Bryophytes, mosses that grow on tree trunks, collect a lot of the water that goes down the mountain, Ms. Gónzalez said.
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In their more humid, coastal conditions, redwood canopies tend to be thick with epiphytic lichens, bryophytes and even small trees, growing in pockets of rotted wood.
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Researchers from the University of Glasgow and the University of Innsbruck recovered at least 75 species of bryophytes, non-vascular plants such as mosses and liverworts, that had been preserved in ice with Otzi.
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Oishi said humid cities where moss thrives could benefit most from using bryophytes - a collective term for mosses, hornworts and liverworts - as bioindicators, adding moss could be monitored in its natural environment or cultivated for analysis.
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Bryophytes (mosses and liverworts) flourish in the park, due partly to the area's mild oceanic climate. The park is internationally significant for bryophytes. Many of the bryophytes found in the park are not found anywhere else in Ireland. Mosses, ferns such as filmy ferns, and liverworts grow luxuriantly.
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In 2012, 43 species of bryophytes were inventoried, including Stellar calcareous moss (Mnium stellare), taxon considered as endangered on the Nord-Pas-de- Calais red regional list of bryophytes.
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The volume 5- 12 contains from bryophytes to higher dicotyledonous plants.
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It is commonly found growing with other terricolous lichen species and bryophytes.
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He named some 438 species. He specialized in pteridophytes, mycology, bryophytes and spermatophytes.
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On account of the lengthy snow cover the area is exceptional for its bryophytes.
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Bryophytes are, therefore, nonvascular plants and, correlatively, possess no true roots, stems, or leaves.
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The bryophytes of Antarctica consist of 100 species of mosses, and about 25 species of liverworts. While not being as widespread as lichens, they remain ubiquitous wherever plants can grow, with Ceratodon purpureus being found as far south as 84°30' on Mount Kyffin. Unlike most bryophytes, a majority of Antarctic bryophytes do not enter a diploid sporophyte stage, instead they reproduce asexually or have sex organs on their gametophyte stage. Only 30% of bryophytes on the Peninsular and subantarctic islands have a sporophyte stage, and only 25% of those on the rest of the mainland produce sporophytes.
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Plant structures or organs fulfil specific functions, and those functions determine the structures that perform them. Among terrestrial (land) plants, the vascular and non-vascular plants (Bryophytes) evolved independently in terms of their adaptation to terrestrial life and are treated separately here (see Bryophytes).
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Typically grows on peaty banks, bases of trees, rock faces, screes and open woodland in high rainfall climates. According to Ratcliffe's account of oceanic bryophytes bordering the Atlantic, M. taylorii is classified as a Western British species.Ratcliffe, D.A. (1968). An Ecological Account Of Atlantic Bryophytes in the British Isles.
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Buxbaumia viridis is at risk of extinction; it is classified as vulnerable in Europe by the European Committee for the Conservation of Bryophytes and it is on the European Red-List for bryophytes. It is protected by law in Europe and most European countries are required to monitor it.
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The process of sporic meiosis. Like all bryophytes, Fissidens adianthoides have sporic meiosis as well as asexual reproduction.
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While it is a common characteristic in mosses, B. argenteum was one of the first bryophytes experimentally determined to be desiccation tolerant.Gao B, Li X, Zhang D, et al. Desiccation tolerance in bryophytes: The dehydration and rehydration transcriptomes in the desiccation- tolerant bryophyte Bryum argenteum. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):7571.
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They fruit on soil or plant debris, sometimes on burn sites or among bryophytes. The culture characteristics are unknown.
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Bryophytes were first studied in detail in the 18th century. The German botanist Johann Jacob Dillenius (1687–1747) was a professor at Oxford and in 1717 produced the work "Reproduction of the ferns and mosses." The beginning of bryology really belongs to the work of Johannes Hedwig, who clarified the reproductive system of mosses (1792, Fundamentum historiae naturalist muscorum) and arranged a taxonomy. Areas of research include bryophyte taxonomy, bryophytes as bioindicators, DNA sequencing, and the interdependency of bryophytes and other plant and animal species.
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Lucy Mary Cavanagh (1871–1936) was an American botanist and plant collector, noted for her identification of several species of bryophytes.
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There is a wide variety of bryophytes, including the rare moss Herzogiella seligeri. There is access from Staple Lane and Combe Lane.
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In bryophytes and algae, a rosette results from the repeated branching of the thallus as the plant grows, resulting in a circular outline.
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The Władysław Szafer Institute of Botany (Instytut Botaniki im. Władysława Szafera, Polish) in Kraków, Poland is a major European herbarium containing a collection of over 650,000 vascular plants, bryophytes, algae, fungi, lichens, and various plant fossils. The vascular plant specimens are primarily from Central Europe with a specialization in alpine plants. The bryophytes are Polish, Antarctic and subAntarctic, and East African.
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Just as in all other Bryophytes, T. muralis undergoes an alternation of heteromorphic generations, meaning that it alternates between two generations: Gametophyte and Sporophyte.
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Eudonia diphtheralis is a species of moth in the family Crambidae. It is endemic to New Zealand. The larvae feed on grasses, herbs and bryophytes.
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William Starling Sullivant (January 15, 1803 – April 30, 1873) was an early American botanist recognized as the foremost authority on bryophytes in the United States.
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He made particularly novel collections and descriptions of bryophytes and to less extent vascular plants, algae and fungi. His collections are kept at Lund University.
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Structures resembling stems, roots, and leaves are found on the gametophore of bryophytes, while these structures are found on the sporophytes in the vascular plants.
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Sverdrup Pass () is a mountain pass in central Ellesmere Island, Nunavut, Canada. On 27 May 2013, researchers from the University of Alberta found samples of 400-year-old bryophytes that were still alive and viable. The specimens were found in an area vacated by the retreating Teardrop Glacier, near Sverdrup Pass. The bryophytes had most likely been buried under ice during the Little Ice Age.
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The distance traveled by floating or drifting organisms and propagules is determined primarily on the amount of time that organism or unit is able to retain buoyancy. Freshwater is important for dispersal of non- aquatic terrestrial organisms as well. Bryophytes require an external source of water in order to sexually reproduce. Some bryophytes also utilize falling rain drops to maximize their spore dispersal distances.
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Most species of bryophytes remain small throughout their life-cycle. This involves an alternation between two generations: a haploid stage, called the gametophyte, and a diploid stage, called the sporophyte. In bryophytes, the sporophyte is always unbranched and remains nutritionally dependent on its parent gametophyte. The embryophytes have the ability to secrete a cuticle on their outer surface, a waxy layer that confers resistant to desiccation.
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Species with restricted Atlantic distributions grow in the woods. The bryophytes in these woods are perhaps the best-developed Atlantic bryophyte community in Europe. The remote Glaism na Marbh valley has a particularly rich flora of bryophytes, some of which are scarce or absent in other parts of the woods. Mosses, ferns and liverworts frequently occur as epiphytes, attached to the trunks and branches of oak trees.
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The Botany of Iceland is a five-volume classic scientific work on flora and vegetation of Iceland. It includes fungi, lichen, algae, bryophytes, and vascular plants.
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Edward Morell Holmes FLS (1843–1930) was a British botanist and lecturer in materia medica. Most of the specimens he collected are marine algae, lichens, or bryophytes.
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The following is a list of vascular plants, bryophytes and lichens which are constant species in one or more community of the British National Vegetation Classification system.
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Hugo Leander Blomquist (June 5, 1888 – November 28, 1964) was a Swedish-born American botanist. His well rounded expertise encompassed fungi, bacteria, bryophytes, algae, grasses, and ferns.
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At Sidney Sussex College, Corner met and became the disciple of Arthur Harry Church. He initially focused his research on microfungi and the association between fungi and bryophytes.
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The British Bryological Society is an academic society dedicated to bryology, which encourages the study of bryophytes (mosses, liverworts and hornworts). It publishes the peer-reviewed Journal of Bryology.
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"L'importance écologique et économique des Bryophytes". Campbell Biologie 4th Edition (2012): p.705, 17 October 2014. Due to the acidity of peat, bones are typically dissolved rather than preserved.
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Species grow parasitically on bryophytes. The genus originally contained three species: B. cyanodesma, B. metzgeriae, and the type species B. brongniartii; an additional four species were described in 2010.
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Bryophytes (mosses and liverworts) contribute substantially to the overall biodiversity of Heard Island, with 43 mosses and 19 liverworts being recorded, often occupying habitats unsuitable for vascular plants, such as cliff faces. Bryophytes are present in most of the major vegetation communities including several soil and moss-inhabiting species. A 1980 survey of McDonald Island found lower diversity than that on Heard Island; four mosses and a number of algal species are recorded from there.
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The Botanical Herbarium is listed as CAHUP or College of Agriculture Herbarium UP in the Index Herbariorum and "serves as the repository of about 12,000 plant species represented by around 70,000 specimens; among these, about 3,600 species are bryophytes." The UPLB Museum of Natural History has a large collection of bryophytes. The holotype specimen of Hoya edwinofernandoi, named after Dr. Edwino S. Fernando, an eminent plant taxonomist and an UPLB MNH curator.
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Thirty five bryophytes have been recorded and invertebrates include two rare hoverflies which live on dead wood, Cheilosa carbonaria and Cheilosa nigripes. There is no public access to the site.
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Total of 3550 species of vascular plants, 892 bryophytes and 1832 lichens have been identified in Finland. The only endemic vascular plants in Finland are microspecies of dandelions and hawkweeds.
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S. globosa has been recorded mostly from disturbed areas and primary or secondary successional habitats, almost always fruiting in areas colonized by bryophytes. S. globosa is also reported from burned sites.
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Seligeria cardotii is one of the two species in genus Seligeria, bryophytes of the Seligeriaceae family, in the Southern Hemisphere; an additional 19 species have been described in the Northern Hemisphere.
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Birnam Oak located in the Tay Valley. The flora of Scotland is an assemblage of native plant species including over 1,600 vascular plants, more than 1,500 lichens and nearly 1,000 bryophytes. The total number of vascular species is low by world standard but lichens and bryophytes are abundant and the latter form a population of global importance. Various populations of rare fern exist, although the impact of 19th century collectors threatened the existence of several species.
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There are also scattered yews. The field layer includes bilberry and woodrush. The herb layer is not rich in species. Bryophytes, lichens and filmy ferns (Hymenophyllaceae), thrive in the humid oceanic climate.
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The following is a list of vascular plants, bryophytes and lichens which were regarded as rare species by the authors of British Plant Communities, together with the communities in which they occur.
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A sporeling is a young plant or fungus produced by a germinated spore, similar to a seedling derived from a germinated seed. They occur in algae, fungi, lichens, bryophytes and seedless vascular plants.
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August Johann Georg Karl Batsch (28 October 1761 – 29 September 1802) was a German naturalist. He was a recognised authority on mushrooms, and also described new species of ferns, bryophytes, and seed plants.
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The sex chromosomes in bryophetes affect what type of gamete is produced by the gametophyte, and there is wide diversity in gametophyte type. Unlike seed plants, where gametophytes are always unisexual, in bryophytes they may produce male, female, or both types of gamete. Bryophytes most commonly employ a UV sex- determination system, where U produces female gametophytes and V produces male gametophytes. The U and V chromosomes are heteromorphic with U larger than V, and are frequently both larger than the autosomes.
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Archegoniatae was a higher taxonomic term that indicated those embryophytes having a female sexual organ in the form of an archegonium. The term was first introduced by the Russian botanist Ivan Nikolaevich Gorozhankin (1848–1904) in 1876 to indicate a division including bryophytes, pteridophytes and gymnosperms in contrast to the Gynoeciatae (Angiosperms) with a more complex female organ. It has also been used as a general term for mosses (bryophytes) and ferns (pteridophytes) , for instance by Douglas Campbell.Campbell, Douglas Houghton.
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166 and the hornworts (a group of bryophytes), providing nitrogen to its host through the action of terminally differentiated cells known as heterocysts. These bacteria contain photosynthetic pigments in their cytoplasm to perform photosynthesis.
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Lifecycle of a typical moss. Ulota species follow this general lifecycle. Like other bryophytes, show an alternation of generations. The vegetative gametophyte generation is haploid, and is dominant for most of the life history.
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As with most groups of living plants, they are most common (both in numbers and species) in moist tropical areas.Pócs, Tamás. "Tropical Forest Bryophytes", p. 59 in A. J. E. Smith (Ed.) Bryophyte Ecology.
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In bryophytes, the calyptra (plural calyptrae) is an enlarged archegonial venter that protects the capsule containing the embryonic sporophyte.Ralf Reski (1998): Development, genetics and molecular biology of mosses. In: Botanica Acta. 111, 1-15.
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Field Nat., p. 212-228. documented 231 species of vascular plants and 14 species of bryophytes in the upper SRD. Specific to wetlands, other authors including Scoggan Scoggan, H. J., 1957, Flora of Manitoba.
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In 1893, he returned to Winona where he remained until 1922. Holzinger made several noteworthy collections of bryophytes from North America. His Musci Acrocarpi Boreali-Americani exsiccatae was a valuable asset to 20th century bryology.
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The phloem analogue in Polytrichales is the leptome, made up of leptoids, they are similar to sieve cells. Hydrome and leptome are well-developed in Polytrichales, and also appear in a number of other bryophytes.
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The Hornwort CCM was later characterized by Smith and Griffiths.Smith, E. C., & Griffiths, H. (1996). A pyrenoid-based carbon-concentrating mechanism is present in terrestrial bryophytes of the class Anthocerotae. Planta, 200(2), 203-212.
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Eudonia submarginalis is a species of moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Francis Walker in 1863. It is endemic to New Zealand. The larvae of this species feed on lichens, bryophytes and grasses.
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Bryophytes show considerable variation in their reproductive structures and the above is a basic outline. Also in some species each plant is one sex (dioicous) while other species produce both sexes on the same plant (monoicous).
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The perigonium is the reproductive structure which holds the male organs. It is made up of an antheridia, paraphyses and perigonial leaves. Paraphyses are upright sterile filament-like structures that support the reproductive apparatus of bryophytes.
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The leaf-like organs of bryophytes (e.g., mosses and liverworts), known as phyllids, differ morphologically from the leaves of vascular plants in that they lack vascular tissue, are usually only a single cell thick, and have no cuticle stomata or internal system of intercellular spaces. The leaves of bryophytes are only present on the gametophytes, while in contrast the leaves of vascular plants are only present on the sporophytes, and are associated with buds (immature shoot systems in the leaf axils). These can further develop into either vegetative or reproductive structures.
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Moss gametophytes lack internal transport tissues, which, coupled with the absence of cuticles, leads to the water-loss characteristic of bryophytes. As bryophytes can only grow when hydrated, the lack of conducting tissue restricts most mosses, even in relatively wet habitats, to a low stature. However, Dawsonia (along with other genera in the Polytrichales order) reaches heights comparable to those of vascular plants. Polytrichales are acrocarpous mosses – they have vertical stems with terminal reproductive structures, with the sporophyte growing vertically (along the same axis as the gametophyte stem).
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The habitat of the site is dominated by presence of heavy metals from the mining operations within the soil. This has restricted the growth of vascular plants and has allowed bryophytes (mosses and liverworts) and lichens to flourish. Phoenix United Mine is important for its rare bryophytes. On the site, on the banks of a metal-rich stream, can be found three nationally rare liverwort species that are listed in the Red Data Book of rare and endangered plant species; these being Cephaloziella integerrima, Cephaloziella massalongi and Cephaloziella nicholsonii.
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The sacred grove is situated at a small hillock. It is a midland sacred grove. Variety of species of plants including Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, Pteridophytes, Bryophytes and Lichens are present here. Memecylone species is the main tree present here.
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Alan Cyril Crundwell (1923–2000) was a British bryologist, known for categorizing approximately 20 species of bryophytes, around six of which were previously unknown to science. He spent most of his professional life at the University of Glasgow.
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The Arctomiaceae are a family of lichenized fungi in the Ascomycota, class Lecanorales. The family was named by Theodor Magnus Fries in 1861. Species in this family are found in arctic and subarctic habitats, usually associated with bryophytes.
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They are a medium to large size acrocarpous moss with irregular branching. A midrib is not normally present in the leaves.Wolfgang Frey, Michael Stech, Eberhard Fischer: Bryophytes and Seedless Vascular Plants (= Syllabus of Plant Families, 3). 13th edition.
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Mosses and Other Bryophytes: An Illustrated Glossary, pp. 6 & 128\. (New Zealand: Micro-Optics Press, 2000). . In either case, the sperm must move from the antheridia where they are produced to the archegonium where the eggs are held.
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The stones and the surrounding dry chalk valley provide habitats for a variety of flora and fauna—including clustered bellflower, autumn gentian, lichens, bryophytes and the adonis blue butterfly—and the area is designated a National Nature Reserve.
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An inventory of the vascular plants and bryophytes of Gavdopoula island (S Aegean, Greece) and its phytogeographical significance. Willdenowia 41: 179-190.Dobignard, A. & Chatelain, C. (2012). Index synonymique de la flore d'Afrique du nord 4: 1-431.
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Benjamin Carrington FRSE FLS MRCS (18 January 1827 – 18 January 1893) was a leading British botanist and taxonomist in the late 19th century. He was a specialist in bryophytes, cryptogams, fungi and lichens, and wrote extensively on these subjects.
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Herbs characteristic of the ESSF forest include Valeriana sitchensis, Gymnocarpium dryopteris, Rubus pedatus, Streptopus roseus, Veratrum viride, Athyrium filix-femina, Cornus canadensis, Lycopodium annotinum, Tiarella spp. and Arnica cordifolia. Dominant bryophytes are Pleurozium schreberi, Dicranum spp., and Barbilophozia spp.
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The rich ground flora includes many rare species, and 289 species of vascular plants have been recorded. There are more than 111 species of bryophytes and the lichen flora is the second richest in the country with 74 species.
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Enumerazione critica dei muschi italiani HathiTrust Digital Library Shortly after his death, his treatise on bryophytes of Trentino, titled Le Muscinee del Trentino, was published. His herbarium is now kept at the Museo Tridentino di Scienze Naturali in Trento.
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Niche apportionment models have been used in the primary literature to explain, and describe changes in the relative abundance distributions of a diverse array of taxa including, freshwater insects, fish, bryophytes beetles, hymenopteran parasites, plankton assemblages and salt marsh grass.
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Teak, Bamboo, Sandal, Picus, Palas, Rela. The plant species include bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Herbs, Shrubs, Climbers and Trees. The vegetative cover presents a mosaic of woodland and grasslands. The plants of the park is of tropical waterless deciduous forest of degraded nature.
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Almost all species within Splachnaceae are coprophilus to some extent, meaning that they grow on decaying animal matter. This includes the dung of herbivorous mammals, skeletal remains, antlers, the stomach pellets of predatory birds, and corpses. In past cultivation experiments, it was observed that the protonema and shoots of species such as Splachnum sphaericum have a greater tolerance for substrates of high nitrogen content than other arctic bryophytes. Additionally, results indicated that the tissues of species in Splachnaceae reflect the nutrient content of their chosen substrata; being much higher in nitrogen, phosphorus, and calcium compared to other bryophytes.
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In 1940 a range of mires were found in the Muddus National Park. The park also went under investigation for its mires and wetlands. The mires consisted from ombrotrophic bogs to rich fens. They are found to be very rich in bryophytes.
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Since the nitrogen concentration in the moss tissue correlates with the nitrogen concentration found in precipitation, it is used for biomonitoring.Wolfgang Frey, Michael Stech, Eberhard Fischer: Bryophytes and Seedless Vascular Plants (= Syllabus of Plant Families. 3). 13th edition. Borntraeger, Berlin u. a.
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Rhizoids are protuberances that extend from the lower epidermal cells of bryophytes and algae. They are similar in structure and function to the root hairs of vascular land plants. Similar structures are formed by some fungi. Rhizoids may be unicellular or multicellular.
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Bryophytes of Cocos Island, Costa Rica: diversity, biogeography and ecology. Revista de Biología Tropical. 47:309–328 90 species of fungi and 41 species of slimemoldsRojas, C. and Stephenson, S.L. 2008. Myxomycete ecology along an elevation gradient on Cocos Island, Costa Rica.
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He was buried at Sewri Christian Cemetery. He collected numerous plant specimens across western India including bryophytes. The genus Bryosedgwickia was named after him. He also took an interest in Marathi literature and wrote The Naladamayanti Of Raghunathpandita (1912) and an article on Bhakti.
