This parchment came from goat skin, usually preserved with salt brines.
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Watch Brines pop wheelies and yell "Let's go get it!" at Tucker.
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And after these four hours, it&aposs gonna be moved to brines.
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If you need more dog-racing action, Brines made a similar video last year.
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Here, water is channeled into these massive basins where it begins a transformation into brines.
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The juices are made using brines left over from the company's olive and oil production.
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The desert's blazing sun, scarce rainfall and mineral-rich brines make Chile's production costs the world's lowest.
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Now Vanaman brines everything from full sour dills to garlic scapes to plums to rhubarb to radishes.
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Claudia: After the wheels are taken out of the brines, they are placed in a drying room.
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There's everything from canned brines for spiking cocktails and sipping solo to flavored popcorns, chips, and even sprinkles.
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The chef-owner of Cured in San Antonio brines his wings in a flavorful garlic-lime mixture 8 limes
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Brines also wonders if longer days and increased activity in the springtime following the winter holidays motivates people to act.
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Click here to view original GIFHere's Jeff Brines and his dog Tucker, just enjoying some bike trails in Targhee, Wyoming.
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Brines captured this footage of his dog out-racing him and his mountain bike, all while offering loving words of encouragement.
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Brines contends that a rise in divorce filings may represent the moment people simply stop thinking it's going to get better.
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More than just salt water, most brines contain a bit of sugar, as well as aromatics like allspice and bay leaves.
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And what Mr. Lee makes is only distantly related to the harsh, distilled vinegars used for household tasks, or diluted for basic brines.
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Brami takes these protein-rich beans, lightly pickles them in flavorful brines, and packs them in single-serve packages for healthy snacking on the go.
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Lazerson said wastewater brines available in southeastern Utah are relatively rich in lithium for North America, with content as high as 730 parts per million.
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Australia's lithium supply comes from hard rock, which can directly produce hydroxide, while production of hydroxide from Chile's brines is a more expensive, two-stage process.
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That suggests meteor impacts created the spots, either by kicking up material below the surface or by cracking the outer crust, allowing subsurface brines to flow upward.
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"Brines"—which sees Dear adopting his oft-used Audion guise—is a typically minimal affair, taut and precision-engineered, a rattling, rumbling, clanking and creaking thing of dark beauty.
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Chan and her colleagues propose that hydrovolcanic activity on young Ceres produced brines, and when the water eventually evaporated, it left behind these salt crystals filled with organic molecules.
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He doesn't really believe in cultural appropriation, this Korean-American Southerner who brines his restaurant's fried chicken in an adobo broth, and likes his instant ramen with Saltines and mayo.
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"We discovered that brines on Mars can contain enough oxygen for microbes to breathe," NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) theoretical physicist Vlada Stamenković, the lead author of the paper, told AFP.
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Cornish Lithium has the rights to explore lithium brines across 300 square kilometres, including property owned by South Crofty, which in 1998 was the last tin mine to close in Cornwall.
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The pickle lineup may rotate, as Mr. Halter would like to add some Japanese and Russian specialties: Dickson's Fine Brines, Chelsea Market, 75 Ninth Avenue (West 15th Street), 347-262-8526, dicksonsfarmstand.com.
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And as for the summer spike in particular, Brines believes that the same reasons might apply, although the start of the school year might also hasten the timing for couples who have children.
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"People tend to face the holidays with rising expectations, despite what disappointments they might have had in years past," Julie Brines, associate sociology professor and co-author of the study, said at the time.
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Much of the world's lithium is filtered from underground brines, though relatively little is extracted from petroleum wastewater, the volumes of which have been increasing in the United States due to a production boom.
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Rosatom said its technology would utilize residual brines left over after processing, and it would do away with the large, water-intensive solar evaporation pools that Chile's top miners use to produce lithium, the lobbyist records show.
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The distribution of this material, which appears to be carbonate salts, suggests that within this 57-mile-wide-long crater, icy brines—like lava but made of salt and water—once oozed to the surface in a process known as cryovolcanism.
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"We think being in very pure hard rock concentrate ... we are in a good position," said Sigma director Ana Cabral, pointing to faster-growing demand for lithium hydroxide, which comes from hard rock deposits, compared to lithium carbonate, which is produced from brines.
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Kim Severson explored the subject of turkey brines for the Food desk of The Times this week, discovering how after two decades of flying high, the practice has been losing altitude among the food-media influencers (it me?) who first sent it soaring.
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"In other studies, apart from the possible contamination of samples with archaea from adjacent lands, these mineral particles may have been interpreted as fossilized cells, when in reality they form spontaneously in the brines, even though there is no life," López García said.
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He collects such obscure edibles as wild Indian cucumber root, buds of the white pine, sassafras, and spicebush berries ("We introduce that into coffee; we make desserts out of it; I put it into brines; I use the wood from the bush to smoke things").
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"Instead of requiring the stability of substantial water or brines, it is the instability of water on Mars that may explain the morphological activity needed to form the observed features," planetary scientist Wouter Marra wrote in a News and Views piece accompanying the study.
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Savannah says it is in line to be Europe's first significant producer of spodumene, a hard-rock form of lithium in favor as a relatively quick source of battery grade lithium compared with brines, which can take much longer to process, although analysts say technological advances could change that.
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In 2015, Foursquare named Kenny and Zuke's in Portland the ninth-best Jewish deli in the US. "The quintessential Jewish deli of the Northwest, Kenny & Zuke's boils and bakes its own bagels, brines and smokes its own pastrami and stocks one of Portland's best soda collections — think sarsaparilla and Cel-Ray," The Oregonian said about the deli.
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Matthew Dear's DJ-Kicks tracklist: 219 Nils Frahm: "Ode"220 Matthew Dear: "Wrong With Us (DJ-Kicks)"221 Mahal: "Ongaku (HVL Remix)"22 Monsieur Georget: "Double Lune (Third Child Boomer Mix)"223 Kreon: "Silo Sol"224 Caserta: "Ricky (Thatmanmonkz Remix)"225 Gwilym Gold x Doc Daneeka: "Lust for Sale (MGF Mix)"08 Smoke: "Nuutri"09 Decius: "Bread & Butter"10 Italojohnson: "ITJ10B1"11 Vin Sol: "Instinct (Matrixxman Remix)"21 Groovesh: "Glowing"13 Duff Disco: "Feed the Horse"14 Dudley Strangeways: "Hallam"15 Alex & Digby: "Angolan Rumble"16 Gary Sloan & Clone: "Harmonitalk (Alex & Digby Edit)"17 Randomer: "Rendell Pips"18 Markus Enochson: "Hot Juice Box"19 Simian Mobile Disco: "Staring at All This Handle"20 Pearson Sound: "XLB"21 Soulphiction: "Sky So High"22 Audion: "Live Breakdown"23 Audion: "Starfucker"24 Audion: "Brines"25 DJ Khalab & Baba Sissoko: "Kumu"
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Lluís Brines i Garcia (or Luis Brines García in Spanish) (Barcelona, 1971) is a Catalan researcher, whose paternal family comes from Simat de la Valldigna (Safor). He is the son of the musician Lluís Brines Selfa. He has lived in Valencian Country since 1989. He is a specialist in Francesc Eiximenis, about whom he wrote his doctoral dissertation.
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The groundwater beneath saline or dry lakes often has brines with chemistry similar to that of the lakes or former lakes. The chemistry of shallow brines used for mineral extraction is sometimes influenced by geothermal waters. This is true of a number of shallow brines in the western United States, such as at Searles Lake, California.
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These brines are collected and treated in order to separate the element from wastewater.
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Reduced content of salts on the slopes reduces the chances of the presence of brines.
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Reserve Bank of Australia, 65 Martin Place, Sydney NSW 2000 Lithium, being a commodity, means it must be mined or produced from lithium brines. The difference between hard-rock mining and brines is evident in the capital outlay required between the two projects. The capital outlay for hard-rock spodumene exceeds that of lithium brines. This plays a role when identifying whether a project is worth an investment or conversely, if it should be abandoned.
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Brines, Lluís. Biografia documentada de Francesc Eiximenis. Valencia. T-Ink Factoría de Color. 2018. Pp. 172ss.
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Brines may be used, in which peas are floated, from which their density can be determined.
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In the Salar de Atacama, boron is also extracted from brines as boric acid (up to 0.85 g/l as B). The natural removal of boron and lithium from present-day brines possibly occurs as ulexite and lithium-sulfate, this latter as double and/or triple salts.
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Brines, Lluís. Biografia documentada de Francesc Eiximenis. València. T-Ink Factoría de Color. 2018. Pp. 172 ss.
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Commercial brines include both surface water (seawater and saline lakes) and groundwater (shallow brine beneath saline or dry lakes, and deep brines in sedimentary basins). Brine brought to the surface by geothermal energy wells often contains high concentrations of minerals, but is not currently used for commercial mineral extraction.
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Brines, Lluís. Biografia documentada de Francesc Eiximenis. Valencia. T-Ink Factoría de Color. 2018. P. 174, n. 91.
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For further information vide Brines, Lluís. Biografia documentada de Francesc Eiximenis. València. AVL. To be published. Pp. 159 ss.
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Lluís Brines' main research line has been Francesc Eiximenis' thought and works. Crestià in the manuscript 1792 from the National Library of Madrid. Lluís Brines' research about Francesc Eiximenis began with his doctoral dissertation, after getting his degree in Law in the University of Valencia. This task took him 4 years (1998–2002).
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The Sullivan ore body is a complex sedimentary exhalative (SedEx) deposit that consists primarily of zinc, lead, and iron sulphides. It is hosted in the sedimentary rocks of the Aldridge Formation in the lower part of the Purcell Supergroup. The rocks were deposited on the sea floor in an intracontinental rift basin above a thermal anomaly that drove the circulation of brines. Fractures and breccia zones provided conduits for metal-rich, sulfur-poor brines from depth, and sulfide minerals formed when the metals combined with sulfur from marine brines.
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She died at the age of 92 in November 1982. Mrs. Cubbison’s Foods produces stuffing, turkey brines, croutons and meatloaf mix.
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The brine chemistries at Bristol Lake are different from those predicted to form by the evaporative concentrations of the 2 inflow waters currently accounted for. # Na-HCO3_SO4 will precipitate CaCO3 which will deplete the water in Ca. These waters evolve into Na-HCO3-CO3-Cl-SO4 brines with minor Mg and K. They will precipitate halite, Na-Sulfate, and Na-carbonate mineral upon further evaporation. # Cl- SO4 predicted to precipitate calcite and then gypsum and form neutral Na- SO4-Cl brines with subordinate K and Mg. These brines are predicted to precipitate halite and Na-Sulfate salts during further evaporative concentration. The basin center brines of BDL (saline mudflats and saline pan areas) are Na-Ca-Cl rich with lower concentrations of K and Mg and little SO4 and HCO3.
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The brines and evaporites indicate that spring water contributed to the hydrology of Lake Manly. Present day groundwater originates primarily from Spring Mountain.
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As a consequence, the trapped seawater was concentrated in brines with a salinity two to three times that of the mean ocean water. A second mechanism sometimes also explaining the formation of hypersaline brines is the water evaporation of surface lakes directly exposed to the very dry polar atmosphere in the McMurdo Dry Valleys. The analyses of stable isotopes of water allow, in principle, to distinguish between both processes as long as there is no mixing between differently formed brines. Hypersaline fluid, sampled fortuitously through a crack in the ice, was oxygen-free and rich in sulfate and ferrous ion.
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Iain Robertson Brines (born 22 July 1967) is a former Scottish football referee in the Scottish Premier League. Brines had been a referee since 1989 and was a FIFA-listed referee from 2003;"Scottish Football Association - Referee Profile" - Accessed 23 January 2008 as of 2013, however, he was no longer included on the FIFA list,FIFA. "Scotland: Referees". Retrieved on 7 June 2013.
