the creation of the Company and follows in the traditions of other burghs of Scotland. A new, large arrow was presented in 1713.Charles Lowe, The Graphic, The Royal Company of Archers, 9 August 1902, p.184 The victor of the shooting retains the arrow for a year, and on handing it over to the next victor appends a medal to the arrow with an engraved personal motto, all of which are held by the Company.
In 1708, Oliphant moved permanently to London, attributing his decision to the Act of Union. He had concluded that "our remoteness from the centre of the government must certainly drain us, and carry all those that have ambulatory employments, or live by their industry, to live in England". At the 1710 general election, Oliphant was elected in the Duke of Argyll's interest (MP) as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Ayr Burghs. He had no previous connection to the area and appears to have been rather uninterested its affairs, but with the Duke's support he was re-elected 1715.
The sites for these ab ovo towns, more often than not, were the fortified burghs of counts, bishops or territorial abbots. Such towns were also founded in the Rhineland. Other towns were simply market villages, local centers of exchange. Such townspeople needed physical protection from lawless nobles and bandits, part of the motivation for gathering behind communal walls, but also strove to establish their liberties, the freedom to conduct and regulate their own affairs and security from arbitrary taxation and harassment from the bishop, abbot, or count in whose jurisdiction these obscure and ignoble social outsiders lay.
In 1864 he was a member of the Royal Commission on Education in Scotland, being also an unpaid member of Board of Education for Scotland. He was a Fellow or member of several learned societies.Debretts Guide to the House of Commons 1886 In April 1868, Ramsay was elected at a by-election as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Stirling Burghs when his predecessor gave up the seat under the influence of a spiritualist prophet. He only sat until the general election in November that year, when he lost the seat to the future prime minister Henry Campbell- Bannerman.
Ramsay was a member of the Royal Commission on Endowed Schools in Scotland in 1872. In the 1874 general election, he was elected as the MP for Falkirk Burghs, but discovering he had been in breach of regulations as he held a government contract at the time, stood down in March and was re-elected at a by-election that month. He held the seat until 1886, and in the meantime was a member of Endowed Institutions Commission under an Act of 1878, and of Educational Endowments Commission under an Act of 1882. Ramsay lived at Kildalton, Argyllshire.
1974–1983: The burghs of Buckhaven and Methil, Burntisland, Kingshorn, and Kirkcaldy, and parts of the districts of Kirkcaldy and Wemyss. 1983–1997: The Kirkcaldy District electoral divisions of Auchtertool/Linktown/Invertiel, Bennochy/Chapel/Cluny, Bennochy/Dunearn, Buckhaven/East Wemyss, Burntisland/Kinghorn, Dunnikier, Gallatown/Dysart/Coaltown of Wemyss/Thornton, Hayfield/Kirkcaldy Central, and Smeaton/Sinclairtown. 1997–2005: The Kirkcaldy District electoral divisions of Buckhaven, Thornton and Wemyss; Burntisland and Auchtertool; Dunearn and Torbain; Dunnikier and Fair Isle; Dysart and Gallatown; Hayfield and Bennochy; Kinghorn and Linktown; Pathhead, Sinclairtown and Smeaton; and Raith and Valley. The constituency was centred on the town of Kirkcaldy.
Ian Ivatt, The 1908 Hastings By-Election in Journal of Liberal History, Issue 59 – Summer 2008 However another chance soon arrived with the elevation to the peerage of John Morley. Morley had been Secretary of State for India since 1905 but he was given a seat in the House of Lords to ease the burden of performing this office, so creating a vacancy in his Montrose Burghs constituency. The by-election was held on 12 May 1908. In a three-cornered contest, Harcourt held the seat for the Liberals with a majority of 1,146 over Labour, with the Unionists in third place.
Wharncliffe sat as Member of Parliament for Bossiney from 1823 to 1830, for Perth Burghs from 1830 to 1831 and for the West Riding of Yorkshire from 1841 to 1845. He served under the Duke of Wellington as Secretary to the Board of Control in 1830 and under Sir Robert Peel as Under-Secretary of State for War and the Colonies from 1834 to 1835. in 1845 succeeded his father in the barony and took his seat in the House of Lords. Lord Wharncliffe was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society on 4 June 1829.
