In the past four months the government has closed two American-funded radio-news services, dozens of broadcasting frequencies and one of the country's best independent newspapers on trumped-up tax charges.
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Electromagnetic spectrum FREQUENCY GAMMA RAYS 53 GHz Novel EHF therapies X-RAYS UV VISIBLE LIGHT 30 GHz INFRARED Airport scanners 300 GHz 5G RADIO WAVE SPECTRUM 3 GHz Existing cellphones 3 KHz ULTRA LOW FREQUENCY Broadcast television (UHF) 300 MHz Electromagnetic spectrum FREQUENCY 300 GHz GAMMA RAYS Novel EHF therapies X-RAYS ULTRAVIOLET VISIBLE LIGHT 30 GHz INFRARED Airport scanners 300 GHz 20163G RADIO WAVE SPECTRUM 3 GHz Existing cellphones 3 KHz ULTRA LOW FREQUENCY Broadcast television (UHF) 300 MHz Sources: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, National Academies of Sciences, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Congressional Research Service, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers By The New York Times But the radio waves used in cellphone communication lie at the opposite end of the spectrum, between radio broadcasting frequencies and the rainbow colors of visible light.
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Japan's UHF TV channels are therefore numbered from 13 up and not 14 up, but otherwise uses the same UHF broadcasting frequencies as those in North America.
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Sarajevo is a major media centre in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Communications Regulatory Agency of Bosnia and Herzegovina (www.cra.ba) is responsible for the allocation of broadcasting frequencies in BiH.
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The Constitution guarantees freedom of religion. Although it enforces neither an official nor a state faith, it gives Roman Catholicism a preferential status.In practice this privileged status amounts to tax-exempt school subsidies and licensing preferences for radio broadcasting frequencies.
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11 The call of the Derby featured an announcer who watched from the windows of one of the famous twin spires of Churchill Downs. On November 11, 1928, the Federal Radio Commission's (FRC) General Order 40 made a major reallocation of the broadcasting frequencies.
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Ad Ossendrijver and Willem van Kooten started in autumn 1996 with Arrow Classic Rock Radio. The station sent non-stop rock music 24-hours a day via the cable. The philosophy was: first money, then attract DJs. On April 1, 1997 the broadcasting frequencies would be distributed.
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Andersen: 237 Norway was allocated three broadcasting frequencies in the Geneva Plan which became effective in November 1926.Espeli: 164 Further radio stations were established in Bergen in 1925, Tromsø in 1926, and Ålesund in 1927. Kringkastingselskapet received permissions to operate in most of the country from 1928.
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He took care of the weekly program editing and presentation. He was also responsible for the editing of the weekly Rolling Stones Special which was presented by Luc van Rooij. Later, Harry de Winter (1999) and Kees Baars (2001) also place behind the Arrow microphone. In May 2003 were the Dutch broadcasting frequencies really divided.
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Espeli: 168 These included Rjukan in 1925, Notodden and Porsgrunn in 1926 and Hamar and Fredrikstad in 1927.Andersen: 237 Norway was allocated three AM broadcasting frequencies in 1926.Espeli: 164 Other radio channels were established in Bergen in 1925, Tromsø in 1926 and Ålesund in 1927. Kringkastingselskapet received permissions to operate in most of the country from 1928.
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"Amendments to Regulations: Regulation 57", Radio Service Bulletin, September 1, 1922, pages 10-11. Locally, both WGY and the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute station, WHAZ, were assigned to this new wavelength on a time-sharing basis. In May 1923 additional broadcasting frequencies were announced, and the Schenectady/Troy region was given exclusive national use of 790 kHz.
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An image of the rotatable curtain array antenna in Montsinéry can be found by searching Flickr for "Montsinery antenne". One of their broadcasting frequencies is the 7335 kHz slot that CHU (Canada) recently abandoned. Recently the Voice of Russia began transmitting to North America from Montsinéry -- its first transmissions from the western hemisphere since the early 1990s (it previously broadcast from Havana).
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These restrictions do not apply to the other broadcasts of NewsRadio. Parliamentary broadcasting was commenced by Ben Chifley's government on 10 July 1946, on ABC Radio. These broadcasts received their own frequencies in the 1980s as PNN. The PNN/ABC NewsRadio service was introduced in August 1994 to use the Parliamentary broadcasting frequencies which were not being used when Parliament was not in session.