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Overkill is an adventure initially written in 1977 by Mike Brines for Tunnels & Trolls, and later was later redesigned in 1980 by Michael Stackpole.
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Thin crusts and hopper-shaped halite crystals that occur in the sediment are caused by evaporative growth from capillary brines discharging at the surface.
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He showed that these structures were formed near depressions in the basin floor that contain warm and dense brines, which were formed by evaporation at the lake's surface. He suggested that bottom halite is dissolved in the warmer brines. Upon cooling, the extra load of halite is precipitated near the holes, forming the salt structure. Ganor earned his Ph.D. from The Hebrew University of Jerusalem (1991).
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Potato density assessment can be performed by floating them in brines. High-density potatoes are desirable in the production of dehydrated mashed potatoes, potato crisps and french fries.
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Image of this graffiti Finally, in November 2012 another graffiti appeared in the address of Valencia that was used by Lluís Brines as the address for court notifications. This graffiti consisted in Brines' name and surnames, a bull's eye and it was signed by the anagram 71, which is the one that the GAV uses (7 is the place of letter G inside the alphabet, and 1 is the place of letter A).Image of this graffiti The three graffitis were denounced by Lluís Brines, but this kind of graffitis are seldom (or never) investigated in Spain, and these three matters were filed by the legal authorities. Furthermore, in the Blaverist and far-right website valenciafreedom there is a permanent thread, allegedly opened by the above- mentioned Francisco Albiñana Barber (who uses the pseudonyms of paco1983 and nandivirus in that website), where Lluís Brines receives all kinds of insults and slanders.This is the thread .
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Alternatively, the fault block traps could have been recharged by exsolution of methane from formation brines as a direct result of the Tertiary uplift (cf. Doré and Jensen, 1996).
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Miquel Brines Ferrer (Simat de la Valldigna), a.k.a. Coeter I, is a Valencian pilota player, in the category of raspall. He is brother of the also champion Paco Luis, Coeter II.
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Image of graffitis Threatening graffiti with a bull's eye against Lluís Brines i Garcia that was made in Valencia on 24 November 2012. This 71 is the GAV's anagram. A bit later, in January 2011, other graffitis appeared in Simat de la Valldigna (Safor), the village of Brines' paternal family, where he was also called "paederast" and "paedophile". Several witnesses of the village identified the GAV activist from Gandía Francisco Albiñana Barber as the author of such graffitis.
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The source of metals and mineralizing solutions for SedEx deposits is deep formational brines in contact with sedimentary rocks. Deep formational brines are defined as saline to hypersaline waters which are produced from sediments during diagenesis. Metals such as lead, copper and zinc are found in a trace amount in all sediments. These metals are bound weakly to the hydrous clay minerals on the edges of the crystals and are held by weak bonds with hydroxyl groups.
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As for anhydrite, its solubility in saline solutions and in brines is also strongly dependent on NaCl (common table salt) concentration. Gypsum crystals are found to contain anion water and hydrogen bonding.
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Soda ash (sodium carbonate) is recovered from shallow subsurface brines at Searles Lake, California. Soda ash was formerly extracted at El Caracol, Ecatepec, in Mexico City, from the remnant of Lake Texcoco.
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Many brines contain more than one recovered product. For instance, the shallow brine beneath Searles Lake, California, is or has been a source of borax, potash, bromine, lithium, phosphate, soda ash, and sodium sulfate.
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In 1997 about two-thirds of world sodium sulfate production was recovered from brine. Two plants in the US, at Searles Lake, California, and Seagraves, Texas, recovered sodium sulfate from shallow brines beneath dry lakes.
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The researchers suggested these marks were consistent with salty water (brines) flowing downslope and then evaporating, possibly leaving some sort of residue. The CRISM spectroscopic instrument has since made direct observations of hydrous salts appearing at the same time that these recurrent slope lineae form, confirming in 2015 that these lineae are produced by the flow of liquid brines through shallow soils. The lineae contain hydrated chlorate and perchlorate salts (−), which contain liquid water molecules. The lineae flow downhill in Martian summer, when the temperature is above .
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Fluid inclusion constraints on the origin of the brines responsible for Pb–Zn mineralization at Pine Point and coarse non-saddle and saddle dolomite formation in southern Northwest Territories. Geofluids v. 7, no. 1, p. 51-68.
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Preferential formation of sodium salts from frozen sodium-ammonium- chloride-carbonate brines Implications for Ceres' bright spots. Tuan H. Vu, Robert Hodyss, Paul V. Johnson, Mathieu Choukroun. Planetary and Space Science, Volume 141, July 2017, Pages 73–77 These materials have been suggested to originate from the recent crystallization of brines that reached the surface from below. In August 2020, NASA confirmed that Ceres was a water- rich body with a deep reservoir of brine that percolated to the surface in various locations causing "bright spots", including those in Occator crater.
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Alkali formates are safe to handle and do not damage the producing formation or downhole metals as corrosive alternative, high-density brines (such as zinc bromide solutions) sometimes do; they also require less cleanup and reduce disposal costs.
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Lithium recovery has also been investigated.R. Gordon Bloomquist, "Economic benefits of mineral extraction from geothermal brines," 2006, Washington State University Extension Energy Program. But as of 2015, there is no sustained commercial-scale mineral recovery from geothermal brine.
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Peas Pea grading involves sorting peas by size, in which smallest peas are graded as the highest quality for their tenderness. Brines may be used, in which peas are floated in them, from which their density can be determined.
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These works dealt with history or with culture in general, both about Franciscan and Valencian matters.Most of the works that are listed below appear in Brines, Lluís. La Filosofia social i política de Francesc Eiximenis. Sevilla. Ed. Nova Edició. 2004.
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PhD thesis, University of Stellenbosch. Within this deeper part of the sea, the water column was very stratified, with a fresh and habitable upper layer that was on top of the anoxic, highly sulphurated, toxic bottom brines. The depositional environment was almost stagnant, a grand difference from the more higher energy depositional environment of the shallower waters closer to the coasts. Within those surface waters, there a whole host of organisms from the sea going mesosaurids to the Palaeoniscoid fishes, with the bottom half of the water column that could not support a benthic zone due to the toxic bottom brines.
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Abdullah, described as a C. Bilqees Taseer, The Kashmir of Sheikh Muhammad Abdullah, p. 330Russel Brines, The Indo- Pakistani conflict, p. 67 to tall man,Hugh Tinker, "Accursed Paradise" in New Society, Volume 6, p.25 was fluent in both Kashmiri and Urdu.
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This is called the eutectic point. Because of the corrosive properties of salt-based brines, glycols such as polyethylene glycol have become more common for this purpose. Sodium chloride brine spray is used on some fishing vessels to freeze fish. The brine temperature is generally .
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Bromine-bearing brines are associated with saline deposits. The bromine content of sea water is 60 to 70 parts per million (ppm). As sea water evaporates, a succession of minerals precipitate, concentrating the bromine. Bromide is so soluble that it does not form saline minerals.
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De-icing can be accomplished by mechanical methods (scraping, pushing); through the application of heat; by use of dry or liquid chemicals designed to lower the freezing point of water (various salts or brines, alcohols, glycols); or by a combination of these different techniques.
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Differing from their predicted chemical composition mostly by lacking SO4, CO3 and HCO3 and having high levels of Cl. Rosen 1991 attributed increased concentration of Cl to be from atmospheric precipitation, however the Ca-Cl concentrations present at Bristol Lake are not compatible with normal low temperature surface weathering and evaporative concentration processes. It is speculated that a magma chamber drives the formation of Ca-Cl brines at elevated temperatures and drives the transportation of these brines to the surface. Other evidence of a magma chamber in the area is the Amboy crater and its associated lava flows, which occur directly North of Bristol Lake.Lowenstein, Tim, and François Risacher.
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Halophilic Bacteroidetes genus Salinibacter inhabit hypersaline environments such as salt-saturated brines in hypersaline lakes. Salinibacter shares many properties with halophilic Archaea such as Halobacterium and Haloquadratum that inhabit the same environments. Phenotypically, Salinibacter is remarkably similar to Halobacterium and therefore for a long time remained unidentified.
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The leading hypothesis involves the flow of brines —very salty water. Salt deposits over much of Mars indicate that brine was abundant in Mars's past. Salinity lowers the freezing point of water to sustain a liquid flow. Less saline water would freeze at the observed temperatures.
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Sometimes, productivity may be hampered due to the residue of completion fluids, heavy brines, in the wellbore. This is particularly a problem in gas wells. In these cases, coiled tubing may be used to pump nitrogen at high pressure into the bottom of the borehole to circulate out the brine.
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September–December 2007. 279–420. Later Dr. Brines wrote in 2009, owing to a grant that was given by the Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua (Valencian Language Academy) a Biografia documentada de Francesc Eiximenis (Francesc Eiximenis' documented biography).Here the awarding of this grant by the Valencian regional government can be read. .
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These conclusions support Chan et al.’s hydrogeologic model, which proposes that hydrocarbon and basin brines from Pennsylvanian source rocks migrated along the Moab fault, moving into the porous sandstone units where they interacted with oxygenated meteoric water. Chan et al. use Ar-Ar dating to define the age of this fluid movement.
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Bittern (pl. bitterns), or nigari, is the salt solution formed when halite (table salt) precipitates from seawater or brines. Bitterns contain magnesium, calcium, and potassium ions as well as chloride, sulfate, iodide, and other ions. Bittern is commonly formed in salt ponds where the evaporation of water prompts the precipitation of halite.
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He also transcribed his interesting Ars Praedicandi Populo (Manual for the preaching to the people), that was discovered by him in Krakow. Moreover, he wrote several articles about medieval Catalan society and culture.Most of the works that are listed below appear in Brines, Lluís. La Filosofia social i política de Francesc Eiximenis. Sevilla.
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In recent Pleistocene and Holocene time, glacial sediments poured into the region from the north, down major rivers, forming dunes and sedimentary ridges. Today, Arkansas has an active oil and gas industry, although hydraulic fracturing related earthquake swarms have limited extraction. Mining industries in the state also produce brines, sand, gravel and other industrial minerals.
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Francisco Luis Brines Ferrer (Simat de la Valldigna), a.k.a. Coeter II, is a Valencian pilota player, in the category of raspall. He is brother of the former champion, Miquel, Coeter I. In the local Spanish elections of 2007 he was a candidate of the Bloc Nacionalista Valencià in his village, but he was not elected.
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Flying Vipers are a Boston based dub reggae band. The trio is composed of twin brothers John and Marc Beaudette and Zack Brines, and was originally formed as a side project of Destroy Babylon.Steve Shafer, Duff Guide to Ska, "Flying Vipers - The Green Tape", September 2015.Jack Rabid, The Big Takeover Magazine, October 2015.
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Gordon, Phil. Chris Hogg heartened by doctors’ news after torment of post-concussion, The Times, 30 October 2008. Paatelainen threw a towel to the ground in disgust at the referee's decisions, which prompted Brines to send the Hibs manager to the stands. The SFA subsequently banned Paatelainen from the technical area for four SPL matches.
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The veins typically have chlorite, quartz and dolomite as gangue minerals. The veins were probably deposited from moderately saline brines, with the metallic elements derived from the volcanics and the sulphur from the underlying Skiddaw Group. This period of mineralisation probably dates to the late Caradoc as the veins clearly predate the Acadian-aged cleavage.
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Hydrohalite is a mineral that occurs in saturated halite brines at cold temperatures (below 0.1 °C). It was first described in 1847 in Dürrnberg, Austria. It exists in cold weather. Phase diagram of water–NaCl mixture Hydrohalite has a high nucleation energy, and solutions will normally need to be supercooled for crystals to form.