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Among other things, scientists have discovered parasitic bryophytes such as Cryptothallus and potentially carnivorous liverworts such as Colura zoophaga and Pleurozia. Centers of research in bryology include the University of Bonn in Germany, the University of Helsinki in Finland and the New York Botanical Garden.
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Over the years, several updated lists of the moss flora were produced. Members focused on the British Isles, although several were interested in bryophytes of other countries. A proposal for a formal 'Foreign Section' in 1901 was unsuccessful. In 1903 William Ingham became Secretary.
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The larvae feed on plants of the families Araceae, Asteraceae, Bromeliaceae, Bombacaceae, Cecropiaceae, Clusiaceae, Dilleniaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Lecythidaceae, Loranthaceae, Malpighiaceae, Marantaceae, Melastomataceae, Myrtaceae, Orchidaceae, Rubiaceae, Sapindaceae, Zingiberaceae as well as bryophytes and lichens.DeVries, P.J. (2001): [Riodinidae]. In Levin, S.A. (ed.): Encyclopaedia of Biodiversity. Academic Press.
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Chopra, R. N. & P. K. Kumra. Biology of Bryophytes, pp. 1–38. (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1988). . The protonema is a transitory stage in the life of a liverwort, from which will grow the mature gametophore ("gamete-bearer") plant that produces the sex organs.
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Besides law he was on the council of University College London and interested in Zoology (he was elected to the Royal Society in 1883). He wrote two books on bryophytes, British Mosses (1892) and, with his daughter Agnes, The Liverworts: British and Foreign (1911).
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Inés Sastre de Jesús (born 1955) is a Puerto Rican botanist and plant taxonomist specializing in bryophytes. She has served as editor of the Caribbean Journal of Science and the liverwort Neurolejunea sastreana was named for her in honor of her many contributions to bryology.
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After earning her Ph.D., Lawton went on to become an assistant professor at Hunter; she ended her career there in 1959 as an associate professor. That year, she moved to the University of Washington, where she curated the herbarium's bryophytes, served as a research associate, and lectured on bryophytes. While at Hunter, she did research at the Michigan Biological Station (in 1949) and at the University of Iowa's Lakeside Laboratory (in 1950-1953). While working at the University of Washington she collected mosses from throughout the American West and worked on identifying previously unknown species of moss; Lawton received several grants from the National Science Foundation to continue her work.
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Main article: Pollination and Pollinators One of the most important examples of dispersal via invertebrates are pollinators such as bees, flies, wasps, beetles, and butterflies. Invertebrates may also act as dispersal vectors for the spores of ferns and bryophytes via endozoochory, or the ingestion of the plant.
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Fern Cliff and its sandstone cliffs have long been a popular Indiana refuge. Steep forested sandstone cliffs, lush wooded ravines, and a profusion of ferns and bryophytes characterize the preserve. The preserve is open for hiking, photography, and bird watching on its moderate to rugged terrain.
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On 9 March 1914 Mortehan became the manager of the Likini station. While at Yambata and Likini he collected a series of well- preserved herbaria, including some bryophytes and 1470 vascular plants. Émile De Wildeman dedicated several species of tropical flora to him, including Daniellia mortehanii.
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Aside from most seeds and spores, only about 300 species of vascular plants are desiccation- tolerant,Desiccation Tolerance in Bryophytes: A Reflection of the Primitive Strategy for Plant Survival in Dehydrating Habitats? including resurrection plants (such as Selaginella lepidophylla) and aerophytes (including some species of Tillandsia).
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Mary Agnes Stump Taylor (1885-) was an American bryologist noted for collecting and identifying many species of bryophytes across North America. Her collection of around 8,000 plants was so extensive that it has been used to identify the range of plants several decades after their original collection.
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The Bionectriaceae are a family of fungi in the order Hypocreales. A 2008 estimate places 35 genera and 281 species in the family. Species in the family tend to grow on plant material, including woody debris, while some species associate with algae, bryophytes, or other fungi.
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The pool provides a scarce habitat in Cornwall with rare species of algae, bryophytes and flowering plants. Aquatic plants include amphibious bistort (Persicaria amphibia), horned pondweed (Zannichellia palustris), perfoliate pondweed (Potamogeton perfoliatus), shore-weed (Littorella uniflora) and six-stamened waterwort (Elatine hexandra).Natural England. Loe Pool SSSI Designation.
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Tetrodontium brownianum grows most frequently on wet and shady rocks, of either granite or sandstone. The species normally grows alone but has been found growing with other bryophytes. Tetrodontium repandum is extremely rare and has been found growing in parts of central Europe, western North America and southeast Asia.
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King's herbarium contained over 4000 specimens, mostly from Ireland, but with some specimens from Britain and Europe. She donated the collection to the National Botanic Gardens, Glasnevin in 1977, when her eyesight began to fail. The collection is considered the most important addition of bryophytes since the early 1900s.
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In the UK, alder, birches and willows are the characteristic trees found in this type of habitat, as they are able to extract oxygen from the water saturated habitat. The UK contains between of wet woodlands. Wet woodland supports many types of species. E.g. the humidity favours bryophytes (mosses).
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Adults have been found between September and March. It inhabits a wide variety of moist indigenous forest types but usually with podocarps. Larvae have been sieved from rotten wood on the floor of a mixed podocarp/broadleaf forest or extracted from moss or from bryophytes on a ditch wall.
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Utricularia brachiata is a small perennial carnivorous plant that belongs to the genus Utricularia. Its native distribution ranges from the Eastern Himalaya region to Yunnan. U. brachiata grows as a lithophyte among bryophytes on rocks at altitudes from to . It was originally described by Daniel Oliver in 1859.
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Birnam Oak located in Strathtay Scottish Primrose (Primula scotica) growing near Durness The flora of Scotland is an assemblage of native plant species including over 1,600 vascular plants, more than 1,500 lichens and nearly 1,000 bryophytes. The total number of vascular species is low by world standard but lichens and bryophytes are abundant and the latter form a population of global importance. Various populations of rare fern exist, although the impact of 19th-century collectors threatened the existence of several species. The flora is generally typical of the north west European part of the Palearctic realm and prominent features of the Scottish flora include boreal Caledonian forest (much reduced from its natural extent), heather moorland and coastal machair.
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The Flora of Lithuania is estimated to comprise about 10,600 species. About 1,350 of these are vascular plants; about 335 are bryophytes; and about 2,000 are algae. Lichens are represented by about 500 species, and fungi by about 6,400 species. About 550 of these species are considered extinct or threatened.
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There are lichens and mosses in areas of acid grassland. It is described by Natural England as of national importance for its invertebrate species, including some which are rare and endangered, and it also has nationally rare flora and nationally scarce bryophytes. The site is crossed by footpaths from Icklingham.
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The sterile cells may form a central support structure or surround the spermatogenous tissue as a protective jacket. The spermatogenous cells give rise to spermatids via mitotic cell division. In some bryophytes, the antheridium is borne on an antheridiophore, a stalk-like structure that carries the antheridium at its apex.
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James Montagu Frank Drummond FRSE FLS (1881-1965) was a Scottish botanist, descended from a long line of botanists including James Drummond all living in the Inverarity area around Kirriemuir, and mainly working on the Forthringham estate. Friends generally knew him as Monty Drummond. He was an expert on Bryophytes.
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Fukuia kurodai and Fukuia multistriata live amphibiously around rocky walls of steep valleys covered with ferns and bryophytes, and moistened by dripping water. They live only along the mountain streamlets where such habitats are typically found, and often occur with pleurocerid freshwater snails. Fukuia integra lives as a terrestrial snail in inland forests.
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Penn's Rocks is a Site of Special Scientific Interest within the parish. This is a site of biological interest. Its sandstone outcrops providing a rare habitat for many ferns and bryophytes. Buckhurst Park historic seat of the Earls De La Warr, head of the Sackville family, Lutyens/Jekyll garden with Repton Park.
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This kind of germination is known in all three lineages of bryophytes: liverworts, hornworts, and mosses. Once the spores have landed on suitable substrata, protonematal threads will begin to grow, followed by rhizoids which will help attach the developing plant to the substrate. The leafy shoot develops soon after, reaching upwards towards light.
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Bryophyte is a traditional name used to refer to all embryophytes (land plants) that do not have true vascular tissue and are therefore called "non- vascular plants". Some bryophytes do have specialised tissues for the transport of water; however, since these do not contain lignin, they are not considered true vascular tissue.
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Traditionally, the liverworts were grouped together with other bryophytes (mosses and hornworts) in the Division Bryophyta, within which the liverworts made up the class Hepaticae (also called Marchantiopsida).Crandall-Stotler, Barbara. & Stotler, Raymond E. "Morphology and classification of the Marchantiophyta". pp. 36–38 in A. Jonathan Shaw & Bernard Goffinet (Eds.), Bryophyte Biology.
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Utricularia christopheri is a small perennial carnivorous plant that belongs to the genus Utricularia. It is endemic to the Himalaya region and includes distributions in Sikkim, India and Nepal. U. christopheri grows as a lithophyte among bryophytes on rocks at altitudes from to . It was originally described by Peter Taylor in 1986.
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It is yellow with some red or purple dots inside, and it has a beard of yellow hairs on the lower lip. Flowering occurs in April through September. This plant grows on wet spots in cracks in basalt and limestone cliffs alongside ferns and bryophytes. They are usually above flowing water in streams and rivers.
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Coryphopteris simulata grows in shaded, marshy wetlands and bog areas such as cedar, spruce, larch, and sphagnum swamps. It likes to grow among bryophytes, which protect the plant from the sun and provide it with a shady area. It prefers and is most often found in moist, acidic soil that is soft and spongy.
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Marchesinia mackaii grows primarily on shaded basic rocks, typically vertical faces within woodland. It can occasionally be found on trees especially European yew (Taxus baccata) According to Ratcliffe's account of oceanic bryophytes bordering the Atlantic, M. mackaii is classified as a Southern Atlantic species. M. mackaii is consistently calcicolous in its choice of substrate.
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The companion cells, connected to the sieve tubes via plasmodesmata, are responsible for loading the phloem with sugars. The bryophytes lack phloem, but moss sporophytes have a simpler tissue with analogous function known as the leptome. This is an electron micrograph of the epidermal cells of a Brassica chinensis leaf. The stomates are also visible.
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Georg Heinrich Weber Georg Heinrich Weber (27 July 1752 Göttingen – 25 July 1828 Kiel) was a German botanist, physician and professor at the University of Kiel. He was also the father of Friedrich Weber, the German entomologist. In botany, Weber was known for his work on lichens, algae, and bryophytes in addition to seed plants.
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The hornwort Dendroceros crispus growing on the bark of a tree. Hornworts were traditionally considered a class within the division Bryophyta (bryophytes). However, it now appears that this former division is paraphyletic, so the hornworts are now given their own division, Anthocerotophyta (sometimes misspelled Anthocerophyta). The division Bryophyta is now restricted to include only mosses.
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The Nature Conservancy. The plant grows in wet forest habitat, sometimes on cliffs or next to streams. It grows alongside other native plants such as ʻākōlea (Boehmeria grandis), hōʻiʻo (Diplazium sandwichianum), ʻieʻie (Freycinetia arborea), ʻapeʻape (Gunnera kauaiensis), and several other Cyrtandra species. The understory also contains many ferns and bryophytes such as mosses and liverworts.
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The dominant trees are oak and hornbeam. Ponds have unusual plant species, and the site is rich in fungi and bryophytes. Breeding birds include nightingales, and purple emperor butterflies have been reported in Watery Grove in the north of the site. There is access by a footpath which is a continuation of Chadwell Road.
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The species nests in mid-February and breeds Feb-April. It builds domed nests with a side entrance out of grasses and bryophytes. Nests are found among roots under the overhanging lip of an eroded bank or other similar place. It forages for food alone or with small parties of not more than five birds.
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"Mosses and Liverworts in Scotland" SNH. Retrieved 14 May 2008. In the Cairngorms there are small stands of Snow Brook-moss and Alpine Thyme-moss, and an abundance of Icy Rock-moss, the latter's UK population being found only here and at one site in England.Rothero, Gordon "Bryophytes", in Shaw and Thompson (2006) p. 200.
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She served as Cryptogamy Chair of the National Museum of Natural History from 1975 to 1982. Together with Hélène Bischler- Causse she co-founded the Association des Amis des Cryptogames in 1975. In her early work she studied the flowering plant family Annonaceae, while the majority of her professional career was focused on Bryophytes. She retired in 1982.
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The point has been designated an Antarctic Specially Protected Area (ASPA 165) because of its terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems. The volcanic lithology and substrates are nutrient-enriched by colonies of Adélie penguins and south polar skuas. The site contains a diverse range of freshwater habitats supporting algae, cyanobacteria and bryophytes. Terrestrial vegetation includes epilithic lichen and moss communities.
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A possible phylogeny for Horneophyton is shown below (based on Crane et al. for the polysporangiophytes and Qiu et al. for the bryophytes. With vascular tissue but bryophyte-like vascular tissue and sporangia, the organism has been considered a missing link between the hornworts and the vascular plants or tracheophytes (which molecular data suggest are sister groups).
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Vascular plants have two sets of chromosomes in their vegetative cells and are said to be diploid, i.e. each chromosome has a partner that contains the same, or similar, genetic information. By contrast, mosses and other bryophytes have only a single set of chromosomes and so are haploid (i.e. each chromosome exists in a unique copy within the cell).
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In the mid 1970s, a fishery was moved from Kaminak Lake (which proved to have unacceptably high levels of mercury), to Qamanirjuaq Lake which showed no elevated mercury levels. The lake is filled with lake whitefish and lake trout for commercial fishing, and is also home to Lasallia pensylvanica lichen, sphagnum, bryophytes, and a few dwarf birch.
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King's Cliffe Banks is a 7.7 hectare biological Site of Special Scientific Interest in King's Cliffe in Northamptonshire. This former quarry has undulating calcareous grassland which is grazed by rabbits and cattle. It has a rich variety of flora, including sheep's fescue, dwarf thistle, mouse-ear hawkweed, wild thyme and common rock-rose. There are many bryophytes and lichens.
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Prior to the late Devonian period, there was little plant life beyond lichens, and bryophytes. At this time large vascular plants evolved, growing up to in height. These large plants changed the atmosphere, and altered the composition of the soil by increasing the amount of organic carbon. This helped prevent the soil being washed away through erosion.
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Journal of Bryology 28(2): 151 (Andalusia, Sierra Nevada). The Scottish population is restricted to Coire an t-Sneachda in the Cairngorm mountains where it was first discovered in 1989.Rothero, Gordon "Bryophytes", in Shaw, Philip and Thompson, Des (eds.) (2006) The Nature of the Cairngorms: Diversity in a changing environment. Edinburgh. The Stationery Office. . p. 200.
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Madagascar has been described as "one of the most floristically unique places in the world". , 343 families of vascular plants and bryophytes, with roughly 12,000 species, were known according to the Catalogue of the plants of Madagascar. Many plant groups are still insufficiently known. Madagascar is the island with the second-highest number of vascular plants, behind New Guinea.
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Charles Reid Barnes (1858-1910) was an American botanist specializing in bryophytes (mosses, liverworts and hornworts). He was co-editor of the Botanical Gazette for over 25 years. Barnes was born at Madison, Indiana, September 7, 1858. He graduated from Hanover College in 1877, and afterward studied at Harvard University, where he became friends with Asa Gray.
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A common alpine lichen, thumb In alpine areas, water availability is often variable. Bryophytes and lichens exhibit high desiccation tolerance, which contributes to their abundance throughout all alpine areas habitats. Among higher plants, tissue desiccation is rare at high altitudes. If it does occur, it normally happens to plants growing on exposed sites, where wind stress is increased.
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The slaty-backed forktail breeds between February and July; the breeding period does not appear to vary across its range. It builds a nest with materials including bryophytes, leaves, and grass. The shape of the nest can be a cup or part of a dome, depending on where it is built. It frequently has an outer layer of mud.
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The 12 or 13 amino acid polypeptides are the mature forms of the CLE proteins that are derived from the conserved CLE domains. More and more CLE genes are being identified with more research being conducted in this area. CLE genes have not only been found in seed plants but also in lycophytes, bryophytes, and green algae.
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Baffin Island was the first of many expeditions around the world that Hale made to collect lichens. For his Ph.D. Hale studied the lichens of southern Wisconsin. The paper, which was published in the journal Ecology, exemplifies Hale's ability to use technology to innovate new ideas. He studied how cryptogam communities (lichens and bryophytes) change with differing forest composition.
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Hexagonocaulon is an extinct genus of bryophyte that lived during the Middle Triassic. Its fossils have been found throughout the Southern Hemisphere, including the Antarctic Peninsula. The plant is believed to have been small in size and to have reproduced through spores. Of the bryophytes, Hexagonocaulon is considered to be most closely related to the liverworts.
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The island forms part of the Setonaikai National Park and contains the Misen forest, a World Heritage Site. Most of the garden consists of natural forest and maritime vegetation, particularly subtropical species and halophytes, with about 350,000 specimens in its herbarium. Current research projects include studies of local vascular and non-vascular plants, especially bryophytes; ecology; and conservation biology.
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In the Shatsk Lakes territory, 1180 species of plants belonging to 124 families are found. Among them there are 795 species of higher vascular plants and 112 bryophytes. 332 vertebrate species have been noted in the park: 55 mammals, 241 birds, 7 amphibians, and 29 fish (11 families). Pine and blueberry forests dominate the territory of the park.
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Some biochemical evidence favors interpretation as an alga. Lignin and cutin have been found in the thalli, and sporopollenin in the spore walls. The grouping of the spores found in the thallus favors interpretation as a plant. The absence of any stomata on the surface is inconclusive, as all bryophytes lack stomata on the main body of the plant.
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More specifically these consisted of at least 42 angiosperms, 14 pteridophytes, seven gymnosperms and two bryophytes. The dominnant gymnosperms are the Podocarpaceae while the angiosperms lack any dominant family. Charcoal found together with pumice is thought to indicate that wildfires ignited by volcanic eruptions were common on land where Mediterranean climate prevailed in the Miocene as well as today.
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Wellington College Bog is a biological Site of Special Scientific Interest in the grounds of Wellington College on the northern outskirts of Sandhurst in Berkshire. The site features a valley bog, which is one of the richest in the county, in terms of bryophytes and flowering plants, containing several species which are uncommon or rare in southern Britain.
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Creu Casas i Sicart (Barcelona, April 26, 1913 - Barcelona, May 20, 2007) was a Catalan biologist and botanist. After graduating from the University of Barcelona, she became a bryology specialist and started a large inventory of Catalan and European bryophytes. She wrote two important books on this subject Flora dels Briòfits dels Països Catalans (vol. I, 2001; vol.
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Similar to other bryophytes, Pogonatum urnigerum completes its life cycle in two generations which is a cycle called the heteromorphic alternation of generations. It has a dominant gametophyte generation and a shorter sporophyte generation. After being dispersed as a haploid spore, it develops protonema. The first stage of protonema is chloronema which consists of irregular branching, transverse crosswalls, round chloroplasts, and no budding.
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The clade Streptophyta consists of the Charophyta in which the Embryophyta emerged. In this sense the Chlorophyta includes only about 4,300 species. About 90% of all known species live in freshwater.Chlorophyta (Chapter 5) - Phycology - Cambridge University Press Like the land plants (bryophytes and tracheophytes), green algae contain chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b and store food as starch in their plastids.
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Rhynia is a single-species genus of Devonian vascular plants. Rhynia gwynne- vaughanii was the sporophyte generation of a vascular, axial, free-sporing diplohaplontic embryophytic land plant of the Lower Devonian that had anatomical features more advanced than those of the bryophytes. Rhynia gwynne- vaughanii was a member of a sister group to all other eutracheophytes, including modern vascular plants.
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They are typically dominated by sessile oak, which favours the acidic soils of the sandstone mountains. The woods have Annex I status in the EU Habitats Directive because of their diverse and rich flora, most notably their bryophytes (mosses and liverworts). The oak woodlands typically have an understory of holly (Ilex aquifolium). Strawberry trees (Arbutus unedo) are a notable part of these woods.
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Both the green shoots and their leaves are very brittle. Unlike in other bryophytes, the egg-producing archegonia and sperm-producing antheridia are not surrounded by perichaetial leaves or other protective tissues. Instead, the gametangia are naked in the angle formed between the stem and the vegetative leaves. The sporophyte develops a long stalk ending in an elongated spore capsule.
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The Appalachian floras also include a diverse assemblage of bryophytes (mosses and liverworts), as well as fungi. Some species are rare and/or endemic. As with vascular plants, these tend to be closely related to the character of the soils and thermal environment in which they are found. Eastern deciduous forests are subject to a number of serious insect and disease outbreaks.