A new tax on annual rents amounting to five per cent on all interest on loans, mainly directed at the merchants of the burghs, was introduced in 1621; but it was widely resented and was still being collected over a decade later.J. Wormald, Court, Kirk, and Community: Scotland, 1470–1625 (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1991), , p. 161. Under Charles I the annual income from all sources in Scotland was under £16,000 sterling and inadequate for the normal costs of government, with the court in London now being financed out of English revenues.R. Mitchison, A History of Scotland (London: Routledge, 3rd edn.
Although there was an improving system of roads in early modern Scotland, it remained a country divided by topography, particularly between the Highlands and Islands and the Lowlands. Most of the economic development was in the Lowlands, which saw the beginnings of industrialisation, agricultural improvement and the expansion of eastern burghs, particularly Glasgow, as trade routes to the Americas opened up. The local laird emerged as a key figure and the heads of names and clans in the Borders and Highlands declined in importance. There was a population expanding towards the end of the period and increasing urbanisation.
These districts often feature in works of fiction. For example, Church Hill in Morningside, was the home of Muriel Spark's Miss Jean Brodie, and Ian Rankin's Inspector Rebus lives in Marchmont and works in St Leonards. The Shore, Leith Leith was historically the port of Edinburgh, an arrangement of unknown date that was confirmed by the royal charter Robert the Bruce granted to the city in 1329. The port developed a separate identity from Edinburgh, which to some extent it still retains, and it was a matter of great resentment when the two burghs merged in 1920 into the City of Edinburgh.
From the eleventh century French, Flemish and particularly English became the main languages of Scottish burghs, most of which were located in the south and east.K. J. Stringer, "Reform Monasticism and Celtic Scotland", in E. J. Cowan and R. A. McDonald, eds, Alba: Celtic Scotland in the Middle Ages (East Lothian: Tuckwell Press, 2000), , p. 133. At least from the accession of David I (r. 1124–53), as part of a Davidian Revolution that introduced French culture and political systems, Gaelic ceased to be the main language of the royal court and was probably replaced by French.
Trade Hospitals in Aberdeen At the beginning of the eighteenth century, an important development took place in Old Aberdeen. It should be remembered, that although the burgh of Old Aberdeen is now part of the City of Aberdeen, in the eighteenth century, the two burghs had separate civic authorities, along with trades and merchant organizations. From records of the Incorporated Trades in Old Aberdeen, in 1708, an initiative to seek support for a Hospital for elderly members was started.There were five Incorporated Trades in Old Aberdeen: Hammermen – including smiths, wrights and coopers; Tailors, Shoemakers; Weavers; Fleshers.
The attached church was once the largest parish church in medieval Scotland. Dundee was unusual among Scottish medieval burghs in having two parish kirks; the second, dedicated to St Clement, has disappeared, but its site was approximately that of the present City Square. Other presbyterian groups include the Free Church which meet at St. Peters (the historic church of Robert Murray M'Cheyne) where prominent theologians David Robertson and Sinclair B. Ferguson regularly preach. In the Middle Ages Dundee was also the site of houses of the Dominicans (Blackfriars), and Franciscans (Greyfriars), and had a number of hospitals and chapels.
Scotland, outside Lothian, Lanarkshire, Roxburghshire, Berwickshire, Angus, Aberdeenshire and Fife at least, largely was populated by scattered hamlets, and outside that area, lacked the continental style nucleated village. David I established the first chartered burghs in Scotland, copying the burgher charters and Leges Burgorum (rules governing virtually every aspect of life and work in a burgh) almost verbatim from the English customs of Newcastle-Upon-Tyne.Barrow, Kingship and unity, p. 98 Early burgesses were usually Flemish, English, French and German, rather than Gaelic Scots. The burgh’s vocabulary was composed totally of either Germanic and French terms.