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Several other minerals, such as the gemstone topaz, contain fluoride. Fluoride is not significant in seawater or brines, unlike the other halides, because the alkaline earth fluorides precipitate out of water. Commercially insignificant quantities of organofluorines have been observed in volcanic eruptions and in geothermal springs. Their ultimate origin (from biological sources or geological formation) is unclear.
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Mirabilite, also known as Glauber's salt, is a hydrous sodium sulfate mineral with the chemical formula Na2SO4·10H2O. It is a vitreous, colorless to white monoclinic mineral that forms as an evaporite from sodium sulfate-bearing brines. It is found around saline springs and along saline playa lakes. Associated minerals include gypsum, halite, thenardite, trona, glauberite, and epsomite.
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After halite (rock salt) precipitates, the remaining brine, called bittern, contains about 2,700 ppm bromine. Bromine continues to concentrate as magnesium and potassium minerals precipitate. The brine remaining after potassium mineral precipitation may contain 6,000 ppm bromine.P. Evan Dresel and Arthur W Rose, Chemistry and Origin of Oil and Gas Well Brines in Western Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Dept.
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North-south trending veins containing the tungsten minerals scheelite and wolframite are associated with the Skiddaw granite around Carrock Fell in the northern lakes. Associated molybdenite gives Re-Os age of 405 Ma (Early Devonian), similar in age to the Skiddaw intrusion (399 Ma). The veins are thought to have been deposited from moderately saline brines rich in tungsten.
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Several companies have explored lithium extraction technologies from brines. In 2012, California-based Simbol Materials developed a technology to separate lithium from brine produced by geothermal power plants. In 2013, Korean multinational steel company Posco developed a method to extract the mineral from continental brine. In 2017, MGX Minerals is developing a technology to extract lithium from petroleum brine.
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These are Schiaparelli EDM lander, the Mars Polar Lander, and Deep Space 2. These were all sterilized for surface missions but not for special regions (Viking pre- sterilization only). Mars Polar Lander, and Deep Space 2 crashed into the polar regions which are now treated as special regions because of the possibility of forming liquid brines.
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The first document mentioning brines in Busko is the revenue privilege of Bolesław Wstydliwy from 1252. Jan Winterfeld conducted research on using health waters to treat illness in 1808. When Feliks Rzewuski leased Busko in 1820, he built the spa Amenities, which was designed by Henryk Marconi. The opening ceremony of the health spa took place in 1836.
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Brines brought to the surface by geothermal energy production often contain concentrations of dissolved silica of about 500 parts per million. A number of geothermal plants have pilot-tested recovery of colloidal silica, including those at Wairakei, New Zealand, Mammoth Lakes, California, and the Salton Sea, California. To date, colloidal silica from brine has not achieved commercial production.
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By far the largest source of iodine from brine is Japan, where iodine-rich water is co-produced with natural gas. Iodine extraction began in 1934. In 2013 seven companies were reported to be extracting iodine.Iodine, US Geological Survey, Minerals Yearbook 2013 Japanese iodine brines are produced from mostly marine sediments ranging in age from Pliocene to Pleistocene.
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Francisco Albiñana Barber was finally condemned in 2018 to pay a fine of 600 €,The first sentence was appealed by Francisco Albiñana Barber. But it was unsuccessful, and so this is the final condemnatory sentence, which was issued on 5 September 2018. and since then he ceased to attack Lluís Brines and even to write in the Blaverist and far- right website valenciafreedom.
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Having failed to qualify for European competition in the previous season, Hibs entered the Scottish League Cup in the second round. They were drawn at home to First Division club Morton,Co-op Ins Cup - second round draw, BBC Sport, 11 August 2008. but suffered a shock 4–3 defeat after extra time.Hibs boss critical of ref Brines, BBC Sport, 26 August 2008.
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The climate variations lead to the very dynamic nature of a sabkha. Halite is deposited on the surface of the sabkha and gypsum and aragonite precipitate in the subsurface via capillary action from brines brought up from the water table. In drier parts of the sabkha the gypsum can be altered to anhydrite and the aragonite can be dolomitized diagenetically.
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The high-bromine brines in the Appalachian Basin are found in Silurian and Devonian rocks, in Pennsylvania, Ohio, and West Virginia. The principal source of the brine in Ohio and West Virginia was the Pottsville Formation, also called the Big Salt Sand. In Pennsylvania, bromine brine was pumped from the Pocono Sandstone.Heinrich Ries, Economic Geology (New York: MacMillan, 1911) 171.
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Several factors concomitantly affect microbial growth and activity. In oil reservoirs, such environmental constraints permit the establishment of criteria to assess and compare the suitability of various microorganisms. Those constraints may not be as harsh as other environments on Earth. For example, with connate brines the salinity is higher than that of sea water but lower than that of salt lakes.
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Interstate 80 was built at the former settlement. A plaque there commemorates the land speed records set on the Bonneville Salt Flats. (July 2014) Around 1916, the Capell Salt Company merged into (or was transferred to) the Solvay Process Company, a potash producer. That same year, the Solvay Process Company began extracting potash from subsurface brines of the Salduro Salt Marsh.
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The food of the Muisca, eaten while sitting on the ground of their bohíos, was prepared uniquely by the Muisca women.Restrepo Manrique, 2009, p.43 Women also played an important role in the extraction of salt.Groot, 2014 The Muisca, known as "The Salt People" due to their salt mines in Zipaquirá, Nemocón and Tausa, extracted salt by evaporating brines in large pots.
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The ultimate source of the mineralizing fluid(s) in MVT deposits is unknown. The ore fluids of MVT deposits are typically low temperature (100 °C-150 °C) and have the composition of basinal brines (10-30 wt.% NaCl equivalent) with pH's of 4.5-5 (buffered by host carbonates). This hydrothermal fluid may or may not carry the required sulfur to form sulfide minerals.
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By the early 19th century, salt brines were discovered along the Kanawha River, and the first salt well was drilled in 1806. This created a prosperous time and great economic growth for the area. By 1808, 1,250 pounds of salt were being produced a day. An area adjacent to Charleston, Kanawha Salines, now Malden, would become the top salt producer in the world.
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Sodium chloride saturated brines are formed by seawater evaporation, though seawater does not contain enough potassium to deposite leonite this way. Leonite is precipitated in series solar ponds at the Great Salt Lake. When picromerite is heated to between 85 and 128 °C, it gives off steam to give leonite: :K2Mg(SO4)2·6H2O(s) → K2Mg(SO4)2·4H2O(s) + 2H2O(g).
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Burning the resultant methane, however, would negate some of the benefit of sequestering the original . Saline formations contain highly mineralized brines, and have so far been considered of no benefit to humans. Saline aquifers have been used for storage of chemical waste in a few cases. The main advantage of saline aquifers is their large potential storage volume and their common occurrence.
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Magadiite is a hydrous sodium silicate mineral (NaSi7O13(OH)3·4(H2O)) which precipitates from alkali brines as an evaporite phase. It forms as soft (Mohs hardness of 2) white powdery monoclinic crystal masses.Mineral HandbookWebmineral The mineral is unstable and decomposes during diagenesis leaving a distinctive variety of chert (Magadi-type chert).Encyclopedia of Sediments & Sedimentary Rocks, Springer, 2003, p.
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These salt ponds can be part of a salt- producing industrial facility, or they can be used as a waste storage location for brines produced in desalination processes. Bittern is a source of many useful salts. It is used as a natural source of Mg2+, and it can be used as a coagulant both in the production of tofu and in the treatment of industrial wastewater.
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Raymond Joseph Walsh (1862 - 10 February 1930) was an Australian politician. He was born at Ellalong near Maitland, the son of Thomas Walsh and Ellen Brines. He received a primary education and was a compositor on the Maitland Mercury before moving to Tamworth around 1881. There he worked as a tailor, and around 1884 married Mary Elizabeth Buosell, with whom he had three children.
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The path crosses the Baker Way at Brines Brow picnic area, the Delamere Way near the former Crossley hospital at Manley and the Sandstone Trail in Higher Burwardsley, which incidentally is the end-point of the Eddisbury Way. This is one of several routes with end-points in the Helsby/Frodsham area, others being the Delamere Way, the Sandstone Trail and the Longster Trail.
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Mature sabkhas are only flooded after heavy rainstorms and may eventually coalesce to form a sabkha coastal plain. These coastal plains are very flat, with reliefs between 10–50 cm, and their seaward slope can be as little as 1:1,000.Butler, G.P., 1969. Modern evaporite deposition and geochemistry of coexisting brines, the sabkha, Trucial Coast, Arabian Gulf. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 39(1).
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"Can you help find 800-year-old Droitwich Town Charter?" at droitwichstandard.co.uk Accessed 31 May 2017 The "Spa" was added in the 19th century when John Corbett developed the town's spa facilities. The River Salwarpe running through Droitwich is likely derived from Sal meaning "salt" and weorp which means "to throw up" i.e. "the river which throws up salt" which overflows from the salt brines.
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This was the former home of the Martel family, merchants, in Saint Aubin, Jersey, which was not far from La Haule Manor. It had been founded in 1813 by Esther Brine and her husband, Philip le Maistre, a schoolteacher. The Brines had purchased the mansion from the Martels. In 1867, they reported a student population of about 50 boys, half of whom were boarders.
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Secondly, in this book there are many references to angels. As professor Wittlin has quite shrewdly pointed out, this fact can only been explained because Eiximenis very probably bore in mind the composition of his next book, the Llibre dels àngels (Book of angels), that dealt with this matter and that was written in 1392.Vide Brines, Lluís. Biografia documentada de Francesc Eiximenis. Valencia.
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Dry lake beds that very rarely fill with water are sometimes used as locations for air bases, for similar reasons. Examples include Groom Lake at Area 51 in Nevada, and Edwards Air Force Base (originally known as Muroc Dry Lake) in California. Brines from the subsurface of dry lakes are often exploited for valuable minerals in solution. See, for example Searles Dry Lake and Lithium resources.
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In the U.S., potato grading for Idaho potatoes is performed in which No. 1 potatoes are the highest quality and No. 2 are rated as lower in quality due to their appearance (e.g. blemishes or bruises, pointy ends). Density assessment can be performed by floating them in brines. High density potatoes are desirable in the production of dehydrated mashed potatoes, potato crisps and french fries.
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Separate part of the article. One of his last research lines has been Ramon Llull's thought, specially the theological side of it within the Franciscan thought. Since year 2016 is the 800th anniversary of Llull's death, Brines has written the article whose title is Tendències franciscanes en Ramon Llull (Ramon Llull's Franciscan tendencies), which has been published also in the EF in a special issue about this Majorcan author.On line edition.
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Aerococcus is a genus in the phylum Firmicutes (Bacteria). The genus was first identified in 1953 from samples of air and dust as a catalase-negative, gram- positive coccus that grew in small clusters. They were subsequently found in hospital environments and meat-curing brines. It has been difficult to identify as it resembles alpha-hemolytic Streptococcus on blood agar plates and is difficult to identify by biochemical means.
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Migrating fluids originate from the sediments of the foreland basin and migrate in response to deformation. As a result, brine can migrate over great distances. Evidence of long-range migration includes: 1) Correlation of petroleum to distant source rocks 2) Ore bodies deposited from metal-bearing brines, 3) Anomalous thermal histories for shallow sediments, 4) Regional potassium metasomatism, 5) Epigenetic dolomite cements in ore bodies and deep aquifers (Bethke & Marshak 1990).