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However, both stations shared the same tower and transmitter in Onondaga. WILX was on-the-air for 70 percent of the broadcast day, including all of prime time. In the event breaking news occurred, or a sporting event, or special on NBC was scheduled during WMSB's time, that station would often give its time to WILX. This arrangement continued until WKAR changed broadcasting frequencies to UHF channel 23 in 1972.
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The Independent Media Commission regulates the range of broadcasting frequencies in the Republic of Kosovo and other related issues. In order for the media to start broadcasting they should have the license issued by Independent Media Commission. The license is renewed every seven years for radio broadcasts and every ten years for audiovisual media services. The Association of Independent Broadcast Media of Kosovo (AMPEK) represents the interests of leading commercial broadcasters in Kosovo.
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In 1937 it introduced what became known as the Apex band, consisting of 75 broadcasting frequencies from 41.02 to 43.98 MHz. As on the standard broadcast band these were AM stations, but with higher quality audio – in one example, a frequency response from 20 Hz to 17,000 Hz +/- 1 dB – because station separations were 40 kHz instead of the 10 kHz spacings used on the original AM band.America's Apex Broadcasting Stations of the 1930s by John Schneider.
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Additional "Class B" broadcasting frequencies were announced in May 1923, including three for the Newark/New York City area."Radio Conference Recommendations: New Wave Lengths", Radio Age, May 1923, page 11. Beginning with these assignments, radio stations ended the practice of broadcasting their market reports and weather forecasts on the separate 485 meter wavelength. WOR moved to 740 kHz, where it shared time with WDT (which shut down by the end of the year) and a new RCA station, WJY.
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He was further required to report every four months on the mandate and implementation of agreements. UNCRO had to create conditions under which an agreement could be reached, while Member States were authorised to provide air support to the peacekeeping operation. The parties for their part were responsible for the safety of the United Nations personnel and to work on a peaceful solution to their dispute. Finally, Croatia was asked to sign a Status of Forces Agreement and to provide suitable radio broadcasting frequencies and television broadcasting slots at no cost to the United Nations.
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Alternately, prosecution for incitement after the genocide had concluded could have deterrent effect on those planning to commit the crime, but the effectiveness of international criminal trials as a deterrent is disputed. However, deterrence is less effective when the definition of the crime is contested and undefined. Besides prosecutions, non-judicial interventions (called "information intervention") is possible against incitement, such as jamming broadcasting frequencies used to disseminate incitement or broadcasting counterspeech advocating against genocide. Genocide-inciting social media accounts and websites (such as those used by Islamic State to spread propaganda) can be shut down and taken offline.
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RTV Politika () was a major Serbian TV station, owned by Politika AD, that was on the air from June 28, 1990 until December 31, 2010. It was founded on June 28, 1990 and it was a majority-owned subsidiary of the aforementioned Politika AD media company that solely dealt in print media up to that point. The station had its own broadcasting frequencies and transmitters that covered most of the territory of Serbia and more than 90% of the population of Serbia. During NATO bombardment of FR Yugoslavia and afterward, the station has been known for broadcasting unlicensed copies of the latest Hollywood blockbusters.
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In May 2003, a newly founded Pink BH began operations in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Through the acquisition of local TV stations (RTV Kometa, NRTV Banja Luka, RTV Step, TV GLS, RTV Info Tes, TV Teodora, and TV Ljubinje), Bosnian subsidiary of Pink TV and Pink International Company also took over their terrestrial broadcasting frequencies. With two production centers, offices and studios in Sarajevo and Banja Luka, the channel received its broadcast license for a ten-year period from the Bosnia-Herzegovina Communications Regulatory Agency (RAK) on 15 July 2005. Soon, Pink BH reach more than 80 percent of the country, covering some 63 percent of the BiH population.
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On 1610 kHz TIS service stations have a co-priority status with broadcasting stations,"Annex N: Special Considerations for Federal Travelers Information Stations Operating on 1610 kHz", Manual of Regulations and Procedures for Federal Radio Frequency Management (NTIA.gov) while on the remaining standard AM broadcasting frequencies, 540 kHz-1600 kHz and 1620–1700 kHz, TIS stations are considered a secondary service, with priority held by standard broadcasting station assignments. Although initially envisioned as providing general information to motorists and travelers, TIS stations have also been developed for supporting emergency public safety communication, and the FCC currently licenses the stations through its Public Safety and Homeland Security Bureau (PSHSB)."Low Power Radio - General Information: Travelers' Information Service" (FCC.