It had to be made clear to anyone thinking of or trying to encroach that they dare not do so. In return for the Royal status of the town and the favour of the King, the Provost and his council, along with other worthies of the town had to be diligent in ensuring the boundaries were strictly observed. Although steeped in history, Scotland's burghs remained the foundation of the country's system of local government for centuries. Burgh status conferred on its citizens the right to elect their own town councils, run their own affairs and raise their own local taxes or rates.
The County of Clackmannan is one of Scotland's 33 historic local government counties, bordering on Perthshire, Stirlingshire and Fife. The county town was originally Clackmannan, but by 1822 neighbouring Alloa had outgrown Clackmannan and replaced it as the county town. Some rationalization of the county boundaries was undertaken in 1889–1890, and in 1971 the Muckhart and Glendevon areas, formerly in Perthshire, were transferred to Clackmannanshire. In 1975, under the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973, the existing burghs and 33 historic counties lost their administrative status, and a new hierarchy of regions and districts was created.
The Orr Ewing Baronetcy, of Ballikinrain in the parish of Killearn in the County of Stirling and of Lennoxbank in the parish of Bonhill in the County of Dunbarton, was created in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom on 8 March 1886 for the Conservative politician Archibald Orr-Ewing. He was the seventh son of William Ewing, a merchant of Glasgow, and Susan, daughter of John Orr, Provost of Paisley. The fourth Baronet was a Brigadier- General in the British Army. Charles Lindsay Orr-Ewing, fifth son of the first Baronet, was Member of Parliament for Ayr Burghs.
Charles Lennox Cumming-Bruce (20 February 1790 – 1 January 1875), was a Scottish Conservative politician. He was the second son of Sir Alexander Cumming-Gordon, 1st Baronet, and in 1820 married Mary Elizabeth Bruce, the only daughter of James Bruce.Oliver & Boyd's new Edinburgh almanac and national repository for the year 1850. Oliver & Boyd, Edinburgh, 1850 He served as the Member of Parliament for the Inverness Burghs constituency from 1831 to 1837 - being re-elected in 1834 with a majority of only four votes,Smallest majorities at Westminster and for Elginshire and Nairnshire from 1840 to 1868.
At the 1885 general election, Cameron was elected as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Wick Burghs as an independent liberal, defeating the sitting Liberal MP John Pender. A committed land reformer, he had been nominated by the Wick Radical Workingmen's Association and supported by the Highland Law Reform Association and appears to have been sympathetic to the Crofters Party.Allan W. MacColl Land, Faith and the Crofting Community Edinburgh University Press 2006 He served as a Liberal Party MP and held the seat until his defeat at the 1892 general election by Pender, who was by then a Liberal Unionist.
The presence of Scone Abbey, home of the Stone of Scone (also known as the Stone of Destiny) where the King of Scots was crowned, enhanced the early importance of the city. Perth became known as a 'capital' of Scotland, due to the frequent residence of the royal court. Royal Burgh status was soon given to the city by King William the Lion in the early 12th century. The city became one of the richest burghs in the country, doing trade with France, the Low Countries and Baltic Countries for goods such as Spanish silk and French wine.
Harck, p. 17 Scandinavians had contacts to the Slavs since their initial immigration, which were soon followed by both the construction of Scandinavian emporia and Slavic burghs in their vicinity.Harck, p. 15 The Scandinavian settlements were larger than the early Slavic ones, their craftsmen had a considerably higher productivity, and, in contrast to the early Slavs, the Scandinavians were capable of seafaring. Their importance for trade with the Slavic world, however, was limited to the coastal regions and their hinterlands.Harck, pp. 16–17 Scandinavian settlements on the Mecklenburgian coast include Reric (Groß Strömkendorf) on the eastern coast of Wismar Bay,Harck, p.
Historians have noted considerable political conflict in the burghs between the great merchants and craftsmen throughout the period. Merchants attempted to prevent lower crafts and gilds from infringing on their trade, monopolies and political power. Craftsmen attempted to emphasise their importance and to break into disputed areas of economic activity, setting prices and standards of workmanship. In the 15th century a series of statutes cemented the political position of the merchants, with limitations on the ability of residents to influence the composition of burgh councils and many of the functions of regulation taken on by the bailies.