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The orbital observations are consistent with iron sulfate or a mixture of calcium and magnesium sulfate. Magnesium sulfate is a likely component of cold brines on Mars, especially with the limited availability of subsurface ice. Terrestrial magnesium sulfate lakes have similar chemical and physical properties. They also have a wide range of halophilic organisms, in all the three Kingdoms of life (Archaea, Bacteria and Eukaryota), in the surface and near subsurface.
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Boreholes indicate that the Rus Formation lies atop the Umm er Radhuma Formation. Due in part to anhydrite beds, the Rus Formation has salty brines at its base overlain by the freshwater Zone C aquifer. Limestone from the formation is widely used for concrete production. The Sharks Tooth Shale of the Dammam Formation from the middle Eocene overlies the Rus Formation with gray-yellow shale, marl and dolomite.
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The first important Blaverist attack against Lluís Brines took place in December 2010, when in his old address in Valencia some graffiti appeared with his name and surname and the words "paederast" and "paedophile". These insults against him were constantly repeated in the website www.valenciafreedom.com, which is linked with the GAV. The graffiti was allegedly made by the former co-president of the Youths of the GAV (JJGAV) Aitor Alan Marquina Bañuls.
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The solution of metal, salts and water produced by diagenesis is produced at temperatures between 150 - 350°C. Hydrothermal fluid compositions are estimated to have a salinity of up to 35% NaCl with metal concentrations of 5-15 ppm Zn, Cu, Pb and up to 100ppm Ba and Fe. High metal concentrations are able to be carried in solution because of the high salinity. Generally these formational brines also carry considerable sulfur.
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The Wendover potash mine is located about 120 miles west of Salt Lake City, Utah, and has been actively used for potash production for over 65 years. Potash production from natural occurring brines at the Wendover facility dates back to World War I. During the period from 1920 to 1936, a number of unsuccessful attempts were made to commercially produce potash. By 1939, a successful commercial potash operation was achieved and continues today.
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Mackerel scad (Decapterus macarellus), flying fish and other similar species are used to make kusaya. The fish is washed in clear water many times before being soaked in a brine called ) for eight to twenty hours. This mixture has a salt concentration of 8%, compared to the concentration of 18% to 20% in common fish curing brines. After this process, the fish are laid out under the sun to dry for one or two days.
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Francisco Brines Bañó (born 22 January 1932) is a Spanish poet.Profile (in Spanish) He was born in Oliva, Valencia region. He is regarded as one of the 50s Generation of Spanish poets, along with Claudio Rodríguez, Jaime Gil de Biedma and Ángel González. His poetry collections include: Las brasas (1960), Palabras a la oscuridad (1966), Aún no (1971), Insistencias en Luzbel (1977), El otoño de las rosas (1986) and La última costa (1995).
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The Dow process is the electrolytic method of bromine extraction from brine, and was Herbert Henry Dow's second revolutionary process for generating bromine commercially. This process was patented in 1891. In the original invention, bromide-containing brines are treated with sulfuric acid and bleaching powder to oxidize bromide to bromine, which remains dissolved in the water. The aqueous solution is dripped onto burlap, and air is blown through causing bromine to volatilize.
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Half of the soda ash collected was to be processed into calcium hydroxide (lye) at a series of plants nearby. Unfortunately, poor understanding of the principles of alkaline brines made the process (particularly the refining) more expensive than SOSA Texcoco expected, and the venture was not profitable. In the late 1950s the company was absorbed into the government-administered Fomento Industrial SOMEX conglomerate, which began exploring more profitable uses for the facility.
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The concentration of dissolved solids in deep connate water varies from much less than sea water to ten times the total dissolved solids of sea water. In general, total dissolved solids (TDS) concentrations increase with depth. Most deep groundwaters classified as brines (having total dissolved solids equal to or greater than that of seawater) are predominantly sodium chloride type. However, the predominance of chloride usually increases with increasing TDS, at the expense of sulfate.
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Studies on quartz fluid inclusions have shown that the fluids causing this stage are similar in composition to deep sedimentary brines which are rich in sodium, calcium and chlorine. This brine came from Permo-Triassic sedimentary rocks that once covered the entire area. These rocks are still preserved in the Southwest Approaches to the English Channel. Evidence of seawater influence suggests that the mineralization did not start until the Late Triassic marine incursion at the earliest.
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There are a number of Aboriginal cultural heritage sites in the boinka, including large sites with artifacts, ovens and middens. Velesunio shells dated to around 7,650 years ago have been found at an aboriginal campsite near the west of the Raak boinka, along with many artifacts and hearths. The shells indicate the presence of fresh water nearby. However, even though the Mallee was wetter at the time, it is underlaid by groundwater brines, so pools would have been salty.
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In September 2016, a rotational lightcurve of Hel was obtained from photometric observations by Pedro Brines and colleges of the Spanish group of asteroid observers (OBAS). Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of hours with a brightness variation of magnitude (). The result supersedes previous observations by French amateur astronomers Laurent Bernasconi and René Roy in December 2001 and February 2004, which gave two tentative periods of and hours with an amplitude of 0.12 and 0.14, respectively.
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Spagyric is a word in English that means "alchemy". Some people have coined the use of the word to mean an herbal medicine produced by alchemical procedures, particularly in the context of Paracelsianism. These procedures involve fermentation, distillation, and extraction of mineral components from the ash of the plant. These processes were in use in medieval alchemy generally for the separation and purification of metals from ores (see Calcination), and salts from brines and other aqueous solutions.
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When cut, it exhibits a metallic luster, but moist air corrodes it quickly to a dull silvery gray, then black tarnish. It never occurs freely in nature, but only in (usually ionic) compounds, such as pegmatitic minerals, which were once the main source of lithium. Due to its solubility as an ion, it is present in ocean water and is commonly obtained from brines. Lithium metal is isolated electrolytically from a mixture of lithium chloride and potassium chloride.
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At the arrival of the Spanish conquistadors, the region was inhabited by the Muisca who lived in hundreds of small villages scattered across the plateau. These villages were individually ruled by caciques who at the same time paid tribute to the zipa, ruler of Bacatá. The Muisca were known as "The Salt People", thanks to their extraction of rock salt from brines in large pots heated over fires. This process was the exclusive task of the Muisca women.
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The Eddisbury Way near Hoofield The route starts at the Runcorn side of Frodsham at the bridge that crosses the River Weaver. It then proceeds to Bradley, Fivecrosses and Newton before skirting around the edge of Delamere Forest at Manley. The path then follows Dark Ark Lane to Brines Brow picnic area before progressing through Kelsall, Duddon, Burton, Hoofield and Huxley to its conclusion at Higher Burwardsley. The route is shown on Ordnance Survey Explorer maps 257 and 267.
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The people cultivated maize, potatoes, beans, tomatoes, tubers, such as yuca, tobacco, arracacha, sweet potatoes and various fruits and vegetables. The Muisca people were called "Salt People", due to their extraction of salt from brines in large pots. The main salt mines were and are still in Zipaquirá, Nemocón and Tausa, at the northern edge of the Bogotá savanna. Emeralds were mined in Chivor and Somondoco and traded with the Muzo, who were called the "Emerald People".
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Lithium mining in Australia is highlighted by the Greenbushes hard-rock lithium mine in Western Australia, labelled by the Sydney Morning Herald, "the world's largest hard-rock lithium mine". Lithium is a soft metal with a silvery-white appearance. It is recovered from mineral deposits, mostly from spodumene and large lithium rich brines in salt lakes. According to Statista, as of 2018, Australia has surpassed Chile to become the largest producer of lithium by metric tonnes.
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Pickled egg and pickled sausage make popular pub snacks in much of English Canada. Chow-chow is a tart vegetable mix popular in the Maritime Provinces and the Southern United States, similar to piccalilli. Pickled fish is commonly seen, as in Scotland, and kippers may be seen for breakfast, as well as plentiful smoked salmon. Meat is often also pickled or preserved in different brines throughout the winter, most prominently in the harsh climate of Newfoundland.
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Don Juan Pond is a small pond in Antarctica, 100 meters by 300 meters, and 10 cm deep, that is of great interest for studying the limits of habitability in general. Research using a time-lapse camera shows that it is partly fed by deliquescing salts. The salts absorb water by deliquescence only, at times of high humidity, then flows down the slope as salty brines. These then mix with snow melt, which feeds the lake.
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This is another Mars analogue habitat in Axel Heiberg Island close to Colour Peak and Gypsum Hill. The frozen soil and permafrost hosts many microbial communities that are tolerant of anoxic, acid, saline and cold conditions. Most are in survival rather than colony forming mode. Colour Lake Fen is a good terrestrial analogue of the saline acidic brines that once existed in the Meridani Planum region of Mars and may possibly still exist on the martian surface.
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Brines generated by seawater desalination plants can have salinities up to 120 g/kg. The density of typical seawater brine of 120 g/kg salinity at 25 °C and atmospheric pressure is 1088 kg/m3. Seawater pH is limited to the range 7.5 to 8.4. The speed of sound in seawater is about 1,500 m/s (whereas speed of sound is usually around 330 m/s in air at roughly 1000hPa pressure, 1 atmosphere), and varies with water temperature, salinity, and pressure.
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Some of the water in the area is juvenile, with magmatic water forming up to 20% of the water. Temperatures in the hydrothermal system are estimated to be between and . The composition of the water in various springs around Taftan varies in terms of elemental composition, probably reflecting the mixing between volcanic and meteoric waters and interaction with host rocks and brines. The geothermal area of Taftan is among the largest in the Makran zone of Iran; it covers a surface area of .
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United won 2–1 in what was captain Barry Robson's final match for the club. In February 2008, after helping United beat Aberdeen in the semi-final of the Scottish League Cup, Załuska was reported to the Scottish Football Association (SFA) for making gestures to the Aberdeen fans. In the match, both keepers faced missiles thrown by sets of opposing fans, including plastic cups, chocolate and £1 coins. Referee Iain Brines was also hit by a coin thrown from the Aberdeen supporters' end.
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His collected poems Ensayo de una despedida were published in 1997. He has won numerous prizes including the Crítica Prize (1966), the National Poetry Prize (1986), the Fastenrath Award (1998), the Federico García Lorca Prize (2007) and the Premio Reina Sofía de Poesia Iberoamericana (2011). He won the prestigious Premio Nacional de las Letras Españolas in 1999. Brines was elected to Seat X of the Real Academia Española on 19 April 2001, he took up his seat on 21 May 2006.
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In this description Condate is described as 19 miles before the routes end at Whitchurch and, again, as 18 miles from Manchester. The second document is the 7th century Ravenna Cosmography. Again this document refers to Condate between the entries for Salinae (now Middlewich, Cheshire) and Ratae (now Leicester, Leicestershire), at the time the capital of the Corieltauvi tribe. The Roman's interest in the Northwich area is thought to be due to the strategic river crossing and the location of the salt brines.
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The unusual chemistry of the lakes in which it was deposited makes the Green River Formation a major source of sodium carbonate. In southwest Wyoming the formation contains the world's largest deposits of trona, and in Colorado, the world's largest deposits of nahcolite.George I. Smith and others (1973) Evaporites and brines, in United States Mineral Resources, US Geological Survey, Professional Paper 820, p. 206. Another unusual mineral, currently only known from the Parachute Creek member is the crystalline nickel porphyrin mineral abelsonite.
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Dissolved iron then accumulated in the oxygen-poor oceans (possibly from seafloor hydrothermal vents). Following the thawing of the Earth, the seas became oxygenated once more causing the precipitation of the iron. Banded iron formations of this period are predominantly associated with the Sturtian glaciation. An alternative mechanism for banded iron formations in the Snowball Earth era suggests the iron was deposited from metal-rich brines in the vicinity of hydrothermally active rift zones due to glacially-driven thermal overturn.