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Blockeel, Tom "Bryophytes" , Derbyshire Wildlife Trust website, July 2013, retrieved 17 August 2015Blockeel, Tom "A Bryological Tour through Derbyshire (v.-c.57)" , British Bryological Society website, 18 January 2004, retrieved 17 August 2015 Botanical recording in the UK predominantly uses the unchanging vice-county boundary system, which results in a slightly different map of Derbyshire from the modern geographic county.
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They are common from , and the wax palm (Ceroxylon ceriferum) is common from . Other cloud forest tree species include palo azul (Calatola costaricensis), Cavendishia callista, Graffenrieda santamartensis, Gustavia speciosa and Tovomita weddelliana. The understory includes tree ferns, palms, prop-root plants, vascular epiphytes and woody lianas. There are many Bryophytes such as the thallose liverwort Dumortiera hirsuta and the moss Phyllogonium fulgens.
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The plural form is antheridia, and a structure containing one or more antheridia is called an androecium. "Androecium" is also used as the collective term for the stamens of flowering plants. Antheridia are present in the gametophyte phase of cryptogams like bryophytes and ferns. Many algae and some fungi, for example ascomycetes and water moulds, also have antheridia during their reproductive stages.
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There is variation even within this system, including UU/V and U/VV chromosome arrangements. In some bryophytes, microchromosomes have been found to co-occur with sex chromosomes and likely impact sex determination. Gymnosperms Dioecy is common among gymnosperms, found in an estimated 36% of species. However, heteromorphic sex chromosomes are relatively rare, with only 5 species known as of 2014.
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Jamesiella scotica is a species of lichen that is thought to be endemic to the United Kingdom and Ireland. In the UK it occurs in montane habitats in England, Wales and Scotland at heights of over 200 metres, thriving on decomposing bryophytes (such as Marsupella emarginata) on base-rich soils."Species Action Plan: Lichen (Gyalideopsis scotica)" UK BAP. Retrieved 5 July 2008.
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Retrieved 5 July 2008. In the UK it is classified as near threatened. More than 10% of all UK populations occur in the Cairngorms National Park in Scotland including sites in the Lairig Ghru and on the plateau of Lochnagar.Rothero, Gordon "Bryophytes", in Shaw, Philip and Thompson, Des (eds.) (2006) The Nature of the Cairngorms: Diversity in a changing environment. Edinburgh.
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Training of members in bird ringing, moth trapping and other wildlife recording is carried out. Birds recorded at High Batts include: marsh tit, redpoll, siskin, great spotted woodpecker, redwing, goldcrest and kingfisher. Fungi include: birch polypore, candlesnuff, dead man's fingers, jelly ear and stump puffball. There are many bryophytes, including three which require a calcareous soil: Entodon concinnus, Thuidium assimile and Ditrichum gracile.
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For example, the oomycete antheridium is a syncytium with many sperm nuclei and fertilization occurs via fertilization tubes growing from the antheridium and making contact with the egg cells. Antheridia are common in the gametophytes in "lower" plants such as bryophytes, ferns, cycads and ginkgo. In "higher" plants such as conifers and flowering plants, they are replaced by pollen grains.
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The term soil diaspore bank can be used to include non-flowering plants such as ferns and bryophytes. In addition to seeds, perennial plants have vegetative propagules to facilitate forming new plants, migration into new ground, or reestablishment after being top-killed. These propagules are collectively called the 'soil bud bank', and include dormant and adventitious buds on stolons, rhizomes, and bulbs.
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Non-vascular plants constitute the least researched part of Pirin's flora. The least studied of them are the algae with 165 species, including two endemics. The largest concentration of algae species is found in Popovo and Kremenski lake groups. The Bryophytes, including mosses, are represented by 329 known species. The number of lichen species is 367, or 52% of Bulgaria's total diversity.
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The black kauri is endemic to the coastal ranges of north east Queensland. It is typically found growing in rain forest on mountain ridges composed of igneous rocks such as granite and rhyolite at heights of above sea level. Its range extends from Mount Pieter Botte south to Mount Bartle Frere. The forest is rich in vines, ferns, mosses and bryophytes.
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Hockering Wood is a biological Site of Special Scientific Interest east of Dereham in Norfolk. This is one the largest areas of ancient, semi-natural woodland in the county. It has many rare species, especially of bryophytes, and there are ponds which have populations of great crested newts, a protected species under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981. The site is private with no public access.
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Rankin, who was a botanist of note at that time. During this period he developed a particular passion for mosses and lichens. Austin would go on to develop internationally renowned skills for naming and identifying bryophytes. As a young man, Austin worked as a school teacher in Tappan, New York, where he met and married Hannah Campbell, the daughter of a New Jersey farmer.
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Some organisms, however, remain stable and even favor disturbed areas. Leaf bryophytes, wandering spiders and frogs are among the species that remain stable while gap-favoring species include hummingbirds, butterflies, and lianas. Because the matrix surrounding isolated fragments is not completely inhospitable to some species, it is important to understanding how native wildlife can use these human- altered habitats as corridors for dispersal or reproduction.
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Heinrich Christian Funck (November 22, 1771 – April 14, 1839) was a German pharmacist and bryologist born in Wunsiedel, Bavaria. He was a co-founder of the Regensburg Botanical Society. He received early training at a pharmacy in Regensburg, subsequently studying in Salzburg, Erlangen and Jena. In 1803 he acquired the family-owned pharmacy in Gefrees, from where he performed research of cryptogams, especially bryophytes.
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Cyanobacterial associations with liverworts are rare, with only four of 340 genera of liverworts harbouring symbionts. Two of the genera, Marchantia and Porella, are epiphytic, while the genera Blasia and Cavicularia are endophytic. In hornworts however, endophytic cyanobionts have been described in more than triple the number of genera relative to liverworts. Bryophytes and their cyanobacterial symbionts possess different structures depending on the nature of the symbiosis.
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For instance, liverworts in the genus Blasia can secrete HIF, a strong chemo- attractant for nitrogen-starved and symbiotic cyanobacteria. Cells of Nostoc punctiforme, which have been shown to possess genes encoding proteins that complement chemotaxis-related proteins within flowering plants belonging to the genus Gunnera.Babic, S. "Hormogonia formation and the establishment of symbiotic associations between cyanobacteria and the bryophytes Blasia and Phaeoceros." University of Leeds.
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Total number of vascular plants at the national park equals 960 species (including 40 species listed in the Red Book of Ukraine). There are 236 species of bryophytes. Among the endangered and rare species here is a significant group of orchids species, listed in the Red Book of Ukraine. Nadborodnyk bezlystyi has the greatest value because it is one of the rarest orchid in Ukraine.
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This dense shade prevents flowering plants from establishing themselves in these woods and prevents the herb layer from developing. Bryophytes are however abundant and thrive in the humid and cool conditions. In some parts of the wood there are continuous dense blankets of moss that can be up to deep. The moss species present are primarily Thamnium alopecurum with Eurhynchium striatum and Thuidium tamariscinum.
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Henry Shoemaker Conard (1874 - 1971) was a leading authority on bryophytes and water lilies, as well as an early advocate of environmental preservation. From 1906 to 1955, Professor Conard worked at Grinnell College in Grinnell, Iowa.Welch and LeBlanc 1972, p. 558 In 1954, he became the first to receive the Eminent Ecologist Award from the Ecological Society of America, an award that has continued annually ever since.
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The grassland has a rich variety of plant species, some of which are rare in the Vale of Aylesbury, such as the quaking grass briza media and the dwarf thistle cirsium acaule. The ditches have a wide variety of bryophytes, and the hedges have trees such as ash, oak and hazel. There is access from the road which goes south from Tingewick towards Barton Hartshorn and Chetwode.
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The Scottish population was first discovered in 1989 and is restricted to two sites in the Cairngorm mountains - the Lairig Ghru and Beinn a' Bhùird.Rothero, Gordon "Bryophytes", in Shaw, Philip and Thompson, Des (eds.) (2006) The Nature of the Cairngorms: Diversity in a changing environment. Edinburgh. The Stationery Office. . p. 200. The species occupies montane and alpine habitats, and in Britain is classified as a "Vulnerable".
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Moscow University Herbarium (MW) is the second largest herbarium in Russia after the Komarov Institute (LE). The herbarium is focused on the flora of temperate Eurasia with an emphasis on the flora of Russia. The collections of MW include 1,030,669 specimens (incl. ca. 5K type specimens) (62nd place in the world's ranking) representing 37,100 species and subspecies of vascular plants and 2,223 species and subspecies of bryophytes.
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It is one of the largest continuous stands of moss in the Antarctic. There are large numbers of bryophytes and lichens as well as Antarctic hair grass. Birds breeding at the site include chinstrap penguins, southern giant petrels, Wilson's storm petrels Antarctic terns, kelp gulls and brown skuas. The isthmus is a haul-out site for southern elephant seals, Weddell seals and Antarctic fur seals.
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Plagiomnium medium, commonly known as Alpine thyme-moss or intermediate plagiomnium moss, is a moss found in montane habitats in the Northern Hemisphere. Research published in 1988 showed that is a hybrid of P. ellipticum and P. insigne via an allopolyploid process, previously considered to be absent in bryophyte evolution.Wyatt, Robert et al. (1988) "Allopolyploidy in bryophytes: Multiple origins of Plagiomnium medium" PNAS 85 pp. 5601-04.
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It is believed to have previously been a medieval deer park. The majority of the estate is a Site of Special Scientific Interest of . The park is particularly important in that the trees "support the richest epiphytic Lichen flora in East Anglia" with 92 species of lichen and 14 of bryophytes. The estate is managed with a mixture of agricultural, woodland and field sports use.
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Splachnaceae is the only family of bryophytes in which entomophily has been observed. Entomophily is especially common within the genera Splachnum and Tayloria, as well as having been documented in the species Aplodon wormskioldii. Entomophilous species are in particular, noted for their brightly coloured and often scented sporophytes. These sporophyte attract insects, most notably flies of the family Scathophagidae, also known as dung flies.
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Collectively, the family have a highly variable ecology with lichenized, lichenicolous and saprobic fungi. The majority of species is lichenized with a photobiont from Trentepohliaceae and a few species in Arthonia is lichenized with a photobiont from Chlorococcaleae. They grow on leaves, bark, bryophytes and living leaves and rocks. Other species are lichenicolous—growing on other lichens and a few species are known to be saprobic.
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Hornworts are a group of bryophytes (a group of non-vascular plants) constituting the division Anthocerotophyta. The common name refers to the elongated horn-like structure, Which is the sporophyte. As in mosses and liverworts, the flattened, green plant body of a hornwort is the gametophyte plant. Hornworts may be found worldwide, though they tend to grow only in places that are damp or humid.
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When this happens, the sperm and egg cell fuse to form a zygote, the cell from which the sporophyte stage of the life cycle will develop. Unlike all other bryophytes, the first cell division of the zygote is longitudinal. Further divisions produce three basic regions of the sporophyte. At the bottom of the sporophyte (closest to the interior of the gametophyte), is a foot.
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The soils are typically moist, fine-grained, and often hummocky. The cryptogam herb barren consists of dry to wet barren landscapes with scattered, herbs, lichens, mosses, and liverworts. Sedges, dwarf shrubs, and peaty mires are normally absent. These plants form a sparse (2–40%) and low-growing plant cover that often occurs as dark streaks on the otherwise barren lands, composed largely of bryophytes and cryptogamic crusts.
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Flora of Australia Volume 1, second edition. All the books in the series have this distinctive green and yellow cover. Flora of Australia is a 59 volume series describing the vascular plants, bryophytes and lichens present in Australia and its external territories. The series is published by the Australian Biological Resources Study who estimate that the series when complete will describe over 20 000 plant species.
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Cefotaxime, like other β-lactam antibiotics, does not only block the division of bacteria, including cyanobacteria, but also the division of cyanelles, the photosynthetic organelles of the glaucophytes, and the division of chloroplasts of bryophytes. In contrast, it has no effect on the plastids of the highly developed vascular plants. This supports the endosymbiotic theory and indicates an evolution of plastid division in land plants.
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Peatlands, fens, marsh complexes occur with wetter soils such as those found above the basin of the Quaternary Glacial Lake Agassiz in the south eastern portion of the Southern Boreal Forest. 16% of the boreal forest are wetlands which have a water table at or above ground level. The province is the world's largest producer of wild rice. Mushrooms, lichens, moss and other bryophytes.
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The most well-known find from the Kirkwood is Nqwebasaurus, a basal ornithomimosaur. Fragmentary remains of various reptile, frog, insect, and mammal fossils have also been found, including fish scales and freshwater bivalves. In addition several plant species such as bryophytes, ferns, conifers, cycads, and bennettitaleans have been discovered, including silicified fossil tree trunks in the sandstone sections which show evidence of being burned.
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There is also an alphabetical list: Glossary of botanical terms. In contrast, this page deals with botanical terms in a systematic manner, with some illustrations, and organized by plant anatomy and function in plant physiology. This glossary primarily includes terms that deal with vascular plants (ferns, gymnosperms and angiosperms), particularly flowering plants (angiosperms). Non-vascular plants (bryophytes), with their different evolutionary background, tend to have separate terminology.
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The collection has a worldwide scope with an emphasis on plants of New South Wales and Australian flora including flowering plants, conifers, cycads, ferns, bryophytes, lichens, macroalgae and fungi. The collection includes 805 of the specimens Joseph Banks and Daniel Solander collected. Specimen records from the collection are contributed to Australia's Virtual Herbarium (AVH), a collaborative project of the Commonwealth, state and territory herbaria in Australia.
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The area is home to 1250 species of vascular plants, 200 bryophytes, 300 lichens and 180 macroscopic fungi.. On the lower slopes and in the valleys the Andean wax palms are dominant. The upper Andean forest has trees reaching up to in height. In the páramo, frailejones dominate the landscape and a range of mosses, lichens can be observed. Coulored algae can be found in the various lagoons.
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Utricularia vitellina is a small or very small, probably perennial carnivorous plant that belongs to the genus Utricularia. It is endemic to Peninsular Malaysia and is only known from two mountain peaks (Gunung Tahan and Gunung Kerbau) that are over apart. U. vitellina grows as a terrestrial plant in peaty stream banks among bryophytes at altitudes from to . It was originally described by Henry Nicholas Ridley in 1923.
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Of the other groups, the lichens are the most diverse, with about 950 species; there are 600–700 species of fungi; mosses and bryophytes are also found. Most of Greenland's higher plants have circumpolar or circumboreal distributions; only a dozen species of saxifrage and hawkweed are endemic. A few plant species were introduced by the Norsemen, such as cow vetch. The Greenland Dog was brought from Siberia 1,000 years ago.
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In bryophytes (mosses, liverworts, and hornworts), the gametophyte is the most visible stage of the life cycle. The bryophyte gametophyte is longer lived, nutritionally independent, and the sporophytes are typically attached to the gametophytes and dependent on them. When a moss spore germinates it grows to produce a filament of cells (called the protonema). The mature gametophyte of mosses develops into leafy shoots that produce sex organs (gametangia) that produce gametes.
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The University of Michigan Herbarium is the herbarium of the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, Michigan, in the United States. One of the most- extensive botanical collections in the world, the herbarium has some 1.7 million specimens of vascular plants, algae, bryophytes, fungi, and lichens, and is a valuable resource for teaching and research in biology and botany.About, University of Michigan Herbarium. The herbarium includes many rare and extinct species.
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The life science collection comprises a number of life science studies including the study of living organisms such as plants, animals, and human beings. The Museum’s life science collection is one of the most complete collections of the biological makeup of Idaho. The Ray J. Davis Herbarium houses over 70,000 pressed plants, bryophytes, fungi, and lichens. The zoological collection consists of roughly 1,200 mammals, 1,800 birds, 2,500 reptiles, and 1,000 fish.
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Some patches occur on granitic rocks, usually where these are soft or crumbling. It appears to be a pioneer species, the largest populations being found on surfaces showing the early stages of colonisation by other bryophytes and by vascular plants. The conservation charity Plantlife designated the St Just Moors, part of this SSSI, an Important Plant Area for the occurrence of Western Rustwort and the green algae desmids.
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A hydroid is a type of vascular cell that occurs in certain bryophytes. In some mosses such as members of the Polytrichaceae family, hydroids form the innermost layer of cells in the stem. At maturity they are long, colourless, thin walled cells of small diameter, containing water but no living protoplasm. Collectively, hydroids function as a conducting tissue, known as the hydrome, transporting water and minerals drawn from the soil.
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Phenolics can also be found in non-vascular land plants (bryophytes). Dihydrostilbenoids and bis(bibenzyls) can be found in liverworts (Marchantiophyta), for instance, the macrocycles cavicularin and riccardin C. Though lignin is absent in mosses (Bryophyta) and hornworts (Anthocerotophyta), some phenolics can be found in those two taxa. For instance, rosmarinic acid and a rosmarinic acid 3'-O-β-D-glucoside can be found in the hornwort Anthoceros agrestis.
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The museum also houses 107 models of plastic-clay and 74 of rock and minerals. Equally impressive is the museum's botanical and mycological collection: algae (124), fungi and mushrooms (2,320), lichens (61), bryophytes (1,124), pteridophytes (507), gymnosperms (163), and angiosperms (5,034). The museum also has a specimen of the spiny babbler, Nepal's only endemic bird species. A specimen of the golden pheasant, an exotic bird from China, is also on display.
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In 1879 at the age of 20, Williams moved from his hometown of Minneapolis, Minnesota to Montana. Here, he made a living working as a miner, businessman, and explorer. Williams lived as a homesteader, and built the first cabin in what became the city of Great Falls, Montana. While living in Montana, Columbia College, on behalf of Elizabeth Britton, gave Williams a grant to collect bryophytes in the area.
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The Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, Lucknow, has done some work on the plant fossils of Mandla, though the study is yet in a preliminary stage. In Ghuguwa and Umaria the standing, petrified trunks of trees have been identified as Gymnosperms and Angiosperms- Monocotyledons and palms. There are certain Bryophytes also. There is some question about whether the fossils are from the late Jurassic or the early and mid Cretaceous age.
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Sex chromosomes are most common in bryophytes, relatively common in vascular plants and unknown in ferns and lycophytes. The diversity of plants is reflected in their sex- determination systems, which include XY and UV systems as well as many variants. Sex chromosomes have evolved independently across many plant groups. Recombination of chromosomes may lead to heterogamety before the development of sex chromosomes, or recombination may be reduced after sex chromosomes develop.
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Frahm studied biology and geography at the University of Hamburg before switching to the University of Kiel for his undergraduate degree. He returned to Kiel and earned his Ph.D. in botany in 1972.Tropical Bryology 31: i-iii, 2010. A tribute to Jan-Peter Frahm, or the inexhaustible ways of what to do with bryophytes. He then worked at the University of Duisburg, where he was appointed professor in 1981.
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The environments range from alpine area on the higher mountains, to sclerophyll forest and to woodland. Much of the ACT has been cleared for grazing and is also burnt off by bushfires several times per century. The kinds of plants can be grouped into vascular plants, that include gymnosperms, flowering plants, and ferns, as well as bryophytes, lichens, fungi and freshwater algae. Four flowering plants are endemic to the ACT.
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Diagram of oogenesis in a digenean (Platyhelminthes) Some algae and the oomycetes produce eggs in oogonia. In the brown alga Fucus, all four egg cells survive oogenesis, which is an exception to the rule that generally only one product of female meiosis survives to maturity. In plants, oogenesis occurs inside the female gametophyte via mitosis. In many plants such as bryophytes, ferns, and gymnosperms, egg cells are formed in archegonia.
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Sphagnum, like all other land plants, has an alternation of generations; like other bryophytes, the haploid gametophyte generation is dominant and persistent. Unlike other mosses, the long-lived gametophytes do not rely upon rhizoids to assist in water uptake. Sphagnum species can be unisexual (male or female, dioecious) or bisexual (male and female gametes produced from the same plant; monoecious); In North America, 80% of Sphagnum species are unisexual.Andrus, Richard. Sphagnum.
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Jahren et al. argued that mosses and liverworts had a signature of under ‰, and lichens were exclusively > ‰. But in deducing this they relied solely on their own data, neglecting to include published datasets or bryophytes from a wide range of habitats. They also failed to take into account any adjustment necessary to overcome post-burial alteration of the , or to compensate for the different isotopic composition of the early Devonian atmosphere.
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Due to past and current staff and faculty research the collections have particular strengths in bryophytes, pteridophytes and algae in addition to families such as Compositae and Umbelliferae. The collections are housed in a climate controlled, purpose built facility. Cabinets are installed on moving compactors for maximum space efficiency. The museum maintains a positive air pressure to reduce risks to the specimens from dermestid beetles and other museum pests.