In 1885 Jacks was elected as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Leith District of Burghs but in the 1886 general election which followed Gladstone played what was known as the "Leith dirty trick", standing unopposed and thus ousting his former supporter. In the by-election which followed in August 1886 when Gladstone decided to resume the Midlothian seat he had feared losing, Jacks stood as a Liberal Unionist, but was heavily defeated. In the 1892 general election Jacks stood again as a Liberal and was elected MP for Stirlingshire, but lost that seat in 1895.Craig, op. cit.
He briefly returned to Parliament, representing Elgin Burghs, from 1806 to 1807. His "violent" Whiggery and alcoholism much impaired his political career, but he remained influential in the public affairs of Aberdeenshire, in part due to his pleasant manner. Upon his death, he was succeeded by his brother Alexander Skene, who was deaf, dumb, and nearly blind; upon Alexander's death two years later, an entail enacted by George brought the Skene estates to his nephew, the Earl Fife. At the end of his life he was living at 46 Moray Place in the fashionable Moray Estate on the west side of Edinburgh.
West Stirlingshire was a county constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, to which it elected one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post electoral system. The constituency was created for the 1918 general election, as one of two divisions of the Parliamentary County of Stirling and Clackmannan. It was then defined as the Central and Western County Districts of the County of Stirling including all burghs within their boundaries, save for the Burgh of Stirling."Report of the Boundary Commission (Scotland)", Cd. 8759, Schedule–Part I, section 21.
In 1872 he was elected to the House of Commons as one of two representatives for Tamworth, a seat he held until 1878,leighrayment.com House of Commons: Tain Burghs to Tipperary North and then sat for Staffordshire North until 1880, when he lost his seat.leighrayment.com House of Commons: Southend to Stamford He unsuccessfully contested Preston in 1882, but won the seat in 1885.leighrayment.com House of Commons: Plymouth to Putney During the Liberal stay in power from 1892 to 1895 Hanbury was a vigorous critic of William Ewart Gladstone's Second Home Rule Bill from a financial perspective.
His youngest brother, David McDowall-Grant, was also briefly a Member of Parliament for Banffshire. He was educated at Glasgow University, matriculating in 1761, and admitted as an advocate in 1771. He sat as Member of Parliament for Renfrewshire from 1783 until 1786, for Ayrshire from 1789 until 1790, for Glasgow Burghs from 1790 to 1802, and again for Renfrewshire from 1802 until 1810. He owned property in Grenada and St Kitts as well as extensive lands in west-central Scotland which he bequeathed in trust to his nephew William McDowall (1770-1840), son of his brother James.
The early Saxon armies were aggressive small raiding units that could be quickly combined in a larger unit to take land and goods. The later army's function was defensive and was the military expression of an organised state. It not only depended on raising manpower through the fyrd, but on a network of burghs that provided supply bases and mustering points. It was this system that allowed Alfred and his successors to conquer England and for Harold to move his army rapidly against the Norwegians and defeat them at Stamford Bridge then move elements 250 miles south to Hastings.
1974–1983: The Burghs of Cowdenbeath, Leslie, Lochgelly, and Markinch; the Districts of Glenrothes and Lochgelly; and the District of Kirkcaldy electoral divisions of Markinch North and Markinch South. 1983–1997: The Kirkcaldy District electoral divisions of Denbeath/Aberhill; Mountfleurie/Methilhill/Methil North; Leven; Kennoway/Windygates; Leslie/Markinch Star; Auchmuty/Woodside; Pitteuchar/Stenton/Balgonie; South Parks/Rimbleton; and Southwood/Caskieberran. 1997–2005: The Kirkcaldy District electoral divisions of Methil, Denbeath and Muiredge; Methilhill and Mountfleurie; Leven; Kennoway and Windygates; Markinch, Pitcoudie and Star; Auchmuty, Woodside and Coaltown of Balgonie; Pitleuchar and Stenton; Rimbleton and South Parks; Glenwood and Newcastle; and Leslie and Collydean.