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In the Netherlands, Sky Radio took over the leading position from Radio 3FM in 1997. On 21 June 2004 Sky Radio, however, was passed by Radio 538. In 2003, all broadcasting frequencies were reallocated and redistributed and Sky Radio switched to its current frequencies of 101.0 to 101.9 MHz. Since then, Sky Radio can be received in the Netherlands on frequencies between 101.0 and 101.9 MHz. In March 2005, the corporate identity and logo of Sky Radio were replaced with a completely new design. In February 2006, Sky Radio was bought from News Corporation for €190 million by the Telegraaf Media Group NV. The Veronica association is shareholder of 10% of Sky Radio (Group).
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The medium wave band (known as the AM band because most stations using it employ amplitude modulation) was overcrowded in western Europe, leading to interference problems and, as a result, many MW frequencies are suitable only for speech broadcasting. Belgium, the Netherlands, Denmark and particularly Germany were among the first countries to adopt FM on a widespread scale. Among the reasons for this were: #The medium wave band in Western Europe became overcrowded after World War II, mainly due to the best available medium wave frequencies being used at high power levels by the Allied Occupation Forces, both for broadcasting entertainment to their troops and for broadcasting Cold War propaganda across the Iron Curtain. #After World War II, broadcasting frequencies were reorganized and reallocated by delegates of the victorious countries in the Copenhagen Frequency Plan.
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The Wittmoor Measurement and Reception Station in Holm, Pinneberg district, northern Germany, is an equipment of the Norddeutscher Rundfunk (North German broadcasting company) for the supervision of the broadcasting frequencies in the southern Pinneberg district and the western area of Hamburg. In addition, it accommodates a big archive of sound carriers which is accommodated in several buildings and serves for the broadcast of the radio program of N-Joy on 95.6 MHz with 200 W ERP. The reception aerials and broadcasting aerials of the station are on a high, guyed lattice steel mast with square cross section which replaced an older high guyed lattice steel mast which was dismantled, after erection of the new mast. In addition there is a dish aerial on the station area for satellite reception with approx. diameter.
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The centre-right International Democrat Union (IDU) expressed concern for freedom of expression in Venezuela because they saw "systematic attacks against the independence of media" by the Venezuelan government and since Chávez stated that "communication hegemony" was his goal. The Chávez government was accused by Human Rights Watch of "[abusing] its control of broadcasting frequencies to punish radio and television stations with overtly critical programming". According to the HRW, the government has made laws promoting self-censorship by the media. In 2005, the new Law of Social Responsibility modified the penal code to simplify ways people could sue for opinions emitted against them, resulting in limits on political talk shows and self-censorship of the press (Law of Social Responsibility 2005), according to The Battle of Venezuela by Michael McCaughan.McCaughan (2005), p. 95.
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More contractions followed and this led to cuts in more of the morning, afternoon and evening programming in English. By the start of the 1950s, sponsorship of the English service had begun to grow once more, and while initially some of the English-language programmes continued via Radio Luxembourg I on long wave, a second but less powerful wavelength was opened up as Radio Luxembourg II on medium wave. The English programmes of Radio Luxembourg moved on 2 July 1951, from long wave to the medium wave frequency of 208 metres (1439 kHz). The controversy over the station's broadcasting frequencies had been resolved with the 1948 Copenhagen plan (which this time the Luxembourg government did sign), which allocated the country two high- power frequencies, one on long wave and the other on medium wave.
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It became necessary because of the large number of broadcasting stations in these frequency ranges leading to ever more mutual interference (Many countries had refused to ratify the Copenhagen plan and compliance was patchy even among those which had). The Geneva plan entered into force on 23 November 1978 and although its intended lifespan was only until 1989, it is still valid (with small modification by mutual coordination between countries) today, and compliance has been far more widespread. Most existing European radio stations were required to change their broadcasting frequencies following implementation of the plan. In most cases the changes were slight (less than five kilohertz) but were more drastic in some cases, particularly in the United Kingdom, where all BBC national stations moved to a new wavelength or band.
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