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The site is significant for epiphytic flora and supports a range of uncommon lichens and bryophytes. There is considered to be a low level of atmospheric pollution in this area, and, together with the ancient trees, this has encouraged a significant diversity of ephyitic flora (numbers are recorded and particular species listed). The oaks and hollies are on acid loam which is poorly drained. There is bracken, bramble and common bent.
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Finally, there are Equisetum (horsetail) marshes, comprising 21 species in five genera, and Ginkgophytopsis fern meadows. The seven habitat types contain various cycad species. Cycads were as diverse as the Equisetum but appear to have been far less common, as only a few specimens have been recovered. Lycopods, bryophytes, Ginkgoales, and 50 species of fern have also been found, as well as associated plant frutifications, organs, and pollens.
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Sillett began teaching at Humboldt State University in 1996, where he dedicates much of his time to field study of not only coast redwood but also giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum), Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis), and the tallest trees of the Southern Hemisphere, Eucalyptus regnans and E. globulus. He currently teaches courses in General Botany, Lichens and Bryophytes, and Forest Canopy Ecology at Humboldt State University.
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Ribbed bog moss may germinate from spores stored in the substrate, but banked spores are probably less important to ribbed bog moss regeneration than freshly dispersed spores. Ross-Davis and Frego found that annual dispersal deposited a far greater number of moss spores on boreal substrates compared to the number of spores buried in the spore bank.Ross-Davis, Amy L. and Katherine A. Frego. 2004. Propagule sources of forest floor bryophytes: spatiotemporal compositional patterns.
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In mosses, liverworts and hornworts, an unbranched sporophyte produces a single sporangium, which may be quite complex morphologically. Most non-vascular plants, as well as many lycophytes and most ferns, are homosporous (only one kind of spore is produced). Some bryophytes, most lycophytes, and some ferns are heterosporous (two kinds of spores are produced). These plants produce microspores and megaspores, which give rise to gametophytes that are functionally male or female, respectively.
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The bryophytes, which include liverworts, hornworts and mosses, reproduce both sexually and vegetatively. They are small plants found growing in moist locations and like ferns, have motile sperm with flagella and need water to facilitate sexual reproduction. These plants start as a haploid spore that grows into the dominant gametophyte form, which is a multicellular haploid body with leaf-like structures that photosynthesize. Haploid gametes are produced in antheridia (male) and archegonia (female) by mitosis.
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It is more abundant adjacent to large emergent rocks where soil and litter are more moist and cooler than the surrounding hillsides. It may be that they were protected in these refugia (emergent rocks) when the original forests were cut and in some areas burned. Typically, they are found where the ground cover consists of bryophytes (mosses, liverworts, etc. -- especially the liverwort Bazzania) and an abundance of leaf litter, fallen logs and sticks.
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Identification has been an important interest of the members from the start of the Moss Exchange Club. Field meetings and workshops are held by the Society that allow training in identification skills. Census Catalogues, of the distribution of bryophytes in the British Isles by vice-county were compiled by the Moss Exchange Club. From 1960 onwards recording has been more detailed and the records have been incorporated into UK atlases and on-line records.
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They are typically tall, though some species are much larger. Dawsonia, the tallest moss in the world, can grow to in height. Mosses are commonly confused with hornworts, liverworts and lichens.Lichens of North America, Irwin M. Brodo, Ms. Sylvia Duran Sharnoff, , 2001 Mosses were formerly grouped with the hornworts and liverworts as "non-vascular" plants in the division "bryophytes", all of them having the haploid gametophyte generation as the dominant phase of the life cycle.
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In flowering plants, the sporophyte comprises the whole multicellular body except the pollen and embryo sac Bryophytes (mosses, liverworts and hornworts) have a dominant gametophyte phase on which the adult sporophyte is dependent for nutrition. The embryo sporophyte develops by cell division of the zygote within the female sex organ or archegonium, and in its early development is therefore nurtured by the gametophyte.Ralf Reski(1998): Development, genetics and molecular biology of mosses. In: Botanica Acta.
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The uniflagellated sperm cells (with one flagellum) of animals are referred to as spermatozoa, and are known to vary in size. Motile sperm are also produced by many protists and the gametophytes of bryophytes, ferns and some gymnosperms such as cycads and ginkgo. The sperm cells are the only flagellated cells in the life cycle of these plants. In many ferns and lycophytes, cycads and ginkgo they are multi-flagellated (carrying more than one flagellum).
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A gametophyte can be monoicous (bisexual), producing both eggs and sperm or dioicous (unisexual), either female (producing eggs) or male (producing sperm). In the bryophytes (liverworts, mosses and hornworts), the sexual gametophyte is the dominant generation. In ferns and seed plants (including cycads, conifers, flowering plants, etc.) the sporophyte is the dominant generation. The obvious visible plant, whether a small herb or a large tree, is the sporophyte, and the gametophyte is very small.
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Arranged alphabetically and containing 403 species, the gathering and naming was Spruce's first major contribution to local botany. Three years later he had drawn up a "List of the Flora of the Malton District" containing 485 species of flowering plants. Several of Spruce's localities for the rarer plants are given in Henry Baines's Flora of Yorkshire, published in 1840. In 1842 Spruce visited Thomas Taylor, an Irish botanist who shared his interest in bryophytes.
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Cloud forests from high are found in areas with heavy fog and mist between elevations of , although there is less rainfall than on the lower slopes. Typical tree species are wax palm (Ceroxylon ceriferum), Chaetolepis santamartensis, Chusquea tuberculosa, Hesperomeles ferruginea, Monochaetum uberrimum, Myrcianthes myrsinoides, Myrsine coriacea, Paragynoxys undatifolia, Pino de Pasto (Podocarpus oleifolius) and Weinmannia pinnata. Bryophytes and lichens include Anastrophyllum auritum, Musgo (Campylopus benedictii), bonfire moss (Funaria hygrometrica) and Hypotrachyna gigas.
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Together with collaborators, he investigated the taxonomy of several bryophytes, green algae (co-naming a new genus Struveopsis), vines of family Hippocrateaceae (nom. cons.) (now a synonym of the staff vine family Celastraceae). He made a study of the phylogeny of the genus Houstonia, madder family (Rubiaceae). In 1974 he named a new subtribe Luziolinae of oryzoid (= rice-like) grasses Poaceae, but this was not supported by a recent molecular study (Duvall et al.
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Gong Hill is a biological Site of Special Scientific Interest south of Farnham in Surrey. This heathland site is dominated by ling, bellheather and wavy hair-grass, with other plants including bryophytes and lichens. The south facing aspect of the site and patches of bare sand make it suitable for egg- laying reptiles, including a large population of the endangered and specially protected sand lizard. The site is private land with no public access.
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This results in a lowered MBC for susceptible organisms. Penicillins, like other β-lactam antibiotics, block not only the division of bacteria, including cyanobacteria, but also the division of cyanelles, the photosynthetic organelles of the glaucophytes, and the division of chloroplasts of bryophytes. In contrast, they have no effect on the plastids of the highly developed vascular plants. This supports the endosymbiotic theory of the evolution of plastid division in land plants.
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A leaf of S. exorrhiza A close up view of the stilt roots Many different species of epiphyte have been found to grow on S. exorrhiza. A study of 118 individual trees in Panama found 66 species from 15 families on them. Bryophytes covered up to 30% of the stems, and the relative coverage increased as the stem diameter increased. Around half of the trees studied had vascular epiphytes growing on them.
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Nostoc punctiforme is a species of filamentous cyanobacterium. Under non- limiting nutritional environmental conditions, its filaments are composed of photosynthetic vegetative cells; upon nutrient limitation, some of these cells undergo differentiation into heterocysts, akinetes or hormogonia. N. punctiforme is one of the Nostoc strains able to maintain diazotrophic symbiosis with higher plants such as the bryophytes Anthocerus punctatus and Blasia pusilla, water ferns from the genus Azolla, the cycads Macrozamia spp., and the angiosperm Gunnera.
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On 4 September 2014 a rare vagrant oleander hawk-moth (Daphnis nerii) was recorded. Oleander is not found in the UK every year, and the larva has never been recorded in Britain. Its plant life is heavily influenced by island's natural environment such as the salt spray, strong winds and acidic peaty soils. No trees grow on the archipelago, although there are more than 130 different flowering plants, 162 species of fungi and 160 bryophytes.
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Slītere National Park is famous for the broadleaf forests covering former coastline and for the unique complex of dunes (called kangari in Latvian) and depressions (vigas) featuring inter-dune bogs. Most of the broadleaf forest is located on the "Zilie Kalni" or "Blue Hills". Another 30% of the park is covered by coniferous forest. The park hosts hundreds of species of plants and bryophytes, 29 species of which are found nowhere else in Latvia.
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The highest level below the snowline is dominated by lichen and bryophytes. Below this lies a zone of small trees and shrubs which develops into montane forest, principally in western valleys and on well-irrigated eastern slopes, which occurs below . Tree heights develop from near the top to up to below ; below , subtropical rainforest is present, with temperatures between and up to of rainfall. Fauna is similarly distributed, with distinct altitudinal zonation present.
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Hugo Erich Meyer von Klinggräff (7 June 1820 in Klein Watkowitz, Stuhm - 3 April 1902 in Paleschken, Stuhm) was a German botanist, who was a specialist in bryophytes. He was the brother of botanist Carl Julius Meyer von Klinggräff, with whom he often collaborated. In 1826, he moved with his parents to a homestead located not far from Agram, Croatia. He later studied at the University of Königsberg, receiving his doctorate in 1846.
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Sillett began climbing Douglas-fir trees during his undergraduate years at Reed College. While working on his Masters, he studied a cloud forest canopy in Costa Rica, focusing on bryophytes inhabiting the emergent crowns of strangler figs (Ficus tuerckheimii). His doctorate work focused on old-growth Douglas-fir forests in the Cascade Mountains of western Oregon. It was not until he began teaching at Humboldt State that he began climbing and studying redwood forests.
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Combwell Wood is a biological Site of Special Scientific Interest south-east of Tunbridge Wells in Kent. The wood is part of the High Weald Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. It is divided into 36 sections owned by different people. Much of this ancient wood has traditionally been coppiced, but there has probably been undisturbed woodland on steep slopes, and uncommon bryophytes here are thought to be survivors from the Atlantic warm period around 5,000 years ago.
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He was a prolific scientific writer, leaving some 250 scholarly books and articles. His scientific research covered as diverse phylogenetic lineages as vascular plants, bryophytes, lichens and algae and a broad set of disciplines from anatomy, ecology and evolution of plant species to the ecology of plant populations and plant communities. He was particularly interested in chromosomal and ecological races of plant species. He did field work in Greenland, Denmark, various European mountain regions and in Argentina.
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In 2013, a list of threatened species was published. As a result, the Brazilian government extended legal protection to a total of 2,113 species in 2014. In 2017, 31% of the Brazilian flora was estimated to be assessed by 2020, with a possibility that the entire flora biome will be assessed by 2030. Of approximately 36,400 native terrestrial vascular plants and bryophytes thought to grow in Brazil, 5,646 species had been evaluated as of December 2018.
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Section of a Dawsonia stem. The cylinder of hydrome can be seen in the centre, and a ring of leaf traces can be seen outside the cylinder The stems of Polytrichales have conducting systems which are analogous to the xylem and phloem of vascular plants. The water-conducting tissue is the hydrome, made up of elongated cells known as hydroids. Unlike the xylem of vascular plants, there is no secondary thickening of cell walls, as bryophytes lack lignin.
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It was the site for regular hunts with the local Galway Blazers. Kathleen, who inherited Monivea Castle from her father Robert ffrench, enjoyed the excitement of these events, as well as walks and recreation in the peaceful woodlands. Under the stewardship of the ffrench family, the property continued to flourish, and today, Monivea Woods is known for its unique flora and archaeology. The broadleaf forest offers a natural habitat for Irish wild fungi, lichens, bryophytes and native plants.
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Lesquereux and Thomas P. James also completed his Manual of Mosses of North America in 1884. During his career Sullivant had named and described 270 species of bryophytes and had gained worldwide recognition as the preeminent authority on North America mosses and related plants. He built an herbarium of some 18,000 moss specimens which were donated to Harvard University. The Sullivant Moss Society was named in his honor and later became known as the American Bryological and Lichenological Society.
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Dicksonia antarctica, a species of tree fern The plants that are likely most familiar to us are the multicellular land plants, called embryophytes. Embryophytes include the vascular plants, such as ferns, conifers and flowering plants. They also include the bryophytes, of which mosses and liverworts are the most common. All of these plants have eukaryotic cells with cell walls composed of cellulose, and most obtain their energy through photosynthesis, using light, water and carbon dioxide to synthesize food.
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Afterwards, he served as first custodian at the botanical museum in Helsinki, where he remained until his retirement in 1941.JSTOR Global Plants biography Throughout his career, he collected and studied Fennoscandian flora that included subfossil specimens and bryophytes. He also made important contributions in his investigations of plants native to southern Europe and northern Africa; Spain, Sicily, Greece, Cyprus, Morocco, et al. In 1932 he visited Britain and Ireland, where he collected specimens from the genus Taraxacum.
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This included all plants with concealed reproductive organs. He divided Cryptogamia into four orders: Algae, Musci (bryophytes), Filices (ferns), and Fungi. Not all cryptogams are treated as part of the plant kingdom; the fungi, in particular, are regarded as a separate kingdom, more closely related to animals than plants, while blue-green algae are now regarded as a phylum of bacteria. Therefore, in contemporary plant systematics, "Cryptogamae" is not a taxonomically coherent group, but is cladistically polyphyletic.
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The Flora of the Australian Capital Territory are the plants that grow naturally in the Australian Capital Territory (ACT). The environments range from Alpine area on the higher mountains, sclerophyll forest, to woodland. Much of the ACT has been cleared for grazing, and is also burnt off by bushfires several times per century. The kinds of plants can be grouped into vascular plants that include gymnosperms, flowering plants, and ferns; bryophytes, lichens, fungi, and freshwater algae.
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Bridgeoporus is a fungal genus in the family Polyporaceae. A monotypic genus, it contains the single polypore species Bridgeoporus nobilissimus, first described to science in 1949. Commonly known both as the noble polypore and the fuzzy Sandozi, this fungus produces large fruit bodies (or conks) that have been found to weigh up to . The upper surface of the fruit body has a fuzzy or fibrous texture that often supports the growth of algae, bryophytes, or vascular plants.
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McIvor trained in horticulture and arboriculture and worked at Kew before taking up in 1848, a position in southern India as superintendent of the yet to be established Ootacamund botanical garden. At Kew, McIvor took an interest in bryophytes and published a pocket herbarium of British hepatics in 1847. He established the botanical garden at Ootacamund and worked there until his death. He married Anne, eldest daughter of Colonel Edwards of Iscoed, Denbighshire on 31 May 1850.
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The Nordic Journal of Botany is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal of botany, including the taxonomy, evolution, conservation, and biogeography of plants, algae, bryophytes, and fungi. It is published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of the Nordic Society Oikos. The editor-in-chief is Torbjörn Tyler (Lund University). According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2011 impact factor of 0.551, ranking it 150th out of 190 journals in the category "Plant Sciences".
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In addition to the more noticeable flowering plants and tall trees that cover Gillies Hill, are a host of organisms often overlooked. Mosses (also known as Bryophytes) of 48 species (including 5 varieties) in 19 families grow throughout the hill. The heavily carpeted star moss (also known as "common haircap moss") population near the Wellingtonia Grove is an especially fine example of this life form. Star moss is found in forests, peat bogs, and moorland throughout the Northern Hemisphere.
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If it occurs before sex chromosomes become heteromorphic, as is likely in the octoploid red sorrel Rumex acetosella, sex is determined in a single XY system. In a more complicated system, the sandalwood species Viscum fischeri has X1X1X2X2 chromosomes in females, and X1X2Y chromosomes in males. Non- vascular plants Ferns and lycophytes have bisexual gametophytes and so there is no evidence for sex chromosomes. In the bryophytes, including liverworts, hornworts and mosses, sex chromosomes are common.
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Bower (1889) further developed this theory and renamed it the Interpolation Theory. The theory was later supported by Overton (1893), Scott (1896), Strasburger (1897), Williams (1904), and others. The gradual evolution of an independent, sporophyte phase was viewed by Bower as being closely related to the transition from aquatic to terrestrial plant life on Earth. Evidence supporting this theory can be found in the life cycle of modern Bryophytes in which the sporophyte is physiologically dependent on the gametophyte.
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He taught for thirty years at the University of Melbourne, from 1962 to 1992, influencing several generations of Victorian botanists and foresters. His professional expertise ranged from angiosperms, pteridophytes, bryophytes, lichens and fungi. He was also able to synthesise many biological problems ecologically, especially in Mountain Ash forests including geology, plant and animal species interactions, the effects of fire and climate, insect and seed dispersal. He wrote more than 200 scientific articles in over 20 publications.
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Some liverworts are capable of asexual reproduction; in bryophytes in general "it would almost be true to say that vegetative reproduction is the rule and not the exception." For example, in Riccia, when the older parts of the forked thalli die, the younger tips become separate individuals. Some thallose liverworts such as Marchantia polymorpha and Lunularia cruciata produce small disc-shaped gemmae in shallow cups.Smith, AJE (1989) The Liverworts of Britain and Ireland, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
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The Herbarium contains more than 650,000 specimens, and it is the largest herbarium in Canada west of Ottawa. The specimens in the herbarium are used to help researchers identify the plants, describe new species, and track changes in diversity over time. The herbarium collection includes the land plants—conifers, ferns, mosses, flowering plants, and their relatives as well as algae, lichens and fungi. The collection comprises 223,000 vascular plants, 85,000 algae, 242,000 bryophytes, 16,000 fungi, and 40,000 lichens.
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Map of Brazilian biomes Lista de espécies da flora do Brasil (List of species of the flora of Brazil, "The Brazilian List"), first produced in 2010 provides a list of species of plants found in Brazil. At that time it listed a total of 40,982 species, including 3,608 fungi, 3,495 algae, 1,521 bryophytes, 1,176 pteridophytes, 26 gymnosperms and 31,156 angiosperm species. The list is constantly updated with more than 400 taxonomists working on the online database.
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Polysporangiophytes, also called polysporangiates or formally Polysporangiophyta, are plants in which the spore-bearing generation (sporophyte) has branching stems (axes) that bear sporangia. The name literally means many sporangia plant. The clade includes all land plants (embryophytes) except for the bryophytes (liverworts, mosses and hornworts) whose sporophytes are normally unbranched, even if a few exceptional cases occur. While the definition is independent of the presence of vascular tissue, all living polysporangiophytes also have vascular tissue, i.e.
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The Arthoniales is distributed in most habitats worldwide, as it ranges at latitudes from arctic to tropical regions. They grow on different types of substrates like bark, wood, rocks, bryophytes and living leaves. The order has adapted to live in both humid forests and dry habitats like savannas and steppes, as well as varying altitudes from sea level to alpine regions. The highest species diversity are known from subtropical coastal areas with a Mediterranean or dry climate.
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Glomeromycota (often referred to as glomeromycetes, as they include only one class, Glomeromycetes) are one of eight currently recognized divisions within the kingdom Fungi, with approximately 230 described species. Members of the Glomeromycota form arbuscular mycorrhizas (AMs) with the thalli of bryophytes and the roots of vascular land plants. Not all species have been shown to form AMs, and one, Geosiphon pyriformis, is known not to do so. Instead, it forms an endocytobiotic association with Nostoc cyanobacteria.
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The leaf cells are arranged in diagonal rows and are easily discerned with a lens. Experiments to determine the efficacy of cryoprotectants show that the leaf covering is relatively impermeable to sugars, proline, and polyethylene glycols, but that dimethylsulfoxide is readily absorbed. Even so, it was found that frost hardiness is accompanied by a steep rise in cell sucrose concentration. Oecologia Volume 91, Number 2 (1992) Cryoprotective compounds may play a major role in the frost tolerance of bryophytes.
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At the end of embryonic growth, the seed will usually go dormant until germination. Once the embryo begins to germinate (grow out from the seed) and forms its first true leaf, it is called a seedling or plantlet. Plants that produce spores instead of seeds, like bryophytes and ferns, also produce embryos. In these plants, the embryo begins its existence attached to the inside of the archegonium on a parental gametophyte from which the egg cell was generated.