Barran was elected to the House of Commons at a by-election in March 1909 as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Hawick Burghs. He was re-elected with a large majority in January 1910 He was returned unopposed in December 1910.British parliamentary election results 1885-1918, Craig, F. W. S. He served as Parliamentary Private Secretary to Prime Minister H. H. Asquith from 1910 to 1916. After the war he tried unsuccessfully to return to parliament, standing as Liberal candidate for Kingston upon Hull North West at the general elections of 1922, 1923 and 1924.
When the sitting member of parliament for Leith Burghs, Ronald Ferguson, was appointed Governor-General of Australia in 1914, Currie was chosen by the Scottish Unionist Party to attack the seat at the resulting by-election. He gained the seat, but only by a narrow majority of 16 votes. When the next general election was held at the end of 1918, there was a redistribution of parliamentary seats under the Representation of the People Act. Currie stood in the new Leith seat as a supporter of David Lloyd George's coalition government, but lost fairly narrowly to the Liberal candidate, William Wedgwood Benn.
Royal Burgh of Kirkcaldy Map from 1824 displaying the length of "the lang toun" Kirkcaldy () is a former royal burgh and town. Known as one of Scotland's "most ancient burghs", the area surrounding the modern town has a history dating as far back between 2500 BC and 500 BC as a possible funerary landscape. The town began as a burgh under the control of Dunfermline Abbey. A harbour built around the east burn gradually led to the growth of the town surrounding the harbour itself, main street and Tiel burn following the demand of trade with the Baltic.
This gave him an ex officio seat on Edinburgh Town Council and later that year he was elected Deacon of the Edinburgh Convenery of Trades, a position which gave him considerable local political power and status. The following year he was re- elected to these offices, and in addition was appointed one of the City’s representatives on the Convention of the Royal Burghs of Scotland. In 1713 the Town Council appointed him surgeon to the poor of the city for an annual salary of '300 merks Scots', a position he held until 1720.Wright-St Clair R.E. Doctors Monro.
The famines of the 1690s were seen as particularly severe, partly because famine had become relatively rare in the second half of the seventeenth century, with only one year of dearth (in 1674). The shortages of the 1690s would be the last of their kind. During this period, starvation probably killed 5–15 percent of the Scottish population, but in areas like Aberdeenshire death rates reached 25 percent. The system of the Old Scottish Poor Law was overwhelmed by the scale of the crisis, although provision in the urban centres of the burghs was probably better than in the countryside.
Major William Murray (1865 – 5 March 1923) was a Liberal Unionist and later Unionist Party politician in Scotland. He was elected at 1918 general election as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Dumfriesshire, as a Coalition Unionist, but did not stand again at the 1922 election. Murray had earlier contested the seat as a Liberal Unionist in both the January 1910 and December 1910 general elections, but lost on both occasions by margins (by margins of 6.6% and 6.4% respectively). He had also stood twice without success in the Dumfries Burghs constituency, at the 1895 and 1900 general elections.
William Gladstone in 1911 around the time of his election as an MP In 1909, Gladstone was the Assistant Private Secretary to John Hamilton-Gordon, Earl of Aberdeen who was serving as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. In 1911 he served for a few months at the British Embassy in Washington, D.C. as an Honorary Attaché to Lord Bryce. He stood as the Liberal Party candidate in the Kilmarnock Burghs by-election held on 26 September 1911 and was elected as the Member of Parliament (MP). A whip in Asquith's government, he served only 4 years in Parliament.
65, section 44) In many cases the commissioners appointed special constables for all or parts of their counties, and by the Police (Scotland) Act 1857 they were required to establish a county police force, in all areas outside police burghs, from 1858. In 1862, the functions and property of the Commissioners of Highland Roads and Bridges were transferred to the Commissioners of Supply.Highland Roads and Bridges Act 1862, sections 4 and 5. In 1890, as a result of the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1889, virtually all of the powers and duties of the commissioners passed to the newly created county councils.