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After World War II, American Potash had labor relations problems due to allegations that Latino workers were paid lower wages than White workers. Later, Latino workers were promoted to managerial positions also. In 1962 the company received nationwide recognition and an award for its innovative solvent extraction process to recover boric acid and potassium sulfate from weak brines. In 1974 American Potash and Chemical was acquired by Kerr-McGee. However they didn’t want to own the company town and sold it.
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She completed her Ph.D. in Geological Sciences from Dalhousie University in 1990. Her dissertation is titled Fluid Circulation in a Submarine Paleohydrothermal System, Troodos Ophiolite, Cyprus: Fluid Inclusion Evidence for Deep-Seated Circulation of Brines in the Oceanic Crust and was completed under the supervision of Paul Robinson. Kelley did postdoctoral research at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution starting in 1990 before moving back to Seattle in 1992, where she finished up her postdoctoral research at the University of Washington through 1995.
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Geomorphic evidence favors significantly larger quantities of surface water over geologic history, with WEG as deep as . The current atmospheric reservoir of water, though important as a conduit, is insignificant in volume with the WEG no more than . Since the typical surface pressure of the current atmosphere (~) is less than the triple point of H2O, liquid water is unstable on the surface unless present in sufficiently large volumes. Furthermore, the average global temperature is ~, even below the eutectic freezing point of most brines.
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Brine is used as a secondary fluid in large refrigeration installations for the transport of thermal energy from place to place. Most commonly used brines are based on inexpensive calcium chloride and sodium chloride. It is used because the addition of salt to water lowers the freezing temperature of the solution and the heat transport efficiency can be greatly enhanced for the comparatively low cost of the material. The lowest freezing point obtainable for NaCl brine is at the concentration of 23.3% NaCl by weight.
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Two decisions by referee Iain Brines during the second period of extra time were perceived to be wrong by Mixu Paatelainen. The first decision was to award Morton a penalty kick for handball by Dean Shiels, which led to their third goal. The second decision was to award a direct free kick against Chris Hogg, which led to the fourth and winning Morton goal. The incident involving Hogg caused him to suffer from headaches, which eventually forced Hogg to stop playing for nearly a month.
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In her publication Al- Kharafi was able to demonstrate the ability of Kuwait higher education institutions to engage in relevant scientific research. Al-Kharafi has studied the impact of corrosion on engine cooling systems, distillation units for crude oil, high temperature geothermal brines, and tap water. She has also studied corrosion in polluted water and metal corrosion caused by pollution. As an electrochemist, she has studied the electrochemical behavior of metals and metal alloys including aluminum, copper, platinum, niobium, vanadium, cadmium, brass, cobalt, and low carbon steel.
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The importance and synergies between hydrocarbon source-transport- trap 'fairways' and MVT and Irish Type lead-zinc deposits has been known for several decades. Often the prospectivity of particular carbonate formations for lead-zinc deposits of this nature is first identified by core drilling by oil explorers. This concept of a cogeneration of hydrocarbons and precursor brines by the same process allows many lead-zinc explorers to use hydrocarbon basin models to predict if a carbonate sequence is likely to host MVT or Irish Type mineralization.
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Environmental and energy research studies focus on emerging technologies that help to reduce water usage and waste generation, while also facilitating the recovery of waste heat and value-added byproducts from processing operations. Improved recycling technologies, in particular, are pursued to assist not only in recycling water but also in recycling marinades, brines, etc., thereby reducing their impact on waste treatment operations. Studies also focus on understanding of how waste is generated and how to more effectively remove it from air and water streams.
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He called his operations there the Anniversary Mine as the claims were acquired on the anniversary of his marriage to his second wife. The profits from this claim provided the capital to develop the Searles Lake deposits when a young chemist, Henry Helmers, discovered a profitable process for refining the lake brines into marketable products. He built the Trona Railway, a Short-line railroad, to ship the products to the Union Pacific Railroad connection at Searles, California. The operation and railroad is now under Searles Valley Minerals.
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Brine mining is the extraction of useful materials (elements or compounds) which are naturally dissolved in brine. The brine may be seawater, other surface water, or groundwater. It differs from solution mining or in-situ leaching in that those methods inject water or chemicals to dissolve materials which are in a solid state; in brine mining, the materials are already dissolved. Brines are important sources of salt, iodine, lithium, magnesium, potassium, bromine, and other materials, and potentially important sources of a number of others.
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Salinibacter ruber is an extremely halophilic red bacterium that was found in saltern crystallizer ponds in Alicante and Mallorca, Spain in 2002 by Antón et al. This environment has very high salt concentrations, and Salinibacter ruber itself cannot grow at below 15% salt concentration, with an ideal concentration between 20–30%. This bacterium is notable for its halophilic lifestyle, a trait exhibited primarily by members of Archaea. In general, bacteria do not play a large role in microbial communities of hypersaline brines at or approaching NaCl saturation.
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The Tidekelt region has up to 25 million tons of salt brines, with a yield of 70 percent sodium chloride. There are some indications of platinum in the Makalondi District, south of Liptako, associated with chromite lenses in gabbros, anorthosite and chloritoschists. Ophiolites in the Abuzegueur overthurst, in the Air region also show potential for platinum mineralization and may also have chromite, nickel and cobalt. The Fantio deposit in the Liptako area has heavily weathered ultra-mafic rocks, with 0.8 percent nickel, totaling up to as much as 200,000 tons.
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Meteoric precipitation also impacts precipitates, as halite and gypsum can be shown to dissolve after rainstorms. Rainfall also washes in organic matter from local flora and fauna into the lakes, increasing the total dissolved solid content. Geochemically, the average pH range of the lakes are from >1 to 5 and the average salinity is >25%, nearly 8 times that of seawater. Most of the Western Australian waters are sodium chloride (NaCl) brines with varying, but regionally excessive, amounts of calcium, potassium, aluminium, iron, bromine and silicon (Ca, K, Al, Fe, Br, and Si).
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Even more different than usual brines, in acid saline systems the amount of Al is magnitudes higher than that of Ca. Some of the most concentrated Al is at 8000mg/L, which is much higher than that of acid mine waters or seawaters. Other trace ions are present in these lakes in large amounts as well. On average, strontium (Sr) values can get up to 65mg/L and increase with salinity. 59% of the sampled waters have detectable amounts of Mn (>46 mg/L) and Cu (<9.5 mg/L).
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In 1966, he helped the team gain promotion to Division I and went on to become captain. In 1969, he scored 18 goals in all competitions. In the early '70s, Samuel "Zoom" Ndhlovu, who was Wanderers' coach but would also double as Tigers coach from time to time since they shared the same sponsor, noticed some defensive qualities in Musenge's play and converted him into a defender to shore up a leaky defence. In April 1975, Musenge was transferred to Wanderers along with Brines Mulenga and Gerald Mungule.
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A NASA technician measures the concentration level of brine using a hydrometer at a salt evaporation pond in San Francisco. Saline water with relatively high concentration of salt (usually sodium chloride) occurs naturally on Earth's surface (salt lakes), crust, and within brine pools on ocean bottom. Numerous processes exist which can produce brines in nature. Modification of seawater via evaporation results in the concentration of salts in the residual fluid, a characteristic geologic deposit called an evaporite is formed as different dissolved ions reach the saturation states of minerals, typically gypsum and halite.
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Two of these sections, or Itinerary, mention Condate: Route II ("the route from the Wall to the port of Rutupiae") and Route X ("the route from Glannoventa to Mediolanum"). The second document is the 7th-century Ravenna Cosmography. This document refers to Condate between the entries for Salinae (now Middlewich, Cheshire) and Ratae (now Leicester, Leicestershire), at the time the capital of the Corieltauvi tribe. The Romans' interest in the Northwich area is thought to be due to the strategic river crossing and the location of the salt brines.
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Turin Museum, presents the map of an Egyptian gold mine and can be considered as the oldest representation of a geological field A field is a mineral deposit containing a metal or other valuable resources in a cost-competitive concentration. It is usually used in the context of a mineral deposit from which it is convenient to extract its metallic component. The deposits are exploited by mining in the case of solid mineral deposits (such as iron or coal) and extraction wells in case of fluids (such as oil, gas or brines).
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Gas turbine engines have a power-producing primary airflow passing through the compressor. They also have a substantial (25% of core flow in a Pratt & Whitney PW2000)Heat Management in Advanced Aircraft Gas Turbine Engines, Brines and Gray, United technologies Corporation, The American Society Of Mechanical Engineers, Paper 86-GT-76, p.3 secondary flow obtained from the primary flow and which is pumped from the compressor and used by the secondary air system. Like the secondary flow in turbomachinery this secondary flow is also a loss to the power-producing capability of the engine.
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Life on Mars has been long speculated. Liquid water is widely thought to have existed on Mars in the past, and now can occasionally be found as low-volume liquid brines in shallow Martian soil. The origin of the potential biosignature of methane observed in Mars' atmosphere is unexplained, although hypotheses not involving life have also been proposed. There is evidence that Mars had a warmer and wetter past: dried-up river beds, polar ice caps, volcanoes, and minerals that form in the presence of water have all been found.
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Agua Rica displays covellite, enargite, galena, marcasite, molybdenite, pyrite, sphalerite, sulfur and tetrahedrite, formed first as a porphyry that was subsequently modified by hydrothermal piping. Some mineralization was directed by fluids which exhaled from the magma chamber into surrounding rocks after a period of volcanic rest. Inclusions in rocks demonstrate that these fluids included brine and sulfide-rich fluids. These sulfide containing brines and fluids extracted much of the gold and copper from the bulk rocks, causing them to be poorer in Au and Cu than the melts.
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Burning of natural gas coming out of the ground in Taiwan Natural gas was discovered accidentally in ancient China, as it resulted from the drilling for brines. Natural gas was first used by the Chinese in about 500 BC (possibly even 1000 BC). They discovered a way to transport gas seeping from the ground in crude pipelines of bamboo to where it was used to boil salt water to extract the salt in the Ziliujing District of Sichuan. The discovery and identification of natural gas in the Americas happened in 1626.
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In March 2015, a rotational lightcurve of Bredichina was obtained from photometric observations by Spanish astronomers Alfonso Carreño , Amadeo Aznar , Enrique Arce , Pedro Brines , and Juan Lozano . Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of hours with a brightness variation of magnitude (). Previously, in August 2008, Argentine astronomer Ricardo Gil-Hutton derived period of hours with an amplitude of magnitude (). Tentative measurements were also made by Italian Nicola Cornero and Federico Manzini at the Sozzago Astronomical Station in May 2010, which gave a period of hours with an amplitude of magnitude ().
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Petrolithium is lithium derived from petroleum brine, the mineral-rich salt solution that is brought to the surface during oil and gas production and exploration. Oil companies manage petroleum brine as a waste product, usually by reinjecting the brine back into the ground for enhanced oil recovery or disposal. A small percent is also used for "beneficial reuse," which can include production of drilling fluids, irrigation or dust and ice control. In recent years, several companies have explored technologies to extract the abundant minerals that are found in brines, including from petroleum brine.
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In the oil industry, calcium chloride is used to increase the density of solids-free brines. It is also used to provide inhibition of swelling clays in the water phase of invert emulsion drilling fluids. CaCl2 acts as flux material, decreasing the melting point, in the Davy process for the industrial production of sodium metal through the electrolysis of molten NaCl. Similarly, CaCl2 is used as a flux and electrolyte in the FFC Cambridge process for titanium production, where it ensures the proper exchange of calcium and oxygen ions between the electrodes.