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Records show that between 1925 and 1928 Shimek had collected more than 10,000 specimens in Iowa, Nebraska, South Dakota, Wisconsin and Illinois. It has been estimated that, over his lifetime, Shimek contributed 200,000 specimens of vascular plants and 5,000 specimens of bryophytes to the collection. He was a member of the Iowa State Geological Board. He was also chairman of the geological section of the International Scientific Congress held in Europe in 1911 as a tribute to his important contributions.
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The male has been observed walking towards the female while holding a flower in its beak; the male swung its head, touched the female's beak and dropped the flower, and then they mated. The nest, constructed by both sexes, is built on a branch or fork of a tree. It is a steep cup made of bryophytes and covered with felt externally. Lichens are added to camouflage the nest, and the female shapes the nest by pushing against the rim with its breast.
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The antheridium (plural: antheridia) is the reproductive structure found on a male bryophyte shoot. An antheridium has a jacket that protects the sperm while they are developing. Once the sperm has matured, the sperm requires water, such as raindrops, to help carry the sperm from an antheridium to an egg located in an archegonium on a female gametophyte shoot. The perigonium structure is composed of an antheridium, paraphyses (sterile filaments that support the reproductive structure of bryophytes), and perigonial leaves.
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PortraitIngebrigt Severin Hagen (1852- 8 June 1917) was a Norwegian physician and botanist who specialized in the taxonomy of the bryophytes. Born in Trondheim to shoemaker father Ingebrigt Hagen and Caroline Elizabeth née Helle, Hagen was academically gifted and graduated in arts from the Trondheim Cathedral School in 1870. He worked under Professor Worm Müller on physiological chemistry from around 1874–79 at Oslo. He then continued research in Uppsala, Sweden with Professor Holmgren in 1877 and then at Berlin, Leipzig and Dresden.
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In 1912, Savic- Ljubickaja became an employee of the Komarov Botanical Institute under the direction of Vladimir Andreevich Tranzschel and with the assistance of Vladimir Leontyevich Komarov. She began to publish papers on bryophytes and lichens in 1914, and began to travel extensively throughout Karelia, the Kola Peninsula, the North Caucasus, Crimea, and Central Russia. During the outbreak of World War I, she began studying the prospects of using sphagnum moss for dressing wounds. As a result, it saw widespread use in hospitals.
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The Society developed from the Moss Exchange Club founded in 1896 by Coslett Herbert Waddell who was Secretary of the club until 1903. It was therefore the first bryological society in the world. Its aim was to provide communication between those interested in bryophytes so they could build up collections of correctly identified specimens. The Club produced printed reports and compiled records of bryophyte distributions by vice- county, and members exchanged information by letter, but the Club did not hold meetings.
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Habitat destruction and atmospheric pollution have major effects on bryophyte distributions, but there have been concerns about the effects of collecting, especially of rarer species. The Society has adopted the BSBI code of conduct for picking, collecting, photographing and enjoying wild bryophytes. A collection of specimens was built up by the Society, with additions bequeathed by some members. Some of this herbarium were shared or donated in full to the Natural History Museum, London where the herbarium was co-located.
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Low-growing herbaceous flowering plants and bryophytes are the major vegetation components. The vascular flora comprises the smallest number of species of any major subantarctic island group, reflecting its isolation, small ice-free area and severe climate. Twelve vascular species are known from Heard Island, of which five have also been recorded on McDonald Island. None of the vascular species is endemic, although Pringlea antiscorbutica, Colobanthus kerguelensis, and Poa kerguelensis occur only on subantarctic islands in the southern Indian Ocean.
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Because of its extreme rarity and localised occurrence, the species has its own individual Biodiversity Action Plan and is included on a list of the world's most threatened bryophytes. The plant is similar to the common Thamnobryum alopecurum, but can be distinguished from it by the structure of the branch leaves, which are narrower, very strongly toothed, parallel-sided and have a broad nerve. The leaves of T. cataractarum are less strongly toothed but they have an even broader nerve.
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Herschel Island, Cabo de Hornos National Park. The Magellanic moorland or Magellanic tundra () is an ecoregion on the Patagonian archipelagos south of latitude 48° S. It is characterized by high rainfall with a vegetation of scrubs, bogs and patches of forest in more protected areas. Cushion plants, grass-like plants and bryophytes are common. At present there are outliers of Magellanic moorland as far north as in the highlands of Cordillera del Piuchén (latitude 42° 22' S) in Chiloé Island.
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About three hundred plant species do not photosynthesize but are parasites on other species of photosynthetic plants. Embryophytes are distinguished from green algae, which represent a mode of photosynthetic life similar to the kind modern plants are believed to have evolved from, by having specialized reproductive organs protected by non-reproductive tissues. Bryophytes first appeared during the early Paleozoic. They mainly live in habitats where moisture is available for significant periods, although some species, such as Targionia, are desiccation-tolerant.
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Sotterley Park is a 123.2 hectare biological Site of Special Scientific Interest in Sotterley in Suffolk. It is a Nature Conservation Review site, Grade I. This park was laid out in the eighteenth century, but it goes back at least to the early medieval period, and may retain areas of primary forest. It has many large and ancient trees, which have the richest epiphytic lichen flora in East Anglia, with 92 recorded species. There are also 14 species of bryophytes.
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Botany of the Færöes based upon Danish investigations – a three-volume classic scientific work on flora and vegetation of the Faroe Islands, including fungi, lichens, algae, bryophytes and vascular plants. It was published 1901 to 1908 and funded by the Carlsberg Foundation. The project was initiated by Eugen Warming, who edited the content. The published work was based on investigations made chiefly between 1895 and 1900 by F. Børgesen, C. Jensen, C.H. Ostenfeld, J. Hartz, H. Jónsson and Eug. Warming.
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Richard Spruce was born near Ganthorpe, a small village near Castle Howard in Yorkshire. After training under his father, a local schoolmaster, Spruce began a career as a tutor and then as a mathematics master at St. Peter's School, York between 1839 and 1844. Spruce started his botanical collecting in Yorkshire about 1833. In 1834, at age 16, he drew up a neatly written list of all of the plants he had found on trips around Ganthorpe, focusing on bryophytes.
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Of the 10,000 estimated terrestrial and freshwater species in the Maltese archipelago,Wildlife of the Maltese Islands, BirdLife Malte and Nature Trust, 1995. 78 are endemic, a large number considering the country's size. Only 4,500 species have so far been identified, and others still await correct taxonomic classification, which means that there may be several more endemic species yet to be discovered. Twenty-three of the endemic species are vascular plants and plants such as bryophytes, while the remaining 55 species are animals.
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Today the herbarium contains about 3 million dried specimens of plants and fungi, which is estimated to reflect about 25% of the world's known plant species. It has major strengths in the flora of Bavaria and the Alps, and vascular plants of Brazil, Chile, Central Asia, and regions of Africa, as well as in lichens and fungi. As of 2009, collection sizes were approximately as follows: vascular plants (1,800,000 specimens); bryophytes (350,000 specimens); fungi (350,000 specimens); lichens (300,000 specimens); and algae (150,000 specimens).
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The structure and development of mosses and ferns (Archegoniatae). 2nd ed. 1905 In the major post-Darwinian taxonomic systems such as the Engler system it was used to divide the Embryophyta into two divisions, one the Archegoniatae (also called Zoidogamae) containing bryophytes and pteridophytes and the other the Siphonogamae containing the gymnosperms and angiosperms. Campbell indicates that there was both a sensu lato usage which included the gymnosperms, or a sensu stricto usage as in his book, applied only to bryophtes and pteridophytes.
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More complex tracheids with valve-like perforations called bordered pits characterise the gymnosperms. The ferns and other pteridophytes and the gymnosperms have only xylem tracheids, while the flowering plants also have xylem vessels. Vessel elements are hollow xylem cells without end walls that are aligned end-to-end so as to form long continuous tubes. The bryophytes lack true xylem tissue, but their sporophytes have a water-conducting tissue known as the hydrome that is composed of elongated cells of simpler construction.
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King's work expanded the knowledge of Irish moss and liverwort distribution, publishing her findings in the Irish Naturalists' Journal and the Transactions of the British Bryological Society. A more unusual finding of King was Meesia tristicha, a sub-arctic zone moss, which she identified in 1957 in Bellacorick, County Mayo. Until then this moss had only been known as a sub-fossil in the United Kingdom. The final paper she published in 1970 added 39 new Irish records of bryophytes.
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Cockell and Stokes went on to estimate the productivity of the Arctic communities by monitoring the uptake of sodium bicarbonate labelled with Carbon-14 and found that (for Devon Island) productivity of the hypolithon was comparable to that of plants, lichens, and bryophytes combined (0.8 ± 0.3 g m−2 y−1 and 1 ± 0.4 g m−2 y−1 respectively) and concluded that the polar hypolithon may double previous estimates of the productivity of that region of the rocky polar desert.
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For several years the area was exploited in order to extract slab stone. In the course of this activity, an extraordinary fossil was found due to its conservation status and its size, which was handed over to the Argentine paleontologist Mario Hünicken who in 1980 described it as Megarachne servinei. Research carried out subsequently produced remarkable findings in successive strata, several of which present evidence of insect fossils, bryophytes and paleozoic flora. It is estimated that this formation is 286 million years old.
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It describes how to study mosses, including the apparatus needed and the preparation and storage of specimens; their development, habitats (including descriptions of typical species) and geographical distribution; and their classification. It also includes chapters on cultivation and use. Bagnall contributed chapters or sections on bryophytes to a number of works, including the Victoria County History of Worcestershire in 1901, the Victoria County History of Warwickshire in 1904, the Victoria County History of Staffordshire in 1908 and The Botany of Worcestershire in 1909.
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Ribbed bog moss occurs in arctic, subarctic, boreal, and subboreal zones with cold meso-thermal, oceanic, continental, or cold-humid climates. It is more common in arctic, subarctic, and boreal than subboreal zones. A survey of bryophytes on peatlands across Alberta's Mackenzie River basin found optimal ribbed bog moss growth occurred on sites with annual temperatures ranging from 20 to 32 °F (-4 to 0 °C). In interior arctic, subarctic, and boreal zones, climate is strongly continental in the west, becoming more humid to the east.
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Adults eat fig wasps; larvae develop within the syconia and prey on fig wasps, then pupate in the ground. As a large tree, F. aurea can be an important host for epiphytes. In Costa Rican cloud forests, where F. aurea is "the most conspicuous component" of intact forest, trees in forest patches supported richer communities of epiphytic bryophytes, while isolated trees supported greater lichen cover. Florida International University ecologist Suzanne Koptur reported the presence of extrafloral nectaries on F. aurea figs in the Florida Everglades.
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The Phytogbs0 are primitive Phytogbs found in algae, bryophytes and gymnosperms. The Phytogbs1 and Phytogbs2 apparently evolved from Phytogbs0 and are found in angiosperms. Symbiotic Phytogbs (abbreviated as SymPhytogbs) and Lbs are specialized Phytogbs localized in nodules of nitrogen-fixing non-legumes, such as the actinorhizal plants that establish a symbiotic association with the actinomycete Frankia, and legumes that establish a symbiotic association with rhizobia bacteria, respectively. The Phytogbs3 are structurally similar to the bacterial truncated globins and are found in algae and land plants.
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Cora Huidekoper Clarke (February 9, 1851 – April 2, 1916) was an American amateur entomologist, science educator and botanist specializing in bryophytes. Her chief entomological studies were on galls caused by wasps (Cynipidae) and flies (Cecidomyiidae), which she reared, photographed and documented, with several new species being described from the collections that she made. Cora was born in Meadville, Pennsylvania to Anna (Huidekoper) and Reverend James Freeman Clarke, a Unitarian minister and anti-slavery activist. Her grandfather, Harm Jan Huidekoper, was the founder of the Meadville Theological School.
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Bryophytes are non-vascular plants encompassing mosses, liverworts, and hornworts, which most often form symbioses with members from the cyanobacterial genus Nostoc. Depending on the host, the cyanobiont can be inside (endophytic) or outside the host (epiphytic). In mosses, cyanobacteria are major nitrogen fixers and grow mostly epiphytically, aside from two species of Sphagnum which protect the cyanobiont from an acidic-bog environment. In terrestrial Arctic environments, cyanobionts are the primary supplier of nitrogen to the ecosystem whether free-living or epiphytic with mosses.
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Geological profile with highlighted bed no. 20 Various plant communities can be found at Klonk. The vicinity of the brook is characterized by human planted vegetation, for example the common alder (Alnus glutinosa), European ash (Fraxinus excelsior) or Canadian poplar (Populus x canadensis), in the lower parts of the slope are the remains of scree forests with dominant sycamore. Shady limestones by the brook are a favourable location for a number of rare bryophytes, such as the craven featherwort (Pedinophyllum interruptum) or beech feather-moss (Eurhynchium crassinervum).
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Johann Hedwig first described and named the genus Tetraphis and the species Tetraphis pellucida in his book Species Muscorum Frondosorum, published in 1801. In 1824 Christian Friedrich Schwägrichen named the genus Tetrodontium. The phylogeny and taxonomy of the family Tetraphidaceae, in relation to other bryophytes, have long been disputed among bryologists. Some believe that there are characteristics of the family, like the thalloid protonema or the development of the peristome, that indicate that the moss is primitive and may share a common ancestor with Sphagnopsida and Andreaeidae.
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MW holds some important historical collections by G.F. Hoffmann, J.F. Ehrhart, C.B. Trinius, J.R. and J.G.A. Forsters, etc. The Moscow University Herbarium added a millionth specimen to the collections in June 2016. An average annual growth of the collection in 2005–2016 was 15,100 specimens, with an exceptional 22,013 specimens added to the herbarium in 2016. Since 2005, major accessions originated from Eastern Europe, Siberia and Russian Far East, the Caucasus, and South Asia (vascular plants); Taimyr, Russian Far East, and North Caucasus (bryophytes).
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He was awarded an honorary doctorate by the University of Munich in 1878. Additionally he was a student of botanists Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius (1794–1868) and Otto Sendtner (1813–1859), and his spare time was devoted to floristics and classification of plants and fungi. His initial studies dealt with vascular plants, but his primary focus later shifted to lichens and bryophytes. Well known for his studies of herbarium specimens (exsiccatae), his personal herbarium contained approximately 150,000 specimens, largely consisting of lichens and lichenicolous fungi.
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At Yale University's botany department, Nichols became an instructor, then in 1915 assistant professor, in 1924 associate professor and in 1926 full professor. From 1926 until his death, he served simultaneously in three capacities: the Eaton Professor of Botany, chair of Yale's botany department, and director of the Marsh Botanical Garden. Beginning in 1920, each summer he worked at the University of Michigan's biological station at Douglas Lake. At the biological station he studied algae and bryophytes, writing about 25 articles on his findings.
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Heinrich Gustav Mühlenbeck, name also given as Henri Gustave Muehlenbeck (2 June 1798, Sainte-Marie-aux-Mines – 21 November 1845, Mulhouse) was an Alsatian physician and botanical collector known for his work with bryophytes. He studied medicine and surgery in Strasbourg and Paris. In 1822 he became a general practitioner in Gebweiler, and from 1833 onward, lived and worked in Mühlhausen. biographyBiodiversity Heritage Library Taxonomic literature : a selective guide to botanical publications He was a founding member of the Société médicale du Haut-Rhin.
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Centrioles are not present in all eukaryotes; for example, they are absent from conifers (pinophyta), flowering plants (angiosperms) and most fungi, and are only present in the male gametes of charophytes, bryophytes, seedless vascular plants, cycads, and ginkgo. Centrioles are typically made up of nine sets of short microtubule triplets, arranged in a cylinder. Deviations from this structure include crabs and Drosophila melanogaster embryos, with nine doublets, and Caenorhabditis elegans sperm cells and early embryos, with nine singlets. Additional proteins include centrin, cenexin and tektin.
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The β-lactam nucleus of the molecule irreversibly binds to (acylates) the Ser403 residue of the PBP active site. This irreversible inhibition of the PBPs prevents the final crosslinking (transpeptidation) of the nascent peptidoglycan layer, disrupting cell wall synthesis. β-lactam antibiotics block not only the division of bacteria, including cyanobacteria, but also the division of cyanelles, the photosynthetic organelles of the glaucophytes, and the division of chloroplasts of bryophytes. In contrast, they have no effect on the plastids of the highly developed vascular plants.
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Annual plants are rare in this ecosystem and usually are only a few inches tall, with weak root systems. Other common plant life-forms include prostrate shrubs, graminoids forming tussocks, cushion plants, and cryptogams, such as bryophytes and lichens. Relative to lower elevation areas in the same region, alpine regions have a high rate of endemism and a high diversity of plant species. This taxonomic diversity can be attributed to geographical isolation, climate changes, glaciation, microhabitat differentiation, and different histories of migration or evolution or both.
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All of these would disrupt the chemical balance in the aquifer and consequently in the soil, and that in turn would encourage rank grasses, and cause depletion of specialised fen plants. The quality of fen biodiversity should be monitored for signs of change. Light autumn grazing and trampling by cattle is beneficial, so long as the land is not enriched by cattle dung or feed. Moderate trampling may break down leaf litter and create scattered areas of bare soil which would encourage bryophytes and some invertebrates.
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Porkellis Moor is an extensive area of marsh near the village, which was once used for mining, mainly for tin, and engine houses and other industrial buildings remain. The Porkellis China Clay Works attempted to extract china clay, over a period of three years, spending approximately £3,000. The High Sheriff of Cornwall issued a Fi fa and the goods of the company was sold, by auction for a small amount on 28 April 1879. The moor forms part of West Cornwall Bryophytes Site of Special Scientific Interest.
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In March 1945 Campbell became the first woman faculty member of Massey Agricultural College (now Massey University). She lectured on plant morphology and anatomy and led research field trips to Himatangi Beach, Kapiti Island, and Tongariro National Park. Research projects included investigating mycorrhiza related to orchids and research on bryophytes, particularly the taxonomy and morphology of hornworts and of thalloid liverworts. She also conducted international field work, such as trips to the University of Cambridge, Singapore, India and Nepal; Australia; Mayasia; Japan; the United States; and Canada.
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Bawean deer are endemic to the island The fauna of Bawean Island is generally quite similar to that of Java. Initially, most of the island was covered by rainforest, but as a result of human activity its area gradually declined and by the end of the 20th century was not more than 10% of the island. About 15% is occupied by the artificially planted common teak (Tectona grandis). The local jungles are characterized by dense low understory with a predominance of ferns, bryophytes and orchids.
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Phytoglobins (abbreviated as Phytogbs) are ubiquitously distributed in plants as they have been identified in algae and land plants, including primitive bryophytes and evolved monocots and dicots. They are classified as Phytogbs0, Phytogbs1 and Phytogbs2 (formerly known as non-symbiotic hemoglobins), symbiotic Phytogbs, leghemoglobins (abbreviated as Lbs) and Phytogbs3.Hill R., Hargrove M. S.,Arredondo-Peter R., Phytoglobin: a novel nomenclature for plant globins accepted by the globin community at the 2014 XVIII conference on Oxygen- Binding and Sensing Proteins., F1000Research, 5 (2016) 212 (doi: 210.12688/f11000research.18133.12681).
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Proctor studied botany, zoology and chemistry for his undergraduate degree at Cambridge University, then did research on rock-roses (Helianthemum). In 1956 he published a significant work on the bryophyte flora of Cambridgeshire, which embodied "the accumulation of Cambridgeshire bryophyte records begun by Prof. P.W. Richards in 1927". Proctor’s flora set out the history of bryophyte recording in the vice-county of Cambridgeshire and provided a guide to the main habitats. It was the first detailed account of the bryophytes of that county since 1820, when the third edition of Relhan’s Flora Cantabrigiensis was published.
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Its mixed-wood forest contains mainly sugar and red maple, white and red spruce and balsam fir trees. Finally, according to the World Wide Fund for Nature the park is located in the New England-Acadian forest ecoregion. The park is home to 658 species of vascular plants, 276 species of bryophytes, and more than 400 species of lichens. The Fundy forest is generally a mixed-wood forest composed of red spruce (Picea rubens), balsam fir (Abies balsamea), yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis), white birch (Betulla papyrifera), sugar maple (Acer saccharum), and red maple (Acer rubrum).
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The hinterland climate becomes progressively more continental and drier, and therefore there is an end from extreme temperatures accompanied by slow-growing dwarf juniper species to unvegetated desert steppes as in "llanos de Belchite" or "Calanda desert". The mountain vegetation is mostly coniferous forests that are drought-adapted, and hardier trees in the oak genus (Quercus), typically less tolerant, in the wetter highlands. Halophiles (extremophiles as to salt) abound in zones of endorheic lagoons and their feeder creeks. Tamarix-covered, these include endemic species of bryophytes, chenopodiaceas, plumbaginacea, ruppiaceaes, Carex, lythraceaes, asteraceaes, and others.