He was elected unopposed as the Member of Parliament (MP) for the Kilmarnock Burghs at a by-election in 1915, and held the seat until its abolition for the 1918 general election. He was then elected as a Coalition Liberal for the new county constituency of Kilmarnock, retaining the seat as a Liberal in 1922. He resigned from the House of Commons on 12 November 1923 by the procedural device of accepting a nominal appointment as Steward of the Chiltern Hundreds. no by-election was held, and the seat remained vacant when Parliament was dissolved on 16 November for the 1923 general election.
Sir Robert Laurie 4th Baronet (1708–1779) of Maxwelton, Dumfries was a Scottish politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1738 to 1741 Laurie was the eldest son of Sir Walter Laurie, 3rd Baronet, of Maxwelton, and his first wife Jean Nisbet of Dean, Midlothian. He succeeded his father to the baronetcy on 23 November 1731. He married Christian Erskine, eldest daughter of Charles Erskine, of Alva, Clackmannanshire, and Tinwald, Dumfries, on 4 February 1733. Laurie was brought in by his father-in-law, Charles Erskine, as Member of Parliament for Dumfries Burghs at a by-election on 19 June 1738.
Henry Thoby Prinsep, photograph by Julia Margaret Cameron, 1866 On his return to England in 1843 Prinsep settled in London, where he was a member of the Carlton Club and the Athenæum Club. His ambition at that time was to enter the House of Commons, and he contested four constituencies as a Conservative candidate (Kilmarnock Burghs, Dartmouth, Dover, and Harwich). At Harwich in March 1851 he was returned by a majority, was unseated by petition on technical grounds connected with his qualification, which were removed by the House of Commons. Harwich constituency was then much troubled with petitions against electoral corruption, barely surviving the scrutiny.
He created an Anglo-Norman style of court, introduced the office of justiciar to oversee justice, and local offices of sheriffs to administer localities. He established the first royal burghs in Scotland, granting rights to particular settlements, which led to the development of the first true Scottish towns and helped facilitate economic development as did the introduction of the first recorded Scottish coinage. He continued a process begun by his mother and brothers, of helping to establish foundations that brought the reformed monasticism based on that at Cluny. He also played a part in the organisation of diocese on lines closer to those in the rest of Western Europe.
In 1172 Pomeranian dukes, vassals of the Duchy of Saxony, later of the Holy Roman Empire, controlled the area. In the course of the medieval Ostsiedlung, the Ukrani were Christianized and Germanized by Saxons, who founded monasteries, castles, and towns; the Slavic heritage is reflected in the many regional towns whose names end with "-ow" and "-in". The early centers of the territory were the Seehausen (Gramzow) Premonstratensian monastery and the city of Prenzlau, developed and granted German town law by Barnim I, Duke of Pomerania, in 1234. Both the central city and the central monastery were set up beside the former Ukrani central burghs.
In keeping with his appointment as Lord Advocate, he was Member of Parliament for Yarmouth, Isle of Wight, England, from 1817-1818, for the Kilrenny district of Anstruther Burghs from 1818 to 1819. He made his Parliamentary debut during a period of considerable unrest in both Scotland and England in 1817, choosing to mark it by announcing the existence of a seditious conspiracy of weavers in the suburbs of Glasgow. The ensuing prosecutions were spectacularly unsuccessful, however, and caused considerable embarrassment, both to the government and to Maconochie himself, who, as Lord Advocate, was directly responsible. In 1817 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.
A year later, Harry plans a feast to celebrate Richard's impending return and entrusts Edmund with arranging the entertainments. Edmund grows increasingly frustrated, as the traditional troupe of eunuchs cancel their participation and he has to consider acts he considers pathetic like Morris dancers, a bear baiter, a flock of chickens which lays eggs, and an act entitled "The Jumping Jews of Jerusalem". King Richard's military commander from Scotland, Dougal MacAngus, arrives for the feast and mistakes Edmund for a eunuch. Edmund's bad mood worsens when MacAngus asks for land in Scotland as a reward for his service, the Royal burghs of Roxburgh, Selkirk and Peebles.