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These brines then concentrated the base metals either along stratigraphic boundaries, or along fractures, faults or within structurally controlled 'traps' (such as the nose of a fold). The collision also produced crustal shortening, during which the stratigraphic sequence was tectonically pushed northwards on top of the Congo Craton. The Lufilian Arc contains two diamictites, megaconglomerates of glacial origin. One of those is correlated with the Sturtian glaciation, while another correlates with the Marinoan Glaciation, both global glaciation events that had profound influence on the history of the planet.
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The palaeoenvironmental and palaeogeologic setting of these ore deposits sets them apart from other lead, zinc or tungsten deposits which generally do not share the same source or trap morphologies as SedEx deposits. SedEx deposits are distinctive in that it can be shown that the ore minerals were deposited in a marine second-order basin environment, related to discharge of metal-bearing brines into the seawater. This is distinct from other lead-zinc-silver and other deposits which are more intimately associated with intrusive or metamorphic processes or which are trapped within a rock matrix and are not exhalative.
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Banded massive sulfide (silver-lead-zinc ore) from the Sullivan Mine, BC. Note the apparent soft-sediment deformation. Sullivan mineralization is interpreted to be related to black smoker-type seafloor deposition. One of the major problems in classifying SedEx deposits is in identifying whether or not the ore was definitively exhaled into the ocean and whether the source was formational brines from sedimentary basins. In the majority of cases the overprint of metamorphism and faulting, generally thrust faulting, deforms and disturbs the sediments and obscures sedimentary features, although this is generally patchy so that the original configuration will be seen within the deposit.
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Acid saline lake systems are considered a rarity within the natural world, and the highest concentration of acid saline lakes occur in Western Australia. They form most favorably under semi-arid to arid conditions and have been closely connected to stable interior cratons and closed paleodrainage basins, allowing groundwaters to evaporate to the extreme salinity and acidity values present today. Unlike most natural acid saline systems, these lakes are unusual in that they are neither volcanically or hydrothermally fed and are not in direct contact with large sulfide deposits yet have brines with pH that can reach <1.
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High elevations of metallic ions and other trace elements are in most acidic of solutions represent the influence water-rock interactions play in the formation of these brines. Lakes that are close to nickel sulfide deposits and undergo oxidation are thought to contribute to local acidity. Lakes that are much farther away with slow groundwater flow are thought to be influenced predominately by the oxidation of the organic and sulfide materials hosted in the Archean basement rocks and coal deposits. During rain events when the acidity is lessened, the lakes quickly readjust to more acidic conditions.
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While at Case, he became a member of the Phi Kappa Psi fraternity. He began specialized research into the chemical composition of brines in Ohio and nearby areas. He discovered that brine samples from Canton, Ohio and Midland, Michigan were very rich in bromine, which at the time was a primary ingredient in medicines and was widely used in the fledgeling photographic industry. Following his graduation from Case in 1888, Dow worked for a year as a chemistry professor at Huron Street Hospital College in Cleveland, while continuing his research into the extraction of chemicals from brine.
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Sulfate may be rapidly and easily titrated thermometrically using standard solutions of Ba2+ as titrant. Industrially, the procedure has been applied to the determination of sulfate in brine (including electrolysis brines), in nickel refining solutions and particularly for sulfate in wet process phosphoric acid, where it has proven to be quite popular. The procedure can also be used to assist in the analysis of complex acid mixtures containing sulfuric acid where resorting to titration in non-aqueous media is not feasible. The reaction enthalpy for the formation of barium sulfate is a modest −18.8 kJ/mol.
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In 1791, the French physician Nicolas Leblanc developed a method to manufacture soda ash using salt, limestone, sulfuric acid, and coal. Although the Leblanc process came to dominate alkali production in the early 19th century, the expense of its inputs and its polluting byproducts (including hydrogen chloride gas) made it apparent that it was far from an ideal solution. It has been reported that in 1811 French physicist Augustin Jean Fresnel discovered that sodium bicarbonate precipitates when carbon dioxide is bubbled through ammonia-containing brines – which is the chemical reaction central to the Solvay process. The discovery wasn't published.
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The Sua salt pan is one of three large pans within the Makgadikgadi, the other two being Nxai Pan and Nwetwe Pan.B.R. Davies, 1986 The Sua Pan was first described to the European world by David Livingstone, pursuant to his explorations in this region.D. Livingstone, 1868 Significant archaeological recoveries have been made within the Nwetwe Pan, featuring Stone-Age tools from peoples who lived in this area when a large year-round lake occupied the Sua and Nwetwe Pans. The Brines of Sua Pan being one of the largest playa lakes in the world spans approximately 24000 square kilometers.
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Into the Devonian, the Road River Group chert, siltstone and mudstone built up in the basin, supplied with high temperature brines from seafloor vents which created zinc-lead deposits in Howards Pass and Anvil Ridge. Similar sediments are exposed in the Richardson Mountains in the north. In the Middle Devonian, 390 million years ago, eastern Yukon was blanketed in sandstone, black shale and siltstone during a major marine advance. However, the Selwyn Basin was uplifted, leading to erosion of a chert-pebble conglomerate in the Earne Group which may have been carried along submarine canyons to the Macmillan Pass.
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This can be due to sediment compaction or the physical or chemical changes, such as pressure or cementation. Thermal maturation of sediments is a factor of temperature and time and occurs at shallower depths due to past heat redistribution of migrating brines. Vitrinite reflectance, which typically demonstrates an exponential evolution of organic matter as a function of time, is the best organic indicator for thermal maturation. Studies have shown that present day thermal measurements of heat flow and geothermal gradients closely correspond to a regime's tectonic origin and development as well as the lithospheric mechanics (Allen & Allen 2005).
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When cement or concrete are exposed to Mg2+, the neoformation of brucite, an expansive material, may induce mechanical stress in the hardened cement paste or may clog the porous system creating a buffering effect and delaying deterioration of the CSH phase into MSH phase. The exact magnitude of impact that brucite has over cement paste is still debatable. Prolonged contact between sea water or brines and concrete may induce durability issue although high concentrations are required for this effect, which are rare to find in nature. The use of dolomite as aggregate in concrete can also cause magnesium attack and should be avoided.
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The Ingenuity technology demonstrator used on the Mars 2020 mission could form the foundation on which more capable aircraft might be developed for aerial exploration of Mars and other planetary targets with an atmosphere. The next generation of rotorcraft could be in the range between 5 and 15 kg with science payloads between 0.5 and 1.5 kg. These potential aircraft could have direct communication to an orbiter and may or may not continue to work with a landed asset. Future helicopters could be used to explore special regions with exposed water ice or brines where Earth microbial life could potentially survive.
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The Muisca economy was based on agriculture and trading raw materials like cotton, coca, feathers, sea snails and gold with their neighbours. Called "Salt People", they extracted salt from brines in Zipaquirá, Nemocón and Tausa to use for their cuisine and as trading material. Being mostly traders and farmers, the Muisca also had a structure of combatants, called guecha warriors. Between the northern and southern parts of the Muisca Confederation, battles were fought where the zipa, ruling over the Bogotá savanna in the south and the zaque of Hunza in the north contested for control over terrains.
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Dipping products in diluted solutions or soaking them in brines containing liquid smoke followed by heating was done long before the modern industrial era using Wright's liquid smoke and pyroligneous acid precursors. Allen patented a method of regenerating smoke using air atomization. It remains the leading technology for using condensed smoke products to treat processed meat, cheese, fish, and other foods in batch smokehouses. As the meat-processing industry has consolidated, continuous processes have evolved and direct applications of solutions of liquid smoke via showering or drenching systems installed on continuous lines have grown to be the largest type of application method.
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For the dewaxing lubrication oil, evaporators are widely used with the following dimensions: internal diameter of the inner tube is 150–300 mm; the length is 600–1,200 cm. Sometimes a gas can be added to the liquid flowing through the evaporator. It destroys the liquid laminar layer on the cooled surface of the heat exchanger-crystallizer, increases flow turbulence, and decreases the average viscosity of the pumpable ice. Different liquids, such as sea water, juice, brines, or glycol solutions of additives with more than 3–5% concentrations and a freezing point less than −2 °C are used in the process.
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By 1035 AD, Chinese in the Sichuan area were using percussion drilling to recover deep brines, a technique that would not be introduced to the West for another 600 to 800 years. Medieval and modern European travelers to China between 1400 to 1700 AD reported salt and natural gas production from dense networks of brine wells. Archaeological evidence of Song dynasty salt drilling tools used are kept and displayed in the Zigong Salt Industry Museum. Many of the wells were sunk deeper than 450 m and at least one well was more than 1000 meters deep.
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This solution is then reacted with freshly extracted iodate, resulting in comproportionation to iodine, which may be filtered off. The caliche was the main source of iodine in the 19th century and continues to be important today, replacing kelp (which is no longer an economically viable source), but in the late 20th century brines emerged as a comparable source. The Japanese Minami Kanto gas field east of Tokyo and the American Anadarko Basin gas field in northwest Oklahoma are the two largest such sources. The brine is hotter than 60 °C from the depth of the source.
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Debaryomyces hansenii is an osmo-, halo- and xerotolerant yeast that produces toxins, including mycocins, to destroy competitive yeast species. It is a common species in all types of cheese, including soft cheeses and the brines of semi-hard and hard cheeses, and the most common yeast among 383 isolates from samples of unsulphited or sulphited sausages, skinless sausages and minced beef. It contributes to the fermentation of barrel-aged beers such as Le Coq Imperial Stout from Harveys Brewery in southern England. Harvey's head brewer speculates that it is either airborne in the brewery or a slow-growing component of their house yeast blend.
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In his early poems, he displays a strong criticism of Spanish dictatorship, titling his first important publication Compañeros de viaje, after a Trotskyist expression for Communist sympathizers. Gil de Biedma was known for his hard-partying ways and his unrepentant social life, and addressed the schism between public and private personae in several famous poems, arguably the most well-known being 'Contra Jaime Gil de Biedma' ('Against Jaime Gil de Biedma') or 'Después de la muerte de Jaime Gil de Biedma' ('After the death of Jaime Gil de Biedma'). Along with Francisco Brines, he helped to reinvigorate homoerotic topics on poetry, probably inspired by the exiled Luis Cernuda.
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They occupied the highland and mild climate flanks between the Sumapaz Mountains to the southwest and Cocuy's snowy peak to the northeast, covering an approximate area of , comprising Bogotá's high plain, a large portion of the modern-day department of Boyacá department portion and a small area in the Santander region. Trade was the most important activity of the Muisca with other Chibcha-speaking neighbours,Francis, 1993, p.36 such as the Guane, Lache and U'wa and with Cariban-speaking groups such as the Muzo or "Emerald People". Their knowledge of salt production from brines, a task devoted exclusively to Muisca women, gave them the name of "Salt People".
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Again the sale of the methane can be used to offset the cost of the CO2 storage. Release or burning of methane would of course at least partially offset the obtained sequestration result – except when the gas is allowed to escape into the atmosphere in significant quantities: methane has a higher global warming potential than CO2. Saline aquifers contain highly mineralized brines and have so far been considered of no benefit to humans except in a few cases where they have been used for the storage of chemical waste. Their advantages include a large potential storage volume and relatively common occurrence reducing the distance over which CO2 has to be transported.
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High-grade industrial water (produced by reverse osmosis or distillation) and potable water are sometimes used in industrial plants requiring high-purity cooling water. Production of these high purity waters creates waste byproduct brines containing the concentrated impurities from the source water. In 2018, researchers from the University of Colorado Boulder and University of Wyoming invented a radiative cooling metamaterial known as "RadiCold", being developed since 2017. This metamaterial aids in cooling of water and increasing the efficiency of power generation, in which it would cool the underneath objects, by reflecting the sun's rays while at the same time allowing the surface to discharge its heat as an infrared thermal radiation.