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Alpine flora near Cascade Pass mire in the Swiss Alps Alpine landscape below Malyovitsa Peak, Rila Mountain, Bulgaria Alpine grasslands and tundra lie above the tree line, in a world of intense radiation, wind, cold, snow, and ice. As a consequence, alpine vegetation is close to the ground and consists mainly of perennial grasses, sedges, and forbs. Annual plants are rare in this ecosystem and usually are only a few inches tall, with weak root systems. Other common plant life-forms include prostrate shrubs, graminoids forming tussocks, and cryptogams, such as bryophytes and lichens.
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The long ecological continuity of the Atlantic hazelwoods due to their lack of clearcut coppicing, together with the hyperoceanic climate under which they occur and low levels of atmospheric pollution, results in luxuriant growth of epiphytic lichens and bryophytes. Two discrete communities of lichens grow on Atlantic hazel. Young, smooth-barked hazel stems are colonised by crustose lichens of the Graphidion, including the very rare Graphis alboscripta. Old, rough-barked stems are colonised by leafy lichens of the Lobarion; a community that is very rare and declining in Europe.
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The Algar is populated by a rich plant tapestry, that covers the mouth of the cone structure, including various endemic species. Further, there are several invertebrate species that make the cavern their homes, such as the cavernous spider Turinyphia cavernicola and other species of Troglofauna, like the centipede Lithobius obscurus azorae, the springtail Pseudosinella ashmoleorum and ground beetle Trechus terceiranus. Finally, there is a distinct presence of various moss, including those on the Red Data Book of European Bryophytes (ECCB), like the Alophosia azorica and Calypogeia azorica, among others.
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They have also been thought to possibly be misrecognitions of shooting stars, animals that have luminous bryophytes attached to them, gasses that come from swamps, light bulbs, or visual hallucinations. There have also been some "artificial hitodama" created using combustible gases (an experiment in 1976 by the Meiji University professor, Masao Yamana using methane gas). In the 1980s, the Yoshiko Ootsuki posited the idea that they are "plasma from the air." However, there are some hitodama that cannot be explained by the above theories, so they are thought to come from various phenomena.
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Aglaophyton major (or more correctly Aglaophyton majusStrictly the name should have been Aglaophyton majus, as -phyton is neuter and the neuter of Latin comparative adjectives ends in -us. Since February 2018, authors writing on the Rhynie chert have begun using the more correct form. See and other papers in the same issue of that journal.) was the sporophyte generation of a diplohaplontic, pre-vascular, axial, free-sporing land plant of the Lower Devonian (Pragian stage, around ). It had anatomical features intermediate between those of the bryophytes and vascular plants or tracheophytes.
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Loe Bar The beach from Porthleven to Gunwalloe is important for coastal geomorphology as it is formed by a barrier beach moving onshore during the Holocene and maintained by a predominantly south-west wave regime. During storms the Bar can be overrun by the sea forming a series of washover fans resulting in, annual laminated sediments, which are unique in Great Britain. The habitat is unique in Cornwall with rare species of plants, bryophytes, algae and insects. It is also an important overwintering site for nearly eighty species of birds and up to 1,200 wildfowl.
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The pollen of some plants can be found stuck to the fur of mammals as well as accidentally ingested when nectar is consumed. Diaspores from 6 different bryophytes have been found on the fur of American red squirrels, Northern flying squirrels, and deer mice. Mammals contribute to bryophyte and fern spore dispersal by carrying spores on their fur. Small mammals acting as dispersal vectors may have advantages for the dispersing organism compared to wind transport, as the mammals share similar ecosystems to the parent plant, while wind transport is random.
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Mullaghlea Glen is bounded on the north by Moneenabrone townland, on the west by Altnasheen, Carntullagh and Sranagarvanagh townlands, on the east by Carnmaclean townland and on the south by Altshallan townland. Its chief geographical features are mountain streams, waterfalls, forestry plantations and a spring well. The National Survey of Upland Habitats, (Site No. 13, Cuilcagh Mountain) states- Areas of particular botanical interest include the steep flushed banks and rockfaces in deep river valleys at Mullaghlea Glen. A number of new records of rare and threatened bryophytes were made during this survey.
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Lichens of North America, Irwin M. Brodo, Ms. Sylvia Duran Sharnoff, , 2001 Mosses were formerly grouped with the hornworts and liverworts as "non-vascular" plants in the division "bryophytes", all of them having the haploid gametophyte generation as the dominant phase of the life cycle. This contrasts with the pattern in all vascular plants (seed plants and pteridophytes), where the diploid sporophyte generation is dominant. Lichens may superficially resemble mosses, and sometimes have common names that include the word "moss" (e.g., "reindeer moss" or "Iceland moss"), but they are not related to mosses.
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This fungal structure, known as paraphyses, was isolated and identified from an air sample collected via spore trap method. Paraphyses are erect sterile filament-like support structures occurring among the reproductive apparatuses of fungi, ferns, bryophytes and some thallophytes. In certain fungi, they are part of the fertile spore-bearing layer. More specifically, paraphyses are sterile filamentous hyphal end cells composing part of the hymenium of Ascomycota and Basidiomycota interspersed among either the asci or basidia respectively, and not sufficiently differentiated into specialized, swollen, often protruding cells to be called cystidia.
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Arctic vegetation has distinct postglacial development characteristics compared to more temperate zones of lower latitudes. A study of postglacial moraines conducted in the Canadian Arctic on Ellesmere Island have found that dwarf shrubs of Dryas integrifolia and Cassiope tetragona are often good indicators of vegetation development and progression. Dwarf shrubs have been found to increase with the age of the moraine, with Dryas integrifolia becoming the most predominant. As well the cover of vegetation, including lichens and bryophytes showed consistent increase with the moraine age, suggesting directional vegetation development.
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Eriswell Low Warren is a 7.4 hectare biological Site of Special Scientific Interest north-east of Eriswell in Suffolk. It is a Nature Conservation Review site, Grade I, and part of the Breckland Special Protection Area under the European Union Directive on the Conservation of Wild Birds. The site is mainly unimproved acidic grassland on sandy soils, which has a variety of typical Breckland flora, and there are also areas of lichens and bryophytes. Rare plants include purple-stem cat's-tail, spring speedwell, Spanish catchfly and perennial knawel.
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Some of the less common chalk grassland herbs include clustered bellflower, early purple orchid, horseshoe vetch, kidney vetch and chalk milkwort. The north-facing slope, by contrast, has more mosses and bryophytes on the closely grazed turf, with tufted hair-grass, false oat-grass, red fescue and crested hair-grass. Common valerian is an unusual species to find on chalk soils, and other herbs include autumn gentian, fairy flax and an abundance of devil’s-bit scabious. Long Knoll is categorised as a Marilyn, a hill with topographic prominence of at least .
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While the protonema is growing by apical cell division, at some stage, under the influence of the phytohormone cytokinin, buds are induced which grow by three- faced apical cells. These give rise to gametophores, stems and leaf like structures (bryophytes do not have true leaves (megaphyll). Protonema are characteristic of all mosses and some liverworts but are absent from hornworts. Protonemata of mosses are composed of two cell types: chloronemata, which form upon germination, and caulonemata, which later differentiate from chloronemata and on which buds are formed, which then differentiate to gametophores.
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On leaving Cambridge in 1919, Marquand was appointed research assistant, investigating Avena at the new Welsh Plant Breeding Station at Aberystwyth. In 1923, he moved to the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, where he worked as an assistant in the Herbarium, initially continuing his work on grasses before taking charge of the Chinese section. Marquand wrote numerous papers on the flora of East Asia, notably on Cyananthus, Buddleja and gentians. His private interest was Bryophytes, which he studied in the Alps and the highlands of Great Britain during his vacations.
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Cooksonia is an extinct grouping of primitive land plants. The earliest Cooksonia date from the middle of the Silurian (the Wenlock epoch); the group continued to be an important component of the flora until the end of the Early Devonian, a total time span of . While Cooksonia fossils are distributed globally, most type specimens come from Britain, where they were first discovered in 1937. Cooksonia includes the oldest known plant to have a stem with vascular tissue and is thus a transitional form between the primitive non-vascular bryophytes and the vascular plants.
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Robinson's specialty is the sunflower family (Asteraceae) and the bryophytes. He has named or described over 2,800 new species and subtribes, more than one tenth of the number of species in the Asteraceae. This figure is also about one quarter of the number of flowering plants described by Carl Linnaeus. Robinson has written over 650 publications, mainly on the Asteraceae, mosses (Bryophyta), Marchantiophyta, and the long- legged fly family Dolichopodidae (describing over 200 new species and 6 new genera, such as Harmstonia and Nanomyina) and many other subjects.
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Ferdinand Joseph L'Herminier (1802–1866) was a French botanist and zoologist born in Basse-Terre, Guadeloupe. He was the son of naturalist Félix Louis L'Herminier (1779–1833), and a student of Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville (1777–1850), of whom he published a revision of works in 1827. As a botanist, L'Herminier specialized in the study of pteridophytes and bryophytes found in Guadeloupe. Alone, and with his father, he conducted ornithological studies on the island, however notes and specimens associated with this research were destroyed during the earthquake of 1843.
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Recurrent evolution of polymorphisms in the colonial invertebrate animal cheilostomata bryozoans has given rise to zooid polymorphs and some skeletal structures several times in evolutionary history. Neotropical tanagers, Diglossa and Diglossopis, known as flowerpiercers, have undergone recurrent evolution of divergent bill types. There is evidence for at least 133 transitions between dioecy and hermaphroditism in the sexual systems of bryophytes. Additionally the transition rate from hermaphroditism to dioecy was approximately twice the reverse rate suggesting greater diversification among hermaphrodites and demonstrating the recurrent evolution of dioecy in mosses.
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Gustave Beauverd (1867–1942) was a Swiss botanist, specializing in Pteridophytes, Bryophytes, and Spermatophytes. For a period of time he worked at the "Herbier Bossier",Western Australian Plant Names and Their Meanings: A Glossary by F. A. Sharr and is remembered for his investigations of the genus Melampyrum.Google Books Monographie du genre Melampyrum He was a co-author of the series "Icones florae Alpinae plantarum",BHL Icones florae Alpinae plantarum and the author of many works on diverse botanical subjects. In 1931 he became a member of the Société botanique de France.
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Both clustered bellflower (Campanula glomerata and autumn gentian (gentianella amarella) are abundant. This is one of only two confirmed sites in Wiltshire for musk orchid (Herminium monorchis).Pilkington, Sharon (2007) Wiltshire Rare Plant Register (The rare and threatened vascular plants of North and South Wiltshire) Seven other species of orchids are presented including frog orchid (Coeloglossum viride), burnt orchid (Orchis ustulata) and fragrant orchid (Gymnadenia conopsea). Chalk-grassland bryophytes found here include the liverwort Leiocolea turbinata and the mosses Ctenidium molluscum, Dicranella varia, Weissia microstoma and Entodon concinnus.
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It also includes the only known nesting site of the whooping crane. Fish found in the park include, Arctic grayling, burbot, inconnu, lake trout, lake chub, lake whitefish, longnose dace, longnose sucker, mountain whitefish, northern pike, round whitefish, slimy sculpin, spoonhead sculpin, spottail shiner and trout-perch. The diverse range of soils offers several specialized and uncommon habitats. More than 700 species of vascular plants and 300 species of both bryophytes and lichen can be found in the park, giving it a richer variety than any other area in the NWT.
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Such an arrangement is evocative of the xylem and phloem found in vascular plants. Although some thalloid liverwort species in the Pallaviciniaceae also possess a central conducting strand, Haplomitrium differs in having a food-conducting layer and in producing no callose. Treubia also has features that differ from those found in other bryophytes, such as the differentiation of five identifiable zones in the stem midrib. Unlike other leafy species, the oil bodies in its cells are restricted to certain clusters of cells, as they are in the Marchantiopsida.
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The Farlow Herbarium of Cryptogamic Botany is an herbarium and library at Harvard University with about 1,400,000 specimens, including approximately 75,000 types, of lichens, fungi, bryophytes, diatoms, and algae.Farlow Herbarium, Harvard University, Farlow Herbarium It grew from the 1919 bequest of William Gilson Farlow of his personal herbarium and library to Harvard. It grew further from additional bequests from Roland Thaxter, and specimens, manuscripts, correspondence, illustrations, and field notes from other notable researchers such as E. B. Bartram, E. A. Burt, W. H. Weston Jr., D. H. Linder, and I. M. Lamb.
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A mycorrhiza is a symbiotic association between a green plant and a fungus. The plant makes organic molecules such as sugars by photosynthesis and supplies them to the fungus, and the fungus supplies to the plant water and mineral nutrients, such as phosphorus, taken from the soil. Mycorrhizas are located in the roots of vascular plants, but mycorrhiza-like associations also occur in bryophytes and there is fossil evidence that early land plants that lacked roots formed arbuscular mycorrhizal associations. Most plant species form mycorrhizal associations, though some families like Brassicaceae and Chenopodiaceae cannot.
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Climate change is increasing temperatures all over the world, and boreal regions are more susceptible to suffer noticeable changes. An experiment was conducted to monitor the reaction of alpine arctic meadow plants to different patterns of increased temperatures. This experiment was based on vascular plants that live in arctic and subarctic environments within three different levels of vegetation: canopy layer, bottom layer and functional groups. It is crucial to keep on mind that these plants are usually sharing the space and constantly interacting with bryophytes, lichens, arthropods, animals and many other organisms.
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The moss millipede (Psammodesmus bryophorus) is a keeled millipede of the family Platyrhacidae native to Colombia. It was described in 2011, and with several species of symbiotic moss found growing on its dorsal surface, it is the first millipede known with epizoic plants. Three species of moss on P. bryophorus At least 10 species of bryophytes belonging to families Pilotrichaceae, Lejeuneaceae, Fissidentaceae, Metzgeriaceae and Leucomiaceae have been found to grow on the millipede's dorsum; these plants are believed to camouflage the millipede as its cuticle provides a stable substrate.
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King developed an interest in non-flowering plants (cryptogams), but particularly Bryophytes (mosses and liverworts) which spurred her to purchase a microscope and join the British Bryological Society in 1949. The distribution of mosses was her main interest, and over the course of 20 years she travelled the country searching for new species records for this previously understudied group. All of which she accomplished without a car or being able to drive. Her ability to read German aided her in reading much of the work being done by contemporaries in Europe.
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Born Annie Elizabeth Morrill, she was a daughter of Cynthia (Langdon) and Henry Edwin Morrill, M.D. She was educated at Packer Collegiate Institute, and in 1880 married Hugh Montgomery Smith, a physician who died unexpectedly in 1897. When she was young, Annie Morrill Smith had studied botany abroad, and became interested in bryophytes and lichens. She was acquainted with Elizabeth Gertrude Britton and Abel Joel Grout, cofounders of the Sullivant Moss Society. After her husband died, she became associate editor of The Bryologist, the publication of the Society.
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They had essentially an isomorphic alternation of generations (meaning that the sporophytes and gametophytes were equally free living), which might suggest that both the gametophyte-dominant life style of bryophytes and the sporophyte-dominant life style of vascular plants evolved from this isomorphic condition. They were leafless and did not have true vascular tissues. In particular, they did not have tracheids: elongated cells that help transport water and mineral salts, and that develop a thick lignified wall at maturity that provides mechanical strength. Unlike plants at the bryophyte grade, their sporophytes were branched.
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Current hypotheses suggest that gametophytic selection in early seedless land plants would have seen negative repercussions due to the limitations imposed by environmental selection on independent gametophytes, like those of bryophytes and ferns. Polyploidy may have been a mechanism that avoided these repercussions in modern ferns. Flowering plants may have seen benefits from gametophytic selection occurring during pollen- tube growth in the style. It has been proposed that gametophytic selection contributed to the radiation of flowering plants with closed carpels and more efficient pollen transfer by insects enhancing selective pressure on microgametophytes.
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Like all other bryophytes, species in the family Splachnaceae complete their life cycle in two generations, also known as the alternation of heteromorphic generations. For mosses, the dominant stage is the haploid gametophyte, which supports and nourishes the diploid sporophyte through an attachment known as the foot. The gametophyte stage starts with the production of a haploid spore, which must first be dispersed onto suitable habitat (often by wind or by insect in Splachnaceae). From here, the spore will germinate, and following a protonemetal stage, develop into a leafy gametophyte.
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Blackmill Woodlands with an area of is an old sessile oak woods, one of the most southerly of this woodland type in Wales. It is a relatively dry site and this means that the ground flora is limited however, the main habitat combination of the oak canopy and an ground flora typical of acid soils such as bilberry and wavy hair-grass alongside a moderate cover of ferns and bryophytes is present. The long history of human use can be seen in the distinctively gnarly look that many of the trees have.
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The gymnosperm diversity of the country is 64 species of which Tamil Nadu has four indigenous species and about 60 introduced species. The Pteridophytes diversity of India includes 1,022 species of which Tamil Nadu has about 184 species. Vast numbers of bryophytes, lichen, fungi, algae, and bacteria are among the wild plant diversity of Tamil Nadu. Common plant species include the state tree: palmyra palm, eucalyptus, rubber, cinchona, clumping bamboos (Bambusa arundinacea), common teak, Anogeissus latifolia, Indian laurel, grewia, and blooming trees like Indian labumusum, ardisia, and solanaceae.
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Founded in 1890 with the new Department of Botany, the focus of the University Herbarium is worldwide and includes vascular plants, bryophytes, algae, and fungi. Originally located in South Hall (UC Berkeley) the University herbarium grew rapidly and now contains over 2.2 million specimens. Although not officially named 'Director', William Albert Setchell, whose primary interest was marine algae, officially established the University Herbarium and was chair of the Botany Department. He was succeeded in 1933 by Herbert L. Mason in 1933, Lincoln Constance in 1963 and Robert Ornduff in 1975.
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Flagella are only present in the motile male gametes of charophytes bryophytes, pteridophytes, cycads and Ginkgo, but are absent from the gametes of Pinophyta and flowering plants. Members of the class Chlorophyceae undergo closed mitosis in the most common form of cell division among the green algae, which occurs via a phycoplast. By contrast, charophyte green algae and land plants (embryophytes) undergo open mitosis without centrioles. Instead, a 'raft' of microtubules, the phragmoplast, is formed from the mitotic spindle and cell division involves the use of this phragmoplast in the production of a cell plate.
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The En Tibi herbarium was supposed to contain 500 specimens. However, several pages are missing or have been cut out, one plant was never glued on the corresponding sheet and was subsequently lost, and several mistakes were made in the numbering of plants, leading to a reduction of the actual number of specimens preserved in the book to 473. The plants in the herbarium belong to 97 families and 455 species and subspecies. 435 of the En Tibi specimens are angiosperms, five are gymnosperms, 13 are pteridophytes, four are bryophytes and two are lichens.
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Dame Ella Orr Campbell (28 October 1910 – 24 July 2003) was a New Zealand botanist. An expert on bryophytes, she published 130 scientific papers on liverworts, hornworts, orchids, and wetlands. She became the first woman faculty member of the Massey Agricultural College (now Massey University) in 1945, and in 2003 the herbarium at Massey was renamed the Dame Ella Campbell Herbarium in her honour. Following her retirement from teaching in 1976, she continued to research and publish for another two decades, finally retiring in 2000 at the age of 90.
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From 1908 to 1913, he revisited Maritime Southeast Asia, where he collected mostly bryophytes but also orchids and fungi on Java. In 1914 he began work at the botanical museum in Berlin and three years later, he was appointed a professor of botany at the University of Berlin. In 1925 he traveled to the Canary Islands in order to paint and to study the regions' mosses. During the following year, he relocated to The Hague, and in 1927 he returned to the Canaries with his second wife, P.G. Haigton.
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Studies were also been done on Nelliecarteria, Gloeodendron, the rare filamentous alga Chaetonemopsis, cytology of Rhizoclonium and Cladophora algae of polluted waters, aerial algae, algae associated with Bryophytes etc. His review of papers on the conducting systems in fossil brown and red algae, and recent trends and developments in Phycology were significant not only to the research students but also to the teachers of Phycology. Busy as he was, he found time to attend many symposia and conventions. His papers revealed an analytical and critical approach as well as the depth of his knowledge.