Thomas Dundas of Fingask, Perthshire, and his wife Bethia Baillie, daughter of John Baillie of Castlecary, Stirlingshire, had two sons namely Thomas Dundas of Fingask and Carron Hall, and Lawrence Dundas of Kerse. Lawrence, born in 1712, became Sir Lawrence Dundas baronet, a Member of Parliament for Linlithgow burghs from 1747 to 1748, a Privy Councillor in 1771, Vice Admiral of Shetland and Orkney, Commissary General and a contractor to the British Army from 1748 to 1759, was created a baronet 16 November 1762. Sir Laurence Dundas of Kerse received several grants during the 1760s and 1770s including Seabegs in 1764,RGS.107.12 parts of Kerse in 1766,RGS.
In 1865, on the news reaching the UK of the disturbances in Jamaica, which led ultimately to the removal and attempted trial of Governor Edward Eyre, Gorrie was invited by the Jamaica Committee to go out to represent them before the Royal Commission in the colony. This service, which extended over several months, having been performed to the entire satisfaction of his constituents, Gorrie returned to his usual vocations in London until 1868, when he offered his services to the Border Burghs. Finding, however, that his candidature would split up the advanced Liberal party, a portion of whom considered themselves pledged to Sir George (then Mr. Trevelyan), he withdrew.
After the twelfth-century reign of King David I and the so-called "Davidian Revolution", the Scottish monarchs are perhaps better described as Scoto-Norman than Gaelic, often preferring French culture to native Scottish culture. A consequence was the spread of French institutions and social values including Canon law. The first towns, called burghs, appeared in the same era, and as they spread, so did the Middle English language. These developments were offset by the acquisition of the Norse-Gaelic west, and the Gaelicisation of many of the noble families of French and Anglo-French origin and national cohesion was fostered with the creation of various unique religious and cultural practices.
He continued his parliamentary career, with a low profile, and sat for the Haddington Burghs from 1787 to 1790, for Horsham from 1793 to 1796, and for Ayrshire from 1796 to April 1803. He was appointed first commissioner for the government of the island of Trinidad. The commission appointed for Trinidad consisted of Fullarton, Captain Samuel Hood of the Royal Navy, and Lieutenant-Colonel Thomas Picton, who had ruled the island since its capture by Sir Ralph Abercromby in 1797. When Fullarton asked for an account of all the criminal proceedings which had taken place in the island since Picton had been there, Picton resigned in disgust.
Native Danish rulers who eventually made Jelling in Jutland the site of Gorm the Old's kingdom, were in the East Anglian kingdom. The Five Burghs/Jarldoms were based upon the Kingdom of Lindsey and were a sort of frontier between each kingdom. King Canute the Great would later "reinstall" a Norwegian dynasty of jarls in Northumbria (Eric of Hlathir), with a Danish dynasty of jarls in East Anglia (Thorkel). Northern England would continue to be a source of intrigue for the Norwegians until Harald III of Norway's death at the Battle of Stamford Bridge in 1066 just prior to the Battle of Hastings and the Norman conquest.
The largest part of North Lanarkshire, in the south of the county, has its roots in the history county of Lanarkshire, which has existed since around the time of King David I, who ruled Scotland from 1124 to 1153. The county was based around the town of Lanark, now in South Lanarkshire, which had been the site of the first Parliament of Scotland under Kenneth II in 978, and was granted burgh status by David in 1140. The northern parts of North Lanarkshire were in the historic counties of Dunbartonshire and Stirlingshire. The area now covered by North Lanarkshire has five historical burghs: Airdrie, Coatbridge, Kilsyth, Motherwell and Wishaw.
He was Rector of the University of Glasgow from 1868 to 1871, and held the degrees of LLD from both Edinburgh and Glasgow universities. Moncreiff was Member of Parliament for Leith Burghs from 1851 to 1859, for Edinburgh from 1859 to 1868 and for Glasgow and Aberdeen Universities in 1868. During a long career in parliament Moncreiff guided the passing of over 100 acts of parliament, and his name is associated with the reform of legal procedure and mercantile law. As lord advocate he was engaged as public prosecutor in important cases, notably the trials of Madeline Smith, Wielobycki, and the directors of the Western bank.