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A vapor-compression evaporator, like most evaporators, can make reasonably clean water from any water source. In a salt crystallizer, for example, a typical analysis of the resulting condensate shows a typical content of residual salt not higher than 50 ppm or, in terms of electrical conductance, not higher than 10 μS/cm. This results in a drinkable water, if the other sanitary requirements are fulfilled. While this cannot compete in the marketplace with reverse osmosis or demineralization, vapor compression chiefly differs from these thanks to its ability to make clean water from saturated or even crystallizing brines with total dissolved solids (TDS) up to 650 g/L.
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Most sulfide brines will remain in concentration until they reach reducing conditions, a higher pH or lower temperatures. Ore fluids are generally linked to metal rich waters that have been heated within a sedimentary basin under the elevated thermal conditions typically in extensional tectonic settings. The redox conditions of the basin lithologies exert an important control on the redox state of the metal-transporting fluids and deposits can form from both oxidizing and reducing fluids. Metal-rich ore fluids tend to be by necessity comparatively sulfide deficient, so a substantial portion of the sulfide must be supplied from another source at the site of mineralization.
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The article Transient liquid water and water activity at Gale crater on Mars, reported the existence of a daily cycle of water exchange between the atmospheric boundary layer and the ground, including a phase during which the water remains in a transient liquid state. This is possible thanks to the presence in the soil of perchlorates, a highly hygroscopic kind of chlorine salts which seem to be ubiquitous over the Martian surface. These salts have the capability of catching water vapour from the environment up to the point of becoming solved in it forming concentrated solutions or brines. It is an extreme case of hygroscopy known as deliquescence.
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In 1982 she also exhibited at the first edition of , the contemporary art fair of Madrid, with the Fernando Vijande Gallery. In 1990 the Institut Valencià d'Art Modern presented a retrospective on her work since 1973. In 1995, Calvo created the Lápida-Mural, the result of a competition organized by the Regional Ministry of Public Works of the Valencian Community, for on metro Line 3, a project by Carlos Meri and . In the late 1990s she began to introduce photographic images into her compositions and created scenes based on installations, which synthesized, as Francisco Brines referred to it, her "saved and saving view" on contemporary reality.
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Newton Crater Seasonal flows on warm Martian slopes (also called recurring slope lineae, recurrent slope lineae and RSL) are thought to be salty water flows occurring during the warmest months on Mars, or alternatively, dry grains that "flow" downslope of at least 27 degrees. The flows are narrow (0.5 to 5 meters) and exhibit relatively dark markings on steep slopes, appear and incrementally grow during warm seasons and fade in cold seasons. Liquid brines near the surface have been proposed to explain this activity, or dry granular flows.Equatorial locations of water on Mars: Improved resolution maps based on Mars Odyssey Neutron Spectrometer data (PDF).
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Ingratiating himself with the local slaveholders, he persuaded them to invest in a plan to build boats to haul salt extracted from the Kanawha salt brines and haul his cargo down river to be sold at a substantial profit. While he oversaw the construction of two boats, his "slaves" would scout the area in order to locate their relatives. During the next two nights, the boats were loaded with runaway slaves and quietly sent down river. Fairfield would raise the alarm hours later, furious over the "loss" of his slaves and property, and took it upon himself to organize a search party to overtake the fugitive slaves.
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The nature of the fluids caused them to absorb and concentrate trace amounts of zinc and lead contained in the rocks the fluids were passing through. These metals were then caused to precipitate, by chemical or biological or physical agents, from the fluid onto or into the seafloor to form the Red Dog deposits. One model holds that very saline brines formed in a restricted ocean basin within a hundred kilometers of the site of the Red Dog deposits. The brine fluid infiltrated the subsurface and was tectonically pumped through the rock mass, becoming enriched in metals as it stripped those metals from the rocks it passed through.
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In 2016, Chilean mines delivered 12,000 tons of lithium, providing the second-highest amount of lithium. Overall, Chile possesses the largest confirmed lithium reserves in the world, with over 7.5 million tons of the element. By that estimate, the country hosts roughly five times more lithium than Australia, which features the second-largest reserves. In particular, the Atacama salt flat is the most significant source of country’s massive lithium production, and it has been reported that one project alone encompasses approximately 20% of the world’s total lithium. While Australia extracts lithium from traditional hard-rock mines, Chile’s lithium is found in brines below the surface of salt flats.
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Bernard Palissy by Mihály Zichy During this period Palissy gave several series of public lectures on natural history, the entrance fee being one crown, a large fee for those days. His ideas of springs and underground waters were published in his Discours admirables, de la nature des eaux et fontaines, tant naturelles qu'artificielles, des metaux, des sels et salines, des pierres, des terres, du feu et des maux (Paris, 1580)."Admirable discourses, of the nature of waters and fountains, both natural and artificial, of metals, salts and brines, of stones, earths, fire and enamels." He was one of the first Europeans to enunciate theory consistent with today's understandings of the origin of fossils.
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The eutectic temperature of these brines allows its permanence in liquid state under the registered Martian environmental conditions in the study area of Curiosity, close to the equator, where they are the least favourable for this to happen. Therefore, it is expected that the phenomenon is more intense in terms of duration of the liquid phase in higher latitudes. The presence of liquid water on present day Mars entails transcendent consequences in a number of aspects of the planet's exploration. Firstly, it casts a new light on the comprehension of Martian environment, and can be the key to understand some morphological features of the surface, such as the so-called Recurrent Slope Lineae (RSLs).
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In addition, the discovery has posed the necessity for taking special precautions to avoid biological contamination of the planet with terrestrial organisms carried on board the spacecrafts to be sent in the next missions, since the availability of liquid water multiply the possibilities for them to survive and thrive in certain places. Finally, water can be a valuable in-situ resource at the disposal of a crew which is eventually sent to Mars someday. However, the brines themselves have not been monitored yet, and a quantification of the phenomenon is still missing. This is what the Brine Observation Transition to Liquid Experiment (BOTTLE, one of the units composing HABIT instrument) is being developed for.
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Chronology of pre-Columbian periods: Herrera and Muisca The time after 800 is called Muisca, in the indigenous language Muysccubun meaning "people" or "person"; the language did not have separate singular and plural designated words. During the phase of the Muisca, technological advancement of earlier established agricultural techniques, precise archaeoastronomical knowledge, a more developed social structure and a rich religion and mythology evolved on the Altiplano Cundiboyacense. The Muisca were renowned traders with their neighbouring indigenous groups and developed a subsistence economy on the Altiplano. Main sources of their economy were agriculture and especially salt, that was extracted using large pots heated over fires from brines mined mainly in Zipaquirá and Nemocón.
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By virtue of winning the Champion of Champions trophy, Wanderers were Zambia's first representatives in the inaugural African Cup Winners Cup in 1975, the same year that Ackim Musenge joined the team from another Mufulira side Butondo Western Tigers together with Brines Mulenga and George Mungule. They lost to eventual winners Tonnerre Yaoundé of Cameroun in the quarter-finals. Later in the year, the Independence Cup replaced the Castle Cup and Wanderers’ name was the first to be etched on the new trophy when they beat Green Buffaloes 2–1 in Lusaka. They however had to give up the cup the following year to town mates Blackpool who beat Butondo 4–3 in the final.
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In October 2017, a rotational lightcurve of Calvinia was obtained from photometric observations by Romain Montaigut, Christophe Gillier and Arnaud Leroy. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of hours with a brightness variation of 0.28 magnitude (). Other rotational were obtained by (ordered by increasing period determinations ) Brines (4.73 h; Δ0.35 mag; U=3-) in 2016, by Lagerkvist (4.8 h; Δ0.52 mag; U=2) and (4.85 h; Δ0.7 mag; U=2) in 1975 and 1978, respectively, by Erikson (4.84 h; U=3) in 1990, by Slivan (4.8512 h; Δ0.37 mag; U=3) in 2002, by Roy (4.85129 h; Δ0.50 mag; U=3-), and by Tedesco (4.855 h; Δ0.63 mag; U=3) in 1979. A modeled lightcurve using photometric data from the Lowell Photometric Database was published in 2016.
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It was founded in 1974 as the first urban National Wildlife Refuge established in the United States, and it is dedicated to preserving and enhancing wildlife habitat, protecting migratory birds, protecting threatened and endangered species, and providing opportunities for wildlife-oriented recreation and nature study for the surrounding communities. As of 2004, the Refuge spanned of open bay, salt pond, salt marsh, mudflat, upland and vernal pool habitats located throughout south San Francisco Bay. About of salt ponds within the refuge are managed by Cargill Salt, which has perpetual salt-making rights. Cargill uses the salt ponds to concentrate brines as part of its solar salt operation which produces salt for food, agriculture, medical, and industrial uses throughout the Western United States.
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The government's mineral policy also gave a high priority to exploiting the lithium and potassium deposits located in the brines of the southern Altiplano's Salar de Uyuni (Uyuni saltpan), estimated to be the largest of their kind in the world. The United States Geological Survey, the Bolivian Geological Survey (Servicio Geológico de Bolivia), and others discovered large reserves of lithium in 1976. By 1985 Bolivia's National Congress had made lithium extraction a national priority and created the Industrial Complex of the Uyuni Saltpan (Complejo Industrial de los Recursos Evaporíticos del Salar de Uyuni) to explore, exploit, and market lithium. Because the extraction of lithium is an expensive, technically complex process, the government sought bids for some foreign investment in lithium in the late 1980s.
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More recently, organic compounds have been developed that reduce the environmental issues connected with salts and have longer residual effects when spread on roadways, usually in conjunction with salt brines or solids. These compounds are often generated as byproducts of agricultural operations such as sugar beet refining or the distillation process that produces ethanol. Other organic compounds are wood ash and a deicing salt called calcium magnesium acetate made from roadside grass or even kitchen waste.The alternatives to salt for battling ice: cheese, beets and ash Additionally, mixing common rock salt with some of the organic compounds and magnesium chloride results in spreadable materials that are both effective to much colder temperatures () as well as at lower overall rates of spreading per unit area.
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Conceivably, if life exists (or existed) on Mars, evidence of life could be found, or is best preserved, in the subsurface, away from present-day harsh surface conditions. Present-day life on Mars, or its biosignatures, could occur kilometers below the surface, or in subsurface geothermal hot spots, or it could occur a few meters below the surface. The permafrost layer on Mars is only a couple of centimeters below the surface, and salty brines can be liquid a few centimeters below that but not far down. Water is close to its boiling point even at the deepest points in the Hellas basin, and so cannot remain liquid for long on the surface of Mars in its present state, except after a sudden release of underground water.
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Researchers surveyed flow-marked slopes with the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter CRISM and although there is no spectrographic evidence for actual water, the instrument has directly imaged perchlorate salts thought to be dissolved in water brines in the subsurface. This may indicate the water quickly evaporates upon reaching the surface, leaving only the salts. The cause of the surface darkening and lightening is poorly understood: a flow initiated by salty water (brine) could rearrange grains or change surface roughness in a way that darkens the appearance, but the way the features brighten again when temperatures drop is harder to explain. However, in November 2018, it was announced that CRISM had fabricated some additional pixels representing the minerals alunite, kieserite, serpentine and perchlorate.
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The Mosaic Company chemical plant processes brines from Searles Dry Lake to make such products as trona The extremely flat, smooth and hard surfaces of dry lakes make them ideal for fast motor vehicles and motorcycles. Furthermore, large-sized dry lakes are excellent spots for pursuing land speed records, as the smoothness of the surface allows low-clearance vehicles to travel very fast without any risk of disruption by surface irregularities, and the path traveled has no obstacles to avoid. The dry lakes at Bonneville Salt Flats in Utah and Black Rock Desert in Nevada have both been used for setting land speed records. Lake Eyre and Lake Gairdner in South Australia have also been used for various land speed record attempts.