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The institute is an important repository for many of Illinois' cultural and natural resource collections—whether archaeological, biological, and mineral. The INHS's biological collections include insects, crustaceans, molluscs, annelids, reptiles and amphibians, birds, mammals, algae, bryophytes, fishes, fungi, and vascular plants. Most collections are also global in geographic coverage for many groups. For example, the INHS insect collection has more than 6,500,000 curated specimens, and is one of the largest and oldest in North America; digitization of the specimens and metadata from this collection continues with support from the National Science Foundation.
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The gametophytes of bryophytes, and less commonly ferns and lycopods can develop a group of cells that grow to look like a sporophyte of the species but with the ploidy level of the gametophyte, a phenomenon known as apogamy. The sporophytes of plants of these groups may also have the ability to form a plant that looks like a gametophyte but with the ploidy level of the sporophyte, a phenomenon known as apospory. See also androgenesis and androclinesis described below, a type of male apomixis that occurs in a conifer, Cupressus dupreziana.
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In contrast with vascular plants that only has two sets of chromosomes (diploid), bryophytes are known to have a haploid generation with a single set of chromosomes, this happens in the sporophyte stage of their life cycle. The life-cycle starts with a haploid spore that germinates to produce a protonema, which are thread-like filaments or thalloid. Protonema is a combination of chloronema, caulonema and rhizoids. Chloronema are usually first formed, they are irregularly branched, has transverse crosswalls that are not pigmented, and round chloroplasts with no buds forming yet.
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Retrieved 14 May 2008. There are about 920 species of moss and liverwort in Scotland, with 87% of UK and 60% of European bryophytes represented. Scotland's bryophyte flora is globally important and this small country may host as many as 5% of the world's species (in 0.05% of the Earth's land area, similar in size to South Carolina or Assam). The mountains of the North-west Highlands host a unique bryophyte community called the "Northern Hepatic Mat", which is dominated by a variety of rare liverworts, such as Pleurozia purpurea and Anastrophyllum alpinum.
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Corner started his career studying microfungi and published five papers on discomycetes. He then moved on to nectriaceous fungi and was likely the first person to demonstrate the intimate relationship between fungi and bryophytes. Further research regarding the fungal/bryophyte relationship has uncovered many more such associations, and researchers now estimate that more than 2000 exist. One of the qualities that made Corner such a remarkable scientist was his analytical skills; his legacy in mycology resides in the conclusions he was able to draw on fungal morphology and development as well as systematics.
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The autotrophic communities on Socompa are the highest known in the world, and they occur both on the actual fumaroles and on "cold fumaroles". The various species are often extremophiles since the environment on Socompa is harsh, and the communities also include heterotrophic species. Such heterotrophs include ascomycota and basidiomycota, the latter of which have noticeable similarity to Antarctic basidiomycota. The fumaroles on Socompa also feature stands of bryophytes such as liverworts and mosses as well as lichens and algae, and animals have been found in the stands.
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A version with updated species names is available online. In 1891, his Flora of Warwickshire was published. This was the first Flora of Warwickshire (VC38), and was based on a series of papers Bagnall had published in the Midland Naturalist between 1881 and 1885. Comprising 561 pages in three sections, this comprehensive work describes the topography, geology and meteorology of the county; divides it into districts based on drainage basins; lists the flora, including bryophytes, lichens and fungi, with most records broken down by district; and finishes with a detailed history of botanising in Warwickshire.
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The Flora of North America North of Mexico (usually referred to as FNA) is a multivolume work describing the native plants and naturalized plants of North America, including the United States, Canada, St. Pierre and Miquelon, and Greenland. It includes bryophytes and vascular plants. All taxa are described and included in dichotomous keys, distributions of all species and infraspecific taxa are mapped, and about 20% of species are illustrated with line drawings prepared specifically for FNA. It is expected to fill 30 volumes when completed and will be the first work to treat all of the known flora north of Mexico.
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The structure looks like a quill under the light microscope, which is where the species gets its name "alatum", meaning quill. These slime envelopes are up to 270 μm wide in diameter and are therefore visible by the naked eye as filiform formations ("nema" = floss). The habitats for this filamentous cyanobacterium are mainly wet limestone walls and creates together with other bacteria, microalgae, bryophytes and micromycets gray or gray-brown biofilms/growns. Populations of P. alatum have specialized cells - yellow heterocytes to bind atmospheric nitrogen which are in colour contrast to vegetative blue-green/turquoise cells in filamentous thallus.
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Aglaophyton major was first described as Rhynia major by Kidston and Lang in 1920. In 1986 D.S. Edwards re-examined fossil specimens and reported that they did not contain true vascular tissue, but rather conducting tissue more similar to that of bryophytes. As the diagnosis of Rhynia was that it was a vascular plant, he created a new genus, Aglaophyton, for this species. (The other species of Rhynia, R. gwynne-vaughanii, was not affected.) As Rhynia major the species had been placed in the rhyniophytes, but no alternative higher level classification was proposed for the new genus.
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This is Atlantic blanket bog and it provides a suitable habitat for many species of flora, particularly small species of mosses, bryophytes, carnivorous plants and delicate flowers such as the scarlet pimpernel. Species of fauna found on Atlantic blanket bog, include smaller varieties such as frogs and insects as well as many bird varieties, not common elsewhere. Dolphins in Sruwaddacon Bay August 2010 Several areas of the blanket bog are protected under European legislation such as Special Areas of Conservation, Special Protection Areas (Birds Directive) and Natural Heritage Areas. These include the Glenamoy Bog Complex, Ballycroy National Park and Bellacorick.
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The oocytes were fertilized in the archegonia by free-swimming flagellate sperm produced by windborne miniaturized male gametophytes in the form of pre-pollen. The resulting zygote developed into the next sporophyte generation while still retained within the pre-ovule, the single large female meiospore or megaspore contained in the modified sporangium or nucellus of the parent sporophyte. The evolution of heterospory and endospory were among the earliest steps in the evolution of seeds of the kind produced by gymnosperms and angiosperms today. The rRNA genes seems to escape global methylation machinery in bryophytes, unlike seed plants.
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Also, gammaproteobacteria and eukaryotic organisms such as lichens and bryophytes have been shown to produce both sterols and hopanoids, suggesting these lipids may have other distinct functions. Notably, the way hopanoids pack into the plasma membrane can change depending on what functional groups are attached. The hopanoid bacteriohopanetetrol assumes a transverse orientation in lipid bilayers, but diploptene localizes between the inner and outer leaflet, presumably thickening the membrane to decrease permeability. The hopanoid diplopterol orders membranes by interacting with lipid A, a common membrane lipid in bacteria, in ways similar to how cholesterol and sphingolipids interact in eukaryotic plasma membranes.
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Unusually for plants of its time, spores of Tortilicaulis were covered all over with small granules. The initial suspicions of its describer, Dianne Edwards, were that it was a bryophyte, and comparisons have been made with several groups. A potential association with the moss Takakia is supported by features of the sporangia, such as the elongate shape, unusual twisting, and terminal position of the sporangia. As the sporangia of Tortilicaulis are branched, cladistic analysis suggests that the genus may instead belong to the Horneophytopsida, a class of the polysporangiophytes, which unlike bryophytes, have branched stems bearing sporangia.
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Ahti started developing an interest in botany at the age of 15, when he worked on a class project involving collecting 100 species of plants. His attention turned to lichens when a classmate who had worked for pointed them out during a birdwatching excursion in Helsinki. His interest was further fuelled when a couple of years later, he had to pass a test on identification of forest floor lichens and bryophytes as part of an application for work at the Finnish Forest Research Institute. He honed his identification skills during another summer job a few years later inventorying reindeer in Lapand.
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The cap surface of young fruit bodies are covered with a dense mat of white mycelial fibers (up to several millimeters long) that in age darken in color and often become stuck together at their tips. Although the surface is typically brown or darker, it may appear green due to epiphytic associations with algae such as Coccomyxa or Charicium species. Bryophytes or sometimes vascular plants grow on the upper surface of the conk. The texture of the fruit body is fibrous; it is rubbery and tough when fresh, but becomes hard and brittle when it is dry.
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The International Association of Bryologists (IAB), established in 1969, is a professional association promoting bryology (the study of mosses, liverworts and hornworts) globally for both amateurs and professionals. IAB was established in 1969 at the XI International Botanical Congress in Seattle, Washington, with the goal of increasing cooperation between professional and amateur biologists throughout the world. The organization sponsors conferences and meetings relating to bryology, and sponsors the publication of The Bryological Times and Advances of Bryology. Together with the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), they compiled the first red list of endangered bryophytes in 1997.
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King was one of the five botanists who compiled the 1961 Supplement to Colgan's Flora of the County Dublin. Due to her expert knowledge of bryophytes, many universities would consult with her in moss identification, and she worked with Bord na Móna on the examination of the ecology of bog sites. King was a member of many societies, including the Royal Dublin Society, An Taisce serving as honorary secretary 1958–64, the Dublin Naturalists Field Club as president 1955–6 and vice-president 1957–8, and the Geographical Society of Ireland. She was also elected an honorary member of the British Bryological Society.
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Its poor establishment rates, poor competitive ability, scattered populations, and its sensitivity to environmental changes put Buxbaumia viridis at risk of extinction. Anthropogenic activities also threaten this moss; forest management practices often reduce the amount of decaying material present in a forest, and this affects the ability of B.viridis to establish new populations. Forestry practice such as clearcutting is one of the largest threats to this moss as it reduces new potential areas for establishment and removes cover. Some forest management practices can be helpful; breaking up substrate reduces the competition B. viridis experiences from other bryophytes.
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The Ellenville Fault Ice Caves is the largest known open fault in the United States with corresponding ice caves. As a result of the cool microclimate, ice is present throughout the year and more northern plants such as black spruce, hemlock, mountain ash, and creeping snowberry, and bryophytes such as Isopterygium distichaceum are able to survive.Significant Habitats and Habitat Complexes of the New York Bight Watershed: Shawangunk - Kittatinny Ridge It was designated a National Natural Landmark in November 1967. There are hiking trails to the ice caves which are open in the summer, but a permit is required to visit the area.
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The Rosandra Valley has considerable plant diversity: more than 1,000 fungi, 988 vascular plants, approx. 300 lichens, about 150 bryophytes (mosses and liverworts), and about 100 species of Myxomicetes, for a total of approximately 2,700 infrageneric taxa. The Rosandra Valley reflects the history of the vegetation of the karst, but it has many original features. The geomorphology makes it unique in the Trieste Karst: agriculture was and is limited to small areas of flysch such as near Botazzo, grazing is today almost completely abandoned and even in the past it was made difficult by the steep and stony slopes.
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This is a mosaic of acidic grassland, open heath, scrubland and secondary woodland and comprises: sheep-fescue (Festuca ovina), sweet vernal-grass (Anthoxanthum odoratum), early hair-grass (Aira praecox), heath-grass (Danthonia decumbens) and field wood-rush (Luzula campestris). Herbs present include abundant tormentil (Potentilla erecta), heath milkwort (Polygala serpyllifolia), cats-ear (Hypochaeris radicata), heath bedstraw (Galium saxatile), heather (Calluna vulgaris), bell heather (Erica cinerea), bristle bent (Agrostis curtisii), bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus), bryophytes, lichen, gorse (Ulex europaeus), western gorse (Ulex gallii), bramble (Rubus fruticosus), bracken (Pteridium aquilinum), birch (Betula spp.), hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna), rowan (Sorbus aucuparia) and pedunculate oak (Quercus robur).
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Juniper, Juniperus communis The area adjacent to Hisehope Burn is predominantly a soligenous mire, with a sparse tree cover of downy birch, Betula pubescens, and alder, Alnus glutinosa; the mire is rich in sedges, Carex spp and bryophytes and contains several species that are localised in County Durham, including few-flowered spike rush, Eleocharis quinqueflora, grass-of-Parnassus, Parnassia palustris, sundew, Drosera rotundifolia, and lesser clubmoss, Selaginella selaginoides. The other area has one of the most extensive stands of juniper, Juniperus communis, in County Durham. Unlike most populations of juniper in Britain, in which regeneration is, at best, sparse, this community is freely-regenerating and has a diverse age composition.
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Stone studied at the Department of Botany in University of Melbourne from 1930 - 1934, graduating with an MSc involving a thesis on sclerotia- forming fungi that cause disease in ornamental plants. However, she did not begin her career studying bryophytes until 1957 when she was appointed as a demonstrator in the Department of Botany at University of Melbourne, at first part-time and then full-time. Her PhD was awarded in 1963 for A morphogenetic study of stage in the life-cycle of some Victorial cryptograms. She was awarded a D.Sc by the University of Melbourne where she was an Honorary Research Fellow when she was 76.
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The landscape displays features of Eastern European mixed forest, particularly peat bogs, pine forests (60% of the territory) and alder-birch forests (35% of the reserve) in the lower wetter regions, with associated plants and animals. The remainder of the landscape is swamp and transitional mire. The area was subject to extensive tree loss (to logging and fires, particularly a disastrous fire in 1972 that killed 20% of the trees), so the stands are mostly middle-aged or younger. A recent study of the reserve recorded 103 species of algae, 283 of mushrooms, 205 of lichens, 160 of bryophytes and 593 species of vascular plants.
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At the woodland verge there are stands of bracken in places, while elsewhere are areas of acidic grassland with mat grass, heath bedstraw and tormentil; in other areas, where the soil is calcareous, there are glaucous sedge, quaking grass and wild thyme. On the east side of the valley, the underlying sandstone and limestone is exposed as cliffs; these support a vegetation in which wood sage, Teucrium scorodonia, and foxglove, Digitalis purpurea, are among the commonest species. At the base of the cliffs, there are deposits of tufa, which are covered with bryophytes, especially curled hook-moss, Palustriella commutata, scented liverwort, Conocephalum conicum and Pellia spp.
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Andreaea frigida, commonly known as icy rockmoss, is a moss endemic to Europe which is found in mountainous regions in Austria, the Czech Republic, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Norway, Romania, Poland, and Spain. In the UK its occurrence is widespread in the Cairngorms National Park, where it is typically found on rocks in burns fed by snow patches, but it is not found elsewhere except at a single site in the Lake District of England.Rothero, Gordon "Bryophytes", in Shaw, Philip and Thompson, Des (eds.) (2006) The Nature of the Cairngorms: Diversity in a changing environment. Edinburgh. The Stationery Office. . p. 200."Snow beds – Scotland’s Arctic" SNH.
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55.) The position of the freshwater fish the vendace Coregonus vandesius is disputed, with many authorities considering it to be a synonym of Coregonus albula.Adams, William Mark (2003) Future Nature. British Association of Nature Conservationists p. 30. Retrieved 14 July 2009. This source lists the UK's endemic species as being "14 lichens, 14 bryophytes, 1 fern, 21 higher plants, 16 invertebrates and 1 vertebrate (the Scottish crossbill)."Perhaps because endemic vertebrates are all but absent from the UK neither SNH nor JNCC appear to provide a definitive "list" but it is clear that the Scottish crossbill is the only endemic bird, (Gooders (1994) p. 273.
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The valley of the main gorge is humid and provides ideal conditions for fungi and ferns. It contains a substantial assemblage of bryophytes with over 120 species recorded including the nationally rare Bryum canariense and the very rare Amblystegiella confervoides. The varied age and canopy structure of woodland encourages a high diversity of butterflies, nationally scarce species including the white-letter hairstreak (Strymonidia walbum) and high brown fritillary (Fabriciana adippe), while species such as the chalkhill blue (Lysandra coridon) and brown argus (Aricia agestis) occur on the limestone grassland. Greater horseshoe bats (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum) and lesser horseshoes (Rhinolophus hipposideros) regularly use sites in the Gorge as hibernacular roosts.
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Adam Buddle (1662–1715) was an English cleric and botanist. Born at Deeping St James, a small village near Peterborough, Buddle was educated at Woodbridge School and St Catharine's College, Cambridge, where he gained a BA in 1681, and an MA four years later. Buddle was eventually ordained into the Church of England, obtaining a living at North Fambridge, near Maldon, Essex, in 1703. His life between graduation and ordination remains obscure, although it is known he lived in or around Hadleigh, Suffolk, that he established a reputation as an authority on bryophytes, and that he married Elizabeth Eveare in 1695, with whom he had two children.
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Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History; Department of Botany. Algae lack the various structures that characterize land plants, such as the phyllids (leaf-like structures) of bryophytes, rhizoids in nonvascular plants, and the roots, leaves, and other organs found in tracheophytes (vascular plants). Most are phototrophic, although some are mixotrophic, deriving energy both from photosynthesis and uptake of organic carbon either by osmotrophy, myzotrophy, or phagotrophy. Some unicellular species of green algae, many golden algae, euglenids, dinoflagellates, and other algae have become heterotrophs (also called colorless or apochlorotic algae), sometimes parasitic, relying entirely on external energy sources and have limited or no photosynthetic apparatus.
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Sharon Anita Robinson is an Antarctic researcher known for her work on climate change and bryophytes. She is the Executive Director of the UOW Global Challenges Program and Leader of the Program's Sustaining Coastal and Marine Zones Challenge at the University of Wollongong. She is Deputy-Director Science Implementation and UOW Node Lead of the Securing Antarctica’s Environmental Future program, a Special Research Initiative on Excellence in Antarctic Science from the Australian Research Council, worth $36 million over the next seven years (2020-2026). Dr Robinson is a science facilitator for the Homeward Bound project, a leadership program for women in STEMM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics and Medicine).
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The National Herbarium, which had started with the small collection of Burtt Davy, grew rapidly with the acquisition of the collections of Ernest Edward Galpin, Anna Dieterlen (1859-1945), Henry George Flanagan (1861–1919), Rudolf Marloth, Alice Pegler (1861–1929), William Tyson (1851–1920) and the bryophytes of Thomas Robertson Sim. Pole-Evans was instrumental in extending the ill-fated Dongola Reserve which had been created in the Northern Transvaal in the 1920s, and was scrapped by the new Government of 1948. In 1955 he retired to Umtali in Rhodesia, where he continued his botanical collecting. Pole-Evans died in Umtali, Rhodesia at the age of 89.
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Forbs specimens included; Drosera anglica (Oblong-leaved sundew), Menyanthes trifoliata (Buck-bean), Triglochin maritima (Side arrow grass). Graminoids specimens included; Carex chordorrhiza (Prostrate sedge), Carex lasiocarpa (Woollyfruit sedge), Carex limosa (mud sedge), Carex rostrata (Beaked sedge), Juncus stygius (Marsh rush), Scheuchzeria palustris (Scheuchzeria). Bryophytes specimens included; Sphagnum angustifolium (fine peat/bogmoss), Warnstorfia exannulata (brown peat moss). Common trees boitgh on the mainland and islands includes the black spruce (Picea mariana), jack pine (Pinus banksiana), white spruce (Picea glauca), and the paper birch (Betula papyrifera) In a 2005 study of flora in the park the first record of Carex echinata (star sedge) was found on Burntwood Island.
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These divergent enzymes differ from CHS in their preference for starter molecules, the number of acetyl additions (often through malonyl-CoA) and even in the mechanism of ring formation used to cyclize identical polyketide intermediates. The enzyme function of CHS and CHS-like enzymes function very similarly to fatty acid biosynthesis, but without the involvement of acyl-carrier proteins (ACP). Structural evidence suggests that these enzymes emerged by gain of function from ketoacyl synthase (KAS) III, an early stage enzyme of type II fatty acid biosynthesis. Although higher plant chalcone synthases have been extensively studied, little information is available on the enzymes from bryophytes (primitive plants).
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Ty1-copia retrotransposons are abundant in species ranging from single-cell algae to bryophytes, gymnosperms, and angiosperms. They encode four protein domains in the following order: protease, integrase, reverse transcriptase, and ribonuclease H. At least two classification systems exist for the subdivision of Ty1-copia retrotransposons into five lineages: Sireviruses/Maximus, Oryco/Ivana, Retrofit/Ale, TORK (subdivided in Angela/Sto, TAR/Fourf, GMR/Tork), and Bianca. Sireviruses/Maximus retrotransposons contain an additional putative envelope gene. This lineage is named for the founder element SIRE1 in the Glycine max genome, and was later described in many species such as Zea mays, Arabidopsis thaliana, Beta vulgaris, and Pinus pinaster.
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The vegetation in the sanctuary consists of arid to semiarid and dry deciduous thorny scrub. A UNDP sponsored study of the flora of the sanctuary has identified 406 species of plants (90 trees, 47 shrubs, 33 climbers, 194 herbs, 31 grasses, six pteridophytes, two bryophytes, one epiphyte, and two fungi). A further analysis indicates that the families of tree species are 13, shrubs 15, herbs 11 and climbers 13. Some of the species reportedly belong to the threatened category as per IUCN; these are: Pavonia arabica, Tecomella undulata, Capparis cartilaginea, Dendrocalamus strictus, Sterculia urens and silver date palm and Ceropegia odorata, an endangered species.