For the 1955 general election, West Aberdeenshire was enlarged to include the burgh of Huntly and the district of Huntly, which were previously within East Aberdeenshire. West Aberdeenshire retained the same boundaries for the 1959 general election, the 1964 general election, the 1966 general election, the 1970 general election, the February 1974 general election and the October 1974 general election. In 1975, throughout Scotland, under the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973, counties and burghs were abolished as local government areas, and West Aberdeenshire became a constituency within the Grampian region. The 1979 general election was held before a review of constituency boundaries took account of new local government boundaries.
The position was vacant from 1558 to 1565 and again from 1569. It was occupied in 1580 for the cousin of James I, Esmé Stewart, 1st Duke of Lennox, whose appearance as a Great Officer of State in 1581 is attributable to his personal standing with the king rather than his office. But following the Raid of Ruthven, 24 August 1582, the Great Chamberlain lost his supervision of the royal burghs. Thereafter the office was held by successive Dukes of Lennox (heritably from 1603) until resigned to the Crown ad perpetuam remanentiam by the Duke of Richmond and Lennox in 1703, since which time no Great Chamberlain has been appointed.
The country was incorporated into the Puritan-governed Commonwealth and lost its independent church government, parliament and legal system, but gained access to English markets.Mackie, Lenman and Parker, A History of Scotland, pp. 221–4. Various attempts were made to legitimise the union, calling representatives from the Scottish burghs and shires to negotiations and to various English parliaments, where they were always under-represented and had little opportunity for dissent. However, final ratification was delayed by Cromwell's problems with his various parliaments and the union did not become the subject of an act until 1657 (see Tender of Union).Mackie, Lenman and Parker, A History of Scotland, pp. 225–6.
After its eventual defeat at Culloden, there followed a period of reprisals and pacification, largely directed at the rebellious clans. In Edinburgh, the Town Council, keen to emulate Georgian London, stimulate prosperity and re-affirm its belief in the Union, initiated city improvements and expansion north and south of the castle.J Keay & J Keay, Collins Encyclopaedia of Scotland, HarperCollins 1994, p.285 Although the idea of a northwards expansion had been first mooted around 1680, during the Duke of York's residence at Holyrood, the immediate catalyst for change was a decision by the Convention of Royal Burghs in 1752 to propose improvements to the capital for the benefit of commerce.
E. J. Cowan and L. Henderson, "Introduction" in E. J. Cowan and L. Henderson, A History of Everyday Life in Medieval Scotland, 1000 to 1600 (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2011), , pp. 6–10. In the burghs there were probably high proportions of poor households headed by widows, who survived on casual earnings and the profits from selling foodstuffs or ale.E. Ewen, "An Urban Community: The Crafts in Thirteenth Century Aberdeen" in A. Grant and K. J. Stringer, Medieval Scotland: Crown, Lordship and Community: Essays Presented to G.W.S Barrow (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1998), p. 164. Spinning was an expected part of the daily work of Medieval townswomen of all social classes.
M. A. Hall, "Women only? Women in Medieval Perth", in S. Boardman and E. Williamson, The Cult of Saints and the Virgin Mary in Medieval Scotland (London: Boydell & Brewer, 2010), , p. 109. There is evidence from late Medieval burghs like Perth, of women, usually wives, acting through relatives and husbands as benefactors or property owners connected with local altars and cults of devotion. In Perth there were several altars devoted to aspects of Marian worship in the Parish church of St. John, a chapel dedicated to St. Anne, the mother of Mary, or Lady's Chapel and the Loreto Chapel, dedicated to the Virgin's Holy House.
A section of drover's road at Cotkerse near Blairlogie, Scotland Under the Commonwealth, the country had been relatively highly taxed, but gained access to English markets. After the Restoration the formal frontier with England was re-established, along with its customs duties. Economic conditions were generally favourable from 1660 to 1688, as land owners promoted better tillage and cattle-raising. The monopoly of royal burghs over foreign trade was partially ended by and Act of 1672, leaving them with the old luxuries of wines, silk, spices and dyes and opening up trade of increasingly significant salt, coal, corn and hides and imports from the Americas.

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