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Other gay poets of this period are Francisco Brines, Leopoldo María Panero, Juan Gil- Albert and Jaime Gil de Biedma and, in Córdoba, Vicente Núñez, Pablo García Baena and Juan Bernier, belonging to the Cántico group. Authors that appear after the Spanish Transition include Juan Goytisolo, Luis Antonio de Villena, Antonio Gala, Terenci Moix, Álvaro Pombo, Vicente Molina Foix,Alfredo Martínez Expósito, «Vicente Molina Foix», in Who's Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History, Robert Aldrich, Garry Wotherspoon (ed.), Routledge, 2001, p.141. Antonio Roig, Biel Mesquida, Leopoldo Alas, Vicente García Cervera, Carlos Sanrune, Jaume Cela, Eduardo Mendicutti, Miguel Martín, Lluis Fernández, Víctor Monserrat, Alberto Cardín, Mariano García Torres, Agustín Gómez-Arcos, Óscar Esquivias, Luisgé Martín and Iñaki Echarte. No lesbian authors in Spain publicly acknowledged their homosexuality until the 1990s.
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Then, in 1921, Labbé performed a study in which he placed samples of Dunaliella from saltern brines into a lower salinity environment and observed that the organisms adapted to the new conditions of the fresh water and lost their brown-red pigment and became greener – meaning that the red colour must have originated through very euryhaline chlorophyll-filled cells changing to a red colour in extremely saline conditions after permanently damaging their chlorophyll pigments. It is now known that there are actually very few Dunaliella species that can accumulate β-carotenoids and those that do, do so only under high light intensity, high salinity, and limited nutrient growth conditions. Cells then can revert to a yellow to green colour when environmental conditions become less harsh . Through even more in-depth studies by Lerche et al.
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The first in situ observations of extensive living chemosynthetic communities in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea prompted cooperation between biologists, geochemists, and geologists. During submersible dives, communities comprising large fields of small bivalves (dead and alive), large siboglinid tube worms, isolated or forming dense aggregations, large sponges, and associated endemic fauna were observed in various cold seep habitats associated with carbonate crusts at 1,700–2,000 m depth. Two mud volcano fields were first explored, one along the Mediterranean Ridge, where most of them were partially (Napoli, Milano mud volcanoes) or totally (Urania, Maidstone mud volcanoes) affected by brines, and the other on the Anaximander mounds south of Turkey. The latter area includes the large Amsterdam mud volcano, which is affected by recent mudflows, and the smaller Kazan or Kula mud volcanoes.
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In 1913, Smith became financially overextended and had to turn over his assets to creditors who refused to extend new loans. After winning a lawsuit to protect his wife's interest in a silver mine in Tonopah, Nevada, he acquired mineral rights to a large section of Searles Lake in the Searles Valley over the Panamint Range from Death Valley, in northern San Bernardino County, California. However, finding a profitable way to convert the extensive lake brines into borax and other important commercial mineral salts products proved elusive for roughly a decade. In the meantime, he outbid the new owners of his company for the rights to a rich borax discovery in Nevada's Muddy Mountains, near Callville Wash, north of present- day Lake Mead and south of Muddy Mountain.
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Poetically, Gil de Biedma belongs to the group of poets known as the "Generation of '50", a loose term referring to poets who come from the cultivated social realism in the wake of the Civil War. While earlier post-war poets focus strongly on social issues and lack attention to the poem itself, poets from Generation of '50 as Gil de Biedma, Ángel González, José Ángel Valente or Francisco Brines, while still concerned with democracy or class struggle, are aware about the literary character of their work. They all introduced in Spain, partly because of the late Cernuda's influence, what Langbaum called poetry of experience', the main poetic trend in Spain from the 1980s. In their writings from 1950 to 1970, at least, they all tried to rearrange intellectually immediate experience, by the means of a fictional-self.
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This permit held by Anterra will expire in 2018 and the commercial oil disposal sites in agricultural land are no longer permitted by county zoning law. The county Board of Supervisors eliminated such a use in farmland two years after the 1998 permit was issued.Wilson, Kathleen and Carlson, Cheri (September 19, 2014) "Oil disposal firm disputes county's view of its operating permit" Ventura County Star subscription may be required for this article They also denied a zoning change in 2015 that would have allowed expansion of the facility citing the many places of open space and industrial zones where the oil field disposal sites are permitted. They were unconvinced by the testimony that Ventura County, as the third-largest oil-producing region in the state, needs to allow brines to be disposed of effectively and cheaply.
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Official website Tenza Commonly set at 800 AD, their history succeeded the Herrera Period.Kruschek, 2003 The people were organised in a loose confederation of rulers, later called the Muisca Confederation.Gamboa Mendoza, 2016 At the time of the Spanish conquest, their reign spread across the modern departments Cundinamarca and Boyacá with small parts of southern Santander with a surface area of approximately and a total population of between 300,000 and two million individuals.Although sources state "47,000", this cannot be correct as that would be whole Boyacá and Cundinamarca and include Panche, Lache and Muzo Muisca Confederation area almost 47,000 km2, page 12 Muisca Confederation had 300,000 to 2,000,000 inhabitants The Muisca were known as "The Salt People", thanks to their extraction of and trade in halite from brines in various salt mines of which those in Zipaquirá and Nemocón are still the most important.
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Sikazwe was involved in coaching Wanderers as player-coach from about 1968 until he was named Wanderers’ permanent coach in 1972. He obtained his coaching qualifications in East Germany where he spent 8 months at the German College for Physical Education in 1973 and continued enjoying success as Wanderers’ coach with more titles heading to Shinde Stadium."Sikazwe happy to be back in 'warm' Zambia," Times of Zambia, Ndola, 6 December 1971 He successfully oversaw the integration of younger players such as Roberston Zulu, Abraham Nkole, Evans Katebe, Brines Mulenga, Moses Kunda and Bernard Kabwe without loss of quality. He also served as national team Assistant Coach to Ante Buselic and took charge of the team on occasion, as well as leading the Zambia ‘B’ side to the country’s first ever East and Central Africa tournament in 1973, where the team failed to reach the knock-out round after losing a play-ff to Uganda national football team.
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Salar de Atacama is the world's largest and purest active source of lithium, containing 27% of the world's lithium reserve base, and as of 2017 provided about 36% of the world's lithium carbonate supply, followed by China with 23%. High lithium concentration in its brine (2,700 parts per million), a high rate of evaporation (3,500 mm per year), and extremely low annual rainfall (<30 mm average per year) make Atacama's finished lithium carbonate easier and cheaper to produce than from the neighboring Salar de Uyuni, which is estimated to have half of the lithium reserves in the world. Salar de Atacama's evaporation rate is the highest in the lithium industry, followed by Puna de Atacama, Argentina (2,600 mm per year), and the Salar de Uyuni (1,300–1,700 mm per year). Extraction of lithium-rich brines is causing conflict with water use by local communities and is damaging the ecosystem, including the Andean flamingo.
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Paulo Sérgio was appointed manager of Scottish Premier League club Heart of Midlothian on 2 August 2011, following the removal of his predecessor Jim Jefferies on the previous day. In October, the team withdrew their staff from all media events in protest at him being called in front of the Scottish Football Association following his remarks about referee Iain Brines after a defeat against Ayr United the following month; he was also sent to the stands for dissent during a game against Kilmarnock after Ian Black was sent off and Marius Žaliūkas fouled Paul Heffernan, allowing Dean Shiels to score the game's only goal from the penalty spot. On 19 May 2012, Paulo Sérgio and Hearts won the Scottish Cup – the eighth overall for the club and the first in six years – after a 5–1 win over fellow Edinburgh side Hibernian. He rejected a new contract offer from the club, and left on 7 June.
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The brines and associated muds are currently under investigation as a source of mineable precious and base metals. In June 1976, scientists from the Scripps Institution of Oceanography obtained the first evidence for submarine hydrothermal vents along the Galápagos Rift, a spur of the East Pacific Rise, on the Pleiades II expedition, using the Deep-Tow seafloor imaging system. In 1977, the first scientific papers on hydrothermal vents were published by scientists from the Scripps Institution of Oceanography; research scientist Peter Lonsdale published photographs taken from deep-towed cameras, and PhD student Kathleen Crane published maps and temperature anomaly data. Transponders were deployed at the site, which was nicknamed "Clam-bake", to enable an expedition to return the following year for direct observations with the DSV Alvin. Chemosynthetic ecosystems surrounding the Galápagos Rift submarine hydrothermal vents were first directly observed in 1977, when a group of marine geologists funded by the National Science Foundation returned to the Clambake sites.
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Upon mixing of the ore fluids with the seawater, dispersed across the seafloor, the ore constituents and gangue are precipitated onto the seafloor to form an orebody and mineralization halo which are congruent with the underlying stratigraphy and are generally fine grained, finely laminated and can be recognized as chemically deposited from solution. Arkose-hosted SedEx deposits are known in some cases, associated with arkosic strata adjacent to faults which feed heavy brines into the porous sands, filling the matrix with sulfides, or deposited within a predominantly arkosic layer as a distinct chemical sediment layer usually associated with a shale interbed or at the lowermost levels of a shale formation directly overlying arkosic sands (for example, copper deposits near Maun, Botswana). Occasionally, mineralization is developed in faults and feeder conduits which fed the mineralizing system. For instance, the Sullivan orebody in south- eastern British Columbia was developed within an interformational diatreme, caused by overpressuring of a lower sedimentary unit and eruption of the fluids through another unit en route to the seafloor.
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The oilfield-related subsidence in the Inglewood field, though generally denied by the oil companies as a legal policy, was documented exhaustively by the US Geological Survey in 1969.Castle 1969 Subsidence following oil extraction from shallow deposits in unconsolidated sediments had been understood by oil industry experts since the 1920s.Geertsma 1973 Following the discovery in 1970 by geologist Douglas Hamilton of faulting and surface seepage of oilfield waste brines along the fault, which traversed and extended south of the reservoir, Hamilton and Meehan concluded that oilfield injection for waste disposal and improved recovery of oil, a new technology at the time, was a significant cause of the failure, triggering hydraulic fracturing and aggravating movements on a fault traversing the reservoir even on the day of the failure.Hamilton 1971 Subsequently, the US Geological Survey concluded in 1976 that displacements at the ground surface causing reservoir failure and ground cracking in the Stocker-LaBrea area southeast of the reservoir were 90% or more attributable to exploitation of the Inglewood oil field, and that this faulting was likely aggravated by water flooding with pressures exceeding hydraulic fracturing levels.
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The Muisca Confederation is the accepted name for the territories inhabited by the Muisca on the Altiplano Cundiboyacense and neighbouring Tenza and Ubaque valleys to the east. The confederation of rulers, with as most important the zipa of Bacatá, zaque of Hunza, iraca of Sugamuxi and the Tundama of Tundama, among various independent caciques, covered an area of approximately . Muisca Confederation area almost 47,000 km2, page 12 Population estimates range from 300,000 to 2,000,000 inhabitants. Muisca Confederation had 300,000 to 2,000,000 inhabitants The Muisca were mainly a society based on agriculture on the fertile soils of the valleys of the Altiplano, the result of Pleistocene lacustrine sediments.Francis, 1993, pp.36–38 Called "The Salt People", they were also known as producing salt from halite brines extracted from salt mines in Zipaquirá, Nemocón and Tausa, an activity that was the task of the Muisca women exclusively and had started in the Herrera Period around 250 BCE.Daza, 2013, p.21Groot, 2008, p.14 Trading of various raw products, such as cotton, that grew in lower altitude terrains to the north, east and west of the Altiplano, produced the basis for their art and cloth and ceramics production.
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