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Proctor's interest in insects and pollination ecology dated from his student days, shared with Peter Yeo at Cambridge, and with whom he remained a life-long friend. After leaving Cambridge, Proctor was employed by the Nature Conservancy in North Wales for two years, before joining the Department of Biological Sciences at the University of Exeter in November 1956 where he taught botany and ecology until retiring in September 1994. His main research interests have included distribution and ecophysiology of bryophytes, especially with reference to the Dartmoor oakwoods such as Wistman's Wood; the vegetation and water chemistry of blanket bogs and mires, plus the distribution, ecology and physiology of the filmy ferns, Hymenophyllum tunbrigense and H. wilsonii.
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Two species of Rhynia were initially described by R. Kidston and W. H. Lang from the Rhynie chert bed: R. gwynne- vaughnii in 1917, and R. major in 1920. R. gwynne-vaughanii was named by Kidston and Lang in honour of their former colleague, the botanist Helen Gwynne-Vaughan. A study of the vascular tissue of the two by David S. Edwards in 1986 lead to the conclusion that the cell structure of R. major lacked secondary thickening bars seen in the xylem of R. gwynne-vaughanii, and was more like the water-conducting system (hydrome) of moss sporophytes. His conclusion was that R. gwynne-vaughanii belongs in the vascular plants, while R. major belongs among the bryophytes.
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Desiccation tolerance refers to the ability of a cell to successfully rehydrate without irreparable damage to the cell wall following severe dehydration. Avoiding cellular damage due to metabolic, mechanical, and oxidative stresses associated with desiccation are obstacles that must be overcome in order to maintain desiccation tolerance. Many of the mechanisms utilized for drought tolerance are also utilized for desiccation tolerance, however the terms desiccation tolerance and drought tolerance should not be interchanged as the possession of one does not necessarily correlate with possession of the other. High desiccation tolerance is a trait typically observed in bryophytes, which includes the hornwort, liverwort and moss plant groups but it has also been observed in angiosperms to a lesser extent.
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Grave of Rev Thomas Powell As a botanist, Powell had special interests in bryophytes, fungi and lichens. Herbarium specimens collected by him in the south Pacific region between 1860 and 1890 have been indexed by the Linnean Society of London and a list of the material was published by the society in 2011. He identified many of the Samoan names of plants and his paper on the subject, On Various Samoan Plants and Their Vernacular Names, was published in the 1868 Journal of Botany, British and Foreign, volume 6. Other papers forwarded to the Linnean Society by Powell included details of the poisons used by Samoan islanders to tip arrows and spears.
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An area of about 1 km2 on the eastern side of the glacier is protected under the Antarctic Treaty System as Antarctic Specially Protected Area (ASPA) No.131 because it contains some of the richest plant growth (bryophytes and algae) in the McMurdo Dry Valleys region. It is exceptionally important not only for its ecological and biological values, but also as a reference site for other similar ecosystems. The site comprises sloping ice-free ground with summer ponds and meltwater streams. It is unusual in receiving more consistent water flows than many other parts of the Dry Valleys region, and is sheltered from strong winds by the 20 m high glacier face.
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Anemone nemorosa The term tends to be applied more usefully to desiccation-sensitive plant species, and particularly lichens and bryophytes, than to animals, as they are slower to colonise planted woodlands, and are thus viewed as more reliable indicators of ancient woodland sites. Sequences of pollen analysis are also indicators of forest continuity. Lists of ancient woodland indicator species among vascular plants were developed by the Nature Conservancy Council (now Natural England) for each region of England, each list containing the hundred most reliable indicators for that region. The methodology involved studying the plants of known woodland sites and analysing patterns of occurrence to determine which species were most indicative of sites from before 1600.
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In the strictest sense, the name plant refers to those land plants that form the clade Embryophyta, comprising the bryophytes and vascular plants. However, the clade Viridiplantae or green plants includes some other groups of photosynthetic eukaryotes, including green algae. It is widely believed that land plants evolved from a group of charophytes, most likely simple single-celled terrestrial algae similar to extant Klebsormidiophyceae Chloroplasts in plants evolved from an endosymbiotic relationship between a cyanobacterium, a photosynthesising prokaryote and a non-photosynthetic eukaryotic organism, producing a lineage of photosynthesizing eukaryotic organisms in marine and freshwater environments. These earliest photosynthesizing single-celled autotrophs evolved into multicellular organisms such as the Charophyta, a group of freshwater green algae.
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Marchantiales is an order of thallose liverworts that includes species like Marchantia polymorpha, a widespread plant often found beside rivers, and Lunularia cruciata, a common and often troublesome weed in moist, temperate gardens and greenhouses. As in other bryophytes, the gametophyte generation is dominant, with the sporophyte existing as a short-lived part of the life cycle, dependent upon the gametophyte. The genus Marchantia is often used to typify the order, although there are also many species of Asterella and species of the genus Riccia are more numerous. The majority of genera are characterized by the presence of (a) special stalked vertical branches called archegoniophores or carocephala, and (b) sterile cells celled elaters inside the sporangium.
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Women had long been barred from working in Antarctica as it was assumed that they lacked the stamina and mental toughness to deal with the inhospitable climate and working conditions. In 1952 the International Council for Science began planning the International Geophysical Year 1957–1958 with the idea of including women scientists and Lafuente and Quilhot were the first two women from Chile to work in Antarctica. Working for the Instituto Antarctico Chileno at the Bernado O’Higgins Station on the northeast edge of the peninsula, Lafuente evaluated bird reproduction, while Quihot, studied the local fauna. Quilhot's research focused on microfauna, and the bryophytes and soil-forming microorganisms which were causing degradation of the soil.
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Diagram showing the sexual parts of a mature flower It was Rudolf Camerarius (1665–1721) who was the first to establish plant sexuality conclusively by experiment. He declared in a letter to a colleague dated 1694 and titled ' that "no ovules of plants could ever develop into seeds from the female style and ovary without first being prepared by the pollen from the stamens, the male sexual organs of the plant". Much was learned about plant sexuality by unravelling the reproductive mechanisms of mosses, liverworts and algae. In his ' of 1851 Wilhelm Hofmeister (1824–1877) starting with the ferns and bryophytes demonstrated that the process of sexual reproduction in plants entails an "alternation of generations" between sporophytes and gametophytes.
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The first confirmed collection of Australian bryophytes are described and illustrated by the author; the current name for these species are the mosses Cyathophorum bulbosum and Hypnodendron comosum and a liverwort Hymenophyton flabellatum. Novae Hollandiae Plantarum Specimen has been praised for the accuracy of its descriptions and for the elegant scientific names coined therein. It has been criticised for its imprecision and occasional errors in collection locality and habitat; for example it attributes the collection of Eucalyptus ovata to southwest Australia, but it occurs only in Tasmania and southeast Australia. Labillardière has also been criticised for publishing species based upon specimens collected by other botanists, without providing attribution or acknowledgement for the specimens.
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The autonomous – and conservative - University of Copenhagen, reluctant as it was to employ foreign experts, resisted Oeder's appointment in an ordinary chair. Thus, he was appointed Professor botanices regius (Royal Professor) and soon led the installation of a new botanic garden. From 1753 he led the publication of a monumental botanical plate work, Flora Danica, which at first was planned to cover all plants, including bryophytes, lichens and fungi native to crown lands of the Danish king - Denmark, Schleswig-Holstein, Oldenburg-Delmenhorst and Norway - with its North Atlantic dependencies Iceland, the Faroe Islands and Greenland.Oeder, Georg Christian (1761) Efterretning om et Verk, som paa Kongelig Befaling skal udgives, FLORA DANICA kaldet, tilligemed en Prøve-Plade af Multebærs Planten (Rubus Chamæmorus) . Kopenhagen.
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The collection was started by botanist William Russell Dudley (1849−1911), the head of the Stanford Botany Department from 1892 to 1911.Makers of American Botany, Harry Baker Humphrey, Ronald Press Company, Library of Congress Card Number 61-18435 LeRoy Abrams became curator in 1920. In the early 1960s, Stanford Provost Frederick E. Terman made a decision to terminate support for the Division of Systematic Biology. Subsequently various subcollections were transferred to other institutions in 1968 (algae to the University of California, fungi to the U.S. National Fungus Collections and arctic bryophytes to the New York Botanical Garden) The main vascular plant collection was eventually transferred (by long-term loan), along with Stanford's Natural History Museum fish collections, to the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco.
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Forest streams, often lined by alder trees such as Alnus glutinosa, and grey sallow Salix cinerea, birch and oak, cut through the soft sandstone forming steep- sided valleys (ghylls) that are sheltered from winter frosts and remain humid in summer, creating conditions more familiar in the Atlantic-facing western coastal regions of Britain. Uncommon bryophytes such as the liverwort Nardia compressa and a range of ferns including the mountain fern Oreopteris limbosperma and the hay-scented buckler fern Dryopteris aemula thrive in this “Atlantic” microclimate. The damming of streams, digging for marl, and quarrying have produced several large ponds containing, particularly in former marl pits, localised rafts of broad-leaved pondweed Potamogeton natans, beds of bulrush (reedmace) Typha latifolia and water horsetail Equisetum fluviatile.
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A piece of labradorite from the museum's collection Collecting efforts by the Canadian Museum of Nature forms a part of the museum's core mandate, with the collection intended to be used to facilitate "interest in, knowledge of and appreciation and respect for the natural world." The museum's collection includes algae, amphibians, birds, bryophytes, fishes, gemstones, invertebrate animals, lichens, mammals, minerals, mosses, palaeobotany material, reptiles, rocks, vascular plants, and vertebrate fossils. In addition these specimens, the museum's collection also includes a collection of art and film pertaining to natural history, audio recording of animal behaviours, and animal models; the latter two typically employed in the museum's exhibitions. As of February 2017 the museum's collection includes over 14.6 million specimens, forming the largest collection of biological specimens in Canada.
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Green algae were common in the Late Cambrian (perhaps earlier) and in the Ordovician. Terrestrial plants probably evolved from green algae, first appearing as tiny non-vascular forms resembling liverworts. Fossil spores from land plants have been identified in uppermost Ordovician sediments. Colonization of land would have been limited to shorelines Among the first land fungi may have been arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi (Glomerales), playing a crucial role in facilitating the colonization of land by plants through mycorrhizal symbiosis, which makes mineral nutrients available to plant cells; such fossilized fungal hyphae and spores from the Ordovician of Wisconsin have been found with an age of about 460 million years ago, a time when the land flora most likely only consisted of plants similar to non-vascular bryophytes.
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The gorge is well used by gorge-scramblers though there has been concern that their activities can cause damage to the rare bryophytes and mosses that colonise the rocks in this shaded valley and for which it has been designated as a special area of conservation. There are several waterfalls of note on the river including those at Pwll y Crochan near the A645 and Sgydau Sychryd beneath Craig-y- Ddinas. The former is hardly accessible to the public but the latter is easily seen from the Sychryd All-ability Trail which follows a former tramroad up the river from the car park at Craig-y-Ddinas. It is falls such as these that have resulted in the wider area becoming known as Waterfall Country.
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Poikilohydry is the lack of ability (structural or functional mechanism) to maintain and/or regulate water content to achieve homeostasis of cells and tissue connected with quick equilibration of cell/tissue water content to that of the environment. Frequently, it is coupled with the capacity to tolerate dehydration to low cell or tissue water content and to recover from it without physiological damage. This condition occurs in such organisms as the lichens and bryophytes that lack mechanisms such as a waterproofing cuticle or stomata that can help resist desiccation. Poikilohydry also occurs in many forms of algae, which may be able to survive desiccation between successive high tides, or during occasional stranding due to the drying of a lake or pond.
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Slender-stemmed monkeyflower is one of a number of rare plants in the Sierra Nevada There are at least 1,300 vascular plant species in the Sierra Nevada, along with numerous bryophytes and lichens. There are at least 450 species of vertebrate animals. A total of 135 plant species in the Sierra Nevada have status as Threatened, Endangered, or Sensitive Plants that are Federal species of concern (former Category 2 species) under the Federal Endangered Species Act include: #Three-bracted onion (Allium tribracteatum), #Yosemite woolly sunflower (Eriophyllum nubigenum), #Congdon's lomatium (Lomatium congdonii), #Tiehm's rock-cress (Arabis tiehmii), #Slender-stemmed monkeyflower (Mimulus filicaulis), and #Bolander's clover (Trifolium bolanderi). Although Category 2 was abolished in 1996, species of concern refers to those species that might be declining or be in need of concentrated conservation actions to prevent decline.
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Approximately half of the free-living insects are habitat-specific, while the remainder are generalists found in a variety of habitats, being associated with either supralittoral or intertidal zones, Poa cookii and Pringlea antiscorbutica stands, bryophytes, lichen- covered rocks, exposed rock faces or the underside of rocks. There is a pronounced seasonality to the insect fauna, with densities in winter months dropping to a small percentage (between 0.75%) of the summer maximum. Distinct differences in relative abundances of species between habitats has also been shown, including a negative relationship between altitude and body size for Heard Island weevils. The fauna of the freshwater pools, lakes, streams and mires found in the coastal areas of Heard Island are broadly similar to those on other subantarctic islands of the southern Indian Ocean.
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Flagellated lifecycle stages are found in many groups, e.g., many green algae (zoospores and male gametes), bryophytes (male gametes), pteridophytes (male gametes), some gymnosperms (cycads and Ginkgo, as male gametes), centric diatoms (male gametes), brown algae (zoospores and gametes), oomycetes (assexual zoospores and gametes), hyphochytrids (zoospores), labyrinthulomycetes (zoospores), some apicomplexans (gametes), some radiolarians (probably gametes), foraminiferans (gametes), plasmodiophoromycetes (zoospores and gametes), myxogastrids (zoospores), metazoans (male gametes), and chytrid fungi (zoospores and gametes). Flagella or cilia are completely absent in some groups, probably due to a loss rather than being a primitive condition. The loss of cilia occurred in red algae, some green algae (Zygnematophyceae), the gymnosperms except cycads and Ginkgo, angiosperms, pennate diatoms, some apicomplexans, some amoebozoans, in the sperm of some metazoans, and in fungi (except chytrids).
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This group of pentacyclic molecules therefore refers to simple hopenes, hopanols and hopanes, but also to extensively functionalized derivatives such as bacteriohopanepolyols (BHPs) and hopanoids covalently attached to lipid A. The first known hopanoid, hydroxyhopanone, was isolated by two chemists at The National Gallery, London working on the chemistry of dammar gum, a natural resin used as a varnish for paintings. While hopanoids are often assumed to be made only in bacteria, their name actually comes from the abundance of hopanoid compounds in the resin of plants from the genus Hopea. In turn, this genus is named after John Hope, the first Regius Keeper of the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. Since their initial discovery in an angiosperm, hopanoids have been found in plasma membranes of bacteria, lichens, bryophytes, ferns, tropical trees and fungi.
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During her searches for specimens she recorded over 400 vascular plant species, around 200 species of algae, 200 bryophytes and 200 lichens. Among the latter two groups she discovered several new species including Jubula hutchinsiae, Herberta hutchinsiae, Leiocolea bantriensis (Bantry Notchwort), the lichen Thelotrema isidiodes and three further species of lichen that are named after her. Differences between her species lists and later records from West Cork are also of interest since they help date the decline of some species caused by changes in agricultural practices as well as the arrival of invasive species from other parts of the world. Her ability to find new plants, and the quality of her drawings and specimens drew admiration from the leading botanists of the day, and her work was featured in many publications.
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In 1940 the highest land on St Helen's was covered in maritime heath with ling (Calluna vulgaris) and bell heather (Erica cinerea) which was destroyed by fires from incendiary bombs from German aircraft during World War II. There were further fires during the dry weather of 1949, and when J E Lousley surveyed the vegetation in 1957 the soil was only one or two inches deep, grey and with granite chips. The most abundant plant was buck's-horn plantain (Plantago coronopus) and English stonecrop (Sedum anglicum). The fires probably also affected the frequency and cover of the lichens and bryophytes. At the time of the publication of Lousley's flora (1971) the vegetation had still not reverted to heath and by 1987 Hottentot fig (Carpobrotus edulis) had spread over much of the area.
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While the fossil record of crown group hornworts only begins in the upper Cretaceous, the lower Devonian Horneophyton may represent a stem group to the clade, as it possesses a sporangium with central columella not attached at the roof. However, the same form of columella is also characteristic of basal moss groups, such as the Sphagnopsida and Andreaeopsida, and has been interpreted as a character common to all early land plants with stomata. Chromosome-scale genome sequencing of three hornwort species corroborate that stomata evolved only once during land plant evolution. It also shows that the three groups of bryophytes share a common ancestor that branched off from the other landplants early in evolution, and that liverworts and mosses are more closely related to each other than with hornworts.
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The goal of a taxonomic database is (or should be) to accurately model the characteristics of interest that are relevant to the organisms which are in scope for the intended coverage and usage of the system. For example, databases of fungi, algae, bryophytes and higher plants would need to encode conventions from the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature while their counterparts for animals and most protists would encode equivalent rules from the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature; in both cases modelling the relevant taxonomic hierarchy for any taxon is a natural fit with the relational model employed in almost all database systems. In addition to encoding organism identifiers (most frequently a combination of scientific name, author, and - for zoological taxa - year of original publication), a taxonomic database may frequently incorporate additional taxonomic information such as synonyms and taxonomic opinions, literature sources or citations, plus a range of biological of attributes as desired for each taxon such as geographic distribution, ecology, descriptive information, threatened or vulnerable status, etc.
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Following her PhD, Langdale was employed for five years as a postdoctoral researcher at Yale University with Tim Nelson. She returned to the UK in 1990, to work in the Department of Plant Sciences where she has worked since. Langdale's research interests are in two main areas: # the evolution of leaf development and meristem function in bryophytes, lycophytes and monilophytes # the evolution and development of kranz anatomy in C4 plants, Langdale's research has been funded by the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) and has been published in leading peer reviewed scientific journals including Nature, Science, Current Opinion in Plant Biology, Development, Gene, Trends in Genetics,The Plant Cell, Annual Review of Plant Biology, Planta, Plant Physiology, Journal of Cell Science, The EMBO Journal, The Plant Journal, PLOS ONE Genes & Development and the New Phytologist. Langdale is the co-author of the book How to Succeed as a Scientist: From Postdoc to Professor with materials scientist Barbara Gabrys.
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This paleontological heritage was uncovered also by significant mining works, such as underground mines and open cast mines, such works permitting the three- dimensional studies of the continental deposits, a unique opportunity in Europe and in the world, until the unfortunate closing of the last major mine in 2006. Still, the sterile dumps of the former mines and the former open cast mines of Ponor and Colonia Ceha very are rich in plant material, and they represent the subject of local conservation, as preserved sites or Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI). View from Oravița - Anina mountain railway in 2010 The Early Jurassic (Hettangian - Sinemurian) flora is represented by Bryophytes (Hepaticae), Pteridophytes (Filicopsida, Sphenopsida, Lycopsida) and Gymnosperms (Pteridospermopsida, Ginkgopsida, Cycadopsida, Coniferopsida), with numerous coal generators (Givulescu, 1998, Popa and Van Konijnenburg - Van Cittert, 2005). Very rare vertebrate tunnels were recently described (Popa and Kedzior, 2006), such burrows being formerly reported only from three occurrences in the world (South Africa, Arizona and Argentina), tetrapod tracks such as Batrachopus cf.
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Nepal is a habitat for 4.0% of all mammal species, 8.9% of bird species, 1.0% of reptile species, 2.5% of amphibian species, 1.9% of fish species, 3.7% of butterfly species, 0.5% of moth species and 0.4% of spider species. In its 35 forest-types and 118 ecosystems, Nepal harbours 2% of the flowering plant species, 3% of pteridophytes and 6% of bryophytes. Nepal's forest cover is , 40.36% of the country's total land area, with an additional 4.38% of scrubland, for a total forested area of 44.74%, an increase of 5% since the turn of the millennium. In the southern plains, Terai-Duar savanna and grasslands ecoregion contains some of the world's tallest grasses as well as Sal forests, tropical evergreen forests and tropical riverine deciduous forests. In the lower hills (700 m – 2,000 m), subtropical and temperate deciduous mixed forests containing mostly Sal (in the lower altitudes), Chilaune and Katus, as well as subtropical pine forest dominated by Chir pine are common. The middle hills (2,000 m – 3,000 m) are dominated by Oak and Rhododendron.
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